BIRD DIVERSITY IN THE SHARAVATHI RIVER BASIN

Sudhira H. S. and Ramachandra T. V.Energy and Wetlands Research GroupCentre for Ecological SciencesIndian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, IndiaPhone: 080- 3600985 / 293 3099 / 293 2506Fax: 91-80-3601428 / 3600085 /3600683{CES-TVR}Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in

cestvr@hamsadvani.serc.iisc.ernet.inhssudhira@yahoo.com

sudhira@ces.iisc.ernet.in

Aquatic and terrestrial conditions combine to form 'wet-lands', one of the most complex

ecosystems in the world. The environmental characteristics within a wetland are

determined largely by hydrologic processes, which may exhibit daily, seasonal or long-

term fluctuations, in relation to regional climate and geographic location of the site.

These in turn produce a great range of wetland types globally, majority of which have

extremely variable conditions in many habitats, which they contain. As a consequence,

the variety of living organisms, adapted to the different wetland habitat tends to be high,

with all major groups of plants and animals present. The Convention on Biological

Diversity's Article 7 on 'Identification and Monitoring' emphasises identification and

monitoring of components of biological diversity and processes or categories of

activities, which have adverse impacts on biological diversity, and maintenance of data

derived from these activities.

The bird diversity study was taken up in the Sharavathi River basin, prone to habitat

transformation due to dam construction for hydro-electricity generation. As part of the

cumulative impact assessment exercise, a detailed study was undertaken to determine the

habitat status. This paper brings out the study on bird diversity estimation using

Shannon’s index in the catchment area. The data collection was done using the line

transect method in nine localities of the study area. The localities are classified chiefly as

wetlands and terrestrial habitats. Other statistical analyses carried out on the data are

presented in the paper.

The study was successful in estimating the diversity index using the Shannon's index as

well as in finding the evenness of the habitat. An important observation made by the

study was that the order Passeriformes dominated the terrestrial habitat. The study also

revealed that the wetlands had a better distribution of birds. This could be inferred from

the fact that unlike the terrestrial habitat, Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes dominated

wetlands, suggesting that these ecosystems have more diversity than terrestrial habitats.

During the sampling period, 73 species were identified but a total of 125 species were

sighted including opportunistic surveys. Of the 125 species four are endemics and one

endangered species. In the wake of infrastructure development initiatives in the region

the endangered bird species mostly found in the undisturbed evergreen forests is

threatened by the loss of habitat. Effective conservation strategies in ensuring the

continued survival of the endemic and endangered bird species through ecologically

sound development initiatives are to be evolved in this regard.

INTRODUCTION

India has a rich plant and animal diversity. Complexity and diversity are the new frontiers

of science (Gadgil, 1996). The most significant challenge before science today is in

understanding complex systems with a great diversity of behaviours in space and time.

Birds show enormous diversity and complexity. They are one of the most distinctive

classes in the animal kingdom, characterised by their ability to fly. They can be defined

as feathered bipeds (Ali, 1998). They are warm-blooded vertebrates, highly mobile and

found from snow-capped mountains to deserts to seas and various types of habitats.

When monitoring habitat transformations, bird communities could give valuable

information. A variety of development interventions lead to these transformations and

hence the objective is to appraise them in terms of biodiversity values. Though bird

communities are less sensitive to the rapid habitat changes (Pramod et al, 1997), the bird

diversity indicates the habitat quality of the area.

The term "diversity" refers to the number of species living in a designated area. The ratio

between the number of species and the total number of individuals in a community is

termed as species diversity. It is related to the stability of the environment, varying

among different communities and is of great importance in assessing the extent of

damage done to natural systems by anthropogenic activities. According to Magurran

(1988), there are two main areas in which diversity measures have potential application.

These are in conservation, indicates that species rich communities are better than species

poor communities, and in environmental monitoring where the adverse effect of pollution

will be reflected in a reduction in diversity or by any change in the shape of the species

abundance. In both areas, diversity is used as an indicator of the ecosystem’s well being.

Biodiversity lies at the level of the genotype, the hereditary or genetic make-up. The

variability, geographic dispersion and biological richness of wetlands globally mean that

they contain a tremendous pool of genetic resources. This genetic diversity is important

for a variety of reasons: it determines the ability of individuals and populations to adapt

to changing environmental conditions, such as global warming or new diseases; it is

essential for the continuing evolution of various species; it provides the basis for the

selection and production of new resource organisms; it is also important for maintaining

the distinctiveness of plants and animals in different locations. Loss of wetland habitats,

which contain so much of the world's plant and animal biodiversity, thus endangers the

genetic resources on which the future prosperity of mankind depends.

Convention on Biological Diversity's Article 7 on 'Identification and Monitoring' calls for

identification and monitoring of components of biological diversity and processes, which

have adverse impacts on biological diversity, and maintaining data derived from the

preceding activities.

The species diversity and high production levels of wetlands support even more diverse

animal communities. The vegetation distribution patterns and water level fluctuations

make a range of continuously changing wetland habitats available at different times of

the year to aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal animals. Decline in the wetland quality will

impact associated systems: loss of nursery habitat could reduce fishery yields or loss of a

wetland on a flyway could disrupt waterfowl migrations, threatening the capacity of

individual birds to reproduce and eventually the survival of populations or species.

Many wetlands have abundant food resources (both living plants and their decomposition

products) that can be utilized by species other than the permanent residents. Entry by

'visitor species' serves to increase the diversity of animals that may be seen in wetlands

from time to time.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The study area is located in the famous Western Ghats region, which has recorded 586

bird species. Various studies have been done under the Western Ghats Biodiversity

Network (WGBN). Currently, under Project Lifescape (supported by the Indian Academy

of Sciences, Bangalore), enormous efforts are being put to study the region and document

the diversity. Pramod et al (1997) studied the bird assemblages to determine their

ubiquity and hospitality. Another study undertaken by Pramod et al (1997a), assigned

conservation values to bird species based on the readily available information on their

geographical range, habitat preference, endangerment and taxonomic distinctiveness.

Apart from these detailed studies, there is an unpublished manuscript on the trek to

Muppane and Kanoor, reporting 74 species in 4 days.

Habitat diversity or spatial heterogeneity influences the diversity of birds positively (Mac

Arthur, 1965; Rafe et al, 1985; Pyrovetsi and Givelli, 1988). Larger area of the habitat

tends to increase the bird diversity (Terborgh, 1973, Galli et al, 1976).

Many wetlands provide habitat for other important faunal components, serving as resting

and feeding stations along migratory flyways for ducks, waders and shorebirds which

benefit from the diversity of food organisms (Peter, 1996). The seasonal influx of passage

migrants serves to increase the biodiversity of many wetland sites. In their study of

coastal wetland habitats in Surinam, South America, Swennen and Spaans (1985) found

more than 75% of the foraging waterfowl were migrants of northern origin, with only a

minority being local resident species. For the eight families studied in an area of just 736

ha of these rich and varied coastal wetlands, they found 15,678 waterfowl belonging to

40 species dependent on the wetlands during the tropical part of their life cycle. This

example shows that the migratory component of the bird life of wetlands is important, not

only in terms of species diversity but in numbers of individuals. Similarly, the 24,000 ha

Cache River Basin in North America provided wintering habitat annually for nearly

200,000 Canada Geese Branta canadensis, 35,000 Snow Geese Anser caerulescens and

26,000 ducks which would breed further north (USFWS, 1994).

'Quantifying quality' is fundamental to any conservation assessment of an organism or

habitat (Daniels, 1989). The influence of habitat reduction or transformation on the birds

of the catchment has to be understood. Disappearance of one recorded species of bird is

probably the best clue. Preston (1979) has however observed that birds may be merely

overlooked while sampling in the field. Single observers have a 50% chance of missing

an individual bird while surveying. Species existing in small numbers and those, which

are cryptic, are easily overlooked. Any conclusion regarding change in the avifauna based

on a comparison between two observers' results, especially over a period of time, must be

carefully analysed before drawing any inference.

METHODOLOGY

Methods of population estimation differ according to the objective of study as well as

category of birds’ under study. Population estimates in terms of birds per unit area are

more difficult to achieve than diversity indices. Diversity indices allow comparison

between years, seasons or areas without giving an idea of the actual number of birds

involved. Being an extremely mobile group of organisms with varied kinds of local and

continental migratory behaviour it is very difficult to estimate and monitor bird

population.

The observation was carried out along riverbeds in case of wetlands. The term 'wetlands'

throughout the discussion refers to reservoir and water spread area. Here, the sightings

were recorded on the bank of the river courses within a radius of 20 meters. In case of

terrestrial habitats, observation was done along transects which were about half a

kilometer to one kilometer in length. Information such as time of sighting of species,

number of individuals, place of sighting and grouping behaviour was recorded.

STUDY AREA

The Sharavathi river basin is prone to habitat transformation due to the construction of

the dam for hydro-electricity generation at Linganamakki. The Sharavathi river basin

upstream of the Linganamakki dam is about 2000 square kilometers and is located in the

Western Ghats, the biodiversity hot spot. Linganamakki dam is built across river

Sharavathi for hydroelectric power generation. With the construction of the dam, forests

and lands as well as the Hire Bhaskar or Madenur dam got submerged. The Madenur dam

was built in 1952 for power generation at the Mahatma Gandhi Hydroelectric station.

Since its submergence, Linganamakki dam is used for power generation.

Figure 1 shows the map of the study area with varied vegetation types along with

sampling locations. The study was undertaken in the catchment area along the river

courses of Sharavathi, Haridravathi, Mavina Hole, Nagodi Hole and Yenne Hole. The

observation was also done at China gate, the entry point of water to the hydroelectric

power station. Apart from observation along wetlands, terrestrial areas were also covered.

The terrestrial habitats were of moist deciduous to semi-evergreen type. Table 1 shows

the different localities, time spent, longitude, latitude and altitude.

Figure 1: Location of the Study Area showing the Sampling Locations

TABLE 1: LOCATION AT ALL SAMPLING STATIONS

Sl. No. Locality Latitude Longitude Altitude in meters

1. Sharavathi 1352.705' 7503.948' 582

2. Mavina Hole 1358.485' 7506.371' 601

3. Haridravathi 1400.697' 7508.475' 571

4. Sampekai R. F. 1403.512' 7502.542' 575

5. Yenne Hole 1402.026' 7445.043' 567

6. Nagodi Hole 1356.226' 7454.836' 565

7. China Gate 1411.504' 7448.606' 518

8. Muppane R. F. 1406.500' 7447.414' 594

9. Athavadi 1405.293' 7503.569' 580

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The first part of the data analysis was computation of the ratios of number of sightings by

number of species by number of individuals. This was done initially for ten minutes and

later converted to per minute. Mean, standard deviation and standard error were

calculated. The total number of individuals of all species was calculated. The proportion

of number of individuals of all species is tabulated. Further, the list of cumulative species

identified is tabulated separately for wetlands and terrestrial habitat. With this, a curve is

plotted against time to get the species accumulation curve. Finally, a list of bird species

identified is prepared. The time spent and number of species seen at each locality is

tabulated with the number of species seen per minute and hour.

The ratio of number of sightings to number of species to number of individuals was

compared (Table 2). All these were normalized to one minute. Here the average of

species seen per minute is more in the case of wetlands than the terrestrial habitats with

0.540 and 0.373 values recorded respectively. The number of species seen per minute for

the combined habitat type was 0.453. The standard deviation and standard error for

number of species seen per minute, number of individuals seen per minute and the

number of sightings per minute were also better for wetlands than the terrestrial habitat.

TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF OBSERVATION ALONG THE CATCHMENT AREA

Wetlands

Average Standard

Deviation

Standard Error

NSGFTM 6.148 2.727 0.525

NSGPM 0.615 0.273 0.052

NSPFTM 5.407 2.206 0.424

NSPPM 0.541 0.221 0.042

NINDFTM 3.556 6.658 3.206

NINDPM 1.356 1.666 0.321

Terrestrial

Average Standard

Deviation

Standard Error

NSGFTM 4.033 2.189 0.399

NSGPM 0.403 0.219 0.040

NSPFTM 3.733 1.856 0.339

NSPPM 0.373 0.186 0.034

NINDFTM 5.067 3.140 0.573

NINDPM 0.507 0.314 0.057

Combined

Average Standard

Deviation

Standard Error

NSGFTM 5.035 2.659 0.352

NSGPM 0.503 0.266 0.035

NSPFTM 4.526 2.180 0.289

NSPPM 0.453 0.218 0.029

NINDFTM 9.088 2.338 1.634

NINDPM 0.909 1.234 0.163

NOTE:

NSGFTM - No. of Sightings for ten minutes

NSGPM - No. of Sightings per minute

NSPFTM - No. of species for ten minutes

NSPPM - No. of species per minute

NINDFTM - No. of individuals for ten minutes

NINDPM - No. of individuals per minute

A table of time spent at all the localities was made, which is as shown below. From Table

3, it can be seen that more time was spent at Muppane and Sampekai as compared to

other localities. At Sharavathi and Sharmanavati 77 and 70 minutes was spent while at

Haridravati 30 minutes was spent. The species seen per hour is highest in case of Nagodi

Hole, which is 27.426 species seen per hour and 24 species per hour at R. Haridravati and

China gate. But more number of species sighted during observation was at Sampekai with

37 species in 130 minutes.

TABLE 3: TIME SPENT AT ALL LOCALITIES

Sl.

No.

Locality Time

Spent in

Minutes

No. of

Species

seen

Species seen

per minute

Species seen per

hour

1 Sharavathi 77 29 0.377 22.596

2 Sharmanavati 70 19 0.271 16.284

3 Haridravati 30 12 0.4 24

4 Sampekai R. F. 130 37 0.285 17.076

5 Yenne Hole 31 11 0.355 21.288

6 Nagodi Hole 35 16 0.457 27.426

7 China Gate 50 20 0.4 24

8 Muppane R. F. 150 23 0.153 9.198

9 Athavadi 40 13 0.325 19.5

The cumulative number of species sighted during the observation is prepared separately

for wetlands and terrestrial habitats. The species accumulation curve was obtained by

plotting a graph of cumulative number of species against time. It can be seen from Figure

2, that it took 310 minutes to sight 48 species in the terrestrial habitats and 270 minutes to

sight 49 species in wetlands. More species in less time was found in the wetlands than the

terrestrial habitats as evident from the Species time curves from Figures 2 and 3. Further

from Figure 2 it can be seen that the curve increases constantly with time, suggesting that

more species could be found if more time was spent in the habitat. But in Figure 3,

though the curve increases constantly with time, in the last 30 minutes of observation no

new species was recorded. Hence, the curve became horizontal. If more time was spent

here there could be an increase in the number of species seen.

The list of bird species sighted during the observation along terrestrial and wetlands was

tabulated. The list is given in the appendix. A total of 73 species was sighted during the

sampling in the catchment area. Interestingly 49 species was sighted in both terrestrial

and wetland type of habitats separately. It was found that in the terrestrial habitats, the 48

species sighted comprised 22 families and 10 orders. Of them, Passeriformes had the

majority with 11 families and 33 species, which accounts for 67.34% (more than 2/3rd)

of the total species sighted during the study, suggesting its dominance in the terrestrial

habitat. In the wetlands, there were 27 families and 8 orders, of which 9 families

belonged to Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes each. Interestingly, unlike the terrestrial

habitat, Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes do not singly dominate the wetlands. The

number of families is more in wetlands than the terrestrial habitat, which suggests the

higher diversity of wetlands. It can also be implied that the habitat is more balanced.

The table of Shannon’s indices and evenness (Table 4) were calculated for both types of

habitats as well as grouped data are shown below. It can be seen that diversity is lesser in

terrestrial than in the wetlands. However, when the data is grouped the diversity in total

is more than the individual diversities. The evenness is also calculated for both type of

habitats as well as the grouped data. The evenness is slightly higher for wetlands than the

terrestrial habitat type, but the combined value is more with 1.717.

TABLE 4: SHANNON’S INDICES AND EVENNESS

Habitat Shannon’s Index Evenness

Terrestrial 1.518 0.390

Wetlands 1.529 0.393

Combined 1.717 0.400

The evenness calculated for terrestrial habitats and wetlands are 0.390 and 0.393

respectively. The evenness of the combined habitat type is more, suggesting the

combined habitat is relatively more even.

CONCLUSION

The study shows that the diversity indices give a picture of the species diversity of the

habitat, which is controlled by the presence of rare species in the sample. However by

pooling the results of sampling and opportunistic survey carried out, considerable

hypothesis was made on the distribution of birds in the habitat. During the sampling

period, 73 species were identified but a total of 125 species were sighted during the study

period. An important observation made by the study was that the order Passeriformes

dominated the terrestrial habitat. The study also revealed that the wetlands had a better

distribution of birds. This could be inferred from the fact that unlike in the terrestrial

habitat, wetlands were not only dominated by Passeriformes but also Ciconiiformes;

suggesting their higher diversity. The species time curve for the terrestrial habitats in the

catchment area suggested more time to be spent, as the curve remained on the increase.

However considering the bird diversity alone as the ecosystem indicator would require

more thorough statistical analyses to be evidently considered as ecosystem indicator. This

study explored the possibility of considering the bird diversity as ecosystem indicators.

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District. Ph. D Thesis. Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore.

List of Bird Species Identified in Terrestrial Habitat

Sl. No. Code Common Name Family Species

1 AD Ashy Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus leucophaeus

2 AWW Ashy Wren Warbler CERTHIDAE Prinia socialis

3 BC Blue Chat MUSCICAPIDAE Erithacus brunneus

4 BD Black Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus adsimilis

5 BHO Black Headed Oriole CORVIDAE Oriolus xanthornus

6 BK Brahminy Kite ACCIPITRIDAE Haliastur indus

7 BRP Blue Rock Pigeon COLUMBIDAE Columba livia

8 CBB Crimson Breasted

Barbet

MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima

haemacephala

9 CGP Grey Fronted Green

Pigeon

COLUMBIDAE Treron bicincta

10 CHB Chestnut Headed Bee-

Eater

MEROPIDAE Merops leschenaulti

11 CI Common Iora CORVIDAE Aegithina tiphia

12 CM Common Myna STURNIDAE Acridotheres tristis

13 ED Emerald Dove COLUMBIDAE Chalcophaps indica

14 FBB Fairy Blue Bird IRENIDAE Irena puella

15 GBW Great Black

Woodpecker

PICIDAE Dryocopus javensis

16 GC Greater Coucal CENTROPODIDAE Centropus sinensis

17 GFC Gold Fronted Chloropsis IRENIDAE Chloropsis auriforns

18 GH Grey Hornbill BUCEROTIDAE Tockus birostris

19 GJF Grey Jungle Fowl PHASIANIDAE Gallus sonneratii

20 GO Golden Oriole CORVIDAE Oriolus oriolus

21 GP Green Imperial Pigeon COLUMBIDAE Ducula aenea

22 HM Hill Myna STURNIDAE Gracula religiosa

23 HS House Swift APODIDAE Apus affinis

24 HSW House Sparrow PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus

25 JC Jungle Crow CORVIDAE Corvus macrorhynchos

26 JWW Jungle Wren Warbler CERTHIDAE Prinia sylvatica

27 LGB Large Grey Babbler SILVIDAE Turdoides malcolmi

28 LKT Lorikeet PSITTACIDAE Loriculus vernalis

29 MGH Malabar Grey Hornbill BUCEROTIDAE Tockus griseus

30 MR Magpie Robin MUSICAPIDAE Copsychus saularis

31 PFC Paradise Flycatcher CORVIDAE Terpsiphone paradisi

32 PS Purple Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia asiatica

33 PW Pied Wagtail PASSERIDAE Motacilla

maderaspatensis

34 RFW Rufous Woodpecker PICIDAE Micropternus brachyurus

35 RRS Red Rumped Swallow HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundo daurica

36 RTD Racket Tailed Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus paradiseus

37 RVB Red Vented Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus cafer

38 RWB Red Whiskered Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus jocosus

39 SD Spotted Dove COLUMBIDAE Streptopalia chinensis

40 SGB Small Green Barbet MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima virdis

41 SM Scarlet Minivet CORVIDAE Pericrocotus flammeus

42 SSB Small Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia

43 TBFP Thick Billed Flower

Pecker

NECTARINIDAE Dicaeum agile

44 TFP Tickell’s Flower Pecker NECTARINIDAE Dicaeum

erythrorhynchos

45 VFN Velvet Fronted Nuthatch SITTIDAE Sitta frontalis

46 WBD White Bellied Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus caerulescens

47 WBK White Breasted

Kingfisher

DACELONIDAE Halcyon smyrensis

48 YBB Yellow Browed Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Hypsipites indicus

List of Bird Species Identified in Wetlands

Sl.No. Code Common Name Family Species

1 AWW Ashy Wren Warbler CERTHIDAE Prinia socialis

2 BC Blue Chat MUSICAPIDAE Erithacus brunneus

3 BD Black Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus adsimilis

4 BHSBK Brown Headed Stork DACELONIDAE Pelargopsis capensis

Billed Kingfisher

5 BI Black Ibis THRESKIORNITHI

DAE

Threskiornis

aethiopica

6 BK Brahminy Kite ACCIPITRIDAE Haliastur Indus

7 BRP Blue Rock Pigeon COLUMBIDAE Columba livia

8 BZD Buzzard ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo buteo

9 CBB Crimson Breasted

Barbet

MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima

haemacephala

10 CE Cattle Egret ARDEIDAE Bubulcus ibis

11 CHB Chestnut Headed

Bee-Eater

MEROPIUDAE Merops leschenaulti

12 CI Common Iora CORVIDAE Aegithina tiphia

13 CM Common Myna STURNIDAE Acridotheres tristis

14 CSE Crested Serpent

Eagle

ACCIPITRIDAE Spilornis cheela

15 FW Forest Wagtail PASSERIDAE Motacilla indica

16 GC Greater Coucal CENTROPODIDAE Centropus sinensis

17 HS House Swift APODIDAE Apus affinis

18 HSW House Sparrow PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus

19 JC Jungle Crow CORVIDAE Corvus

macrorhynchos

20 JM Jungle Myna STURNIDAE Acridotheres fuscus

21 KL Koel CUCULIDAE Eudynamys

scolopacea

22 LC Little Cormorant PHALACROCORA

CIDAE

Phalacrocoras niger

23 LE Little Egret ARDEIDAE Egretta garzetta

24 MR Magpie Robin MUSCICAPIDAE Copsychus saularis

25 MSP Marsh Sand Piper SCOLOPACIDAE Tringa stagnatilis

26 NH Night Heron ARDEIDAE Nycticorax

nyctucorax

27 OBS Open Billed Stork CICONIDAE Anastomus oscitans

28 PH Pond Heron ARDEIDAE Ardeola grayii

29 PK Pariah Kite ACCIPITRIDAE Milvus migrans

30 PS Purple Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia asiatica

31 PTS Pintail Snipe ROSTRATULIDAE Gallinago stenura

32 PW Pied Wagtail PASERIDAE Motacilla

maderaspatensis

33 RRP Rose Ringed

Parakeet

PSITTACIDAE Psitticula crameri

34 RRS Red Rumped

Swallow

HIRURDINIDE Hirundo daurica

35 RT River Tern LARIDAE Sterna aurantia

36 RVB Red Vented Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus cafer

37 RWL Red Wattled

Lapwing

CHARADRIDAE Vanellus indicus

38 SBK Small Blue

Kingfisher

ALCEDINIDAE Alcedo atthis

39 SD Spotted Dove COLUMBIDAE Streptopalia

chinensis

40 SGB Small Green Barbet MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima virdis

41 SGBE Small Green Bee-

Eater

MEROPIDAE Merops orientalis

42 SSB Small Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia minima

43 STE Short Towed Eagle ACCIPITRIDAE Circaetus gallicus

44 TB Tailor Bird CERTHIDAE Orthotomus sutorius

45 WBK White Breasted

Kingfisher

DACELONIDAE Halcyon smyrensis

46 WTS Wire Tailed

Swallow

HIRUNDIDAE Hirundo smithii

47 YCT Yellow Cheeked Tit PARIDAE Parus xanthogenys

48 YW Yellow Wagtail PASSERIDAE Motacilla flava