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5/22/17, 11(02 AMBiophilic Urban Acupuncture: The Importance of Biophilia in Urban Places
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Learn more about our biophilicdesign work and services(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/services/#section-
biophilic-design) by emailing usat [email protected](mailto:[email protected]) andreading our reports, 14 Patternsof Biophilic Design(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/report/14-
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As our cities expand and densifysimultaneously, there is a need todesign places to connect people
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design places to connect peopleto nature. If we are not careful,our commute and dailyexperience within the city will benothing more than glass, steel,and concrete. This postarticulates the need for biophilicinterventions in urban places,offers good examples found inNYC, and suggests easysolutions you can take now tohelp.
Our access to wild places and“nature” is shrinking and so is ourwill to get to those places.According to the Bureau of LaborStatistics(http://www.vox.com/2014/8/18/6030429/americans-
are-taking-fewer-vacations-than-they-used-
to), over 80% of Americans tookat least a weeklong vacation in1977. Compare that to less than60% of Americans taking a
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60% of Americans taking aweeklong vacation in 2014. Additionally, trips to our NationalPark system has also been indecline. The Journal of LeisureResearch(http://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2014/nrs_2014_stevens_001.pdf)
published a report in 2014 thatshows per capita visitation to ourNational Park system hasdeclined 19% since 1997. If weare trending towards getting “outinto nature” less, we need toactively design our cities to bringnature in. As we continue toselect urban places to live, theimpetus to embed nature, andspecifically urban biophilicacupuncture, is paramount.
Biophilia(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/blog/2012/05/biophilia-
bkgrd/) is humankind’s innatebiological connection with nature.
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biological connection with nature.It helps explain why crackling fireand crashing waves captivate us;why a garden view can enhanceour creativity; why shadows andheight instill fascination and fear;and why animal companionshipand strolling through a park haverestorative, healing effects.Terrapin Bright Green haspublished two extensive reportson the subject of biophilia, TheEconomics of Biophilia(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/report/economics-
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(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
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Moss and birch garden in the NY Times Building by Renzo Piano isan excellent example of a biophilic intervention. Image copyrightHubert J. Steed.
Urban Acupuncture is a socio-environmental theory thatcombines contemporary urbandesign with traditional Chineseacupuncture, using small-scaleinterventions to transform thelarger urban context. Just as thepractice of acupuncture is aimedat relieving stress in the humanbody, the goal of urbanacupuncture is to relieve stress inthe built environment. Urbanacupuncture is intended to toproduce small-scale but sociallycatalytic interventions in theurban fabric. No needlesnecessary.
Biophilic Urban Acupuncture
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Biophilic Urban Acupuncture(BUA) is the theory that threadsand nodes of biophilicinterventions in specific urbanplaces can help improve people’smoods, connect people to place,and help improve mental health.Biophilic urban acupunctureblends two very important designconcepts, biophilia and urbanacupuncture.
BUA has higher levels ofeffectiveness in dense citiesversus suburban places due tothe ease of pedestrian mobility. Aresident that lives in a dense citywill spend at least some timeeach day outside just by the factthat they will be walking totransit, walking to work, orwalking to get a meal. Eventhough BUA is likely needed inmore suburban places, the auto-
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more suburban places, the auto-centric street design andsprawled land-use typically doesnot lend itself to high qualitybiophilic opportunities.
Threads and Nodes
Smaller BUA interventions shouldbe placed in locations throughoutthe city which, in a web-likestructure, users with differentdestinations will experiencebiophilic experiences no matterwhere they traveling to. Thesesmaller biophilic interventions donot need to be grand in scale tohave an impression. Positiveimpact on self-esteem and moodhas been shown to occur in thefirst five minutes of experiencingnature (Barton &Pretty, 2010).Daily, unintentional exposureshould be a priority whenplanning a BUA intervention. The
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planning a BUA intervention. Theintervention should be placed in alocation that receives a largenumber of users but is embeddedinto an everyday habitat orcommute.
(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/Highline-Park_Dean-Shareski-via-
Flickr.jpg)
The High Line Park in New York City is a converted disusedelevated railroad tracks into a much-loved biophilic intervention.Image courtesy of Dean Shareski via Flickr.
The larger biophilic experienceshould be placed in an area of thecity that can serve a largeramount of the population andshould include as many biophilic
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should include as many biophilicpatterns as possible. These aretypically parks such as theOlmsted designed Central in NewYork City or the TommasoFrancini designed LuxembourgGarden in Paris. Large parks thatare centrally located within a cityand connected by good transitwill provide a robust BUAexperience to a greater numberof residents than parks located inthe periphery.
BUA Examples
THE FOUNTAINS AND WATER FEATURES OF NYC
A space with a good Presence ofWater condition feels compellingand captivating. Fluidity, sound,lighting, proximity andaccessibility each contribute towhether a space is stimulating,calming, or both.
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In the urban environment, thereare two ways to capitalize on themulti-sensory attributes of waterto enhance the experience of aplace. First, simulating orconstructing water features(water walls, fountains, or falls;aquaria; water imagery) in thebuilt environment—indoors andout—creates positive effects forinhabitants. Although, it is worthmentioning that water and energyintensive installments may createother issues. Second, it ispossible to amplify the presenceof naturally occurring water (lakesand ponds; streams, creeks, andrivers; rainfall; arroyos) to helpinhabitants become increasinglyaware of the surroundingenvironment.
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(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/Paley-Park_Wally-Gobetz-via-
Flickr.jpg)
The water wall at Paley Park is a wonderful and captivatingintervention. Image courtesy of Wally Gobetz via Flickr.
THE TREES OF NYC
A space with a good VisualConnection with Nature feelswhole, it grabs one’s attentionand can be stimulating orcalming. It can convey a sense oftime, weather and other livingthings.
MillionTrees NYC(http://www.milliontreesnyc.org/html/home/home.shtml)
is a citywide, public-privateprogram that has planted onemillion new trees across the City’s
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million new trees across the City’sfive boroughs over the pastdecade. Beyond the numerousecological benefits, strengtheningNew York City’s urban forestplays a positive role in helpinginhabitants reduce stress andbolster self-esteem, mood, andparasympathetic activity.
PopUp Forest(http://www.popupforest.org/): TimesSquare is emulating the pop-uprestaurant experience bytransforming a public plaza inTimes Square into a large-scale,temporary urban forestinstallation. The goal is to fostera movement to re-define citieswith nature in mind and to createan urban oasis for wildlife whilehelping New Yorkers get morefamiliar with nearby nature.
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(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/Jay-Street-
Metrotech_Wally-Gobetz-via-flickr.jpg)
Natural scenes and biomorphic forms and patterns cantransform a dreary subway passage. Image courtesy ofWally Gobetz via Flickr.
(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/Trees_TimesSquare.png)
A proposed art installation, PopUp Forest, will bring a forest into theultra dense Times Square. Image copyrighthttp://www.popupforest.org/.
BIOMORPHIC SUBWAY ART
Biomorphic Forms & Patterns aresymbolic references to
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symbolic references tocontoured, patterned, textured ornumerical arrangements thatpersist in nature. A space withgood Biomorphic Forms &Patterns feels interesting andcomfortable, possibly captivating,contemplative or even absorptive.
Biomorphic subway art illustrateshow this concept has beenimplemented in New York Citysubway stations. Thepassageway between 42ndStreet and 5th Avenue includesartistic depictions of naturalsystems such as tree roots andanimal burrows, and the JayStreet/Metro Tech Station depictsglass mosaic art with variousanimal species, includingstarlings, sparrows, lion fish,parrots, tiger beetles, and koifish.
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fish.
BROOKLYN BRIDGE PARK TIDAL WETLANDS
A space with a good Connectionwith Natural Systems evokes arelationship to a greater whole,making one aware of seasonalityand the cycles of life. Theexperience is often relaxing,nostalgic, profound orenlightening, and frequentlyanticipated.
The tidal wetlands at the recentlyexpanded Brooklyn Bridge Parkoffers a prime example ofconnecting an urban landscapewith the local ecosystem. Thewetlands heighten awareness ofnatural properties of the EastRiver and hopefully promoteenvironmental stewardship of thePark and surrounding area.
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(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/TidalMarsh_BrooklynBridge2.jpg)
Tidal wetlands at the Brooklyn Bridge Park integrate natural withbuilt systems. Image courtesy of Julienne Schaer for BrooklynBridge Park.
DIY Biophilic Urban Acupuncture
Biophilic Urban Acupuncture doesnot need to hinge on largebudgets or city agencies to havedramatic impact. You can play arole in integrating BUA elementsin your neighborhood now. Hereare a few strategies to help youget started:
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(http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/7190393508_8991888dfe_o.jpg)
Seed Bomb blooming. Image courtesy of KnitSpirit viaFlickr.
Seed bombs are balls madefrom volcanic red clay orcompressed soil containingdifferent varieties of nativespecies seeds that can fit in thepalm. Usually other additives areincluded in the ball such ascompost or humus to providemicrobial inoculants. They can bedropped or tossed onto vacantlots or public places that are inneed of beauty and vegetation.Seeds that support pollinatorssuch as honey bees or butterfliesare better as they will reinforcethe Visual Connection to Natureand Connection to Natural
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and Connection to NaturalSystems biophilic patterns.
WHERE: Seed bombs work well inplaces that have exposed soil andin places that are difficult toaccess.
HOW: What was once strictly aDIY project, seed bombs can nowbe purchased online, in stores, oreven from vending machines(http://www.thecommonstudio.com/greenaid/).
Tree pits are areas around urbantrees that provide a smallpervious surface for the roots tobreath and absorb water. Thesecan be transformed from a smalloften neglected patch of soil intoa strong BUA intervention. If donewith care, you can plant flowersor root bulbs in the pits.Additional interventions could be
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Additional interventions could besmall benches around the tree pitwhich will create a reason forpeople to linger under the treereinforcing the biophilic response.
WHERE: Most trees that arelocated in public right-of-way(ROW) are the responsibility of thecommunity to take care of. Checkwith your neighbors about whichtree pits are available to improve.
HOW: Using a hand cultivator,loosen the topsoil as this isusually compacted. Spreading athin layer of mulch will help thetree absorb water and reduceevaporation. Plant in-seasonflowers and enjoy!
Guerilla gardening is the act ofplanting vegetation in spaces thatthe gardeners do not have thelegal rights to use. These sites
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legal rights to use. These sitesare typically abandoned or areasthat are be substantiallyneglected. BUA can have largeimpacts in these neglected areasvia guerilla gardening becausethe intervention is typicallynoticed and appreciated by thecommunity regardless of who didit, and taking care of for years.This intervention supports theConnection with Natural Systems,Visual Connection with Nature,and Non-Visual Connection withNature biophilic patterns
WHERE: Typically, guerrillagardening occurs in spaces thatare vacant or underutilizedspaces. This interventionoriginated in NYC in the 1970’sby residents throwing balloonsfilled with local seeds, water, andfertilizer into empty lots.
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fertilizer into empty lots.
HOW: This BUA intervention isbest done with a group ofneighbors and/or friends. Locatethe site that is in need of thegarden and make a plan for theplantings and improvements. Pre-planting site work may need to bedone such as cleaning up junk,trash, and debris.
We know that cities will continueto morph. We also know that weenjoy listening to a waterfountain, seeing a butterfly, orwatching leaves shake with thehelp of a slight breeze. Let’s workto ensure that Biophilic UrbanAcupuncture is part of the toolkitto help shape the places wherewe want to live.
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Jonce Walker(https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/blog/author/joncewalker/)
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