biomechanics and motor control biomechanics and …

BIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR CONTROL

BIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR CONTROL A MARRIAGE THAT WORKS

Dr Diane Ross

Introduction It is a pleasure for me to be here today I think I was invited to

present because I have always been interested in biomechanics and as a graduate student worked as a research assistant in the bioengineering laboratory In addition we are doing some work in our laboratory which supports what I am going to discuss today

AnOlh~t victim of phYlics

317

7

l

r

Although this is not what we are doing it looks to me as if this is a question which a biomechanist might try to answer however there certainly is a motor control problem here

Diving for fish~ The eyes have it

A Vmiddotmiddotu~

~~~~ ~r~ij

~~

318

Likewise this might suggest a biomechanical question but Lee and Reddish (1981) researchers in Scotland where they have access to these birds asked a motor control question How does the gannet know when to close its wings so that it doesnt break its wings as it dives into the water from great heights

0

~O it

Overhead 3 n e e

319

Analyzing high speed films ofthe gannets divjng into the water they found that regardless ofthe distance traveled or the speed of entry the bird uses time to collision to determine when to close its wings

In my presentation today I will try to identify research which seems to represent a marriage that works And since this is an international symposium I have used research examples from various countries I will begin by looking at the control of fundamental movements then move to learning motor skills after which I will show how this marriage can work in an applied setting using some work we are presently doing in our laboratory

Walking and Running Walking and running patterns at the present time appear to be

of great interest to motor control researchers For example a question asked by Shapiro Zernicke Grego and Diestel (1981) was based on the notion of motor programs Since it appears to be fairly well documented that relative timing in a motor skill is an invariant characteristic of the skill that is when a skill is executed either fast or slow the relative timing of the component parts remains constant it was of interest to Shapiro et al (1981) to determine if the same motor program controls both walking and running

ARE WALKING AND RUNNING

CONTROLLED

BY THE SAME MOTOR PROGRAM

SHAPIRO ZERNICKE GREGOR and DIESTEL (1981)

320

I

Heel Toe-off

I

To answer this question they had their subjects walk and run on a treadmill at specific speeds while being filmed using high speed photography To analyze the data they used the Phillipson step cycle

I

I

0I

I

I I I I I I I r - - J -- - -shy

I L L

Heel strike strike

E T E f middot1__pound_1__ J

f-hilippson step cycle

In this way they could identify the total time for each step cycle and could calculate from the absolute time of each phase of the Phillipson cycle the component relative times These component times were then subjected to an ANaVA and the finding revealed significant differences in some of the components

321

60

gtO

d t 40 ~ en

~ JO

~ tl 20

~ to

AnAIlVf T-cJ 0 sn~ CfOE PMA3U

(loEAH VALlES

~[~

[3~poundI ~

[2______~pound2 ~

I---WAlJ(H3 --t I--- Al-o~

o I I

J 4 S IS IS II lO 12

SPpoundED Of LClCOMOTlON (XMIKl)

rl 4 Rehel tlmln the IUp toe (ytl phu If (unlttlonI tPnd ampeKe motion

Uc Shoro tf lrrnickr Ro) Grrpgtrnd 10 Diulcl

As you can see the E phase and the E3 phase change rather dramatically The percen t of cycle time in the last part of the stance phase decreases in running while there is a significant increase in the first part of the swing phase

322

THIGH

Exlension Flexion

middot20 0 20 40 I I I

w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy

Speed 3 kmhr Speed 7 kmhr


323

The angleangle diagrams graphically displayed the within similarities of two walking speeds and two running speeds and the differences between walking and running Thus the authors concluded based on these two lines of evidence that walking and running must be controlled by independent motor programs

One of my graduate students Greg Phillips suggested that since Shapiro et al (1981) used very slow running speeds and since treadmill running is different from track running it might be that for either fast mnning speeds andor sprinting yet another motor program exists to control movements at the higher speeds

ARE JOGGING AND SPRlNTING

CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7

Thus his question was are jogging and sprinting controlled by the same motor program To answer this he used a 16mm camera filming at 100 fls on an outdoor track His subjects were 3 endurance runners and 3 sprinters All subjects were filmed at six movement speeds - slow walk fast walk jog slow mn mn and sprint The two walking speeds were included in order to replicate Shapiro et al (1981) All of the appropriate biomechanical methodological considerations were incorporated in the data collection Thanks go to Dr Nelson Ng (Professor of Biomechanics at California State University Los Angeles) for the computer program he wrote specifically for this study Using the Phillipson step cycle Greg was able to digitize the ankle knee and hip joints to determine the relative invariance of each ofthe components of the step cycle

324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00

Speed of Locomotion (kmhr)

Relative timing of step cycle segments as a

function of speed of locomotion

As you can see there is consistency within the two walks and differences between the walk and run in the F and E3 phases These replacate the Shapiro et al (1981) findings However the multivariate analysis revealed a significant difference between jogging and sprinting for the F and E3 phases suggesting two motor programs But since intermediate speeds of running were not significantly different from

325

jogging nor significantly different from sprinting he concluded that jogging and sprinting cannot logically be controlled by separate motor programs Thus running regardless of speed is probably controlled by a single motor program

Walking has continued to be of interest to researchers and in a developmental study Clark and Phillips (1987) wanted to determine if the invariance in the walking pattern changes as a function of development

TO OK HS OK TO

I [J

F9UfO Schooc doSCtpUOlt1 0 lilt Pl1IlIppson attp cydt (HS _t TO ~ loeotf DKF bull deep knee lJuon)

Using infants who had been walking either 3 6 or 9 months and an adult control group the researchers used the Phillipson step cycle to analyze the walking pattern They found that the relative duration of each phase of the Phillipson cycle was the same for 3 mo 6 mo 9 mo and adult walkers

326

u

1I111(~i~ ~ ~t~middotmiddot

Im~I~middot ~~~

mEi~ - ji ~mm~middotmiddotmiddot-- ~~~

Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr

bull III III )i - )II 1a a 111 I

1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~

bull 1 II U 71 II 8 ue

6mo

Fgv 5 ANI dUflllion 01 nch phue 01 lhe Phiippson qde tOf ~ amp- and i-monh ~ and ~ub Al aach IP

Thus we have seen through film analysis that there are regardless of age invariant characteristics in walking suggesting that the controlling mechanism may be a single motor program which is established early and maintained throughout the developmental process while a similar but different relative timing exists in various running speeds

Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327

Bimanual Control Ifwe turn now to bimanual control there are two papers which

I have found very interesting Kelso Southard amp Goodman (1979) found that when subjects were required to exhibit bimanual movements to varying size targets and movement distances movement time for each hand was close to being identical As you can see the larger targets were considered easy while the smaller targets were identified as difficult

Movement times for unilateral and bilateral handarm movements to easy and difficult targets

Kelso Southard and Goodman (1979)

However a more interesting finding was exhibited when LEDs were placed on the knuckles of each hand and the actions were filmed If we look at the displacement velocity and acceleration graphs when one hand was required to move to an easy target (short distance-large target) while the other hand moved to the difficult target (long distance-small target) the shape of the curves are very similar

328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he

lYe ral da eir tic -tic ral

hic 19


iCO

00 aitIf we look at just the velocity curves when one hand is required

to move to an easy target and the other had to a difficult target it is an reobvious that peak velocity is three times greater for movement to the hedifficult target than to the easy target

329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )

Kelso Soulh3rd 3nd Goodm3n (1979)

-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200

However the interesting motor control question is seen in the time to peak velocity Even though one hand moved more slowly than the other hand peak velocity occurred at 125 msec into the movement for both hands

These data provide much more information about the way in which the two-handed movements were produced than does the movement time data alone (that both hands reached the targets in 225 msec) The biomechanical analysis also led to theoretical development regarding symmetrical bimanual motor control

Viewing bimanual control from a different perspective Yves Guiard from France published a very good theoretical paper in 1987 in which he suggests that in many motor tasks (such as dealing cards) there is a asymmetric division oflabor He argues that we have spent years investigating bimanually symmetric hand action and single hand action but have given little attention to bimanual asymmetric actions

KINEMATIC CHAIN MODEL

I THE TWO HANDS PLAY DfFFERENT ROLES AND

COOPERATE WITH ONE ANOTIIER AS [f THEY WERE

ASSEMBLED IN SERIES THEREFORE FORMING A

KINEMATIC CHAIN

2 MAY HELP IN UNDERSTANDING THE ADAIYflVE

ADVANTAGE OF HUMAN MANUAL SPECIALIZATION

GUIARD (1987)

From his perspective the two hands play different roles and cooperate with one another as if they were assembled in series therefore forming a kinematic chain It is this kinematic chain model which may help in understanding the adaptive advantage of human manual specialization So we not only have experimental data investigating hand actions but cross disciplinary theory development as well

Sciaky Lacquaniti Terauolo and Soechting (1987) from Italy investigated the relationship between the way adults perform a single hand drawing movement and the way that same movement is produced by children Specifically they wanted to know if the mature pattern is due to developmental factors or learning factors They used as their task the drawing of ellipses both freehand and tracing a template Their measurements were ellipsoidal trajectories Subjects were required to draw both freehand and template traced ellipses repetitively on a digitizing table placed in front of them

331

have mity lmew hers j leg

the have poral ted a their netic netic )Oral rgt

lphic ging

~isco

800 Gait San Nere l the

R Sciaky F LacQuaniti J F Soechting amp C Terzuolo

0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0

o I I I I I I I I I I I ~

o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)

Figure 1 The relation berween tangential velodty and radius 01 curvature Is already presshyent In young children Time courses ollhe cubic root 01 the radius of curvature (lop TaCAll and of tha tangential velocity (bol1om trace) are plOl1ed lor a representative single lrlaJ from an experiment involving a S-year-ltgtId child

One of their findings was that the tangential velocity at the pens tip changes roughly in parallel with the radius of the curvature (power 13) of the drawn ellipse This relationship held for children at various ages as well as adults however there was a tighter coupling as age increased

Part II Thus far I have presented data to demonstrate a limited variety

of motor control questions which have been addressed and analyzed through biomechanical methods It is obvious that greater understanding of possible controlling mechanisms leading to both theoretical and applied implications is provided by these forms of analyses

332

Motor Learning I want to turn now to questions related to learning movement

skills In these studies you will see the use of other biomechanical techniques besides high speed films

Mulder and Hulstijn (1985) from the Netherlands investigated the role of different forms of feedback in learning a novel motor task Five groups of ten subjects had to learn the voluntary control of the abduction of the big toe with each group under a different feedback condition The task was selected for two reasons First in many motor learning studies subjects have to perform simple movements that present a limited learning problem Second studying the learning of a new movement can provide useful information for neuromuscular reshyeducation which patients often also have to learn movements for which no control strategy exists On a pre-test all oftheir subjects were unable to perform abduction ofthe big toe without moving the entire foot or the other toes when asked repeatedly to do so They had to learn to move the toe on command within 5 seconds and with a range of motion of at least 5 degrees

TYPES OF FEEDBACK USED IN LEARNING

ABDUCTION OF THE BIG TOE

1 PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK (P)

2 VISUAL FEEDBACT( (PV)

3 EMG FEEDBACK (PVEMG)

4 TACTILE FEEDBACK (PVT)

5 FORCE FEEDBACK (PVTFORCE)

Mulder and Hulstijn (1985) 333

1 In the proprioceptive feedback group subjects were seated behind a screen and were not allowed to see their feet and were given no verbal knowledge of results

2 The visual feedback group was allowed to guide their response by visually inspecting the results so they actually had proprioceptive feedback plus vision

3 The EMG feedback was in the form of a continuous visual display of the abductor hallucis muscle output during each 5 second trial

4 In the tactile feedback condition the subjects could feel resistance from pressing the great toe against a force meter Thus they received natural (subjective) information about the force of the movement

5 The last group not only had proprioception vision tactile but they were given the force output from the force meter displayed on a TV monitor

ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I

PJE PRE POS 1 PHE POS T S03Jlon 1 SO~lon 2 Ron

OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU

fir 1- Th( I1Hn ~O (or till ilhl (lUU (nr lh~ fi( triI1~ condlion on th( prcgt Jnd PO[lI Jld on I~ll hrol p(ormcd 1)11( Qll 11(1)1( 1( C(lCril1(nl )LtrtnJ

Mulder and Jul~tijn (1985)

334

As you can see being able to see the right big toe helped in learning the task But dramatic differences were seen when biomechanical feedback information was given to the subject

ROn BL

6

5

o

hi~__~~I~----J[---__-olb--_-u12E ~RE POST PRE rOST

Soon 2 Ran o)]urdeg flO l 3

i~ 1- Thl 1I11 KO Cot tn( unlrlild left (()()f) (or IIll fin IrJinin~ (ondition~ on lh( He- Jlltl PfHImiddotIClS nct on the 1)1 plrfnrnllJ one lk hefure Ihl tllcril1lCnl SlHIlmiddotO

Mu1dec and Hu1stijn (1985)

Perhaps these data of the untrained left toe are even more important The curves are very similar however the effect is of a lesser magnitude I see these results as having major implications for learning new motor skills assisting to change biomechanically incorrect movement patterns and of course in a re-education therapeutic setting

Hatze (1976) a biomechanist from Austria developed a mathematical model to predict the optimization motion for a single

335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w

subject performing a fast kick to a target The model included selected anthropometric measures of the subject The subject wore a mass attached to his boot and this diagram depicts the experimental setting

The subject was given 120 trials during which he was given the normal knowledge of results (the total movement time of the kick) following which he was repeatedly shown a film displaying the optimal motion as well as superimpositions of the optimal motion on his own performances As you can see the first 120 trials the subject displayed the typical learning curve

Figure 2 Schematic representation of the configuration of the target and the 8ubjects right leg The hip angle is denoted by x knee angle by t The GTIlbol W denote the IOO-kg maG tht i attached to the ubject boot

A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However

lng ----KR---shy - KINEMATICSshy

-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200

Trials have HArLe 1~76 ~mity

)mew thers

when the form of the feedback changed to leg biomechanical information and was compared by the subject to the the predicted optimal pattern the discrepancy between the observed motion have and the predicted optimal motion was reduced to almost zero Although )oral this study contained a n of one the results were very strong and support ed a the use of comparative biomechanical feedback heir

I would be remiss at this point if I didnt mention the work of letic Karl Newell and colleagues at the University of Illinois who have been letic attempting to determine what kind of information the learner picks up loral through observing demonstrations of the motor skill For example Scully (1986) showed that gymnastic judges were able to evaluate gthic technical execution and aesthetic quality of a 30-sec balance beam ing compulsory routine just as well when viewing films of the pattern of moving reflective dots on the gymnastics joints as they did when viewing under normal conditions That is it was the kinematic pattern itself which was crucial to the evaluation of perceptual information in judging gymnastics and this had not previously been considered the sco

300critical variable Newell and Walters (1981) stated that we should ~aitsystematically be investigating the informational content of the kinetic

andor kinematic information of a skin and how this might interact with an

the complexity of the task and the skill level of the performer I ~re

hesuggest to you that many motor control people do not have the biomechanical skills to do this - we need your help

337

From a different perspective Weinberg and Hunt (1976) published what I think is a unique way to investigate the qualitative differences expressed by two kinds of learners high and low anxious individuals Using Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory they identified 10 high anxious subjects and 10 low anxious subjects The task consisted of tossing a tennis ball 10 times at a target consisting of three concentric circles painted on a wall Subjects were informed that throwing accuracy was very important and accuracy scores were recorded During each throw EMG activity patterns in the biceps triceps extensor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris were recorded

WEINBERG AND HUNT (1976)

MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY

2 EMG BICEPS AND TRICEPS

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS AND

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

RESULTS

I HIGH ANXIOUS DISPLAYED POORER

PERFORMANCE THAN LOW ANXIOUS

2 HIGH ANXIOUS EXHIBITED COCONTRACfION OF

AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS

3 LOW ANXIOUS EXHIBITED SEQUENTIAL ACfION

OF AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS

338

They found that not only were the highly anxious subjects performance scores poorer but their EMG patterns were qualitatively different form low anxious subjects One of their findings was that highly anxious individuals exhibited co-contraction of agonists and antagonists while low-anxious subjects exhibited sequential action To my knowledge this was the first study to actually demonstrate statistically significant differences on measures other than those of performance which reflected neuromuscular patterning differences due to manifested anxiety Unfortunately Weinberg and Hunt did not continue with this line of research

It would be very interesting to see if EMG patterns change as a function of practice on the task Would the highly anxious subjects eventually produce sequential firing more like the low anxious or would they stay fairly consistent What kinematic differences exist between high and low anxious individuals How do they change as a function of learning Waht effect would EMG feedback have on these measurements in high anxious subjects It is my hope that some future cooperative efforts among a biomechanist motor learner and a sport psychologist will continue with this line of research

Part III I want to look at some applied studies in which some form of

biomechanical information is given to the learner as feedback to facilitate performance and learning In a very old study Howell (1956) used as his subjects a college track and field physical education class These subjects were learning how to get out ofthe starting blocks as fast as possible In fact Howell wanted these students to maximize force against the block as fast as possible He divided the class into two groups The control group received regular teachingcoaching techniques while the experimental group was shown a template of the optimal timeforce curve of force exerted against the force plate embedded in the front foot block In addition the experimental subjects were shown their own timeforce curve after each practice trial out on the field Practice continued for ten days and trial measurements were recorded for all subjects throughout practice

339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I

TIME ON 8LOCKS (TENTH SECONDS)

- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0

rvc L Day-by-Day Cph 01 Arae Force-Time Imp_

HOWpound~ ~ IHb

The results showed that those subjects who received visual timeforce graphs were better able to closely approximate the optimal timeforce output than were those subjects who only received verbal information feedback and instruction Unfortunately Howell did not report accompanying movement speed data so it is not known if the better timeforce impulse resulted in better movement speed performance

In a recent study in a different applied setting Clarkson James Watkins and Foley (1986) wanted to determine if augmented feedback during barre exercises in a ballet class could reduce foot pronation Beginning students wore a rather simple device - a pressure sensitive transducer and processing unit The transducer was attached with tape to the plantar surface of the standing left foot Pronation of the foot activated the transducer which gave an auditory signal to the dancer At the same time a light emitting diode coupled to the unit and optically to an event marker on a dynagraph recorded the length of pronation time The control group wore a bogus unit and did not receive

340

any auditory feedback All subjects were given typical reminders by the teacher to lift your arches just as is done in all dance classes

The results displayed the positive effectiveness of the auditory feedback from the transducer The experimenters also used this same procedure with experienced dancers who displayed chronic foot pronation The results were the same Thus not only did this type of feedback help beginners but it clearly demonstrated that even after the experienced dancers were not wearing the unit they displayed a decrease in foot pronation - learned changes in foot mechanics due to the type of augmented feedback they received

One of my graduate students Mike Butler coaches private intermediate gymnastic teams made up of 13 amp 14 year old girls One of the problems he has in teaching moves on the uneven parallel bars is the inability of the girls to maintain straight knees when they do a specific move from the low bar to the high bar They are so intent on not missing the bar that they flex their knees during the move The judges of course take off points for this problem Mike decided to give these girls knee displacement information as feedback

Testing his subjects in the gym he attached a goinometer to the lateral aspect ofthe right knee and had it wired to an analog to digital converter interfaced with a Macintosh SE computer In this way he could give instant knee displacement feedback to each girl In addition he attached to the screen of the computer a model of what the graph should look like in this case a straight line

341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on

bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 1middot bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull

o o

bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull -I bullbullgo

o M

0 ~VII Isect u bull I

VI

o o

o o ltgu

~I bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~

o o

Ig bullbullbullbullbullbull I~~ I

~ 18tmiddotmiddot bullbull----J ~ a

1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~

The subjects could then make a comparison By placing the model over the tracing the girls could see what they should be doing and the magnitude of their error

342

o o o o o o orgt o orgt go shy orgt N

on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-

8I) _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbull

~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt

rUllshy ---shy -- Lshy _

Unfortunately the data are not completely analyzed but it is obvious from a visual inspection of the graphs that those subjects who received this type offeedback decreased their knee flexion considerably compared with the girls who did not receive the feedback nor see the model I believe this form of applied research has great potential and

343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c

with the reduction in the computer costs has application potential in sports coaching

Steve Freers is a karate expert and one of the questions he has been interested in is how the person controls the karate kick differently when the target location is uncertain As I understand it the player knows prior to the movement how much relative force to exert but the absolute target location is not known until the last instant

Conclusion In conclusion I have attempted to demonstrate that through

the use of biomechanical techniques including the use of instrumentation such as film recordings EMG force plates pressure sensitive transducers goinometers accelerators and kinematic measurements a more indepth understanding of how we control and learn movements is possible Also the information from these sources in some instances is a more powerful form of performance feedback than the traditional goal outcome results used to enhance learning I believe the motor control experts and biomechanists need to work together in collaborative research efforts These efforts can and should be in both the theoretical and applied settings The opportunities for advancing knowledge and having an impact on how motor skills are learned and taught is enormous

Testing whether or not rhinos land on their feet

344

Finally I ask you What is the question being asked by the biomechanist on the left What is the question being asked by the motor control scientist on the right And what question did Gary Larson the cartoonist ask

References Clarkson PM James R Watkins A amp Foley P (1986) The

effect of augmented feedback on foot pronation during barre exercise in dance Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 57 33-40

Clark JE and Phillips SJ (1987) The step cycle organization of infant walkers Journal ofMotor Behavior 194421-433

Guiard Y (1987) Journal ofMotor Behavior 19 4486-517 Hatze H (1976) Biomechanical aspects of a successful motion

optimization Howell ML (1956) Use offorce-time graphs for performance

analysis in facilitating motor learning Research Quarterly 27 1 12-22

Kelso JAS Southard DL amp Goodman D (1979) On the coordination of two-handed movements Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance 52229-238

Lee DN amp Reddish PE (1981) Plummeting gannets a paradigm of ecological optics Nature 293 293-294

Newell KM amp Walter CB (1981) Kinematic and kinetic parameters as information feedback in motor skill acquisition Journal ofHuman Movement Studies 7235shy254

Mulder T amp Hulstijn W (1985) Sensory feedback in the learning of a novel motor task Journal of Motor Behavior 171110shy128

Phillips GA (1987) Generalized motor programs and gait pattern analysis Masters Degree Thesis California State University Fullerton

Sciaky R Lacquaniti F Terzuolo C amp Soechting TF (1987) A note on the kinematics of drawing movements in children Journal ofMotor Behavior 19 4518-525

Scully DM (1986) Visual perception oftechnical execution and

345

rIng

1 have emity omew thers s leg I the have poral ted a their 1etic letic oral

gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie

aesthetic quality in biological motion Human Movement Science 5 185-206

Weinberg RS amp Hunt VV (1976) The interrelationships between anxiety motor performance and electromyography Journal ofMotor Behavior 83219-224

346

Although this is not what we are doing it looks to me as if this is a question which a biomechanist might try to answer however there certainly is a motor control problem here

Diving for fish~ The eyes have it

A Vmiddotmiddotu~

~~~~ ~r~ij

~~

318


0

~O it

Overhead 3 n e e

319






CONTROLLED



320

I

Heel Toe-off

I


I

I

0I

I

I I I I I I I r - - J -- - -shy

I L L

Heel strike strike




321

60

gtO

d t 40 ~ en

~ JO

~ tl 20

~ to


(loEAH VALlES

~[~

[3~poundI ~

[2______~pound2 ~


o I I






322

THIGH

Exlension Flexion


w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy



323




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346


0

~O it

Overhead 3 n e e

319






CONTROLLED



320

I

Heel Toe-off

I


I

I

0I

I

I I I I I I I r - - J -- - -shy

I L L

Heel strike strike




321

60

gtO

d t 40 ~ en

~ JO

~ tl 20

~ to


(loEAH VALlES

~[~

[3~poundI ~

[2______~pound2 ~


o I I






322

THIGH

Exlension Flexion


w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy



323




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346






CONTROLLED



320

I

Heel Toe-off

I


I

I

0I

I

I I I I I I I r - - J -- - -shy

I L L

Heel strike strike




321

60

gtO

d t 40 ~ en

~ JO

~ tl 20

~ to


(loEAH VALlES

~[~

[3~poundI ~

[2______~pound2 ~


o I I






322

THIGH

Exlension Flexion


w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy



323




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

I

Heel Toe-off

I


I

I

0I

I

I I I I I I I r - - J -- - -shy

I L L

Heel strike strike




321

60

gtO

d t 40 ~ en

~ JO

~ tl 20

~ to


(loEAH VALlES

~[~

[3~poundI ~

[2______~pound2 ~


o I I






322

THIGH

Exlension Flexion


w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy



323




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

60

gtO

d t 40 ~ en

~ JO

~ tl 20

~ to


(loEAH VALlES

~[~

[3~poundI ~

[2______~pound2 ~


o I I






322

THIGH

Exlension Flexion


w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy



323




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

THIGH

Exlension Flexion


w w z a

C 0 III c ~ w

0

20

~O

60

-

-

-

--d I I

J 6

~

( 9 1 I

~ I

--e

C

5gt

~

80 -

~ 100 shy



323




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346




CONTROLLED


Phillips 19H7


324

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

~ bull E2

60 EI bull E)

0 OF

0 o E1 50 u raquo u

Po ~ 40 VJ

0

+-c )0 OJ u l OJ ~

20 OJ

c

10 ~ 0 I I I I

)9 60 10middot5 1)8 191 )00





325



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346



TO OK HS OK TO

I [J



326

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

u


Im~I~middot ~~~


Adulla

9 mo

3mo

Bmo

3mo

6 rno

J-l hr


1lt

AdUlla~

9mo~

3mo~

6 mo

3mo~


6mo



Adulla ~ Adulla __~

9mo 9 mo

327






328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346




328

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

y

n n In U In Jn

~(mCI

-

lYe tity lew

ers leg ~he


hic 19


iCO



329

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

~SD

330

- Ddlcull T~roel

75

o~ )


-25

-50

-15

-1oo[ -5 15 17$ 5 1i5 25 J2S Time (msecl

50

17

ISO

u ltgt 125 E 100 U

u a Clgt ~

225

200








KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346





KINEMATIC CHAIN



GUIARD (1987)



331



lphic ging

~isco



0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346


0

c 0

OJ Vl

50c

E 40 ~

0tgtshyc

u o Qj E gt ~

32OJCI

c 20 CI

Ol OJ

~ c =gtCI u

0 Vgt =gt 0


o 2 4 6 8 10 time (s)





332

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

















ROn

8

6

5

~

3

2

o - I shy I I


OolIIfo onl

pvrnG PVTFGRCE

rUT

PU



334


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346


ROn BL

6

5

o







335

g

lve ity w

rs eg 1e ve al a

ir IC

IC

tl

r

c

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

336

~

vmiddotmiddotJ

w




A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

A (r)

E 07 gt

S 06 a o 05 tl ~ 04 u a 03 E ou 02 ~

g 01 w

o

However


-__- -~

I

~ _l

~-

10 50 100 150 200


)mew thers







337



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346



MEASUREMENTS

I THROWING ACCURACY




RESULTS







338





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346





339

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

120

In o 80 Z

g 40 0shy- 0

J I 3 IE V

~

~

~~vY-

~

-

f I-PAl

I c~k - i I I I

a 120 gt -4 VI -I VI 80 _ - shyLJ -

a A 0 0 1-1 t- 0 bullbullI____ ~

~-~ 9 +~ ~~ iiI-_Jbull _ __ T--l

I f l

i 1 -I

I ~- cI-- -

~

---~I 1_ -- -I 2 J I 0 I 2 J 4 0 I 2 J I


- shy

~120 shy

90 I-z 0 4 0 a t 0 0


HOWpound~ ~ IHb



340





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346





341

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346

g ~ o ~

o gon

on


o o


o M


VI

o o

o o ltgu


o o



1 ~_-------~--~~~ 8~ 1- I~o bull a o

~ i181 I I

~


342


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346


on N ~ o

g ~

N

o-


~

OJ

~ 1------------ g g

~

g 0

~

ofgt



343

ve ty w rs g Ie

e II a r c c J

c






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346






344















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346















345

rIng


gthic ing

co 00 lit In

re Ie



346



346

biomechanics and motor control biomechanics and …

Documents