biomedical science journals in the arab world

D uring the 9th and 14th centuries CE, a big surgewas recorded in Arab sciences, when the

Caliphs of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynastiesinvited many scientists and researchers to translateall available sciences at that time into Arabic. Thisinitial phase of the development of Arab medicalsciences concentrated on the translation of Greek,Persian, and Nestorian works into Arabic.1,2 In thefollowing period, a new generation of Arabscientists emerged with their own original conceptsand contributions to medicine. The work of scholarsas Al-Asma’i (740-828 CE), Al-Razi (Rhazes,864-930 CE), Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi(Albucasis, the father of modem surgery, 936-1013CE), Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981-1037 CE), AbuMarwan ibn Zahr (Avenzoar, 1091-1161), AbuAl-Walid Mohammad ibn Rushd Al-Qurtubi(Averroes, 1126-1198 CE), Ibn Al-Baitar ( -1248CE), Ibn Al-Nafis Al-Dimashqi (1213-1288 CE),and others dominated the European medical schoolsfor several centuries.

Medieval Arab medical colleges established thebasis of medical practice and they contributedlargely to the innovations in hospital designs,ambulatory patient care, and mobile clinics. At onetime, Baghdad had approximately 60 hospitals,

From the Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Address correspondence and reprint request to: Prof. Ghazi O. Tadmouri, Assistant Director, Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, PO Box 22252,Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Tel. +974 (4) 3986777. Fax. +974 (4) 3980999. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

while Cordova, in Spain, had more than 50hospitals. The larger hospitals had libraries,outpatient clinics, and medical schools.Furthermore, medical knowledge was codified inwriting so that clinical tests would be evaluated to alimited extent.1

While research and development (R&D) in manyareas of knowledge began to thrive, Arabs gave animportant attention to the publication of theirscientific results. For example, there were4,000,000 volumes in Baghdad's House of Wisdom(Dar Al-Hikmah), no less than 100,000 volumes inthe Mansouri hospital library along with smallerlibraries and private collections in Baghdad,1,000,000 volumes in Cairo's Sultanic Library,3,000,000 volumes in the library of Tripoli Lebanon(Dar Al-'Ilm),3 and an annual publication of70,000-80,000 volumes in Muslim Spain.1 Theselibraries contained medical references in addition toother scientific works. This demonstrates that whenlibraries meant nothing to the Europeans of thattime, Arab scholars were aware of the importance ofscientific publishing while Caliphs and high-rankingauthorities supported them by building andmaintaining a large number of libraries.

Ghazi O. Tadmouri, PhD.

1331

Medieval Arab scientists established the basis of medical practice and gave important attention to the publication ofscientific results. At present, modern scientific publishing in the Arab world is in its developmental stage. Arabbiomedical journals are less than 300, most of which are published in Egypt, Lebanon, and the Kingdom of SaudiArabia. Yet, many of these journals do not have on-line access or are indexed in major bibliographic databases. Themajority of indexed journals, however, do not have a stable presence in the popular PubMed database and their indexesare discontinued since 2001. The exposure of Arab biomedical journals in international indices undoubtedly plays animportant role in improving the scientific quality of these journals. The successful examples discussed in this reviewencourage us to call for the formation of a consortium of Arab biomedical journal publishers to assist in redressing thebalance of the region from biomedical data consumption to data production.

Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10): 1331-1336

Special Review

Biomedical science journals in the Arab world ... Tadmouri

King Saud University, the oldest (1957) universityand the largest institution of higher education in theKingdom, continues to be the major publisher ofscientific books and journals.6

During the golden age of Arab medical sciences,information was passed among scientists after yearsand centuries of delay. In the present digital age,scientists and health workers have an unprecedentedaccess to information. The World Wide Web hasprovided a new communication channel fortraditional publication of scholarly research andrevolutionized the way of information exchangeamong researchers.8 For example, the full contentof the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences (PNAS) is posted on PubMed, a popularInternet biomedical citation database, only 4 weeksafter the release of the print version.9 At present,speed is an important condition for the improvementof medical knowledge. Every new discovery oradvance in diagnosis and treatment is important topatients and their physicians. Six weeks after thefirst case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)-associated coronavirus was described bythe World Health Organization in 2003, 108 articleson SARS were indexed in PubMed.10 In contrast tothis 'active diffusion' of medical information in theWest, printed biomedical journals in Arab countriesplay a “passive diffusive” role. Publications appearat slow pace and become stand alone posts ofscholarly output. Many Arab biomedical journalsserve their own faculties and accommodate papersmostly written by faculty members themselves.7

These journals are considered useful primarily asarchival documents and often not even that.

Data and figures. The geographical distributionof biomedical journals published in Arab countriescorresponds very well with biomedical researchactivity in these countries.11 According to data in*Appendix 1, Egypt occupies a leading position inbiomedical journal publishing since it hosts 173journals. Following Egypt are Lebanon,14 KSA,13

Tunisia,12 and Syria.10 However, 75% of thesescholarly biomedical journals are not indexed in theinternational bibliographical databases. *Appendix1 demonstrates that only 80 of the 280 biomedicaljournals published in Arab countries are indexed inPubMed and, to a significantly lesser extent, inIndex Medicus. Of all biomedical journals publishedin the Arab world, only the Saudi Medical Journal(Saudi Med J) and Annals of Saudi Medicine arecited in the prestigious Science Citation Index (SCI)of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI;http://www.isinet.com).

In order to analyze detailed data of these journalson PubMed, different query strategies wereimplemented. The most comprehensive querystrategy that was used in this study was written

The present. The golden age for Arab medicalsciences faded by the Mongolian invasion of theEastern Caliphate and the eclipse of the WesternCaliphate in Spain. Since then, Arab medicalsciences went into a long dormant phase and stoodfar behind their counterparts in Europe and theUnited States of America (USA). Since the I950s,Arab countries have made progress in some healthrelated aspects such as: infant mortality, lifeexpectancy, and access to health care.Unfortunately, these achievements in health anddevelopment are less than expected whenconsidering the wealth of natural and humanresources available in Arab countries. Many reasonscontinuously lay obstacles on the way of thisprogress, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict, thecatastrophic health and economic situation inPalestine, Sudan, and Somalia, the difficultconditions of the large Palestinian refugeepopulation mainly in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria,the consequences of embargos on the people of Iraqand Libya,4 and the greatly imbalanced ratio ofmilitary spending (approximately 60 billions/year)over spending on R&D (approximately 600millions/year).5 Ultimately, these factors and manyothers continue to cause an inadequate productionand use of medical scientific knowledge in theregion. For this reason, biomedical research in theArab world focuses mainly on curative servicesrather on R&D.

Scientific publishing in the Arab world is in itsdevelopmental stage. While the number ofbiomedical journals published in the West is not lessthan 3,000, and is increasing daily, Arab academicjournals are limited to less than 300 (*Appendix 1).Many factors seem to impede quality journals fromappearing in the region. Examples of these factorsare: (1) the short lifespan of Arab journals, many ofwhich are operated by single editors and arecirculated through compressed university fundallocations. For this reason, approximately 20% ofthe Egyptian biomedical journals listed in*Appendix 1 ceased their publications. (2) Journalswith specially oriented narrow disciplines are rare.The general scope of many Arab scientific journalsreduces the chances of highly trained Arabresearchers to publish their results in them.6 (3) Thelack of archiving as well as indexing in majorbibliographies that leaves many findings in thedark.4 The lack of basic infrastructure for researchin many Arab biomedical institutions, which overtlydiscourages the advance of scholarly output of Arabscientists.7

An important characteristic of biomedical journalpublishing in the Arab World is the majorinvolvement of academic institutions. Universitiespublish almost half the Egyptian biomedicaljournals. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),

*The full text including Appendix 1 is available in PDF format on Saudi Medical Journal website (www.smj.org.sa)

1332 Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10) www.smj.org.sa

Biomedical science journals in the Arab world ... TadmouriBiomedical science journals in the Arab world ... TadmouriBiomedical science journals in the Arab world ... Tadmouri

according to the following formula: "countryname"[pl] AND "abbreviated journal name"[journal] AND "year"[pd]. This PubMed querystrategy searches for citations of a specific journalpublished at a certain country for a defined year.Results of this and other queries directed to PubMedwere collected in a local database for detailedanalysis. According to these results, only 5 journalshave a continuous presence in the database; namely,La Tunisie Medicale (Tunis Med) [1965-], MiddleEast Journal of Anesthesiology (Middle East JAnesthesiol) [1974-], Journal of the EgyptianSociety of Parasitology (J Egypt Soc Parasitol[1981-], Saudi Med J (2000-), and MedicalPrinciples and Practice (Med Prine Pract) [2002-].The remaining journals do not have a stablepresence on PubMed and their indexed citationsrange from 1-1177 records (*Appendix 1).

From a total of 15,069 locally publishedPubMed-indexed citations, approximately 40%originate from Egypt, 24% from Tunisia, 15% fromLebanon, 8% from KSA, and 8% from Morocco.Algeria, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Sudan, Kuwait, andBahrain have a total contribution of approximately5%. A historical review of Arab published citationsindexed in PubMed in years 1953-2003 reveals analmost stable trend that only exhibits an importantleap starting from the year 2000 until present(Figure 1). One possible explanation for thisobservation is the recent indexation of the SaudiMed J in PubMed with an average of 288 citationsindexed per year.

In order to study in detail the aspects ofbiomedical journals published in the Arab World,we chose the leading 4 PubMed-indexed journalsfor the period between years 2000-2002 (Table 1).These journals are: Saudi Med J (863 citations),Tunis Med (425 citations), J Egypt Soc Parasitol(270 citations), and J Med Liban (152 citations).The analysis of the languages in which articles arepublished in these journals reveals that Saudi Med Jand J Egypt Soc Parasitol exclusively publish inEnglish, whereas Tunis Med almost exclusivelypublish in French (98.5%). The J Med Libanpublishes articles in both English (73%) and French(27%). Although all these journals publish a varietyof article types, the most encountered category is'Journal Articles' (79-94%). A careful study of thekeywords occurring in published articles in theanalyzed journal demonstrates that the mostlydiscussed topics are case reports (27% in Tunis Medand 14% in Saudi Med J), risk factors (19% in JMed Liban), and Schistosomia (31% in J Egypt SocParasitol; data not shown). Table 1 also shows thatTunis Med, Saudi Med J, and J Med Liban focus onhuman subjects (57-100% of papers). This trend is,however, reversed in the J Egypt Soc Parasitol that

publishes articles mostly dealing with animalsubjects (87-100%).

Another important aspect that was analyzed inthe framework of this review is the number ofco-authors of each article published in these 4journals. On average, the Saudi Med J, J MedLiban, and the J Egypt Soc Parasitol publish papersauthored by 3 individuals. In the case of TunisMed, this number doubles to 6 (Table 1). Thisobservation might be a strong indication for anestablished 'culture' of extended collaborationsamong scientific groups in Tunisia.

Arab biomedical journals do not only publisharticles first-authored by Arab scientists. Onaverage, corresponding Egyptian authors write86% of the papers published in the J Egypt SocParasitol (data not shown). Authors of 10 differentnationalities (lead by authors from KSA) write theremaining 14% of articles. In the case of J MedLiban the percent contribution of local Lebaneseauthors decreases to 73% leaving the way for alarge involvement of corresponding internationalauthors, mainly those from the US, France, andKSA. The same observation is noted in the TunisMed J in which Tunisians author 70% of thepublished articles. Participations from internationalauthors come from 7 countries, the most importantof which are France and Morocco. Interestingly,these figures totally change in the case of the SaudMed J, where Saudi corresponding authorscontribute only to 56% of the published articles.Authors of 29 other nationalities contribute to theremaining 44% of published articles. The mostinternational participants are from neighboringArab countries (Jordan, Oman, and Iraq) ornon-Arab countries (Turkey, India, and Germany;data not shown).

On-line publishing. While collectinginformation regarding the journals listed in*Appendix 1, only a limited number of thesejournals had a proper presence on the Internet witha restricted access to their content. For example,only 2 of the 173 published biomedical journals inEgypt have on-line content. This furtherdemonstrates that while authors and researchersnow communicate at the speed of thought, Arabbiomedical journals remain shy of this electronicwave. As a consequence of this general absence, theresearch published in Arab biomedical journalsbecomes inaccessible to scholarly communication.To overcome this situation, local and limited effortsaim at indexing the content of Arab biomedicaljournals. For example, a Saudi medicalbibliography index (alias, Saudi MedBase) is solelydedicated to the published research in 9 of the mostprominent medical journals published in theKingdom between years 1979 and 1999.12

*The full text including Appendix 1 is available in PDF format on Saudi Medical Journal website (www.smj.org.sa)

www.smj.org.sa Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10) 1333


Table 1 - Selected detailed features of articles published in the leading Arab biomedical journals for years 2000-2002.

Journal

Saudi Medical Journal

Tunis Medical Journal

Journal Egyptian Society Parasitol

Journal of Medicine Liban

Year

2000

2001

2002

2000

2001

2002

2000

2001

2002

2000

2001

2002

Authors

697Average: 2.5

659Average: 2.7

971Average: 2.9

664Average: 5.6

782Average: 5.8

1,033Average: 6

293Average: 3.2

297Average: 3.3

297Average: 3.3

204Average: 2.8

181Average: 2.9

66Average: 4.1

Subject analyzed%

Animal: 2.5Human: 84.6

Animal: 2Human: 70.2



Animal: 1.5Human: 100







-

Language of articles%

English: 100

English: 100

English: 100

French: 98.3 Arabic: 0.8 English: 0.8

French: 98.5English: 1.5

French: 98.8English: 1.2

English: 100

English: 100

English: 100

English: 62.2French: 37.8

English: 80.6French: 19.4

English: 75French: 25

Total citations

279

245

339

118

136

171

91

89

90

74

62

16

Figure 1 - Yearly data for articles published in Arab biomedical journals cited in PubMed (1953 to 2003).



qualifications to be internationally indexed. Thesenon-indexed biomedical journals mainly publishinformation of local interest, which indexed journalsare reluctant to do, escape from the criticism of theinternational scientific community, and remain farfrom gaining scientific quality equal to that ofindexed journals. In a recent review made by theeditors of the Saudi Med J, a sharp increase in theamount of papers submitted to the journal wasrecorded starting from the year 2000.12 This datecorresponds with the time the journal was firstindexed by PubMed and its content was partiallyreleased free of charge on-line. This observationclearly indicates that the international scientificcommunity is not indifferent for apparently local butpotentially broader scientific information thatincludes elements of powerful researchperspectives.

In conclusion, a limited number of Arabbiomedical journals are actively exposed to theinternational scientific community. This is eithercarried out by indexing their content in majorbibliographic databases or by making it availableon-line. Surely, these journals have benefited fromthis challenge by improving their skills and gainingscientific quality through experience andinternational reader feedback. The Arab World hasthe resources, capable people, and public will forchange. The successful examples discussed in thisreview encourage us to call for a more activeinter-Arab cooperation and the formation of aconsortium for Arab biomedical journal publishersto assist the important potential in the region inredressing the balance from the biomedical dataconsumption to data production.

References

1. Al-Akili. Natural healing with the medicine of the Prophet[transl.: Imam Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292-1350 CE):Kitabu Shifa bit-Tibbi Nabawi]. Philadelphia (PA): PearlPublishing House; 1996.

2. El-Gammal SY. The relation between Greek and Islamicmateria medica. Bull Indian Inst Nist Med Hyderabad1997; 27: 39-46.

3. Tadmori OA-S. Dar-ul-I1m bi Tarabulus alSham fi alQarnalKhames alHijri. Tripoli (Lebanon): Inshaa Press; 1982.

4. Jabbour S. Health and development in the Arab world:Which way forward? Br Med J 2003; 326: 1141-1143.

5. World Health Organization. World development indicators.Geneva: WHO; 2001.

6. Islam M. Academic publishing and the university presses:The case in a developing region (Saudi Arabia). J ScholPubl 2000; 32. Available from URL:http://utpjournals.com/product/jsp/321/publishing3.html

7. Nasser R, Abouchedid K. Problems and the epistemologyof electronic publishing in the Arab world: The case ofLebanon. First Monday 2001; 6: Available fromhttp://firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_9/nasser/index.html.

Similarly, Lebanese and Syrian bibliographysystems maintain an index for the publishedresearch of Lebanese and Syrian scholars andresearchers (http://www.aub.edu.lb/libraries/medical).7

Nasser and Abouchedid7 estimated that thetypesetting costs of a print journal in Lebanon rangefrom US$7-10 per page and that prices are lower inother parts of the Arab world. Because of cheaplabor involved in print publishing and the high costsof electronic publishing technology, publishers inthe Arab world have been discouraged to move inthe electronic medium.7 Another opposition againstelectronic publishing has to do with the longevity ofthe digital documents.13 Paper has proved viable forcenturies while digital formats are already lessviable.

There is accumulating evidence that on-lineaccess of scientific articles have an approximately4.5 times more impact than printed papers or papersposted on restricted-access sites.10 This promisingindication encouraged 6 of the world's leadingmedical publishers, of over 1,000 leadinginternational biomedical journals, to enable the freeaccess to their information for more than 100 of thepoorest countries in the world.14 As a result, aphysician in a public clinic in a developing countryis ought to have the same access to the latestdiscoveries in biomedicine as a professor in theworld's top medical school.15 As reported by theeditor of a leading journal, this free contentavailability provides an incentive for readers toexplore his journal.9 In the case of a nationaljournal, the number of subscribers increased with arate of 5% per year after the appearance of thejournal on the World Wide Web and half of the newsubscribers were from abroad. Hence, despite thesmall economy of the journal limiting itsinternational distribution, the on-line availability ofthe journal provided a unique opportunity toovercome this barrier.16 Besides this advantageousaspect, the free availability is not expected to causeany perceptible harm to the economy of thejournals.9 In reality, most of these journals maintaintheir economic stability by asking authors to pay aprocessing fee to cover the expenses of archivingthe submitted paper in a website, track thesubmission through rounds of reviewer and authorrevisions, make editorial judgments, and other dailytasks. In the West, this cost is estimated to bebetween US$50017,18 to US$150015 while in Arabcountries this cost is approximately US$50 at most.

Arab biomedical journals included ininternational indices have undoubtedly played animportant role in the formation of liable medicalinformation. However, there is a significant numberof Arab biomedical journals that do not dispose the

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14. Editor's Choice. Health information for the developingworld: From desert to garden. Br Med J 2000; 321:776-777.

15. London LE. "Free" medical publishing venture gets underway. Br Med J 2003; 326: 11.

16. Germenis AE, Kokkinides PA, Stavropoulos-Giokas C.Non-indexed medical journals in the Web: Newperspectives in the medical literature. Int J Med Int 1997;47: 65-68.

17. Pistotti V. Electronic publishing in medicine: Where arewe? JOP J Pancreas (on-line) 2001; 2: 301-305.

18. Eysenbach G. Open access monopoly may threaten smallerjournals. Br Med J 2003; 326: 766.

8. Goodrum AA, McCain K, Lawrence S, Giles CL. Scholarlypublishing in the Internet age: A citation analysis ofcomputer science literature. Inform Process Manag 2001;37: 661-675.

9. Cozzarelli NR. For free access, follow the brick red buttons.Science 2001; 292: 51-52.

10. Editorial. Scientific publishing picks up speed. CMAJ2003; 168: 13.

11. Tadmouri GO, Tadmouri NB. Biomedical research in theKingdom of Saudi Arabia (1982-2000). Saudi Med J 2002;23: 20-24.

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13. Rothenberg J. Ensuring the longevity of digital documents.Sci Am 1995; Jan: 24-29.



Appendix 1Biomedical journals published in the Arab world. Years cited under PubMed and Index Medicus (IM)

indicate the time coverage of the databases for corresponding journals.

Country

Algeria

Bahrain

Egypt‡

Journal

Archives: Institut Pasteur d’ Algerie (Arch Inst Pasteur Alger)

Le Bulletin Trimestriel du Planning Familiale (Bull Trimest Plan Fam)Revue d'information Scientific et Technioue - RlSTTechnologies Avancees

Bahrain Medical BulletinJournal of the Bahrain Medical Society (J Bahrain Med Soc)

African Journal of UrologyAin Shams Dental JournalAin Shams Medical Journal (Ain Shams Med J)Al-Azhar Bulletin of ScienceAl-Azhar Dental JournalAl-Azhar Journal of Dental ScienceAl-Azhar Journal ofMicrobiologyAl-Azhar Journal of PediatricsAl-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesAl-Azhar Medical Journal (Al-Azhar Med J)Alexandria Dental Journal (Alex Dent J)Alexandria Journal of PediatricsAlexandria Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Alex J Pharm Sci)Alexandria Journal of Veterinarv ScienceAlexandria Medical Journal (Alexandria Med J)Annales du Service des Antiquites de l'Egypte (Ann Serv Antiq Egypte)Applied Endocrinology in EgyptArab Journal of BiotechnologyArmed Forces Medical JournalAssiut Medical JournalBenha Medical JournalBiological Current Content of EgyptBulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte (Bull Inst Egypte)Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Assiut UniversityBulletin of the Egyptian Hospitals AssociationBulletin of the Faculty of Medicine - Alexandria UniversityBulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy - Cairo UniversityBulletin of the Facultv of Physical TherapyBulletin of the Facultv of Science Alexandria UniversityBulletin of the Faculty of Science - Assiut UniversityBulletin of the Faculty of Science - Cairo UniversityBulletin of the Faculty of Science - Zagazig UniversityBulletin of the High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University (Bull High Inst Public Health)Bulletin of the National Research CentreBulletin of the Nutrition Institute of the Arab Republic of EgyptBulletin of the Ophthalmological Society of Egypt (Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt)Bulletin: Alexandria Faculty of Medicine (Bull Alexandria Fac)Cahiers d'Alexandrie (Cah Alex)Cairo Today (Cairo Today)Cataract and CorneaCurrent Psychiatry - Ain Shams UniversityDelta Journal of ScienceDirasat Sukkaniyah (Dirasat Sukkaniyah)Eastern Mediterranean Journal (East Mediterr Health J)Egyptian Dental Journal (Egypt Dent J)

Egyptian Journal of Applied EndocrinologyEgyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and FisheriesEgyptian Journal of Bilharziasis (Egypt J Bilharz)Egyptian Journal of Biology

PubMed*

1970-1972; 1977-1978; 1980;1986; 1988-1989;1992; 1998

1993

1990-1992

1970-1971; 1976-1977; 1990

1977; 19951976-1977

1989

19801968; 1977; 1979

1969; 1981

1978

1965-1972; 1974-1976; 1978198019661983

1981-1985; 1987; 19921999-2001

1966-1980; 1983-1990; 1992-1995

1974-1976; 1978-1979

IM†

1923-

1995-

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Egyptian Journal of Biomedical EngineeringEgyptian Journal of Biomedical SciencesEgyptian Journal of BiophysicsEgyptian Journal of BiotechnologyEgyptian Journal of BotanyEgyptian Journal of Community MedicineEgyptian Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical PathologyEgyptian Journal of Dermatology and AndrologyEgyptian Journal of Dermatology and VenereologyEgyptian Journal of Food ScienceEgyptian Journal of Genetics & CytologyEgyptian Journal of Medical Laboratory SciencesEgyptian Journal of Medical MicrobiologyEgyptian Journal of MicrobiologyEgyptian Journal of NutritionEgyptian Journal of Nutrition and FeedEgyptian Journal of Occupational MedicineEgyptian Journal of Otolaryngology and Allied SciencesEgyptian Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesEgyptian Journal of Physiological SciencesEgyptian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryEgyptian Journal of Psychiatry - Formerly: Egyptian Journal of Neurology & Psychiatry(Egypt J Psychiatry)Egyptian Journal of Schistosomiasis and Infectious and Endemic Diseases Egyptian Journal of SurgeryEgyptian Journal of UrologyEgyptian Journal of Veterinary ScienceEgyptian Journal of ZoologyEgyptian Medical Journal (Egypt Med J)Egyptian Medical ReviewEgyptian Orthodontic JournalEgyptian Orthopaedic JournalEgyptian Rheumatology & Rehabilitation JournalEl-Menya Medical BulletinEl-Menya Medical JournalEl-Menya Science Bulletin Gazette of Egyptian Society of Dermatology and VenereologyGazette of the Egyptian Paediatric Association (Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc)ICPD 94: Newsletter of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD 94)Journal of Arab ChildJournal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology - Print/On-lineJournal of Botany of the United Arab RepublicJournal of Drug Research of EgyptJournal of Microbiology of the United Arab RepublicJournal of Pest Control and Environmental SciencesJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the United Arab RepublicJournal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology. A, Comparative PhysiologyJournal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology. B, Vertebrate Anatomy and EmbryologyJournal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology. C, Histology and HistochemistyJournal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology. D, Vertebrate Zoology and ParasitologyJournal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology. E, EntomologyJournal of the Egyptian Medical Association (J Egypt Med Assoc)Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer InstituteJournal of the Egyptian Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology (J Egypt Sac Obstet Gynecol)

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology (J Egypt Soc Parasitol) Journal of the Faculty of Education. Section B: Chemistry & BiologyJournal of the Medical Research Institute - AlexandriaJournal of Union of Arab Biologists Cairo. A, ZoologyJournal of Union of Arab Biologists Cairo. B, BotanyJournal of Union of Arab Biologists. Cytogenetics, Ecology and Taxonomy Journal of Union of Arab Biologists. Microbiology and VirusesJournal of Union of Arab Biologists. Physiology and AlgaeL'Egypte Contemporaine (Egypte Contemp)

1978-1979

1992

1973-19771994

1965-1979

1975-1976; 1978-1979; 1981; 1991

1981-

1980; 1983

Appendix 1 Cont’d......

1970-

Country Journals PubMed* IM†

1331-1336 Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10) www.smj.org.sa


Majallat Albuhuth Waaldirasat Alarabiyah (Majallat Albuhuth Waaldirasat Alarabiyah)Mansoura Dental JournalMansoura Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical ToxicologyMansoura Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesMansoura Medical BulletinMansoura Medical JournalMansoura Science Bulletin. B, BiologyMansoura Science Bulletin. C, Natural ScienceMedical Journal of Cairo University (Med J Cairo Univ)Menoufia Medical JournalMental PeaceMiddle East Fertility Society JournalPopulation Sciences (Popul Sci)

Population Studies - Cairo (Popul Stud Cairo)Proceedings of the Zoological Society of the Arab Republic of EgyptPsychiatry UpdateScience & Arts Research Studies - Helwan UniversityScientific Journal of Faculty of Science - Menoufia UniversityScientific Medical JournalSouth Valley Medical JournalSuez Canal University Medical JournalTanta Medical Journal The African Journal of Mycology and BiotechnologyThe Arab Journal of Laboratory MedicineThe Egyptian Heart JournalThe Egyptian Journal of BiochemistryThe Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and TuberculosisThe Egyptian Journal of Community MedicineThe Egyptian Journal of GastroenterologyThe Egyptian Journal of HaematologyThe Egyptian Journal of HistologyThe Egyptian Journal of Immunology (Egypt J Immunol)The Egyptian Journal of Internal MedicineThe Egyptian Journal of Medical SciencesThe Egyptian Journal of Mental HealthThe Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry, and NeurosurgeryThe Egyptian Journal of OtolaryngologyThe Egyptian Journal of PsychiatryThe Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineThe Egyptian Journal of SurgeryThe Egyptian Military Medical JournalThe Egyptian Orthopaedic JournalThe Egyptian Population and Family Planning Review (Egypt Popul Fam Plan Rev)

The Egyptian RheumatologistThe Journal of Legal Medicine & Forensic SciencesThe Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association (J Egypl Public Health Assoc)

The Journal of the Egyptian Society of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesThe Journal of the Egyptian Society of Obstetrics & GynecologyThe Journal of the Egyptian Society of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsThe Journal of the Egyptian Society of Ultrasonics in MedicineThe Journal of the Military Medical AcademyThe Medical Journal of Ahmed Maher Teaching HospitalThe Medical Journal of Cairo UniversityThe Medical Journal of Teaching Hospitals & InstitutesThe New Egyptian Journal of Medicine (New Egypt J Med)The Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty, GirlsThe Zoological Society of Egypt BulletinUnited Arab Republic Journal of MicrobiologyUnited Arab Republic Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesZagazig Journal of Pharmaceutical ScienceZagazig Medical Association JournalZagazig University Medical Journal

1979

1976; 1986

1981-1983; 1985; 1987-1988;1990-1992; 1995

1984; 1993

1977-1980; 1982-1987; 1989-1994

1965-1974; 1976-1980; 1985;1988-1994

1988; 1990-1993


199?-

1926-




Iraq

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Annals of the College of Medicine, MosulBulletin of Endemic Diseases - Baghdad (Bull Endem Dis (Baghdad)

Iraqi Dental Journal (Iraqi Dent J)Iraqi Medical JournalJournal of Community Medicine - BaghdadPopulation Bulletin of ESCWA (Popul Bull ESCWA)

Al-AmalArab Journal of PsychiatryDirasat Sukkaniyah (Dirasat Sukkaniyah) Dirasat: Medical and Biological Sciences (Dirasat Med Biol Sci)Jordan Medical JournalJournal of the Royal Medical ServicesMajallat Niqabat Attiba Alasnnan Alurduniyah (Majallat Niqabat Attiba Alasnnan Alurduniyah)Population Bulletin of ESCWA (Popul Bull ESCWA)The Jordan Dental Journal (Jordan Dent J)

Bulletin of Islamic Medicine (Bull Islam Med)Bulletin of the Kuwait Institute for Medical SpecializationKuwait Medical JournalManshurat Majallat Dirasat Alkhalij Waal Jazirah Alarabiyah (Manshur Atmajallat Dirasat Alkhalij Waal Jazirah Alarabiyah)Medical Principles and Practice - printed in Switzerland

Al-Raida (Al Raida)Almustaqbal Alarabi (Almustaqbal Alarabi)Berytus (Berytus)Bulletin de la Societe Libanaise d’Histoire de la Medecine (Bull Soc Liban Hist Med)Dental NewsHealthy Living MagazineInterdisciplinary Psychology JournalLe Journal Medical Libanais - Formerly: La Revue Medicale Libanaise (J Med Liban)

Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology (Middle East J Anesthesiol) Muslim World (Muslim World)Population Bulletin of ESCWA (Popul Bull ESCWA)Revue Dentaire Libanaise (Rev Dent Liban)Revue Medicale du Moyen Orient (Rev Med Maven Orient)Samid Aliqtisadi (Samid Aliqtisadi)

Garyounis Medical JournalJamahiria Medical Journal

Bulletin EpidemiologiqueHesperis Tamuda: Universite Mohammed V., Faculte des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines(Hesperis Tamuda)Maroc Medical (Maroc Med)

Medical SciencesOman Medical JournalSultan Qaboos University Journal for Scientific Research, Medical Sciences

Heart Views - Cardiovascular Journal of Hamad Medical CorporationQatar Medical JournalThe Gulf Journal of Dermatology & VenereologyThe Middle East Journal of Emergency Medicine

Annals of Saudi Medicine - Formerly: The King Faisal Soecialist Hosniul Medical Journal(Ann Saudi Med)Journal of Family and Community MedicineJournal of the Saudi Heart Association King Abdulaziz Medical Journal NeurosciencesPan Arab Journal of NeurosurgerySaudi Heart Journal

1964-1966; 1968-1970; 1974-19781972-1973

1981; 1984-1988

19941996

1981-19831989; 1991-1993; 1995-1996

1984

1982; 1989

19812002-

1992-1993; 19951980-1981

19661991-1994

1965-1975; 1980; 1986-1987;1989; 1991-20021974-1975; 1978-

1970; 19811977; 1979-1982; 1984-1985

1965-1971; 1973-19741965-19671980-1981

1973-1974; 1982; 1984-1985

1965-1975; 1978-1986

1995


1988-

1950-

1983-


1331-1336 Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10) www.smj.org.sa


1979-

1906-

1929-

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

UAE

Yemen

Not Specified

Saudi Journal of Biological SciencesSaudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and TransplantationSaudi Journal of OphthalmologySaudi Medical Journal (Saudi Med J)The Saudi Dental Journal The Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology

Somali Medical Journal

Ahfad Journal (Ahfad J)Arab Medical Bulletin - Formerly: Sudan Medica1 BulletinSudan Journal of Population Studies (Sudan J Popul Stud)Sudan Medica1 Journal (Sudan Med J) Sudan Notes and Records (Sedan Notes Rec)Women 2000 (Women 2000)

Arab Drug Information ServiceArab Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesArabic Medical JournalArchiv fur Orientforschung (Arch Orientforsch)Bulletin de la Tuberculose et des Maladies Respiratoires Damascus University JournalJournal of the History of Arabic Sciences (J Hist Arabic Sci)

Majallat Tibb Alasnan Alsuriyah (Majallat Tibb Alasnan Alsuriyah)Majallat Tibb Alfamm Alsuriyah Majallat Tibb Alfamm Alsuriyah)Medical Syria Newsletter - Arabic

Al Usrah Wa Al Umran Al Bashari (Al Usrah Wa Al Umran Al Bashari) Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis (Arch lnst Pasteur Tunis)Bulletin de l'Association Tunisienne du Planning Familiale (Bull Assoc Tunis Plan Fam)Cahiers Medicaux de TunisieIBLA: Institut des Belles Lettres Arabes (IBLA)La Tunisie Medicale (Tunis Med)Les Cahiers de Tunisie (Cah Tunis)Maghreb Medical (Maghreb Med)Majallat Aldiwan Alqawmi Lilusrah Waal Umran Ibashari (Majallat Aldiwan Alqawmi Lilusrah Waal Umran Ibashari)Revue d'Histoire Maghrebine (Rev Hist Maghreb)Revue Tunisienne de Geographie (Rev Tunis Geogr)Revue Tunisienne de Sciences Sociales (Rev Tunis Sci Soc)

Emirates Armed Forces Medical JournalEmirates Medical JournalEmirates Public Health Ouarterly

The Yemeni Medical Sciences JournalYemen Medica1 Journal

Al-Majallah At-Tibbiya Al-Arabiyah - Arab Medica1 Journal: ArabicAl-Tofoula MagazineArab Dental Journal- printed in GermanyArab Journal of Health ResearchArab Jouma1 of Medicine - AIDSArab Medico: A'lam At-Tib WaI Saidala - printed in GermanyBulletin of the Arab Group for the Study of Diabetes - Egypt/Saudi ArabiaThe Middle East Journal of Urology

2000-

1985; 1987; 1992-1995

1983-19841991

1953-19541992

1966

1977-1980; 1983-1984; 1991-1992

1966-1971; 19731976; 1978

1987-19881978-19971994-1995

19891965-

1978; 19811980-1981

19971984-19851982-1995

1976-1977; 1979-1983; 1985-1986; 1990-1992



*Data extracted by searching for names of Arab counries in the “publisher field” at PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) For example: Egypt[pl], extracts allcitations in journal published in Egypt. †Data from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html, ‡Data for Egypt are from the directory of Egyptian Research

Periodicals (http://derp.sti.sci.eg). UAE - United Arab Emirates


biomedical science journals in the arab world

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