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Note to the Instructor (Continued):

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Psychology in Action (8e)

by Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations

Karen Huffman, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Lecture Overview

Neural Bases of Behavior

Nervous System Organization

A Tour Through the Brain

Our Genetic Inheritance

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Neural Bases of Psychology

Neuroscience:

interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Neural Bases of Psychology

The nervous system consists of neurons (cells responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Neural Bases of Psychology: The Structure of a Neuron

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Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication Within a neuron, communication occurs

through an action potential (neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron).

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Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued) Between neurons,

communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons, and these messages determine if an action potential occurs or not.

Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued)

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Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued) Note how the

axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron.

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Neural Bases of Psychology: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life Major Neurotransmitters: • Serotonin• Acetylcholine (ACh)• Dopamine (DA)• Norepinephrine (NE)• Epinephrine (adrenaline)• GABA (gamma aminobutyric

acid)• Endorphins

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Neural Bases of Psychology: Receptor Sites normal message

blocked message (wrong shape)

agonistic drugs mimic shape and enhance neurotransmitter

antagonistic drugs fill the site and block neurotransmitter

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Neural Bases of Psychology: How Hormones Affect Us

Endocrine System: collection of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones

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Nervous System Organization

Central Nervous System (CNS): includes the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): includes all nerves and neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body (subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems)

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Nervous System Organization

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Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord

(transmits information into and out of the brain )

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Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS)

The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Nervous System Organization:Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects

to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions

ANS is subdivided into: Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Nervous System Organization: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems

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A Tour Through the Brain

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A Tour Through The Brain: Hindbrain Three key structures of the hindbrain:

Medulla: life survival functions Pons: respiration, movement, waking,

sleeping, and dreaming Cerebellum: coordination of fine

muscular movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition

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A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Midbrain: collection of brain structures in

the middle of the brain that coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal

(Reticular formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem and screens incoming information and controls arousal

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain

structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system Thalamus: relays sensory messages to

the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: responsible for

emotions, drives, and regulating the body’s internal environment

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A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Limbic System:

interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, and memory

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A Tour Through The Brain: Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex: thin surface layer on the left and right cerebral hemispheres regulating most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.)

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A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex The frontal Lobes- receive and coordinate messages from other lobes and are responsible for motor control, speech production, and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

A Tour Through the Brain:The Importance of the Frontal Lobes Phineas Gage’s mining

accident sent a 13-pound tamping iron through his frontal lobes. How did this affect his short- and long-term behavior and mental processes?

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A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) Parietal Lobes: located at the top of the brain

directly behind the frontal lobes and responsible for interpreting bodily sensations

Temporal Lobes: located on each side of the brain above the ears and responsible for audition, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control

Occipital Lobes: located at the back of the brain responsible for vision and visual perception

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A Tour Through The Brain: The Motor Cortex and SomatosensoryCortex

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A Tour Through The Brain: Motor and Somatosensory Cortex (Cont.)

Why are the hands and face on this drawing so large? What do they represent?

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A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research

Severing the corpus callosum provides data regarding the functions of the brain’s two hemispheres.

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A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research (Continued)

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A Tour Through The Brain: Lateralization

The left and right hemispheres of the

brain each specialize

in particular operations.

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Our Genetic Inheritance To answer questions about the influence of

nature versus nurture, psychologists use behavioral genetics research.

Behavioral Genetics: studies the relative effects of nature (heredity, genes, and chromosomes) and nurture (environment) on behavior and mental processes.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA

The nucleus of every cell in our body contains genes, which carry the code for hereditary transmission. These genes are arranged along chromosomes (strands of paired DNA).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA

Tongue-curling is one of the only traits that depends on a specific dominant gene.

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Our Genetic Inheritance: Twin Research

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Our Genetic Inheritance Evolutionary Psychology:

studies how natural selection and adaptation help explain behavior and mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Our Genetic Inheritance

Sex differences in lateralization. Note how activation is confined to only one hemisphere in the male brain on the left, and how it occurs on both hemispheres in the female brain on the right.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Our Genetic Inheritance: Better Living Through Neuroscience Neuroplasticity: brain’s lifelong ability to reorganize and change its structure and function

Neurogenesis: the division and differentiation of non-neuronal cells to produce neurons

Stem cells: Precursor (immature) cells that give birth to new specialized cells

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Psychology in Action (8e)

by Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

End of Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations

Karen Huffman, Palomar College