biossensores, mestradointegradoemengª. electrónicae...
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Optical fiber sensors
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Outline
• Sensors Based on Numerical Aperture
Linear Position Sensors Wavelength Division
• Critical Angle Pressure/Index of Refraction Measurement
• Sensor Based on Total Internal Reflection
• Evanescence Based Sensors
• Intensity: Microbending-sensor
• Limitations of Intensity Based Fiber Optic Sensors• Limitations of Intensity Based Fiber Optic Sensors
• Spectral Approaches
Fluorescence
• Fiber Grating
•Summary
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Closure and Vibration Sensors Based on Numerical Aperture
d
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Closure and Vibration Sensors Based on Numerical Aperture
Flexible
mountedmounted
mirror
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Translation Sensor Based on Numerical Aperture
Input light
Detectors
Collection fibers
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Translation Sensor Based on Numerical Aperture
Input light
Detectors
Collection fibers
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Rotary Position Based on Reflectance
Variable reflectance shaft
Input/output fibers
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Linear Position Sensors Wavelength Division
Encoder card
Light source WDMs
λλλλ1
λλλλ3
λλλλ2
Detectors
λλλλ1 λλλλ3λλλλ2
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Linear Position SensorsTime Division
Encoder card
Light source
Detector
Time delay loop
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Critical Angle Pressure/Index of Refraction Measurement
Fiber core
no outside
medium index
of refraction
Light input,
outputFiber cladding
Mirror
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Liquid Level Sensor Based on Total Internal Reflection
LiquidLiquid
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Liquid Level Sensor Based on Total Internal Reflection
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Evanescence Based Sensors
Light in
L
Interaction length
Light
outputs
d
Fiber cores
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Microbend Fiber Sensors
Light source
Microbend
transducer
Detector
transducer
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Intensity: Microbending-sensor
Pressure and deformation measurements
Loss of intensity
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Curvature measurements
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Grating Based Intensity Sensor
Graded index lens
Input fiber Output fiber
Stationary mount
Input fiber Output fiber
Spring
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Limitations of Intensity Based Fiber Optic Sensors
• Variable loss due to connectors
• Microbending losses
• Macrobending losses• Macrobending losses
• Mechanical losses due to creep and
misalignment
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Spectral Approaches
• Self referenced intensity sensors based on
dual wavelengths
• Fiber optic sensors based on spectral
response
» Blackbody radiation
» Absorption/fluorescence
» Dispersive elements - gratings and etalons
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Blackbody Sensors
Blackbody
cavity
Lens
Narrow band filter
Optical fiber
Detector
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Blackbody Radiation
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Variable Absorption Probes
Input fiberGsAs sensor
probe
Output fiber
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Fluorescent Probes
End tip
Fluorescent material
Etched
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Fluorescence
• Probably the most used tool in bioscience
• Very sensitive tool
• Provides a zero background signal• Provides a zero background signal
• Utilises electronic transitions
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Fluorescence
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Bioscience fluorescence markers
• Fluorescent labelled specific antibodies can be
utilized.
–Inflammatoric reactions can be diagnosed by
labelling leucocytes
• Fluorophores are frequently used in
histopathology to stain subcellular structures.
• Specific fluorophores are developed to
measure ionic concentrations in tissue or cells
– pH and calcium concentrations can be
measured using various fluorophores.
False-color image of free Ca2+ concentration in a Purkinje
neuron from embryonic mouse
cerebellum. Molecular probes:
http://www.probes.com/servlets/photo?fileid=g000451
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Absorption/Fluorescent Systems
Probe tip
Connector
Light source
Spectrometer
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Fiber Grating
Laser beams
Induced
grating
pattern
Fiber
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Fiber Grating - Phase Mask Method
Laser beam
Phase mask
Blue Road Research Session 6, Page 7
Induced
grating
pattern
Fiber
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Producing FBG
Phase Mask
Interference Pattern
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Summary - Intensity and Spectrally Based Fiber Sensors
• Intensity based sensors:
» Offer simplicity and low cost
» Are subject to variable attenuation errors
• Spectral techniques may be used to minimize • Spectral techniques may be used to minimize
attenuation errors.
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