biosphere reserves of india by dr. gaurav garg

Biosphere Reserves of India by Dr. Gaurav Garg
Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific programme, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.
The MAB programme provides a unique platform for cooperation on research and development and networking to share information, knowledge and experience on three interlinked issues:
Biodiversity loss. Conservation. Climate change. Sustainable development. Education and Research.
Every Country makes its Domestic Biosphere Reserve first and then tries to get approval from UNESCO. After approval from UNESCO it will become the International Biosphere Reserve which will be named under "World Network of Biosphere Reserves".
India has 18 Biosphere Reserves, and 11 of them are approved by UNESCO. and these 11 are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Biosphere Reserves :- Core Zone :-
Generally Innermost area of Biosphere Reserve. Legally protected area. Human Activities strictly prohibited. This Core area of the Biosphere Reserve has National Park. National Parks are called IUCN Category 2 areas. (International Union for
Conservation of Nature, HQ - Gland) Buffer Zone :-
Research and education activities permitted to humans as this will benefit the environment after all.
Very limited tourism, fishing, mild grazing are allowed but highly regulated. Minor Forest Produce can be obtained from this area. This Buffer Area of Biosphere Reserve has Wildlife Sanctuary. or we can say if we want to make a Wildlife
Sanctuary in Biosphere Reserve then it will be made in the Buffer Area. Wildlife Sanctuary is called IUCN Category 4 area.
Transition/Manipulation Zone (Area of Cooperation) :- Human activities like cropping, recreation, forestry, and settlements are permitted. It is the zone of cooperation where human ventures and conservation are done in harmony. Roads, Railway lines, Factory Establishment, Mining can be done in this area. Tourism is allowed completely in this area.
Sometimes the Govt declares an area as Eco Sensitive Zone, it means no activity will be allowed there.
BIOSPHERE RESERVES OF INDIA :-
NAME YEAR AREA (km 2 ) LOCATION
1. Nilgiri 1986 5520 Part of Wayanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur & Mudumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley & Siruvani Hills. (Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Karnataka)
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve :- First Biosphere reserve of India. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve includes :-
Silent Valley National Park – Kerala. Mukurthi National Park – Tamil Nadu. Bandipur Tiger Reserve - Karnataka. Nagarhole Tiger Reserve - Karnataka. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve - Tamil Nadu.
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary – Kerala. Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary - Kerala. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve - Tamil
Nadu. Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary - Kerala
The Nilgiri mountains (also known as Blue Mountains) are part of Western Ghats which was declared a UNESCO
world heritage site in 2012. It is also Part of UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Two most important animals of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve -
Nilgiri Tahr [1] – State Animal of Tamil Nadu. Lion-tailed macaque [2].
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2. Nanda Devi 1988 5860.69 Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh, & Bageshwar districts (Uttarakhand)
3. Nokrek 1988 820 Part of Garo Hills (Meghalaya)
4. Great Nicobar 1989 885 Southernmost islands of Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve :- Nanda Devi National Park and the Valley of the Flowers National Park forms the core area. Both of these National
Parks are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Notified in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2004. The second highest mountain in India, Nanda Devi (7816m) after Kanchenjunga (8598m). Kanchenjunga is part
of Himalayas, There is another peak "K2 (8611m)" of Karakoram Range, but it comes in a Disputed Area so we normally do not count it as the highest peak. It is also known as "Godwin Austen Peak".
Nanda Devi is the 23rd highest peak in the world. Given World Heritage Site Status by UNESCO in 1988. Important Animals of Nanda Devi -
Himalayan musk deer [3] (State animal of Uttarakhand).
Himalayan Tahr [4]. Snow leopard (State animal of Himachal
Pradesh).
Himalayan black bear. Langurs & Rhesus macaque [5].
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve :- Meghalaya has Khasi Hills, Garo Hills and Jaintia Hills. Nokrek is the highest peak in West Garo Hills. Home to Nokrek National Park. Notified in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009. Most Important Animals of Nokrek -
Red panda [6] (State animal of Sikkim). Stump-tailed macaque. Pig-tailed macaque [8]. Hoolock gibbons [9].
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve :-
It encompasses a large part (some 85%) of the island of Great Nicobar, the largest of the Nicobar Islands. Included in the list of Man and Biosphere Program of UNESCO in 2003. It has Campbell Bay National Park on the northern part of the island, and Galathea National Park in the southern
interior. Important Animals of Great Nicobar :-
Saltwater crocodile [10] (it is considered as largest crocodile in the world) Giant leatherback sea turtle [11]. Malayan box turtle. Nicobar tree shrew [12].
Manas Biosphere Reserve :-
Home to Manas National Park (Core Area). UNESCO World Heritage Site, a Project Tiger and an elephant reserve. The name of the park originated from the Manas River (tributary of Brahmaputra River). Animals of Manas :-
Assam roofed turtle [13], Hispid hare [14]. Golden langur [16]. (To save golden langur, Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary was made in Assam). Pygmy hog, Wild water buffalo.
5. Gulf of Mannar 1989 10,500 Indian part of Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka (Tamil Nadu).
6. Manas 1989 2837 Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamprup and Darang districts (Assam)
7. Sunderbans 1989 9630 Part of delta of Ganges and Brahmaputra river system (West Bengal)
8. Similipal 1994 4374 Part of Mayurbhanj district (Orissa)
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve :- In 1986, a group of 21 islets lying off the Tamil Nadu coast
between Thoothukudi and Dhanushkodi was declared the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park.
It was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1989. Part of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Most Important Animal → Dugong – Sea cow [17].
Sunderban Biosphere Reserve :-
A national park, tiger reserve & elephant reserve. UNESCO World Heritage Site, RAMSAR Site. Part of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Sunderbans – Named after Sundari trees. Largest mangrove forests in the world. (These mangrove
forests can survive in salty water also, Known as Halophytes).
Core Area → Sundarbans National Park. Buffer Area → Halliday Island and Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuaries with
Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary forming its buffer area. Important Animals :-
Masked finfoot [19]. Estuarine crocodile. Royal Bengal Tiger.
Similipal Biosphere Reserve :-
Important Elephant & Tiger reserve. Similipal, derives its name from 'Simul' (Silk Cotton) tree (Bombax ceiba). Core Area → Simlipal National Park. Buffer Area → Hadagarh Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuldiha Wildlife

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve :- Core Area → Satpura National Park. Buffer Area → Bori Sanctuary and Pachmarhi Sanctuary. Animals :-
Sambar [22] (State animal of Odisha). Chital [23], nilgai, wild dogs, the Indian wolf, bison, Indian giant squirrels, and flying squirrels. Sambar (largest deer), Chital.
Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. The highest peak is Dhoopgarh.
Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve :- Core Area → Mouling National Park. Buffer Area → Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary. Rare mammals like the Mishmi takin [24], red goral [25], musk deer, red panda, Asiatic black bear.
Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve :-
Core Area → Dibru-Saikhowa National Park. Important habitat for the golden langur, the rare white-winged wood duck
[26], water buffalo, black-breasted parrotbill, capped langur and the royal Bengal tiger.
The park is bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit Rivers in the north and Dibru river in the south.
Kanchendzonga Biosphere Reserve :-
Core Area → Khangchendzonga National Park. UNESCO World Heritage site. The reserve's buffer zone consists of Tholung Monastery, one of the most important and sacred monasteries in
Sikkim. The reserve is a protected home to the elusive snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan Tahr, Asiatic wild dog, sloth
bear, civet. Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009.
9. Dibru-Saikhowa 1997 765 Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts Assam
10. Dehang-Debang 1998 5111.50 Part of Siang and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh
11. Pachmarhi 1999 4926 Parts of Betul, Hoshangabad and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh

Kutch Biosphere Reserve :- The region mainly comprises the Great Rann of Kutch and Little Rann of
Kutch, covering the Kutch Desert. Sanctuary in Great Rann of Kutch and Wild Ass Sanctuary in the Little Rann of Kutch.
Rann is the largest saline and marshy tracts in the entire world usually have low rainfall and sparse vegetation.
A reserve also covers part of the finest grassland of Asia called “Banni”. Main Animal → Indian wild ass [29].
Achanakamar - Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve :-
Amarkantak – Origin of Narmada, Son Rivers. Home to Achanakmar Tiger Reserve, Maikal range. Part of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2012.
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve :-
Part of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2016. It is also home to the Kanikaran tribe, one of the world's oldest surviving tribes.
13. Agasthyamalai 2001 1828 Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas in Kerala.
14. Achanakamar-Amarkantak 2005 3835.51 Covers parts of Anuppur & Dindori districts of MP and parts of Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh State

Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (Himachal Pradesh) :-
Core Area → Pin Valley National Park. Buffer Area → Chandratal, Sarchu and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. It is also an important habitat of the rare snow leopard.
Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve :-
Yellow-throated bulbul [30]. Pompadour green pigeon [31]. Oriental white-backed vulture.
Panna Biosphere Reserve :-
Home to Panna National Park and Ken Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary. The reserve is home to the tiger, leopard, chital, chinkara, nilgai, sambhar and sloth bear. It lies within the narrow belt of table top mountains of ‘Vindhyan Hill Ranges’ and part of ‘Bundelkhand’ region. Home to the Gond tribe and affected by Ken-Betwa river linking project.
UNESCO WORLD NETWORK OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES :-
16. Cold Desert 2009 7770 Pin Valley National Park and surroundings; Chandratal and Sarchu & Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh
17. Seshachalam Hills 2010 4755.997 Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh
18. Panna 2011 2998.98 Part of Panna and Chhatarpur districts in Madhya Pradesh
NAME YEAR LOCATION
2. Similipal Biosphere Reserve 2009 Odisha
3. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve 2009 Madhya Pradesh
4. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve 2009 Meghalaya
5. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 2000 Tamil Nadu
6. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 2004 Uttarakhand
7. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve 2001 Tamil Nadu
8. Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve 2013 Great Nicobar
9. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve 2012 Chhattisgarh
10. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve 2016 Kerala & Tamil Nadu
11. Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve 2018 Part of North and West Sikkim Districts
by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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BiosphereReservesOfIndia

biosphere reserves of india by dr. gaurav garg

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