biomedical waste management
TRANSCRIPT
Bio Medical Waste Bio Medical Waste
managementmanagement
It is defined as It is defined as “A“Any solid and/or liquid waste ny solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or immunization of human beings or animalsanimals”.”.
Total waste in India- 3,30,000 tons/year Total waste in India- 3,30,000 tons/year Average 1-2 kg/bed/dayAverage 1-2 kg/bed/day
GENERATORS OF BIOMEDICAL GENERATORS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTEWASTE
Government & Private hospitalsGovernment & Private hospitals Nursing homesNursing homes Medical research & training establishmentsMedical research & training establishments MortuariesMortuaries Blood banksBlood banks Slaughter housesSlaughter houses Animal housesAnimal houses Vaccinating centersVaccinating centers Biotechnology institutionsBiotechnology institutions
The waste produced in the course of The waste produced in the course of health-care activities carries a higher health-care activities carries a higher potential for infection & injury than any potential for infection & injury than any other type of waste.other type of waste.
Appropriate management of health-care Appropriate management of health-care waste is thus a crucial component of waste is thus a crucial component of environmental health protection & it environmental health protection & it should become an integral feature of should become an integral feature of health-care services.health-care services.
General algorithm for wasteGeneral algorithm for waste
GenerationGeneration SegregationSegregation CollectionCollection StorageStorage TransportTransport TreatmentTreatment Disposal/recycleDisposal/recycle
Working theme for biomedical Working theme for biomedical waste managementwaste management
ReduceReduce ReuseReuse RecycleRecycle
CATEGOCATEGORYRY
TYPE OF WASTETYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT & TREATMENT & DISPOSALDISPOSAL
Category Category 11
Human anatomical wastesHuman anatomical wastes Incineration/ deep Incineration/ deep burialburial
Category Category 22
Animal wastesAnimal wastes Incineration/ deep Incineration/ deep burialburial
Category Category 33
Microbiology & Microbiology & biotechnology wastebiotechnology waste
Local autoclaving/ Local autoclaving/ microwaving/incinermicrowaving/inciner
ationation
Category Category 44
Waste sharps like needles, Waste sharps like needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, syringes, scalpels, blades,
glass etcglass etc
Disinfection Disinfection (Chemical/autoclavin(Chemical/autoclavin
g/micro waving & g/micro waving & mutilation/shreddingmutilation/shredding
))
Category Category 55
Discarded Medicines & Discarded Medicines & cytotoxic drugscytotoxic drugs
Incineration/destructIncineration/destruction & disposal in ion & disposal in
land fillsland fills
CATEGORYCATEGORY TYPE OF WASTETYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT & TREATMENT & DISPOSALDISPOSAL
Category 6Category 6 Soiled wastesSoiled wastesItems contaminated with Items contaminated with
blood, body fluids including blood, body fluids including cotton, dressings etccotton, dressings etc
Incineration, Incineration, autoclaving, autoclaving, microwavingmicrowaving
Category 7Category 7 Solid wastes like catheters, IV Solid wastes like catheters, IV sets etc.sets etc.
Disinfection by Disinfection by chemical chemical
treatment/autoclavingtreatment/autoclaving/micro waving and /micro waving and
mutilation & mutilation & shreddingshredding
Category 8Category 8 Liquid wastesLiquid wastesLaboratory, blood banks, Laboratory, blood banks,
hospitals, house etc.hospitals, house etc.
Disinfection by Disinfection by chemicals and chemicals and
discharge into drainsdischarge into drains
Category 9Category 9 Incineration ashIncineration ash Disposal in municipal Disposal in municipal land fillsland fills
Category 10Category 10 Chemical wastesChemical wastes Chemical treatment & Chemical treatment & discharge into drains discharge into drains for liquid and secured for liquid and secured
land fills for solids.land fills for solids.
CATEGORCATEGORYY
TYPE OF WASTETYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT & TREATMENT & DISPOSALDISPOSAL
Category 1Category 1 Human anatomical wastesHuman anatomical wastes Incineration/ deep Incineration/ deep burialburial
Category 2Category 2 Animal wastesAnimal wastes Incineration/ deep Incineration/ deep burialburial
Category 3Category 3 Microbiology & biotechnology Microbiology & biotechnology waste, waste, Liquid wastes, waste Liquid wastes, waste
from Laboratory, blood from Laboratory, blood banks, hospitals, house etc.banks, hospitals, house etc.
Local autoclaving/ Local autoclaving/ microwaving/ microwaving/ incineration/ incineration/
Disinfection by Disinfection by chemicalschemicals
Category 4Category 4 Waste sharps like needles, Waste sharps like needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, syringes, scalpels, blades,
glass etcglass etc
Disinfection Disinfection (Chemical/autoclaving/ (Chemical/autoclaving/
micro waving & micro waving & mutilation/shredding)mutilation/shredding)
Category 5Category 5 Discarded Medicines & Discarded Medicines & cytotoxic drugscytotoxic drugs
Incineration/ Incineration/ destruction & disposal destruction & disposal
in land fillsin land fills
CATEGORYCATEGORY TYPE OF WASTETYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT & TREATMENT & DISPOSALDISPOSAL
Category 6Category 6 Soiled wastesSoiled wastesItems contaminated with Items contaminated with
blood, body fluids including blood, body fluids including cotton, dressings etccotton, dressings etc
Incineration, Incineration, autoclaving, autoclaving, microwavingmicrowaving
Category 7Category 7 Solid wastes like catheters, IV Solid wastes like catheters, IV sets etc.sets etc.
Disinfection by Disinfection by chemical chemical
treatment/autoclavingtreatment/autoclaving/micro waving and /micro waving and
mutilation & mutilation & shreddingshredding
Category 8Category 8 Chemical wastesChemical wastes Chemical treatment & Chemical treatment & discharge into drains discharge into drains for liquid and secured for liquid and secured
land fills for solids.land fills for solids.
COLOR COLOR CODECODE
TYPE OF CONTAINERTYPE OF CONTAINER WASTE WASTE CATEGORYCATEGORY
TREATMENT TREATMENT OPTIONSOPTIONS
YellowYellow Plastic bagsPlastic bags 1, 2, 3 and 61, 2, 3 and 6 Incineration/deep Incineration/deep burialburial
RedRed Disinfected Disinfected container/plastic bagcontainer/plastic bag
3, 6 & 73, 6 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro Autoclaving/Micro Waving/Chemical Waving/Chemical
treatmenttreatment
Blue/white Blue/white transparenttransparent
Plastic bags/puncture Plastic bags/puncture proof containerproof container
4 & 74 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro Autoclaving/Micro waving/chemical waving/chemical
treatment, Destruction treatment, Destruction & shredding& shredding
BlackBlack Plastic bagPlastic bag 5, 8 & 95, 8 & 9 Disposal in secured Disposal in secured land fillsland fills
Colour CodingColour Coding Type of container to Type of container to be usedbe used
Waste Category Waste Category NumberNumber
TreatmentTreatment
YellowYellow Non Chlorinated Non Chlorinated plastic bagsplastic bags
Category 1,2,5,6Category 1,2,5,6 IncinerationIncineration
RedRed Non Chlorinated Non Chlorinated plastic bags/puncture plastic bags/puncture
proof container for proof container for sharpssharps
Category 3,4,7Category 3,4,7 Disinfection, Disinfection, autoclave, autoclave,
microwave, microwave, mutilation & mutilation & shredding, shredding, landfillinglandfilling
BlueBlue Non Chlorinated Non Chlorinated plastic bags containerplastic bags container
Category 8Category 8
BlackBlack Non Chlorinated Non Chlorinated plastic bagsplastic bags
Municipal WasteMunicipal Waste
COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL OF BIO-CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL OF BIO-
MEDICAL WASTES-NewMEDICAL WASTES-New
Day ............ Month .............. Year ........... Day ............ Month .............. Year ...........
Date of generation ...................Date of generation ...................
Waste category No ........ Waste category No ........
Waste class Waste description Waste class Waste description
Sender's Name & AddressSender's Name & Address--
Phone No...........Telex No .... Fax No .................Phone No...........Telex No .... Fax No .................
Receiver's Name & AddressReceiver's Name & Address--
Phone No ……..Telex No ...........Fax No ...............Phone No ……..Telex No ...........Fax No ...............
Contact Person ........Contact Person ........ In case of emergencyIn case of emergency
The Air (PControl of Pollution) Act, prevention and 1981The Air (PControl of Pollution) Act, prevention and 1981 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998Rules, 1998
The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000
Waste survey is an important component of the waste Waste survey is an important component of the waste management scheme. A survey helps in evaluation both the type management scheme. A survey helps in evaluation both the type and quantity of waste generated in hospitals.and quantity of waste generated in hospitals.
Aims:Aims:• Differentiate the types of wasteDifferentiate the types of waste• Quantify the waste generatedQuantify the waste generated• Determine the points of generation & type of waste generated at Determine the points of generation & type of waste generated at
each pointeach point• Determine the level of generation & disinfection within the hospitalDetermine the level of generation & disinfection within the hospital• To find out the type of disposal carried outTo find out the type of disposal carried out
Segregation refers to the basic separation of different Segregation refers to the basic separation of different categories of waste generated at source and thereby reducing categories of waste generated at source and thereby reducing the risks as well as cost of handling and disposal. the risks as well as cost of handling and disposal.
Segregation is the most crucial step in bio-medical waste Segregation is the most crucial step in bio-medical waste management. Effective segregation alone can ensure effective management. Effective segregation alone can ensure effective bio-medical waste management.bio-medical waste management.
The BMWs must be segregated in accordance to guidelines The BMWs must be segregated in accordance to guidelines laid down under schedule 1 of BMW Rules, 1998.laid down under schedule 1 of BMW Rules, 1998.
TrolleysTrolleys WheelbarrowsWheelbarrows
Waste treatment process Waste treatment process categoriescategories
Five broad categories:Five broad categories: (1) Mechanical processes(1) Mechanical processes (2) Thermal processes(2) Thermal processes (3) Chemical processes(3) Chemical processes (4) Irradiation processes(4) Irradiation processes (5) Biological processes.(5) Biological processes.
Mechanical processesMechanical processes
Used to change the physical form or Used to change the physical form or characteristics of the wastecharacteristics of the waste
To facilitate waste handling or to To facilitate waste handling or to process the waste in conjunction with process the waste in conjunction with other treatment steps.other treatment steps.
Includes-compactionIncludes-compaction -shredding-shredding - land fill and burial- land fill and burial
Compaction- compressing the waste into Compaction- compressing the waste into containers to reduce its volume.containers to reduce its volume.
Shredding – includes granulation, grinding, Shredding – includes granulation, grinding, pulping & the like, is used to break the pulping & the like, is used to break the waste into smaller pieces.waste into smaller pieces.
Health & safety reasons and good practice Health & safety reasons and good practice prohibit compacting/shredding untreated medical prohibit compacting/shredding untreated medical waste, because of concerns of aerosoling /spilling waste, because of concerns of aerosoling /spilling of micro-organisms.of micro-organisms.
However, there are no ill effects if waste is However, there are no ill effects if waste is sheredded after it has been decontaminated in sheredded after it has been decontaminated in order to make it unrecognisable.order to make it unrecognisable.
Sanitary & secured land fillingSanitary & secured land filling
Deep burial of human anatomical Deep burial of human anatomical waste, when the facility of proper waste, when the facility of proper incineration is not available.incineration is not available.
Animal wasteAnimal waste Disposal of Disposal of
autoclaved/hydroclaved /microwaved autoclaved/hydroclaved /microwaved wastewaste
Disposal of sharpsDisposal of sharps Disposal of incineration ash.Disposal of incineration ash.
Pit for deep burrialPit for deep burrial
Depth 2 meterDepth 2 meter Waste fill 1 meter from bottomWaste fill 1 meter from bottom Cover of lime- 50 cmCover of lime- 50 cm Galvanised iron/ wire mesh at the Galvanised iron/ wire mesh at the
toptop Secure the areaSecure the area
Thermal processesThermal processes Srerilize or destroyes medical waste.Srerilize or destroyes medical waste. Two categories-low heat systems & high Two categories-low heat systems & high
heat systemsheat systems Low heat systems-use steam, hot water Low heat systems-use steam, hot water
or electromagnetic radiation to heat & or electromagnetic radiation to heat & decontaminate the waste.decontaminate the waste.
High heat systems-combustion, pyrolysis High heat systems-combustion, pyrolysis & high temp. plasmas to decontaminate & & high temp. plasmas to decontaminate & destroy the waste.destroy the waste.
• Hot air oven:Hot air oven:Temperature of 160 degree for 2 h. or 170 degree Temperature of 160 degree for 2 h. or 170 degree
for 1 h.for 1 h.For glass ware, and metallic instruments.For glass ware, and metallic instruments.
• Incineration: Incineration: Destruction of contaminated materials in the Destruction of contaminated materials in the
incinerator.incinerator.• Autoclave
steam sterilisation under pressure by bringing thesteam sterilisation under pressure by bringing theSteam into direct contact with the waste material to Steam into direct contact with the waste material to
sterilize it.sterilize it.
AutoclaveAutoclavePrinciple:Principle:
When water is heated in a closed When water is heated in a closed vessel under pressure, the boiling vessel under pressure, the boiling point of water rises above 100 point of water rises above 100 degree.degree.
Water is heated at Water is heated at 2 atmospheric 2 atmospheric pressure pressure and the boiling temperature and the boiling temperature will be will be 121 degree 121 degree or at or at 3 3 atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure and the and the boiling temperature will be boiling temperature will be 134 134 degree.degree.
2)2) Autoclaving is highly efficient Autoclaving is highly efficient because:because:
High temperature.High temperature. High penetrating power of the steam High penetrating power of the steam
under pressure.under pressure. When steam condenses on the articles, When steam condenses on the articles,
it liberates latent heat to the articles to it liberates latent heat to the articles to be sterilized.be sterilized.
Non toxicNon toxic Not time consuming.Not time consuming.
Simple laboratory autoclave
Directions for use of the simple Directions for use of the simple laboratory autoclave:laboratory autoclave:
It is a metal cylinder with tightly fitting It is a metal cylinder with tightly fitting lid. The lid is connected to a steam lid. The lid is connected to a steam discharge tap, safety valve and discharge tap, safety valve and manometer. manometer.
Water is placed in the bottom and the Water is placed in the bottom and the articles to be sterilized are placed on articles to be sterilized are placed on top of a perforated tray above water top of a perforated tray above water level, then the lid is tightly closed.level, then the lid is tightly closed.
Water is heated electrically. Water is heated electrically.
The steam discharge tap is opened and The steam discharge tap is opened and the safety valve is adjusted to 15 lbs the safety valve is adjusted to 15 lbs per square inch= double atmospheric per square inch= double atmospheric pressure.pressure.
Steam will come out of the tap in Steam will come out of the tap in interrupted jets as it mixes with air.interrupted jets as it mixes with air.
When steam is released in a continuous When steam is released in a continuous stream, the tap is closed.stream, the tap is closed.
When the steam pressure reaches the When the steam pressure reaches the desired level, safety valve will allow desired level, safety valve will allow excess steam to escape. excess steam to escape.
From this point, the holding sterilization From this point, the holding sterilization time which is 20-30 minutes is time which is 20-30 minutes is calculated.calculated.
Then, the heater is turned off and the Then, the heater is turned off and the autoclave is allowed to cool down autoclave is allowed to cool down before opening the lid.before opening the lid.
Used for-Used for- Surgical instruments and dressings.Surgical instruments and dressings. Bed linen.Bed linen. Cotton, gauzeCotton, gauze Culture mediaCulture media
Temperaturein degree celcius
Holding periodIn minutes
121 15
126 10
134 3
Types:Types: Gravity type autoclave:Gravity type autoclave: rely on the steam pressure rely on the steam pressure
alone to evacuate air from the alone to evacuate air from the autoclave chambers.autoclave chambers.
-temp.121-temp.121 C,press.15 lbs psi.◦C,press.15 lbs psi.◦
Steam jacketed autoclave:Steam jacketed autoclave: Double walled chamber in which steam Double walled chamber in which steam
at 121 degree is introduced from an at 121 degree is introduced from an external source.external source.
Steam enters the jacket from which it Steam enters the jacket from which it enters the chamber migrating enters the chamber migrating downwards replacing the air which is downwards replacing the air which is expelled through a discharge tap at the expelled through a discharge tap at the bottom.bottom.
Flash autoclaves:Flash autoclaves: It sterilizes at 134 degree for 3 – 5 It sterilizes at 134 degree for 3 – 5
minutes.minutes. Used in operation rooms in emergency Used in operation rooms in emergency
situations.situations.
Pre-vaccume type autoclave:Pre-vaccume type autoclave: utilizes vaccume pumps to evacuate utilizes vaccume pumps to evacuate
air from autoclave chambers & air from autoclave chambers & thereby increase steam penetration thereby increase steam penetration & contact efficiencies.& contact efficiencies.
-time cycle-30-60 min.-time cycle-30-60 min. -operates at about 132-operates at about 132 C.◦C.◦
Retort-type autoclave:Retort-type autoclave: large chambers, operate at higher large chambers, operate at higher
temp.& pressures than others.temp.& pressures than others. -large capacity units, upto 60 tonnes -large capacity units, upto 60 tonnes
per day per unit.per day per unit. -not available in our country.-not available in our country.
Parameters which influence effectiveness Parameters which influence effectiveness of steam autoclave T/t.of steam autoclave T/t.
-temp.& pressure achieved by autoclave-temp.& pressure achieved by autoclave-size of waste load-size of waste load-composition of waste load-composition of waste load-steam penetration of the waste-steam penetration of the waste-packaging of the waste for treatment-packaging of the waste for treatment-Orientation of the waste load within -Orientation of the waste load within
autoclave. autoclave.
7)7) Testing the efficiency of autoclave:Testing the efficiency of autoclave: Mechanical methods:Mechanical methods:
o Daily measurement of temperature, pressure Daily measurement of temperature, pressure gauge. gauge.
Chemical indicators:Chemical indicators:o Change its color at the end of sterilization Change its color at the end of sterilization
cycle. (Browne’s tube)cycle. (Browne’s tube) Biological indicators:Biological indicators:
o Using spores of Using spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus.Bacillus stearothermophilus.
IncinerationIncineration Incineration fundamentals:Incineration fundamentals: -incineration comes from a greek word -incineration comes from a greek word
meaning burn to ashes.meaning burn to ashes. -initially incinerators were just -initially incinerators were just
uncontrolled single chamber fire boxes uncontrolled single chamber fire boxes provided with smoke stocks.provided with smoke stocks.
-now modern incineration systems are -now modern incineration systems are well engineered,well designed,well well engineered,well designed,well controlled,well monitoredcontrolled,well monitored
--incineration is a high temperature thermal incineration is a high temperature thermal process employing combustion of the process employing combustion of the waste under controlled condition for waste under controlled condition for converting them into inert material & converting them into inert material & gases.gases.
-this can be oil fired/electrically -this can be oil fired/electrically powered/combination. powered/combination.
Alternate incineration technologiesAlternate incineration technologies Broadly 3 types: multiple chamber Broadly 3 types: multiple chamber
incinarator, controlled air incinerator, incinarator, controlled air incinerator, rotary Kiln incinerator.rotary Kiln incinerator.
All 3 types have primary & secondary All 3 types have primary & secondary combustion chambers.combustion chambers.
Primary chamber-temp.800 +/- 50Primary chamber-temp.800 +/- 50 C◦C◦ Primary chamber-temp.1000 +/- 50Primary chamber-temp.1000 +/- 50 C◦C◦ Volatiles are liberated in the first chamber, whereas Volatiles are liberated in the first chamber, whereas
they are destroyed in the second onethey are destroyed in the second one The negative pressure is maintained inside the The negative pressure is maintained inside the
incinerator by the system, thereby forcing the end incinerator by the system, thereby forcing the end gases out of the chimney.gases out of the chimney.
Multiple chamber incinirator:Multiple chamber incinirator: primary chamberprimary chamber-solid phase -solid phase
combustioncombustion secondary chambersecondary chamber-gas phase -gas phase
combustioncombustion tertiary chambertertiary chamber-condenses the -condenses the
gases & air particulates.gases & air particulates.
Controlled air incinerator:Controlled air incinerator: in this type,the first chamber is operated in this type,the first chamber is operated
at low air levels,followed by an excess air at low air levels,followed by an excess air chamber.chamber.
Rotary Klin Incinerator:Rotary Klin Incinerator: cylindrical refractory lined shell that is cylindrical refractory lined shell that is
mounted at a slight tilt to facilitate mixing mounted at a slight tilt to facilitate mixing & movement of the waste inside.& movement of the waste inside.
-has provision for air circulation.-has provision for air circulation.-The Klin act as the primary solid phase -The Klin act as the primary solid phase
chamber, which is followed by the chamber, which is followed by the secondary chamber for gaseous secondary chamber for gaseous combustion.combustion.
Use some in-house technology, which Use some in-house technology, which will turn Medical Waste into ordinary will turn Medical Waste into ordinary non-regulated municipal waste.non-regulated municipal waste.
Select a Select a non-incineration technology, non-incineration technology, whichwhich
Is easy and safe to operateIs easy and safe to operate Has no harmful emissionsHas no harmful emissions Sterilizes to a high level, at a Sterilizes to a high level, at a lowlow cost. cost.
PerformancePerformance GuaranteedGuaranteed high level high level
of sterilization, of sterilization, including wet waste, including wet waste, metals, liquids and metals, liquids and sharps.sharps.
Automatic operation, Automatic operation, and not dependent on and not dependent on operator skill for operator skill for sterility.sterility.
No infectious or No infectious or harmful emissions.harmful emissions.
Mechanical destruction Mechanical destruction of the waste, and safe of the waste, and safe for land-fill.for land-fill.
EconomicEconomic Low operating cost Low operating cost
with low energy with low energy consumption.consumption.
Low maintenance Low maintenance costs.costs.
No costly bags, filters No costly bags, filters or chemicals in the or chemicals in the process.process.
Very large weight and Very large weight and volume reduction of volume reduction of the waste.the waste.
Cost-effective purchase Cost-effective purchase price with price with leasing/finance leasing/finance options.options.
Strong warranty.Strong warranty.
The Hydroclave can process:
•Bagged waste, in ordinary bags
•Sharps containers•Liquid containers
•Cardboard containers•Metal objects
A. Powerful rotators mix the waste and breaks it into small pieces.
B. Steam fills the double wall (jacket) of the vessel and heats the vessel interior.
C. The liquids in the waste turn to steam.
D. After 20 minutes the waste and liquids are sterile.
A. The vent is opened, and the vessel is de-pressurizes.
B. Steam heat and mixing continue until all the liquids are evaporated and the waste is dry.
A. The unloading door is opened.
B. The mixer now rotates in the opposite direction, so angled blades on the mixer can push the waste out the unloading door.
C. The dry, sterile waste can be fine-shredded further or dropped in a waste disposal bin.
The waste is now ready for safe disposal!
Working temp and holding timeWorking temp and holding time
132132ooC at 36 lbs psi for 20 minutesC at 36 lbs psi for 20 minutes
Total time required for 150kg/cycle Total time required for 150kg/cycle capacity- 60 minutescapacity- 60 minutes
Dries waste, regardless of
its original water content.
Low odor, due to the
dryness.
Volume reduction to 85%
Weight reduction to 70%
Accepted as harmless
waste.
AdvantagesAdvantages
The Hydroclave achieves a high The Hydroclave achieves a high degree of sterility due to a vigorous degree of sterility due to a vigorous mixing and fragmenting of the waste mixing and fragmenting of the waste inside the hot vessel:inside the hot vessel:
• it breaks apart the sharps container …it breaks apart the sharps container …• sets free the sharps into the vessel …sets free the sharps into the vessel …• where they are thoroughly exposed to the where they are thoroughly exposed to the
required temperature and pressure.required temperature and pressure.
If for any reason temperature and If for any reason temperature and pressure parameters are not met, the pressure parameters are not met, the Hydroclave automatically resets and Hydroclave automatically resets and initiates a repeat sterilization cycle.initiates a repeat sterilization cycle.
It is IMPOSSIBLE for a needle or sharp to It is IMPOSSIBLE for a needle or sharp to be shielded from the temperature as there be shielded from the temperature as there are no “cold spots”, assuring total sterility.are no “cold spots”, assuring total sterility.
No bacterial growth is recorded on needles No bacterial growth is recorded on needles during tests conducted.during tests conducted.
HydroclaveHydroclave
No pre-shredding No pre-shredding of infectious of infectious wastewaste
High level of High level of sterility,sterility,
Low operating Low operating cost(by steam)cost(by steam)
MicrowaveMicrowave (non-pressure type)(non-pressure type)
Must pre-shredMust pre-shred No sterility, only No sterility, only
“disinfection”“disinfection” High operating costHigh operating cost (expensive (expensive
electricity)electricity)
HydroclaveHydroclave Low operating cost by Low operating cost by
recycling steam.recycling steam. No special bags No special bags
requiredrequired Treats wet or liquid Treats wet or liquid
loads easilyloads easily Strong weight Strong weight
reductionreduction Strong volume Strong volume
reductionreduction Consistent high Consistent high
sterilitysterility
AutoclaveAutoclave Higher operating cost, Higher operating cost,
no steam recyclingno steam recycling High temp. bags req’dHigh temp. bags req’d Cannot treat wet or Cannot treat wet or
liquid loadsliquid loads Weight increaseWeight increase No volume reductionNo volume reduction Spotty sterilitySpotty sterility
When installed Sept./99 As it looks today
This unit ran 2,200 cycles, has treated 88,000 Kg of medical waste, and never failed a sterility test on any cycle, (2001)
Downtime was less than 1%, and maintenance cost minimal
Chemical processesChemical processes
--Most chemical waste treatment systems Most chemical waste treatment systems use a disinfectant solution in combination use a disinfectant solution in combination with shredding to provide decontamination with shredding to provide decontamination & disfigurement.& disfigurement.
-1% hypochlorite solution with a minimum -1% hypochlorite solution with a minimum contact period of 30 min.contact period of 30 min.
-phenolic -phenolic compounds,iodine,hexachlorophene,iodinecompounds,iodine,hexachlorophene,iodine-alcohol,formaldehyde-alcohol.-alcohol,formaldehyde-alcohol.
-Pre-shredding of the waste is desirable for -Pre-shredding of the waste is desirable for better contact with the waste material.better contact with the waste material.
Irradiation processesIrradiation processes
Ionizing- Xray, gamma ray, cosmic Ionizing- Xray, gamma ray, cosmic raysrays
Non ionizing- infra red, ultra violetNon ionizing- infra red, ultra violet
Swabs, plastic materials, oil, metal Swabs, plastic materials, oil, metal foils, etcfoils, etc
These system requires post-These system requires post-irradiation shredding to render the irradiation shredding to render the waste unrecognisable.waste unrecognisable.
Microwave treatmentMicrowave treatment
Radiations produced by the Radiations produced by the microwave are involved to break microwave are involved to break apart molecular chemical bonds & apart molecular chemical bonds & thus disinfect infectious waste.thus disinfect infectious waste.
Temp-97Temp-97 -100 C◦ ◦-100 C◦ ◦ Cycle time-40-45 min.Cycle time-40-45 min. Advantage of disinfecting the wasteAdvantage of disinfecting the waste No hazardous emissions.No hazardous emissions. Can not be used to treat body parts & tissues.Can not be used to treat body parts & tissues.
AdvantagesAdvantages
-absence of harmful air emissions- -absence of harmful air emissions- environment friendlyenvironment friendly
-absence of liquid discharges-absence of liquid discharges-non-requirement of chemicals -non-requirement of chemicals -reduced volume of waste (due to shredding -reduced volume of waste (due to shredding
& moisture loss)& moisture loss)-operator safety-worker friendly-operator safety-worker friendly
- - However, the investment costs are However, the investment costs are high at present.high at present.
Biological processesBiological processes Uses biological enzymes for treating Uses biological enzymes for treating
medical waste.medical waste. It not only decontaminate the waste but It not only decontaminate the waste but
also cause the destruction of all the also cause the destruction of all the organic constituents.organic constituents.
The shredded residue is mixed with water The shredded residue is mixed with water & pumped as a slurry to a tank containing & pumped as a slurry to a tank containing enzymes where biological reactions take enzymes where biological reactions take place.place.
Treated residue is pumped from the tank Treated residue is pumped from the tank through a screw press to separate solids.through a screw press to separate solids.
Solid residues are compacted & collected Solid residues are compacted & collected in a bin for disposal. in a bin for disposal.
ConclusionConclusion
Prevent & minimize waste productionPrevent & minimize waste production Reuse or recycle the waste to the Reuse or recycle the waste to the
extent possibleextent possible Treat waste by safe & Treat waste by safe &
environmentally sound methodsenvironmentally sound methods Dispose off the final residue by Dispose off the final residue by
landfill in confined & carefully landfill in confined & carefully designed sitesdesigned sites
