Bioprospecting

Lecture 17

Marine sponges with cancer promise

Hundreds of compounds isolated from natural environments are in use or in development for medical treatment

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/01/palauamine-synthesized/

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo9718455

The legal battle of the GOS expeditionClearly, the environmental impact of carrying off 150-odd barrels of

seawater for analysis isn't something that Venter and his colleagues had to worry about. But navigating the complex legal territory was. “If Darwin were alive today trying to do his experiments, he would not have been allowed to,” says Venter.

At least, that is, without help from a lawyer. Sorcerer II collected samples in the waters of 17 coastal states and obtained all necessary permits, says Bob Friedman, Vice President for Environmental and Energy Policy at the J. Craig Venter Institute. Some countries required detailed agreements thrashing out how benefits deriving from these data would be shared. All of these are posted on the Sorcerer II Web site, says Friedman [8]. Most countries, however, have not decided how they might regulate access to their genetic resources, he says.

In addition to getting the paperwork in order, Venter encouraged collaboration with local scientists. What's more, the entire metagenomic database will be put in the public domain. The gene sequences should be of tremendous value to each of the countries involved, says Venter. In particular, it will help them monitor and manage the health of their marine ecosystems more effectively, he predicts. To ensure that this vast dataset will be available to all, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation has stumped up $24.5 million dollars for a seven-year project to design a new database to host it and new tools to interrogate it (Box 1).

From metagenomics to products?• From Diversa to Verenium• http://www.verenium.com/• Diversa, which went public in 2001, was once known for

searching the world to find enzymes to make drugs. But like many biotechs, it continued to lose money.

• In 2006, the company announced it was changing direction: It dropped most of its costly drug discovery efforts in favor of creating specialty enzymes for food and industrial processing. It slashed one-third of its staff.

The sequenced world

• http://camera.calit2.net/camdata.shtm• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?

db=nucgss

The realities of microbial diversity

Course questions: a review

1. What fraction of human microbial commensals is stuck with us, and what fraction is just hitching a ride?

2. What differentiates probiotics from pathogens?

3. How stable is the structure of microbial communities, in general?

4. What rules govern the assemblage of microbial communities, and are they the same as for macroscopic eukaryotes?

5. How many prokaryotic species are there really out there?

How I see it