birds fly east

8/9/2019 Birds Fly East

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rkta khb klrmz rdkr k pikhm ragfmr r` Gkial`zhak( Rdkr‑w

sdmzm nq bkb‑w smbbahc skw(

Kr rdm d`rmi sdmzm rdm smbbahc skw) A l`}hb `}r Bkb

skw cmrrahc nkzzamb r` Lzkhf(

Lzkhf skw k nmgdkhag(Lzkhf skw k nkh(

A skw g`hl}wmb(

A c}mwwmb w`nmsdmzm ki`hc rdm skq Bkb c`r ahr` rdm

sdìm wd`smz wgmhm(

@l g`}zwm rdmq g`}ibh‑r zmkiiq cmr nkzzamb) h`r

imckiiq khqskqw( J}r rdmq g`}ib pzmrmhb iafm rdmq smzm( A

nmkh sdkr aw nkzzakcm zmkiiq0 @rdmz rdkh rs` pm`pim wkqahc

rdmq skhr r` jm nkzzamb( Rdmq dkb k n`gf wmz|agm rdkr A

smhr r`) j}r A hm|mz `hgm rìb dan A skw rdmzm( A g`}ibh‑r

b` ar( Ar‑w h`r iafm dm s`}ib dk|m zmg`chaumb nm( A e}wr

pzmrmhbmb r` jm `hm `l Lzkhf‑w zmikra|mw(

Lzkhf skw rdaw jac c}q ah bzkc) smbbahc bzmww khb sac

khb m|mzqrdahc( Dm‑b pz`jkjiq dk|m jmmh n`zm g`h|ahgahc al

ar smzmh‑r l`z daw mh`zn`}w dkhbw( Rdmq i``fmb iafm A

zmnmnjmzmb nq czkhbpk‑w dkhbw i``fahc( Iafm jac) szahfiq)

khb bqahc( Rdm zmgmpra`h khb m|mzqrdahc smhr wn``rdiq) j}r

A kin`wr |`narmb sdmh rdm c}q wkab nq bkb g`}ib faww rdm

jzabm(

Klrmz ar skw `|mz A wkr kz`}hb rdm mnprq j}llmr

rkjimw) zìiahc imlr`|mz |mcmrkjimw kz`}hb ah rahq gazgimw



`h nq pikrm sard k l`zf) wrkzahc `ll ahr` wpkgm( A imr

rdmn cmr sabmz }hrai rdm pikrm g`}ib h` i`hcmz g`hrkah rdm

ah|awajim zappimw(

Sdaim A skw warrahc rdmzm) nq bkb zkh jkgf ah khb

jz`fm nq g`hgmhrzkra`h( Khb kii `l k w}bbmh ar skw e}wr

dan khb nm ki`hm kckah iafm ìb ranmw( Mtgmpr h`s dm dkb

n}zbmz khb k ckq i`|mz }hbmz daw jmir( Dm zkh ah kii ah k

l}ww) wsmkrq khb zmb.lkgmb iafm k panpim rdkr‑w kj`}r r`

p`p( Khb rdaw c}q) rdaw iakz) dm gknm `|mz khb c`r ah nq

lkgm( Khb dm wkab) ’Dk|m q`} wmmh khq fabw q`}z kcm b`sh

dmzm0„ Iafm k j}hgd `l dacd wgd`ì fabw kzm warrahc kz`}hb

e}wr bqahc r` c` r` k lkfm smbbahc l`z k ckq mt.g`h khb dawi`|mz rdm nmgdkhag( W` A babh‑r khwsmz dan( A wrkzrmb

nkfahc n`zm pikrm gazgimw( W` dm imkhmb ahr` nq wpkgm n`zm

khb wkab) ’pimkwm fab) A‑n i``fahc l`z nq w`h( Dm‑b jm

kj`}r q`}z kcm(„

R` cmr dan r` jkgf }p A wkab) ’i``f c}q) A dk|mh‑r

wmmh dan( A b`h‑r m|mh fh`s q`}(„

Khb rdaw c`r dan r` imkh jkgf khb wacd iafm k rmmhkcm

cazi( Rdmh dm smhr r` imk|m rdm z``n( Sdmh dm c`r r` rdm

b``z dm r}zhmb kz`}hb l`z `hm ikwr rzq( ’I``f fab) al q`}

wmm khq`hm iafm sd` A skw i``fahc l`z) rmii rdmn A‑n

wrkqahc ah z``n 7:7(„

Khb `l g`}zwm A smhr }p rdmzm( A babh‑r liq kii rdm

skq r` l}gfahc Gkial`zhak r` mkr lzmm whkgfw `ll `l k

|mccam pikrrmz( Nkqjm ar skw r` kpì`caum l`z iqahc) r`

rmii dan A zmkiiq skw daw w`h( Nkqjm ar skw r` d}zr dan

l`z imk|ahc nq n`rdmz khb nm ki`hm r` lmhb l`z `}zwmi|mw(

A wraii b`h‑r fh`s(

Ar skw rdazrq.wat wrmpw r` rdm rdazb li``z(

Rdmh lalrq.macdr b`sh rdm dkiiskq r` z``n 7:7(



A dkb k z``n fmq A c`r lz`n rdm lz`hr bmwf( Ar‑w h`r

dkzb) e}wr rmii rdmn q`} i`wr q`}z fmq khb rdmq‑ii ca|m q`}

`hm r` khq z``n q`} skhr( Lkgahc rdm b``z) A p}r rdm gkzb

ah }hrai ar dar jkgf khb rdmh A p}iimb `}rskzbw( Rdm

iarrim iacdr bahcmb czmmh khb A ws}hc `pmh rdm b``z(

Sdkr A wks skw Lzkhf khb Bkb(

Kii rdm iacdrw smzm `ll( Lzkhf‑w kww skw ci`sahc ah

rdm iacdr `l rdm R\( K w`kp `pmzk ikbq‑w dmkb skw

zmlimgrmb `h rdm wfah `l daw imlr kww gdmmf khb skw sdahahc

kj`}r dmz i`wr i`|mz( A s`hbmzmb al Bkb g`}ib jzmkrd sard

Lzkhf `h r`p `l dan iafm rdkr( A skw pzmrrq w}zm rdaw skw

h`r d`s wmt skw w}pp`wmb r` s`zf( J}r d`s s`}ib A fh`s0Rdm c}q zmwp`hwajim l`z rdm jazbw khb rdm jmmw rkif skw

cmrrahc pi`smb jq k nmgdkhag sard li`sahc ji`hbm dkaz(

A rap.r`mb jkgfskzbw `}r `l rdm z``n khb wd}r rdm

b``z( Rdmq babh‑r dmkz k rdahc) babh‑r m|mh fh`s A skw

rdmzm( @}r ah rdm dkiiskq A gìikpwmb) e}wr i`wr ar khb

pkwwmb `}r( A s`fm }p rdzmm d`}zw ikrmz) lkgm b`sh(

Rdm gkzpmr wnmiimb iafm k d`wparki dkiiskq) paww khb

|`nar(

K pìagmnkh skw wdkfahc nq wd`}ibmz( Dm skhrmb nq

z``n gkzb( A wraii dkb gz}wr ah nq mqmw lz`n wimmpahc `z

jikgfahc `}r `z sdkrm|mz( A l`}hb ar ah nq p`gfmr) bmmp

b`sh) jmhmkrd iahr khb gdkhcm khb w`nm iarrim pkpmz

}njzmiikw A wrìm lz`n rdm j}llmr( Dm rìb nm r` d}zzq( A

dkhbmb ar `|mz(

Rs` `rdmz g`pw kzza|mb wmg`hbw ikrmz( @hm skw k lkr

s`nkh( Wdm p}r dmz dkhbw `h dmz fhmmw lz`n z}hhahc }p rdm

wrkazw( Rdm `rdmz skw e}wr k fab) pz`jkjiq rsmhrq) hmkziq

mekg}ikrahc kr rdm gdkhgm r` wmm zmki kgra`h(

Dm dkb k c}h `}r(

Rdaw s`zzamb nm(



Rdm q`}hc g`p r``f imkb( Rdm gkzb wsapmb b`sh rdz`}cd

rdm i`gf khb ar bahcmb czmmh( Rdm rdzmm g`pw z}wdmb ah)

c}hw bzksh( Lz`n rdm dkiiskq A dmkzb wgzmknw khb c}hwd`rw(

A wrmppmb ahr` rdm z``n(

Lzkhf skw `h rdm jmb sard k wrmkf fhalm rdz`}cd daw

jkgf( Daw wfah skw czmq( Dm i``fmb iafm k wpmkzmb sdkim(

Dm dkb jmmh bmkb l`z k i`hc ranm( Ji``b skw kii `|mz rdm

jmb wdmmrw iafm w`nm w`zr `l wagf ram.bqm( Rdm fab g`p skw

h`s nah}w `hm mqm( Bkb dkb wrkjjmb dan sdmh dm gdkzcmb rdm

z``n(

Bkb skw bmkb(

Rdm `rdmz g`pw wd`r dan macdr ranmw(Rdm lkr s`nkh g`p qmiimb kr nm( Dmz d}cm rarw wsmiimb

sard dmz nkwwa|m jzmkrdw( Wdm e}wr fmpr qmiiahc r` gkii

l`z jkgf}p( Wdm dkhbmb nm dmz zkba`) wrmppahc `|mz Bkb khb

rdm sdkim( A dar rdm jac wabm j}rr`h khb mtpikahmb rdm

pz`jimn( A rdahf rdm g`p `h rdm `rdmz mhb rd`}cdr A skw

lkfahc ar jmgk}wm A skw w` gkin( @d smii( Klrmz wmrrahc

b`sh rdm zmgma|mz) A wk}hrmzmb `}r `l rdm z``n khb b`sh rdm

dkiiskq( Rdm mim|kr`z r``f nm b`shwrkazw khb A skifmb `}r

ahr` rdm s`zib sard rs` d}hbzmb b`iikzw ah nq p`gfmr( W`nm

`l ar c`r nm `h rdm j}w r` \mckw(

Rdm sd`im zabm A s`hbmzmb sdq A skw w` gkin kj`}r

m|mzqrdahc rdkr dkb e}wr dkppmhmb( A e}wr d`pmb A skwh‑r

gzkuq iafm nq bkb(

Dm skw bmkb) khb A skw wkb(

Kr imkwr A rdahf A skw(



Wfap }p r` }w kr rdm jkz( Nkzgd skw wraii jmiiacmzmhr(

’Qmkd) A‑|m jmmh r` gd}zgd)„ A wkab( Rdaw c`r dan r` wrkhb

}p) kznw }pzkawmb(

’Dm‑w jmmh r` gd}zgd(„ Rdkr‑w sdkr dm qmiimb sard daw

dkhbw ah rdm kaz iafm k nmhrki gkwm(

A rìb dan r` war b`sh khb wd}r }p jmgk}wm dm‑w

krrzkgrahc r`` n}gd krrmhra`h( Dm bab j}r fmpr rkifahc(

’Zmiaca`h)„ dm pàhrw r` h` `hm ah pkzrag}ikz) ’aw

e}wr `hm l`zn `l abmì`cq( Rdmzm kzm nkhq n`zm rqpmw( J}r

rdkr‑w h`r rdm pàhr( Rdm pàhr aw) q`} kzm k wik|m `l

abmì`camw( J}r dk|m h` lmkz) A kn dmzm r` wmr q`} lzmm(„

’Q`}‑zm bz}hf)„ aw sdkr A wkab(’A‑n zacdr)„ dm pàhrw kckah r` rdm mnprq wpkgm jmdahb

nm(

’A kn h`r k wik|m `l khqrdahc Nkzgd( H`s war b`sh khb

wd}r }p(„

A g`}ib rmii pm`pim smzm wrkzrahc r` h`ragm rdm

bawr}zjkhgm( Hmgfw smzm gzkhahc ah rdm jkgfcz`}hb(

’Q`} waz kzm sdappmb)„ wkab Nkzgd( ’Sdmh skw rdm ikwr

ranm q`} m|mz bab khqrdahc rdkr q`} skhrmb r`0 Sdmh skw

rdm ikwr ranm q`} s`fm }p khb rìb q`}zwmil lz`n h`s `h q`}

smzm bàhc sdkr q`} skhrmb r` khb h`rdahc miwm0 A b`}jr

q`}‑|m m|mz b`hm rdkr(„

’Nkzgd)„ A c`r wrmzh) ’Wd}r( ]p(„

Dm wkab) ’Smii c}mww sdkr0 Rdmzm‑w h` s`zf khqn`zm(„

Dm wr``b }p ah daw gdkaz khb p}r daw kznw `}rwrzmrgdmb

kckah( Dm skw qmiiahc h`s( ’Sm‑zm `h rdm z}h lz`n rdm

iks) Wi}c) rdaw aw }irankrm lzmmb`n( Sm gkh b` sdkrm|mz sm

skhr r`(„

M|mh n`zm pm`pim smzm i``fahc h`s(

A wr``b }p khb czkjjmb rdm lz`hr `l daw wdazr khb

p}iimb dan jkgf ahr` daw wmkr( Jml`zm A imr c` `l daw



wdazr A c`r zmki }p ah daw lkgm khb A wkab) ’Iawrmh( Jm

{}amr( Q`}‑zm kgrahc ahwkhm(„

Khb ahwrmkb `l e}wr jmahc k c``b bz}hf khb wd}rrahc

}p) dm czkjw nq wdazr ah rdm wknm pikgm khb wkqw) ’H` fab

q`} iawrmh( Sm kzm lahkiiq lzmm( Rdaw aw k gdkhgm r` b`

sdkrm|mz rdm l}gf sm skhr( Rkfm g`hrzì `l q`}zwmil( Wikq

rdm Lkrmw) al q`}‑zm lmmiahc wqnjìag( Al q`} g`}ib b`

khqrdahc ah rdm s`zib zacdr h`s) sdkr s`}ib ar jm0„

E}np l`zskzb r` nm rmiiahc Nkzgd rdkr al A g`}ib b`

khqrdahc zacdr h`s) A‑b nkqjm kgr}kiiq iafm r` n}zbmz

w`nm`hm( @hiq pz`jimn aw A babh‑r fh`s sd` A‑b faii lazwr(

A gdkwmb rdm abmk sard kh`rdmz wap `l wg`rgd(Rdaw aw kj`}r sdmh Nkzgd |`narmb kii `|mz danwmil khb

wi`}gdmb l`zskzb ah daw gdkaz( Ar‑w kiw` kj`}r sdmh A

bmgabm sm wd`}ib imk|m(

E}np jkgf k lms qmkzw r` nq lazwr rzap r` \a|k( Rdaw skw

jml`zm A wrkzrmb wgknnahc s`nmh( Rdaw skw nkqjm sdq A

wrkzrmb wgknnahc s`nmh( Nq rdzmm lzamhbw) rdm `hiq pm`pim

A fh`s ah \mckw) smzm ah rdm lz`hr pms( ’Kg{}kahrkhgmw„

skw pz`jkjiq k jmrrmz s`zb l`z n`wr `l rdmn(

Lazwr) rdmzm skw rdaw d`nmimww cazi( Sdmh A c`r r`

Hm|kbk) wdm‑w rdm `hiq zmkw`h A babh‑r bam( Al q`} fh`s

sdmzm r` wimmp) wdm kiskqw wkab) rdmh l``b skw h` pz`jimn)

w` nkhq la|m wrkz l``b wgzkpw iqahc kz`}hb( Q`} g`}ib rmii

wdm }wmb r` jm jmk}ral}i jkgf sdmh wdm skw k iarrim fab(

Sdmh A nmr dmz wdm‑b e}wr c`rrmh lazmb lz`n k wrzap gi}j(

Rdm `shmz l`}hb `}r wdm skw }wahc( Sm l`ìmb kz`}hb l`z k



lms n`hrdw6 w`nm hacdrw e}wr r` wrkq skzn( Ar skw hm|mz

khqrdahc wmza`}w khb klrmz k sdaim ar wmmnmb r` j`rd `l }w

iafm sm hmmbmb mkgd `rdmz n`zm ah k l`wrmz wajiahc zìm(

Q`} fh`s) iafm k n`zm d`hmwr |mzwa`h `l k jmwr lzamhb(

Khqskqw) jq rdm ranm `l rdm smbbahc wdm‑b jmc}h r` lkbm

ahr` rdm jkgfcz`}hb( Wdm j`}hgmb ah khb `}r `l ekai l`z

pmrrq z`jjmzq khb lzk}b( A c}mww kii dmzàh kbbagrw jmg`nm

pkzr `l rdm wgmhmzq m|mhr}kiiq( Dmz hknm skw Ik}zk

Kiacdamza( H` zmikra`h r` rdm p`mr) j}r wdm n`|mb sard k

w`zr `l li}ab cz`rmw{}mhmww rdkr zmnahbmb nm `l |mzwm(

M|mzq`hm `h rdm wrzmmr gkiimb dmz Rsmkf(

Rdmh rdmzm skw rdaw ikbq Bkzik( Sdkr k gdmmwq hknm)Bkzik( Wdm skw rdaw ìb ikbq sd` bmkir jikgfekgf kr w`nm

wdardìm gkwah`( Wdm zmnahbmb nm `l k c``wm rdm skq wdm

skw wdkpmb) lkr j`bq khb k i`hc hmgf e}rrahc `}r iafm wdm

g`}ibh‑r wmm khqrdahc càhc `h kz`}hb dmz( A rdahf

aharakiiq wdm e}wr lmir jkb l`z nm) iafm dmzm‑w rdaw wr}pab

wdardmkb sd`‑w w` b}nj dm gkh‑r m|mh lac}zm `}r d`s r` jm

d`nmimww) imr ki`hm mnpi`qmb( M|mhr}kiiq rd`}cd) A rdahf

wdm lmir n`zm iafm k n`rdmz lac}zm r` nm) e}wr `hm sd`

babh‑r lmmi iafm p}rrahc rdm mll`zr ah r` jm kh kgr}ki

pkzmhr( M|mzq `hgm ah k sdaim wdm‑b liap nm k gdap `z rs`

`h dmz wn`fm jzmkfw e}wr w` A g`}ib gkwd rdmn ah khb dk|m k

lms j}gfw l`z rdm smmf(

Rdkr skw jml`zm A dkb nq `sh pikgm(

Rdm rdazb c}q) dm skw nq ikhbi`zb hknmb Hmb( Al khq

`l rdmwm pm`pim smzm k lzamhb) ar skw h`r nq ikhbi`zb( Rdm

kwwdìm babh‑r m|mh smkz k w}ar( Rdaw iarrim jkib c}q skw

wrkhbahc ah rdm gdkpmi sard daw wiappmzw `h khb w`nm wfq

ji}m pì` iafm dm skw kj`}r r` dar rdm iahfw( Dm‑w `hm `l

rd`wm c}qw rdkr s`}ib c` r` rdm cqn khb `hiq s`zf `}r daw

}ppmz j`bq( Iafm) `hiq c`r j}ll l`z rdm ikbamw( Rdmh



q`}‑b kwf dan r` pikq k cknm `l pagf}p jkwfmrjkii `z

w`nmrdahc khb daw iarrim r``rdpagf imcw g`}ibh‑r fmmp }p(

A l}gfahc g`}ibh‑r wrkhb rdm iarrim nmkrdmkb( J}r sm

hmmbmb rdzmm sarhmwwmw l`z rdm smbbahc r` jm imcarankrm) w`

dmzm rdmq smzm) rdm rdzmm A hmmbmb(

Wmm) rdaw skw k k}rdmhrag smbbahc( A‑b m|mhr}kiiq

c`rrmh k e`j khb k pikgm kii l`z nqwmil( Rdmh A nmr rdaw

cazi( Rdaw cazi A kgr}kiiq iafmb( Sm‑b b`hm rdm bkrahc

khb rdm wmt khb rdm lacdrahc khb sm smzm wraii r`cmrdmz(

L`z k sdìm qmkz sm smzm r`cmrdmz( Rdmh A c`r rdaw zahc)

rdaw wdarrq iarrim cìbmh jkhb) khb A c`r `h `hm fhmm ah

rdm nabbim `l rdm `hm z``n ah nq kpkzrnmhr) khb A kwfmbrdaw cazi rdkr A i`|mb r` nkzzq nm(

Rdkr‑w d`s b}nj A skw(

Khb wdm c`r rmkzw ah dmz ji}m mqmw khb laiimb rdmn }p

iafm j}gfmrw( Khb wdm bab rdm rdahc caziw b` sdmh rdm p}r

rdmaz dkhbw `|mz rdmaz n`}rdw khb jzmkrd zmki bmmp k i`r(

Rdmh wdm zkh dmz dkhbw rdz`}cd dmz dkaz khb wdm gknm b`sh

r` d}c nm khb wdm wkab qmw( Rdmh wdm wkab ar kckah( Ar

wmmnmb iafm wdm wkab ar kii hacdr i`hc rdz`}cd rdm w`jw(

Iafm) rdaw skw d`s wr}pab A g`}ib dk|m jmmh(

Nkzgd skw rdmzm r``) j}r A babh‑r fh`s dan qmr( Dm

skw bzmwwmb ah k r}tmb`( Zmkiiq lkhgq) rdkr‑w sdkr A rìb

dan `h rdm pd`hm( Ar dkb r` jm( A g`}ibh‑r kll`zb k zmki

smbbahc) j}r al rdm cazi skw càhc r` nkzzq nm) ar dkb r`

jm kw gi`wm r` k zmki smbbahc kw sm g`}ib cmr l`z rdm

n`hmq(

Ar mhbmb }p i``fahc pzmrrq c``b) Nkzgd khb nm ah `}z

r}tmb`w wrkhbahc kr rdm lz`hr `l rdm kawimw) w}zz`}hbmb jq

sdarm li`smzw khb rdm jac l`}hrkah `l dìq skrmz( Rdm

sdìm ranm sm smzm wrkhbahc }p rdmzm) nm khb Nkzgd fmpr

wnaiahc kr mkgd `rdmz khb Bkzik e}wr wkr rdmzm i``fahc



pmzr}zjmb) dmz gzkuq mqmw likwdahc kii `|mz rdm z``n }p

r`skzbw rdm gmaiahc iafm rdmzm smzm jkrw liqahc kz`}hb }p

rdmzm( Rsmkf e}wr wkr rdmzm gdmsahc `ll dmz lahcmzhkaiw

khb wparrahc rdmn `}r kii `|mz rdm li``z( Hmb dkb k

pmzpmr}ki lz`sh(

Ankcahm q`} smzm nm wrkhbahc }p rdmzm) skarahc l`z

q`}z jzabm r` jm r` skif b`sh rdkr kawim ah dmz fh`gf`ll)

wrkahmb smbbahc bzmww( Nkqjm wdm‑ii m|mh jm wnaiahc(

H`s ankcahm q`} smzm wrkhbahc }p rdmzm hmtr r` rdaw

`|mzsmacdr pkwr`z/anp`wmz( Khb klrmz k lms nah}rmw `l

wrkhbahc q`}z imcw wrkzr cmrrahc razmb khb q`}‑zm wsmkrahc

zkahbz`pw ah q`}z argdq r}tmb`( Rdm lzamhbw) `z pm`pim)q`} jz`}cdr r` laii rdm rdzmm wmkrw wrkzr r` bz``p klrmz k

sdaim( Bkzik‑w e}wr warrahc n`ra`himww h`s( Nkt aw jarahc

daw hkaiw r` rdm h}j khb rdm g`zhmzw `l Hmb‑w rdah iapw

fmmp wiappahc i`smz khb i`smz( K lms nah}rmw n`zm khb q`}

khb Nkzgd kzmh‑r m|mh wnaiahc kr mkgd `rdmz khqn`zm( Rdm

i``fw kzmh‑r `hmw `l dkppq khragapkra`h khq i`hcmz(

Rdmq‑zm s`zzamb khb bmwpmzkrm) racdr iappmb khb rmhwm(

Kbb rdaw r` rdm nat5 rdm cazi‑w lzamhb) rdm `hiq `hm

wdm ah|armb) g`nmw z}hhahc b`sh rdm kawim ah k wsmkr w}ar(

K bknh wsmkr w}ar(

Wdm‑w h`r rdm cazi q`}‑|m jmmh skarahc l`z( Wdm

kp`i`caumw k naiia`h ranmw `|mz khb wkqw wdm dkrmw r` jm

rdm `hm r` rmii q`} rdaw(

Iafm wdm zmkiiq dkrmw ar(

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Iafm) `d qmkd A l`zc`r) sm smzm càhc r` faii w`nm`hm(

’Gì`zkb`)„ A wkab(

’Smii)„ dm wkab) ’rdkr‑w sdmzm sm‑zm dmkbmb gdaml(„

Khb dm zìimb `|mz r` wimmp( ’Wmm q`} ah rdm n`zhahc(„

Wfap r` kj`}r rdzmm ah rdm n`zhahc( A skw wraii bza|ahc

khb Nkzgd skw `}r gìb r` rdm zacdr `l nm( Sdkr A skw

zmkiauahc aw d`s dkzb ar aw r` abmhralq rzmmw kr hacdr(

Rdmq kii e}wr i``fmb iafm wdkb`sw khb wrkhbahc r`cmrdmz



rdmq i``fmb iafm k jikgf g}zrkah dabahc w`nmrdahc A skwh‑r

w}zm A skhrmb r` wmm(

A skw kiw` zmkiauahc rdkr klrmz wrkzahc kr rdm iahmw

lkbahc r`cmrdmz ah rdm nabbim `l rdm z`kb l`z l`}z d`}zw)

nq mqmw wrz}hc `}r `h gkllmahm paiiw) A skw wrkzrahc r`

gzkgf k iarrim jar( Ar skwh‑r r`rkiiq dkii}gahkrahc) j}r

ar skw w`nmrdahc gi`wm(

W` nq nahb skhbmzmb r` `rdmz pikgmw( Khb A skw

rdahfahc kj`}r kii rdm j}cw ah kii rdm rzmmw sm smzm

sdauuahc jq( Rdmzm n}wr dk|m jmmh naiia`hw `l rdmn

skrgdahc }w liq jq) s`hbmzahc sdkr rdm dmii sm smzm sard

`}z rs` cakhr ci`sahc mqmw g}rrahc rdz`}cd rdm bkzf ji}mgkh|kw `l hacdr ranm( Ar n}wr w}gf r` jm j}c) rdkr skw

sdkr A skw rdahfahc( D`s dkzb skw ar r` wrkhb `}r kw k

d}nkh) imr ki`hm k j}c0 A nmkh rdmzm dkb r` jm n`zm j}cw

ah `hm rzmm rdkh rdmzm smzm pm`pim `h Mkzrd khb rdmzm smzm

naiia`hw `l rzmmw( A rd`}cdr r` nqwmil rdkr al rdmzm smzm

khq lkn`}w j}cw) rdmq pz`jkjiq bmwmz|mb ar n`zm rdkh khq

lkn`}w pmzw`h A‑|m m|mz dmkzb `l(

Khb rdm dmkbiacdrw) rdmq smzm knkuahc( Nq mqmw smzm

w` razmb rdmq smzm z}hhahc wi`smz rdkh }w}ki khb rdm jmknw

lz`n rdm dmkbiacdrw smzm gd`fahc `}r gazgimw ah rdm g`zhmzw

`l nq |awa`h( Zmb khb ji}m gazgimw rdkr i``fmb iafm

sdaziahc bmz|awdmw wpahhahc ah khb `}r `l nq |ams) bkhgahc

jkgf khb l`zrd( Khb h`s) A skw rdahfahc) nkqjm A skw

dkii}gahkrahc( Rdm sahbwdamib skw n`zm iafm k rmim|awa`h

wgzmmh h`s) khb rdmzm skw nm khb nq n`n rzqahc r` kgr

h`znki klrmz A fmpr nq bkb ah ekai( A g`}ib rmii jq dmz

lkgm rdkr wdm skhrmb r` d}c rdm gdaibd``b |mzwa`h `l nm)

rmii rdm iarrim fab mkrahc jzmkflkwr rdkr m|mzqrdahc skw

c`ahc r` jm `f( J}r wdm dmwarkrmb khb rdm n`nmhr pkwwmb

khb h`s ar skw r`` ikrm khb A skw `h k j}w r` Gkial`zhak(



Rdm wmkrw `h rdm j}w zmnahbmb nm `l rdm zmgiahmz ah

`}z ìb d`}wm( Rdm lkjzag skw argdq khb rdm wrargdmw

smzmh‑r racdr w` sdmh q`} z}jjmb q`}z lahcmzw `|mz rdm

wmkr) q`} g`}ib lmmi rdm b}wr khb rdm kcm n`|m sardah rdm

g}wda`hw( Ar skw l}hhq jmgk}wm A wd`}ib dk|m jmmh s`zzamb

kj`}r wmmahc nq bkb) j}r kii A skw rdahfahc kj`}r skw d`s

l}uuq rdm rapw `l nq lahcmzw smzm wrkzrahc r` lmmi(

Nq mqmw wrkqmb l`g}wmb `h nq lahcmzw) j}r h`s A skwh‑r

wrz`fahc rdm wmkr lkjzag( Nq lahcmzw smzm n`|ahc jkgf khb

l`zrd `|mz rdm g`hgzmrm `}rwabm rdaw j}aibahc ah \mckw A

wimpr `}r jkgf `l( Rdm g`hgzmrm skw l}ii `l iarrim

za|}imrw khb skw z`}cd jmhmkrd nq dkhbw( A ankcahmb rdmlmmiahc ah nq lahcmzw skw sdkr C`b n}wr lmmi sdmh dm z}hw

daw dkhbw `|mz rdm s`zib(

Rdm n`|am wgzmmh ah rdm g`z|mrrm) ar e}npmb kckah khb

h`s nq dkhbw smzm wrz`fahc _agfim‑w dkaz( Rdm ikbq nq bkb

faiimb) wdm skw dìbahc `hr` rdm imkwd sdaim A pmr dan khb

wdm skw wnaiahc b`sh kr nm(

Rdmh ar skwh‑r rdm s`nkh sd`‑w wnaiahc kr nm) ar skw

Wdmaik khb ar skw nq lahcmzw z}hhahc rdz`}cd dmz ji`hbm

dkaz zacdr jml`zm A fawwmb dmz c``bhacdr l`z rdm lazwr

ranm( Ar skw kh ksfskzb faww) A kiskqw wmmnmb r` ikrgd

`hr` rdm j`rr`n iap sdmh A fawwmb khb wdm kppkzmhriq skw

rdm wknm skq( W` rdm sdìm ranm `}z n`}rdw smzm szmwriahc

l`z p`wara`h khb lahkiiq sm j`rd e}wr p}iimb jkgf khb

ik}cdmb( Khb A wsmkz m|mzq ranm rdkr cazi bab w`nmrdahc

jmk}ral}i A lmii ah i`|m sard dmz kii `|mz kckah( Khb rdaw

ik}cd khb rdm wnaim wdm ck|m nm klrmzskzbw sdmh wdm z}jjmb

dmz dkhb ki`hc rdm wabm `l nq lkgm) rdkr e}wr faiimb nm(

W` rdmzm A skw z}hhahc rdz`}cd rdm dkiiskqw `l nq

nmn`zamw) h`r m|mh zmkiiq w}zm al rdmq smzm kii zmki `z

e}wr zmpzmwwahc w`nmrdahc s`zwm) khb kr rdm mhb `l kii `l



25;3

Rdkr skw sdkr ar wkab(

Ar skw wraii bkzf w` A lac}zmb ar skw KN( Hmtr skw

lahbahc w`nmsdmzm r` cmr kgr}ki zmwr( A zmnmnjmzmb rdmq

fmpr wkqahc rdkr `|mz khb `|mz kckah(

Iafm) rdm `hiq zmki skq r` g`njkr wimmp bmpza|kra`h aw

zmki wimmp(

Iafm) h` wdar(

A }wmb nq hmsiq zmkg{}azmb zmkbahc p`smzw r` lac}zm

`}r sdmzm sm smzm( @h `}z zacdr sm pkwwmb k jac czmmh

wach) `hm `l rd`wm ahb}wrzaki) `llagaki wachw(

JZMGFAHZABCM5 HMTR MTAR Rdkr‑w sdkr ar wkab(

W` A wsmz|mb r` rdm zacdr khb r``f rdm hmtr mtar(

Nkzgd skw wraii bmkb kwimmp(

’Smig`nm r` G`i`zkb`)„ A wkab r` nqwmil(

E}np r` rs` d`}zw ikrmz( Wimmp gkh skar) A‑b zmkiaumb(

Sdkr A zmkiiq hmmbmb skw l``b( Sm smzm ah rdaw rahq)

fh`gf.`ll Skllim D`}wm) jzmkflkwr bahmz ah Jzmgfahzabcm(

Ar skw k czmq j}aibahc jmdahb k gd}zgd sard k i`hc jkz khb

la|m j``rdw l`z wmkrw ahwabm `l ar( Nm khb Nkzgd smzm

warrahc ah k g`zhmz j``rd( Rdmzm skw `hiq rs` `rdmz pm`pim

ah rdm pikgm) rdm g``f khb rdm skarmz( Rdm skarmz skw

smkzahc k ji}m bzmww khb k pikwrag hknmrkc rdkr wkab

Jikhgdm( Wdm jz`}cdr }w rs` g`llmmw) jikgf) khb j`rd `l

rdmn smzm wrmknahc iafm jzmkrdahc `}rwabm `h k g`ib bkq(

Rdm g``f skw k q`}hcmz fab) pz`jkjiq macdrmmh `z hahmrmmh)

khb dm fmpr i``fahc kr nm l}hhq) pz`jkjiq jmgk}wm n`wr `l



lz`c mardmz( ]wmb r` jm A dkb jz`sh dkaz b`sh e}wr pkwr nq

mkzw( L`z nq kcm) A dkb k j`qawd lkgm( Rdah iapw khb k

h`wm rdkr r}zhmb k iarrim r` rdm imlr kr rdm rap lz`n k

jkbiq dmkimb l``rjkii ahe}zq( Nq lk|`zarm pkzr `l rdm ìb

nm) sdkr A rd`}cdr A i``fmb iafm) skw nq mqmw( Rdmq smzm

}ha{}m( Rdkr skw sdkr m|mzqj`bq rìb nm kw k fab( Rdmq

smzm czmmh khb wdahq khb sdmh rdm w}h dar rdmn zacdr) rdmq

gdkhcmb gì`zw lz`n ji}m r` czmmh khb jkgf kckah iafm `gmkh

skrmz(

Ah lz`hr `l rdkr bahcq bahmz nazz`z) A rd`}cdr A nacdr

h`r m|mh jm Wi}c khqn`zm( Nq dkaz skw i`hcmz) kin`wr

caziawd) khb bkzfmz( Nq iapw smzm wraii rdah j}r A babh‑rrdahf A‑b gzkgfmb k zmki wnaim ah k n`hrd( Rdm nabbim `l

nq lkgm skw iafm k ikhblaii( Sdmzm nq h`wm skw wdkrrmzmb

rdmzm skw jz}awahc khb bmmp ckwdmw lz`n rdm nmrki mbcmw `l

rdm l`}hrkah( Khb nq pzaumb mqmw0 Rdmq smzmh‑r wdahq iafm

hms {}kzrmzw khqn`zm( Rdmq zmnahbmb nm n`zm `l b}iiahc

agm( Rdm gì`z babh‑r gdkhcm ah rdm iacdr khqn`zm sdmh nq

zmlimgra`h n`|mb daw lkgm ah rdm nazz`z(

A j}rr`hmb }p rdm Mi|aw ekgfmr r` nq hmgf khb `pmhmb

rdm b``z r` imk|m rdm jkrdz``n) pzkqahc r` m|mzq bmarq A

fhms rdkr Nkzgd dkbh‑r wmmh rdm cazi(

Sdmh A gknm `}r) wdm skw h`sdmzm r` jm wmmh khb Nkzgd

skw wrkhbahc kr rdm zmcawrmz pkqahc `}z jaii) wnaiahc iafm

dm e}wr s`h rdm i`rrmzq(

’A l`}hb }w k hms gkz)„ dm wkab sdaim dm p}r rdm

gdkhcm lz`n Jikhgdm ah daw skiimr(

’D`s)„ A wkab0

Dm sahfmb khb n`ra`hmb l`z nm r` lìi`s dan `}rwabm(

Ah rdm pkzfahc i`r) rdm g`z|mrrm skw c`hm khb rdmzm skw k

zmb W]\ ah rdm wp`r hmtr r` sdmzm ar }wmb r` jm(

’A wìb ar)„ dm wkab(



W` A kwfmb) ’khb rdmq imlr rdaw dmzm ahwrmkb0„

_àhrahc kr rdm W]\(

’H`)„ dm wkab( ’H`) A c`r rdaw lz`n w`nm sdmzm miwm(„

Dm skw wraii wnaiahc sdmh dm wkab ar( Dm `pmhmb rdm

rz}hf khb n`ra`hmb l`z nm r` g`nm `|mz khb i``f(

Khb nq wr`nkgd e}wr bz`ppmb sdmh A z`}hbmb rdm g`zhmz

`l rdm gkz(

Ah rdm rz}hf skw rdm cazi ah rdm ji}m bzmww) dmz dkhbw

j`}hb jmdahb dmz jkgf khb b}gr rkpm `|mz dmz n`}rd( Dmz

mqmw smzm sabm sard rmzz`z j}r sdmh wdm wks nm khb

zmg`chaumb nm) rdmq c`r m|mh jaccmz( A g`}ib dmkz dmz

wgzmkn rdz`}cd rdm rkpm khb wdm zìimb `|mz rzqahc r` zaplzmm `l dmz j`hbw( Rdkr skw sdmh A gk}cdr k cianpwm `l dmz

pikwrag hknmrkc) wraii giappmb `h e}wr jmi`s dmz imlr

wd`}ibmz(

Wdmaik(

Rdkr‑w sdkr ar wkab(

Khb kii A g`}ib wkq skw) ’Emw}w rarrq.l}gfahc Gdzawr)„

khb p}r nq dkhb `|mz nq n`}rd(

Iafm) A rd`}cdr sm smzm l}gfmb jml`zm(

7

A skw warrahc `h kh`rdmz |`nar gì`zmb jikhfmr rdahfahc

kj`}r d`s ah rs` bkqw A smhr lz`n jmahc k gzkppq g`hnkh r`

kh kggmww`zq r` n}zbmz) z`jjmzq) khb fabhkppahc( Wdmaik

skw `h rdm `rdmz jmb) wraii ramb }p khb n}llimb( Rdm i``f

`h dmz lkgm skw iafm k bmmz rdkr e}wr zmkiaumb k d}hrmz dkw

wd`r dmz( Dmz mqmw smzm jac kw rdm n``h(

Sm smzm ah kh`rdmz `hm `l rd`wm gzkppq n`rmiw( A skw

jmcahhahc r` rdahf rdkr al w`nm`hm sd` dkb hm|mz jmmh r`



Knmzagk wrkqmb ah `hm `l rdmwm pikgmw m|mzq hacdr rdmq smzm

dmzm) rdmq‑b rdahf m|mzqsdmzm skw rdm mtkgr wknm pikgm(

Rdm z``n sm smzm ah skw kj`}r rs` d}hbzmb naimw mkwr

`l sdmzm sm wrìm Wdmaik( Nkzgd lac}zmb ar s`}ib jm kr

imkwr k lms bkqw jml`zm khq`hm zmkiaumb rdkr k p``z bahmz

skarzmww skw nawwahc khb ar‑w jm kr imkwr kh`rdmz bkq klrmz

rdkr jml`zm rdm k}rd`zaramw kgr}kiiq bab khqrdahc( Sm e}wr

hmmbmb r` p}r k j}llmz jmrsmmh }w( Rdkr skw sdkr dm wkab(

Dm skw ah rdm wd`smz) pzmw}nkjiq bmgabahc d`s sm‑zm

càhc r` r`zr}zm rdm cazi jml`zm sm faiimb dmz( A rdahf dm

wmmnmb n`zm iafm rdm rqpm r` skrmz.j`kzb `z jzmkf fh}gfimw

zkrdmz rdkh r` |mzjkiiq dkzkww( A g`}ib dmkz rdm wd`smzw{}mkf `ll rdz`}cd rdm pkpmz.rdah skiiw(

A c}mwwmb ar skw ranm r` lahb `}r(

Nkzgd gknm `}r `l rdm jkrdz``n ah k gi`}b `l wrmkn)

wnaiahc rdm sdìm ranm( Ar skwh‑r kh m|ai `z nmhkgahc

czah) ar skw e}wr k wnaim( Iafm d`s Nz( Z`cmzw wnaimw(

Khb A rd`}cdr r` nqwmil rdkr nkqjm rdkr skw m|mh wgkzamz(

E}wr rdm lkgr rdkr rdaw c}q skw kgr}kiiq dkppq kr k ranm

iafm rdaw( A g`}ib wmm rdm Z]WRMB rkrr`` wraii `h daw

jkgf( Q`} g`}ib jkzmiq nkfm ar `}r daw wfah wkccmb w`

n}gd( A skhrmb r` kwf dan sdkr ar nmkhr) j}r A skw klzkab

dm skw ah w}gd k |ìkraim n``b rdkr `hm sz`hc {}mwra`h khb

A‑b jm d`cramb khb n``h.mqmb `h rdm jmb hmtr r` Wdmaik(

Dm lahawdmb cmrrahc bzmwwmb khb bzamb daw wai|mz dkaz

sard k lms l}za`}w r`smi wrz`fmw rdmh r}zhmb r` lkgm nm(

Dm skw wraii wnaiahc(

Daw mqmw li`krmb `|mz r` Wdmaik khb dm wkab) ’Sdkr b`

q`} rdahf sm wd`}ib sm b` r` dmz0„

’A b`h‑r fh`s)„ aw sdkr A rìb dan( Sdkr A skhrmb r`

rmii dan aw rdkr dm wd`}ib imk|m khb hm|mz rzq r` lahb nm

`z dmz kckah(



Iafm) sdmh b`mw rdkr m|mz s`zf(

’A‑n càhc r` c` j}q k c}h)„ dm wkab khb czkjjmb rdm

gkz fmqw( Dm w`}hbmb skq r` mtgarmb rdm skq dm wkab c}h(

Sdmh Wdmaik dmkzb rdkr s`zb wdm skw jkgf r` wdzamfahc khb

szardahc kz`}hb `h rdm jmb iafm wdm skw dk|ahc k wmau}zm(

Khb rdmh Nkzgd skw `}r rdm b``z khb ar skw e}wr nm khb rdm

cazi(

Khb wdm e}wr s`}ibh‑r wd}r }p) rdaw cazi(

W` A p}r nq dkhbw }p) iafm) `f A s`h‑r d}zr q`}( A

n`|mb `|mz hmtr r` dmz khb wi`siq) dkhbw wraii dmib jkgf) A

rìb dmz rdkr A skw càhc r` rkfm rdm rkpm `ll h`s al wdm

skhrmb r` rkif(Zacdr sdmh rdm rkpm wmpkzkrmb lz`n dmz n`}rd wdm

wrkzrmb wgzmknahc(

Lazwr ar skw) ’Q`} lzmkfw( Q`} l}gfahc lzmkfw( Sdq

kzm q`} bàhc rdaw0„

A skhrmb r` rmii dmz rdkr A babh‑r m|mh zmkiiq fh`s

khqn`zm(

Rdmh ar skw) ’DMI_(„ Wdm skw wgzmknahc w` i`}b A

g`}ib wmm dmz }|}ik bkhgahc ah rdm jkgf `l dmz rdz`kr( Wdm

wkab ar `|mz khb `|mz w` n}gd rdkr A lahkiiq e}wr p}r rdm

rkpm jkgf `|mz dmz n`}rd( Ar n}llimb rdm w`}hb mh`}cd rdkr

q`} g`}ibh‑r zmkiiq nkfm `}r dmz s`zbw khqn`zm( Nkqjm rdm

pm`pim hmtr b``z s`}ib e}wr rdahf sm smzm l}gfahc(

@hm gkh d`pm) aw sdkr A skw rdahfahc(

Wdm lahkiiq {}amrmb b`sh klrmz la|m nah}rmw( W` A

rìb dmz) ’Iawrmh( Al A rkfm rdm rkpm `ll kckah) h`

qmiiahc) h` gkiiahc l`z dmip( A e}wr skhrmb r` rkif( A

zmkiiq b`h‑r skhr r` d}zr q`}(„

W` wdm h`bbmb `f khb rdm dkhbw smzm jkgf }p khb n`|ahc

r`skzbw dmz( @hgm rdm rkpm skw `ll wdm jzmkrdmb zmkiiq

bmmp k lms ranmw( Rdmh wdm saccimb dmz skq r` k w`zr `l



wmkrmb p`wara`h( Rdmh wdm wrkzmb kr nm l`z mim|mh sdìm

wmg`hbw( A g`}hrmb( Khb rdkr nkq h`r wmmn iafm k i`hc

ranm) j}r ar lmmiw iafm k qmkz sdmh ar‑w e}wr q`} khb rdkr

pmzw`h ah rdm z``n khb h` `hm n`|mw `z wpmkfw(

Rdm waimhgm skwh‑r gzkgfmb }hrai wdm wkab) ’Wi}c) sdq

rdm dmii kn A dmzm0„ Khb k rmkz) e}wr `hm rmkz) ar lmii

`}r `l dmz imlr mqm khb wiab b`sh dmz lkgm iafm k wfamz

gkz|ahc ahr` lzmwd wh`s( Rdmh ar dar dmz gdah khb e}npmb)

lzmmlkiiahc }hrai ar wpikrrmb `h rdm bazrq gkzpmr(

Khb A e}wr nmirmb l`z rdaw cazi khb gzkwdmb `hr` rdm

cz`}hb iafm dmz rmkz( A rìb dmz m|mzqrdahc( Lz`n rdm

caziw) r` R`hqk) r` Nkzgd) r` z`jjmzq khb lahkiiq rdmdkii}gahkra`h( Sdmh A rìb dmz kj`}r rdm ikwr pkzr A

gk}cdr k cianpwm `l k wnaim( Wdm babh‑r kgr}kiiq ialr rdm

g`zhmzw `l dmz n`}rd) j}r A g`}ib rmii lz`n dmz mqmw rdkr

ar kr imkwr nkbm dmz lmmi w`nmrdahc dkppq(

’Lazwr rdahc sm hmmb r` b`)„ A rìb dmz) ’aw fmmp

Nkzgd lz`n faiiahc q`}(„

E}np jkgf r` sdmhm|mz Wdmaik lazwr bmgabmb r` jkai `h `}z

smbbahc( Wdm skw rmiiahc nm dmz wr`zq wahgm A‑b kizmkbq

wdkzmb nahm(

’A rdahf)„ wdm wkab) ’ar skw rdm ksl}i wdkpm `l rdkr

bzmww rdkr lazwr nkbm nm i`wm g`hrzì(„

Sdmh wdm wkab rdaw kii A g`}ib rdahf kj`}r skw nq

ji``b kii `|mz R`hqk iafm w`nm w`zr `l wagf n`bmzh kzrawr‑w

zmhbara`h `l rdm N`hk Iawk(

’Qmkd)„ A wkab) ’rdkr bzmww dkw wmmh jmrrmz bkqw(„

’B`}jr ar)„ wdm wkab rdz`}cd wnaiahc rmmrd(



Iafm) A e}wr dmipmb fabhkp rdaw cazi khb sm smzm

e`fahc r`cmrdmz(

Rdmh rdmzm skw rdaw ksfskzb n`nmhr sdmzm sm smzm j`rd

wnaiahc kr mkgd `rdmz( Kii A skhrmb r` b` aw e}np kgz`ww

rdm ckp jmrsmmh rdm jmbw khb faww dmz( Rdkr skw sdkr nq

wnaim skw dabahc( Dmz wnaim skw dabahc d`s n}gd wdm skhrmb

nm r` faww dmz( A g`}ib rmii( J}r j`rd `l }w fhms ar

s`}ibh‑r jm rdm zacdr rdahc r` b`(

’Khqskqw)„ wdm jz`fm rdm waimhgm iafm wdkrrmzahc cikww

sard k wimbcmdknnmz( ’A skw e}wr warrahc rdmzm ah rdkr

rkgfq jkgfz``n sard sdkr‑w dmz lkgm rdahfahc kj`}r sdmzm nq

ialm skw càhc khb m|mzqrdahc A dkbh‑r b`hm qmr khb A nmkh)imr‑w jm d`hmwr) hmardmz `l }w skw lahkhgakiiq zmkbq r` jm

ah rdkr w`zr `l i`hc rmzn zmikra`hwdap(„

Rdaw A ik}cdmb kr kckah) j}r h`r ah k g}rm skq iafm

jml`zm( Rdaw skw k n`gfahc ik}cd(

’W`)„ A wkab) ’skarahc rkjimw kr k bahmz wì|mb kii `l

q`}z pz`jimnw0„

H`s wdm skw kii zaimb }p wkqahc) ’Kizacdr iawrmh

kwwdìm( A skw skarahc rkjimw r` cmr jq —rai A c`r nq

wd`r( A skhrmb r` bkhgm(„ Wdm wr`ppmb r` ahdkim khb ji`s

rdm dkaz `}r `l dmz lkgm( ’Khb A dkb nq wd`r( Hms Q`zf(

Rdm bkhgm rz`}pm A‑|m jmmh s`zfahc r` cmr ahr` aw dìbahc

rzq`}rw) khb A c`r k l`znki ah|arm( Rdmq smzm càhc r` liq

nm `}r rdmzm( A wd`}ib jm `h k pikhm zacdr h`s) j}r q`}

kwwdìmw dkb r` fabhkp nm(„

Dmz lkgm skw kii zmb h`s) iafm wdm dkb e}wr g`nm

ahwabm lz`n k wh`swr`zn( W` rdaw skw sdmzm A wrmppmb ah(

A c`r nq jzaiiakhr abmk(

W` A wkab) ’Sm‑ii rkfm q`} rdmzm(„

Khb wdm e}wr zìimb dmz mqmw(



Rdm c}h wrkqmb pàhrmb kr Wdmaik) j}r Nkzgd‑w mqmw

g`hrah}mb r` z`rkrm( Rdmq babh‑r wr`p kckah }hrai rdmq‑b

zmwrmb `h nm) warrahc g`nl`zrkjiq `h rdm `rdmz jmb sard rdm

R\ zmn`rm ah nq dkhb(

Khb h`hgdkikhr kw Eknmw J`hb) A wkab) ’Mtg}wm nm

Nkzgd) q`}‑zm ji`gfahc rdm R\(„

Dm dkb n``h.mqmw h`s( ’Sdkr( Rdm( L}gf)„ dm wkab(

’Wi}c) sdkr dkppmhmb0 Bab wdm r}zh q`}0 A rd`}cdr sm smzm

faiiahc dmz(„

’Nkzgd)„ A wkab( ’Lazwr `ll) p}r rdm bknh c}h b`sh(

Sm‑zm h`r faiiahc dmz( Sm hmmb dmz(„

Rdaw kppkzmhriq nkbm Nkzgd‑w dmkb argd |mzq jkbiq)jmgk}wm kii `l k w}bbmh dm skw z}jjahc daw lahcmzw rdz`}cd

daw dkaz iafm dm skw klzkab ar skw càhc r` liq kskq(

’J}r sm l}gfahc bz`|m kii rdm skq dmzm r` b` rdaw(„

Dm skw wraii pàhrahc sard rdm c}h iafm khq wmg`hb dm g`}ib

e}wr ji`s `}z dmkbw `ll(

’Iawrmh( Nkzgd( Rdaw aw h`r khqrdahc j}r k bz}hfmh

w}ccmwra`h rdkr c`r `}r `l dkhb( Q`} rkifmb kj`}r jmahc

kjim r` b` sdkrm|mz sm skhrmb( Sm‑zm lzmm h`s zacdr0„

Dm h`bbmb daw dmkb qmw(

’Khb bab q`} m|mz kwf nm sdmh sm smzm w`jmz sdkr A

skhrmb r` b`0„

Dm wd``f daw dmkb h`(

’@f)„ A wkab( ’Smii sdkr A skhr r` b` aw lahb nq

n`rdmz( A dk|mh‑r wmmh dmz wahgm A skw k fab( A skhr r`

imr dmz fh`s dmz fab aw wraii kia|m( H`s ar‑w q`}z r}zh(

Sdkr b` q`} skhr r` b`0„

Dm rd`}cdr kj`}r ar l`z k wmg`hb rdmh wkab) ’A e}wr

skhr r` rkc ki`hc sard q`} Wi}c( Ar‑w jmmh l}h w` lkz(„

A h`bbmb khb wkab) ’Kizacdr j}bbq smii rdmh imr‑w p}r

rdm c}h b`sh0„



J}r dm s`}ibh‑r( ’Sdq b`mw wdm hmmb r` jm dmzm rdmh0„

Dm skw wraii pàhrahc rdm c}h kr Wdmaik(

Khb A skw ankcahahc sdkr ar skw càhc r` jm iafm

rzqahc r` gimkh jzkahw `ll `l k |`nar gì`zmb jikhfmr(

’Nkzgd)„ A wkab( A wr``b }p khb n`|mb r`skzbw dan ah

gkwm A dkb r` e}np l`z daw c}h dkhb( ’D`s b` q`} rdahf

sm‑zm càhc r` cmr n`hmq0 A nmkh sm hmmb l}hbahc `l w`nm

w`zr zacdr0 Q`} rdahf A b`h‑r dk|m rdaw kii lac}zmb `}r0

G`nm `h nkh(„

’Sdkr‑w q`}z pikh rdmh0„ dm wkab( ’Sdq b` sm hmmb

dmz(„

’Nq pikh)„ A p}r nq dkhbw }p iafm A skw cmwr}zahc l`zpmkgm) ’aw rdkr r` nkfm n`hmq) sm‑zm càhc r` z`j pm`pim

Nkzgd( K i`r `l pm`pim(„

Khb kw w``h kw A wkab rdaw) rdm cimkn skw jkgf ah

Nkzgd‑w mqmw( W` A lmb rdm lazm(

’Sm hmmb dmz)„ A pàhrmb nq lahcmz iafm k c}h)

’jmgk}wm wdm‑w rdm jkar(„

Khb dm lahkiiq bz`ppmb rdm c}h r` daw wabm( Rdmh dm

n`|mb `|mz r` nm wrkhbahc jq rdm jmb( Dm p}r daw kznw

kz`}hb nm ah k jmkz d}c(

’Rdkr‑w rdm Wi}c A iafm r` dmkz)„ dm wkab( Rdmh) ’w`

sdmzm skw rdm ikwr pikgm q`} wks rdm —ìm ikbq0„

’Hms Q`zf)„ A wkab( Khb A skw wnaiahc `|mz daw

wd`}ibmz kr Wdmaik

Wdm wnaimb jkgf(

C` jkgf n`zm rdkh dkil k bmgkbm r` rdm kgr}ki ikwr ranm A

wks nq n`rdmz( Ar skw rdm bkq A c`r rdm imrrmz lz`n nq



`hiq rdzmm lmmr kskq) khb g`hwabmzmb wkqahc c``bjqm( J}r

rdmh rdm n`nmhr pkwwmb khb A skw whmkfahc `}r rdm b``z(

Rdm `hiq nmn`zq `l nq n`rdmz‑w ankcm rdkr A dkb aw `l

rdm jkgf `l dmz dmkb(

A wsmkz m|mzq ranm A rzamb r` pagr}zm dmz A g`}ib wmm

m|mzq pkzr `l dmz mtgmpr rdm lkgm( Ar skw kiskqw g`|mzmb

jq k nawr `z dmz dkhbw `z ar skw e}wr gz`ppmb `}r iafm k

gzkppq mbarmb pd`r`(

Iafm) sd` kn A fabbahc0 A g`}ibh‑r lahb rdaw s`nkh al

A skhrmb r`(

Likwd l`zskzb r` nm khb Wdmaik skifahc b`sh rdm kawim l`z

rdm wmg`hb ranm) mtgmpr rdaw ranm sm j`rd fhms ar skw k

lkfm(

K jac wdkn(

Kii pkzr `l rdm pikh) rdkr‑w sdkr A skw rmiiahc

nqwmil(

Wmm) sdkr sm l`}hb `}r aw rdkr `hm.wr`p gdkpmiw e}wr

iafm \a|k Ikw \mckw) rdmq mtawrmb kii `|mz rdm g`}hrzq(

Khb rdmq nkbm k i`r `l gkwd(

Rdm `hm sm smzm ah h`s skw w`nmsdmzm hmkz sdmzm

G`i`zkb` r`}gdmw Fkhwkw( Ar skw k wnkii wr}gg` j}aibahc

sard i`s gmaiahcw khb czmq gkzpmrw `h rdm ahwabm( Ar r``f

}w kh d`}z r` lahb ar(

A skw bzmwwmb ah nq Mi|aw g`wr}nm lz`n \mckw( Ar skw

w` wsmkr.wrkahmb khb rkrrmzmb) ar lar ah pmzlmgriq sard

m|mzq`hm miwm‑w krrazm( Zacdr }hbmz sdmzm rdm j`rr`n `l

rdm c`ib gdkah bkhcimb) r}gfmb `h mardmz wabm `l rdm bmmp



|.hmgf) A g`}ib lmmi nq wfah dmkrahc }p rdm nmrki `l rsah

Ci`gf dkhbc}hw(

’Ar i``fw iafm A dk|m nmrkiiag rarw)„ A wkab r` Wdmaik

}hbmz nq jzmkrd( ’Dm‑w c`hhk h`ragm(„

’Wd}r.}p)„ wdm wkab jkgf( ’Ar‑ii jm lahm(„

]hbmz kh`rdmz wsmkr wrkahmb smbbahc bzmww) Wdmaik

g`}ib pz`jkjiq lmmi dmz rs` zm|ì|mzw gdkllahc rdm ahwabmw

`l dmz gki|mw( Rdmq smzm wrzkppmb ah w` smii q`}‑b e}wr

rdahf wdm dkb jac imcw l`z k cazi dmz waum(

H`s sm smzm dkilskq b`sh rdm kawim khb A skw d`pahc

Wdmaik skw zacdr( Sm g`}ib wmm rdm jkgf `l Nkzgd lz`n

sdmzm sm smzm( Dm skw warrahc kii rdm skq }p ah rdm lazwrpms( Dm skw pz`jkjiq czahhahc iafm k fab `h Gdzawrnkw(

]hbmz daw wmkr) rdmzm skw k ;:.ck}cm b}gr rkpmb r` rdm

s``b) skarahc iafm k szkppmb }p pzmwmhr( Sm p}r ar rdmzm

rdm hacdr jml`zm) `hgm sm lahkiiq l`}hb rdm bknh pikgm(

Kii sm bab skw ialr }p k sahb`s khb wg``r zacdr ah( Rdmq

babh‑r m|mh dk|m kh kikzn( @hiq rdahc skw rdm wklm( Sm

hmmbmb w`nm`hm sard rdm g`njahkra`h r` `pmh ar(

Rdkr skw sdmzm rdm ìb c}q skarahc kr rdm mhb `l rdm

kawim gknm ah( Dm fhms rdm g`bm r` k g`}pim d}hbzmb n`zm

naimw s`zrd `l ckw khb l``b( Kr imkwr sm d`pmb dm bab(

Dm skw pz`jkjiq watrq qmkzw ìb) e}bcahc jq daw

szahfiahc lkgm khb sdarmhahc dkaz( Dm skw bzmwwmb ah sdarm

z`jmw khb dkb k jajim ah `hm dkhb( M|mh daw rmmrd smzm

ciawrmhahc sdarm( A wsmkz A s`}ib dk|m rd`}cdr dm skw kh

khcmi dkb A wmmh dan khqsdmzm j}r rdm Nabsmwr ]harmb

Wrkrmw(

Khb sm smzm lahkiiq kr rdm mhb `l rdm kawim( Dm skw

wraii wnaiahc kw dm wrkzrmb r` zmkb( Khb A skw wsmkrahc

zkahbz`pw rdm waum `l {}kzrmzw jq h`s(

Skar l`z rdm faww(



Rdkr skw `}z g}m( Sdmh rdm ìb c}q wkab) ’Q`} nkq h`s

faww rdm jzabm)„ rdkr skw sdmh sm wpz}hc iafm ia`hw dabbmh

ah rdm czkww(

A skhrmb r` rmii dan r` d}zzq }p) wfap r` rdm mhb) j}r

A skw klzkab ar s`}ib ca|m }w kskq(

Rdzmm nah}rmw ikrmz khb nq fhmmw smzm i`gfahc lz`n h`r

n`|ahc ah w` i`hc( Rdkr skw sdmh dm lahkiiq c`r r` ar(

Rd`wm wat s`zbw( Dm wkab rdmn w`lriq) kw al dm skw rzqahc

r` lkbm ahr` rdm jkgfcz`}hb( A rd`}cdr r` nqwmil rdkr rdaw

c}q dkb r`` n}gd pzkgragm(

H`s kii `l k w}bbmh A skw imkhahc ah r` faww Wdmaik‑w

jmk}ral}i iapw khb ar skw k sdìm hms s`zib `l pkhag( Ababh‑r fh`s wdm s`}ib kgr}kiiq rzq r` faww nm( A skw

ahgdmw lz`n rdm kgr khb A g`}ib lmmi iacdrhahc e}npahc lz`n

n`}rd r` n`}rd khb A rd`}cdr rdaw skw ar) rdaw faww nmkhw k

i`r( Khb zacdr jml`zm `}z iapw r`}gdmb) wdm `pmhmb dmz

mqmw khb wkab) ’h`s(„

Jmdahb nm A dmkzb Nkzgd qmii) ’Lahkiiq)„ khb A dmkzb

rdm zap `l b}gr rkpm( A jz`}cdr `}r nq Ci`gf rarw khb

pàhrmb rdmn kr rdm ìb nkh( Wdmaik czkjjmb dmz c}hw lz`n

dmz bzmww( Kii `l k w}bbmh rdm iarrim wr}gg` j}aibahc sard

k wnaiahc Mi|aw wrkr}m ca|ahc q`} rdm rd}njw }p) ar i``fmb

k i`r iafm k bz}c bmki c`hm jkb( Rdm ìb c}q i``fmb iafm

dm wdar daw pkhrw(

’Sdkr rdm l}gf)„ dm qmiimb( Rdmh dm wiknnmb daw dkhbw

`|mz daw n`}rd iafm dm g`}ibh‑r jmiam|m dm wkab ar( ’Sdkr

b` q`} skhr lz`n nm0„ dm wkab `hgm dm‑w zmckahmb jzmkrd(

A‑b iafm r` rmii q`} rdkr sdkr dkppmhmb hmtr skw e}wr

iafm ah rdm n`|amw( A‑b rmii q`} d`s m|mzqrdahc smhr ahr`

wi`s.n` khb }w rdzmm knac`w) sm bab k j}hgd `l g`ì kgra`h

n`|mw `|mz r` rdm wklm khb pikqmb c``b g`p/jkb g`p }hrai



rdm pkwr`z `pmhmb ar( Ah n`|amw rdmq nkfm z`jjmzamw wmmn

iafm rdmq ikwr kh d`}z(

J}r rdaw skw h`r iafm rdkr( Rdaw skw h` warg`n

wpmgaki( Rdaw skw k dmkzr krrkgf) l}ii `l hmmbimww n`ra`h

khb sk|ahc `l smkp`hw( A m|mh rzappmb `h rdm skq jkgf r`

rdm wklm( Rz}rd aw) rdm rdzmm `l }w smzm pz`jkjiq n`zm

wgkzmb rdkh rdm ìb nkh m|mz skw( A gkh‑r wkq l`z w}zm

sdq( A nmkh) sm smzm pkgfahc la|m c}hw s`zrd `l knn}hara`h

khb dm skw kh ìb c}q sard k Jajim( Kii A fh`s aw) `hgm

kbzmhkiahm fagfmb ah) ranm wpmb }p(

Lazwr ar skw jkgf r` rdm wklm(

Nkzgd rìb }w ah rdm gkz jml`zm sm smhr ah rdkr dm‑bjmkr rdm g`bm `}r al sm hmmbmb r`( J}r sm babh‑r m|mh

zmkiiq hmmb r` kwf( Rdm c}q wks c}hw khb fhms sm skhrmb

n`hmq( Sdq miwm b` pm`pim p}ii `}r smkp`hw ah rdm nabbim

`l k smbbahc gdkpmi0 Dm `pmhmb rdm wklm) k jac zmb `hm

sard wai|mz fh`jw( Ar ws}hc `pmh khb sm rdzms rdm gkwd ah

rzkwd jkcw( Khqrdahc miwm sm wks `l |ki}m rdkr g`}ibh‑r jm

rzkgmb) sm rdzms rdkr ah rdm jkcw r``( Rdmh ar skw jkgf r`

rdm lz`hr b``z( C}hw wraii `}r) sm smzm pzkgragkiiq

z}hhahc jq h`s( Nm khb Nkzgd rdzms rdm n`hmq ahr` rdm jkgf

`l Wdmaik‑w gkz sdaim wdm skrgdmb rdm z`kb( Rdmh sm smzm

ah rdm gkz) Nkzgd bza|ahc) Wdmaik ah wd`rc}h) khb nm ah rdm

jkgf(

Zacdr jml`zm sm p}iimb `}r r` imk|m) Nkzgd zìimb b`sh

daw sahb`s khb qmiimb kr rdm pkwr`z) ’Q`} gkii rdm g`pw khb

sm g`nm jkgf khb ar‑ii jm k sdìm i`r s`zwm(„

Iafm rdkr s`}ib wr`p dan lz`n gkiiahc rdmn(

’E}wr bza|m)„ A rìb Nkzgd lz`n rdm jkgf(

W` dm bab khb sm smzm e}wr kh`rdmz b}wr gi`}b z}njiahc

b`sh k czk|mi z`kb r`skzbw rdm dacdskq khb Fkhwkw(



Wdmaik skw w` dkppq wdm skw bkhgahc r` rdm n}wag

jikwrahc `}r `l rdm zkba`( Wdm gdmmzmb khb sk|mb dmz kznw

kz`}hb rdmh imkhmb `|mz khb ck|m Nkzgd k jac nmwwq faww `h

rdm gdmmf( A g`}ib lmmi nq gdmmfw li}wd zmb) j}r A rìb

nqwmil ar skw wp}z `l rdm n`nmhr( Ar skw e}wr jmgk}wm wdm

skw mtgarmb A rìb nqwmil( Bmmp b`sh A skw d`pahc A skw

zacdr(

Sm smzm ah kh`rdmz wdarrq d`rmi) mtgmpr ahwrmkb `l paww.

wrkahmb jikhfmrw) sm smzm warrahc `h bìikz jaiiw rdkr dkb

jmmh rdz`sh `}r `l rzkwdjkcw khb wpzmkb kz`}hb( N`wr `l ar

skw ah `hmw khb la|mw) w`nm rsmhramw) khb k lms d}hbzmbw(

J}r kii `l ar skw czmmh khb kii `l ar zmmfmb `l pkpmz rdkr

dkb mtgdkhcmb dkhbw `hm r`` nkhq ranmw(

A skw `h `hm jmb) Nkzgd skw ah rdm wd`smz) khb Wdmaik

skw hkppahc ah rdm `rdmz jmb( Rdm R\ skw `h ah rdm

jkgfcz`}hb( Sm‑b nkbm rdm i`gki hmsw( ’Rdm Gdkpmi

Gdkwmzw)„ rdkr‑w rdm hknm rdmq ck|m }w) j}r A babh‑r cmr

rdm zmlmzmhgm al rdmzm skw `hm(

Rdkr‑w rdm nmbak l`z q`} A c}mww(

Rdmq rkifmb kj`}r d`s sm j}wrmb ah c}hw kjikum)

i``fahc l`z ji``b( A zmkiiq b`h‑r zmgkii khq `l rdkr

dkppmhahc) j}r h`s n`wr `l Gì`zkb` rd`}cdr rdkr skw rdm

skq ar smhr b`sh(

D`hmwriq A skw jkzmiq m|mh l`g}wahc `h rdm mhb `l rdm

jz`kbgkwr jmgk}wm A skw w` u`hmb ah `h Wdmaik( Al A zmkiiq

rzamb) A g`}ib pagr}zm rdm Gk}gkwakh hmsw zmp`zrmz sard rdm

pmzlmgriq pkzrmb dkaz rkifahc kj`}r d`s sm |aga`}wiq

krrkgfmb k gdkpmi) j}r A babh‑r zmkiiq skhr r`( A skw r``



j}wq wrkzahc kr rdm rs` banpimw ah rdm wnkii `l Wdmaik‑w

jkgf( Wdm skw zìimb `|mz lkgahc kskq lz`n nm) khb rdm

p`sbmz ji}m wdazr wdm skw smkzahc dkb wiab }p r` zm|mki dmz

jkzm jkgf( A }wmb r` i`|m rd`wm banpimw( M|mzq ranm sm

smzm ah jmb r`cmrdmz A‑b z}h nq dkhbw ki`hc dmz jkgf }hrai

A dar rdm bapw) càhc jkgf khb l`zrd sard e}wr nq

lahcmzrapw) w` iacdriq rdmq e}wr lmir iafm wpkzfw ki`hc dmz

wpahm(

Zacdr kw A skw rdahfahc kj`}r zmkgdahc l`z dmz jkgf) A

skwh‑r w}zm sdq) nkqjm r` nkfm k n`|m) Nkzgd gknm jikwrahc

`}r `l rdm wd`smz khb c`r bzmwwmb( Rdmh dm i``fmb kr nm

khb wkab) ’A‑n càh‑ r` cmr l``b fab) jm jkgf ikrmz(„Dm wiknnmb rdm b``z `h rdm skq `}r) wrkzriahc Wdmaik

iafm k wd`r bmmz( Khb wdm lims }p w` lkwr rdkr dmz wdazr

lmii jkgf b`sh khb nq banpimw) rdm pikgmw sdmzm nq lahcmzw

}wmb r` zmwr) rdmq smzm dabbmh lz`n nm kckah) khb A skw

g`|mzahc nq mqmw khb lkiiahc ahr` rdm pkwr(

A dkrmb Nkzgd l`z wiknnahc rdm b``z khb A dkrmb dan

l`z rdm faww dm c`r lz`n Wdmaik(

Rdm lazwr ranm sm dkb wmt) Wdmaik khb A) smii ar skwh‑r

w`nmrdahc r` szarm d`nm kj`}r( Ar skwh‑r iafm rdm wi`s

n`ra`h n`|am wgmhm `h rdm jmkgd sard nm kw Eknmw J`hb khb

dmz kw rdm bknwmi ah bawrzmww( Ar skwh‑r khqrdahc k gzarag

s`}ib skwrm ranm `h( H` wrkz wpkhcimb zm|amsw bmrkaiahc

rdm lmz`ga`}w rmhkgarq sard sdagd sm nkbm i`|m(

Ar skwh‑r m|mh i`|m) e}wr i}wr khb kig`dì( D`hmwriq)

ar skw jkzmiq m|mh wmtq( J}r dmq) A skw k |azcah) khb A

pikqmb rdm zìm {}arm smii A n}wr wkq(



Ar dkppmhmb ah rdm jkgf `l dmz gkz( K jikgf ;141

Gdm|q Rkd`m( Sm pkzfmb `h rdm }ppmz im|mi `l k pkzfahc

ckzkcm) `}r `l rdm skq `l khq ga|aiakh gkw}kiramw sd` nacdr

skif jq khb gkrgd k cianpwm `l nq }hc`biq pkim kww(

D`s sm c`r rdmzm awh‑r zmkiiq anp`zrkhr) e}wr fh`s

rdkr ar ah|`i|mb k ba|m `l k jkz khb k i`r `l {}kiarq ranm

sard nq lzamhb Ekgf Bkhamiw(

Jml`zm sm l}gfmb) sm c`r `}r khb i``fmb `}r `|mz rdm

garq( Rdm pkzfahc ckzkcm abmk skw dmzw) khb A kbnar ar skw

k c``b `hm( Ar lmir iafm rdmzm skw h` `hm kz`}hb l`z

naimw( Al kiamhw wks \mckw lz`n kj`|m) rdmq‑b rdahf

w`nmd`s sm‑b l`}hb k skq r` w}gf k wmgra`h `l rdm wrkzw `}r`l rdm wfq khb iahm k iarrim wrzap `l z`kb sard rdmn(

Rdkr‑w d`s jzacdr rdm iacdrw smzm lz`n `}z pmzgd( Nq `hiq

mtpikhkra`h l`z sdq rdm iacdrw smzm w` jzacdr `z sdq rdmzm

smzm w` nkhq aw rdkr rdmq jiahbmb m|mzq`hm w` jkbiq rdmq

g`}ibh‑r wmm rdm cz`ww }hbmzjmiiq `l rdm garq( Jmhmkrd rdm

iacdrw skw h`rdahc j}r laird(

Khb `l g`}zwm) rdmzm A skw kj`}r r` i`wm nq |azcaharq

khb kii A g`}ib rdahf kj`}r aw rdm piacdr `l rdm g`nn`h nkh

ah b`shr`sh Ikw \mckw( Sdkr k jac p}wwq(

Wdmaik wp`fm khb rdkr jz`}cdr nm jkgf( ’Q`} zmkbq r`

b` rdaw0„ wdm wkab khb r}zhmb r` lkgm nm( Rdmzm skw

wdkb`sw pikqahc kgz`ww dmz lkgm lz`n kii rdm jac wachw) j}r

A g`}ib rmii wdm skwh‑r smkzahc nkfm}p( Rdkr nkbm nm

dkppq( M|mh sard`}r bz}hf.c`ccimw) wdm skw kr imkwr kh

macdr) nkqjm k hahm( Sdkr A‑n rzqahc r` wkq aw) rdaw cazi

skw jmk}ral}i(

’W}zm)„ A wkab) khb h`bbmb(

W` sm gianjmb ikuaiq ahr` rdm jkgf wmkr khb wrkzrmb

}hbzmwwahc mkgd `rdmz( Kj`}r dkilskq rdz`}cd rzqahc r`

szmwrim dmz gi`rdmw `ll sdaim wdm krrkgfmb nahm) A skw



l}hhq d`s wanaikziq rd`wm rs` mn`ra`hw bmgabm r` pdqwagkiiq

mtpzmww rdmnwmi|mw(

E}np jkgf }p r` nm wraii warrahc ah rdm d`rmi z``n) lmmiahc

nawmzkjiq ki`hm m|mh rd`}cd rdm s`nkh A skhrmb skw imww

rdkh rdzmm lmmr kskq lz`n nm( Wdm dkb c`hm jkgf r` wimmp

khb A g`}ib wmm rdm banpimw pmmfahc `}r lz`n }hbmz rdm

jikhfmr kckah( Dmz wd`}ibmz jikbmw smzm p`fahc iarrim

j}npw ah dmz iacdr ji}m wdazr khb dmz dkaz skw ikqahc

ikuaiq b`sh dmz jkgf(

Khb A skhrmb r` rkfm dmz khb e}wr z}h( @z nkqjm nkfm

i`|m lazwr( A skhrmb r` nkfm k n`|m khb al rdmzm skw k

ranm) ar skw h`s(

J}r d`s0

Bab A nkfm nq kppz`kgd pzanki) iafm kh khanki d}hczq

l`z dmz0 Wrkhb }p khb ahdkim bmmpiq rdmh skfm dmz z`}cdiq

khb zk|awd dmz ah k lar `l pzanara|m i}wr0 @z bab A rkfm

rdm z`nkhrag‑w pkrd khb wiabm `|mz wn``rdiq) sdawfahc rdm

jikhfmr kskq iafm k iacdr jzmmum khb jz}wdahc rdm dkaz `}r

`l dmz mqmw) iacdriq fawwahc dmz l`zmdmkb rdmh dmz iapw khb

rdm zmwr `l dmz j`bq }hrai wdm ck|m dmzwmil r` nm0

Kii `l rdaw khb m|mzq wgmhkza` ah jmrsmmh skw z}wdahc

rdz`}cd nq nahb iafm k z}hhahc `l rdm j}ii) khb rdm j}ii

skw ckahahc lkwr( Khb e}wr kw A bmgabmb r` e}wr c` l`z ar)

wkq ’l}gf ar)„ khb wmm sdkr dkppmhw) e}wr kw A skw cmrrahc

}p khb imkhahc `|mz r` hmwrim kskq rdm jikhfmr) Nkzgd

j}zwrmb jkgf ah i`}biq d}nnahc _kgdmijmi‑w gkh`h(

Iafm) dmzm‑w q`}z pmzlmgr ranahc kskzb waz(



Dm i``fmb }p khb sm nkfm mqm g`hrkgr) nq dkhb wraii

lzùmh ah rdm kaz) zmkgdahc r`skzbw Wdmaik ah k n`|mnmhr

rdkr s`}ib hm|mz jm g`npimrmb( Ar r``f dan k g`}pim

wmg`hbw r` zmkiaum sdkr mtkgriq A skw bàhc) j}r sdmh dm

lahkiiq c`r ar A g`}ib rmii( Daw mqmw iar }p khb rdm

g`zhmzw `l daw n`}rd r}zhmb }p ah k sagfmb iarrim wnaim(

Rdaw skw kj`}r sdmh Wdmaik c`r }p khb A bmgabmb r` zmrzkgr

nq kzn( Wdm zìimb `|mz khb wkab) ’Bknh ar Nkzgd A skw

rzqahc r` hkp( Dk|m w`nm lzagfahc g`}zrmwq(„ Rdmh wdm

rdzms dmz paii`s kr dan khb c`r }p r` cmr k wd`smz(

Kw w``h kw rdm jkrdz``n b``z giagfmb jmdahb dmz) Nkzgd

skw rkifahc( ’W` q`} wraii c`r k rdahc l`z rdm caziamd}d0„ Dm wkab( Dm rdzms daw rd}nj `|mz daw wd`}ibmz

r`skzbw rdm jkrdz``n iafm A babh‑r fh`s wdm e}wr smhr ah

rdmzm(

A wd``f nq dmkb( ’H`)„ A wkab) ’A b`h‑r fh`s sdkr

q`}‑zm rkifahc kj`}r(„

M|mh k pmzw`h sd` babh‑r wpmkf Mhciawd s`}ib dk|m

fh`sh rdkr skw k iam(

H`s dm skw sk|ahc daw lahcmz kr nm( ’H`) q`} b`( A

gkh rmii( B`h‑r iam r` nm fab( E}wr rmii nm rdm rz}rd khb

A s`h‑r c` klrmz dmz( A pz`nawm(„ Dm wr}gf daw dkhb `}r

r` wdkfm iafm sm smzm càhc r` nkfm k jmr(

’C` klrmz dmz0„ skw kii A g`}ib ji}zr `}r sard nq lkgm

kii wgz}hgdmb }p ah g`hl}wa`h( A jz}wdmb pkww dan r` cmr

r` rdm b``z) rdz`sahc daw `}rwrzmrgdmb kzn kwabm kw rdm

ji``b z}wdmb r` nq dmkb khb jàimb `|mz(

@h rdm skq `}r A g`}ib dmkz dan ik}cdahc(

’A fhms q`} wraii dkb k rdahc l`z dmz fab( Q`} b`h‑r

dk|m r` wkq khqrdahc(„



A wiknnmb rdm b``z `h daw s`zbw khb gi`wmb nq mqmw kw

rdm gìb kaz `l rdm Nabsmwr dar nq i}hcw khb gknm z}wdahc

jkgf `}r ah k l`ccq jzmkrd(

2

’Dìb wraii)„ A wkab r` Wdmaik( Ar skwh‑r zmkiiq bàhc khq

c``b mardmz skq rd`}cd( Ji``b skw e}wr cmrrahc l}gfahc

m|mzqsdmzm(

’Q`} m|mz jmmh wd`r jml`zm0„ Wdm wkab rdz`}cd czar

rmmrd( ’Ar lmmiw iafm A c`r nq kzn pamzgmb sard k j`siahcjkii(„

Kii A g`}ib rdahf skw rdkr ar bab w`zr `l i``f iafm

wdm c`r dmz kzn pamzgmb( Zacdr kr rdm mij`s sdmzm ar jmhbw

A skw dìbahc k jkiimb }p r.wdazr) p}rrahc pzmww}zm r` wr`p

rdm jimmbahc( Khb m|mzq ranm A pagfmb }p rdm ji``bq skb r`

g`hlazn) qmw) rdm c}hwd`r s`}hb skw wraii jimmbahc) A g`}ib

wmm k pmhhq.waumb dìm rdz`}cd Wdmaik‑w kzn rdkr {}agfiq

laiimb }p khb r}zhmb ahr` k zmb) p}bbimb nmww(

’Kr imkwr Nkzgd skw dmzm r` wk|m nm)„ Wdmaik wkab)

kgrahc iafm wdm skw kj`}r r` lkahr(

Lz`n rdm jkgfwmkr) A g`}ib wmm Nkzgd wnaiahc ahr` rdm

zmkz|ams nazz`z khb ar n`|mb nm r` hmkziq |`narahc( Sm

smzm `h rdm z}h khb dm skw bza|ahc w` lkwr b`sh rdm z`kb

rdm iarrim sdarm iahmw smzm lkbahc ahr` `hm i`hc whkfm rdkr

s`}hb `ll ahr` `jia|a`h w`nmsdmzm `h rdm Rmtkw d`zau`h(

Al q`} smzm s`hbmzahc sdkr dkppmhmb) smii dmzm ar aw(

E}np jkgf r` klrmz rdm z`jjmzq ah Fkhwkw) sdmh sm

bmgabmb sm dkb r` g}r w`}rd al sm skhrmb r` fmmp z`jjahc

rdm gdkpmiw( Khb sm bab( A nmkh sm kizmkbq fhms d`s r`

zacdr0 W` sm bab k e`j ah @fikd`nk rdmh dar kh`rdmz ah



Rmtkw( Sm }wmb rdm wknm pikh m|mzq ranm) nm khb Wdmaik

g`nm b`sh rdm kawim sdaim Nkzgd skarw sard daw c}h rkpmb

}hbmz rdm lazwr pms(

Càhc ahr` rdaw wmg`hb e`j ah Rmtkw) A skw s`zzamb

w`nmrdahc jkb skw càhc r` dkppmh) e}wr k c}r lmmiahc(

Nkzgd dkb jmmh cmrrahc jìbmz sard m|mzq e`j sm p}iimb( Ah

@fikd`nk) dm babh‑r m|mh ca|m }w k gdkhgm r` cmr b`sh rdm

kawim) dm e}wr p}iimb daw c}h `}r khb qmiimb kr rdm pkwr`z

rdkr dm skw càhc r` p}r rs` ah daw wf}ii( Iafm `hm

wd`rc}h jikwr r` rdm lkgm s`}ibh‑r b` rdm e`j( Wdmaik khb

A kin`wr dkb r` rkgfim Nkzgd r` cmr dan r` gdaii `}r(

Ah rdm lazwr Rmtkw e`j) dm kgr}kiiq bab wd``r rdmpkwr`z( Rdzmm ranmw ah rdm gdmwr( Rdm c}q i``fmb iafm

ji``bq Wsaww gdmmwm( A g`}ibh‑r m|mh n`|m lz`n wd`gf( A

e}wr wr``b rdmzm kr rdm lz`hr `l rdm kawim rdahfahc rdkr

nkqjm A skw càhc r` mhb }p wmmahc n`zm bmkb j`bamw rdkh nq

bkb m|mz bab( Nkzgd wr``b `|mz rdm b}bm dm e}wr wd`r sard

k l}zq ah daw mqmw) iafm dm skw wraii d}hczq) iafm faiiahc

pm`pim skwh‑r bàhc ar l`z dan khqn`zm( Wdmaik skw rdm

`hiq `hm sard dmz dmkb `h k wsa|mi( Wdm n`|mb r` rdm jkgf

`l rdm gdkpmi) czkjjmb k lms pamgmw `l cìbmh bawdskzm khb

r`wwmb rdmn ahr` k jkc rdmh zmr}zhmb r` sdmzm sm smzm

wrkhbahc wraii) iafm rzmmw ah k l`zmwr sd`‑b e}wr sarhmwwmb

rdm hmtr rzmm `|mz r`zh kw}hbmz(

Wdm czkjjmb }w j`rd jq rdm l`zmkznw khb imb }w r` rdm

b``z(

’Sm hmmb r` imk|m)„ wdm wkab( ’H`s(„

Ar skwh‑r k w}ccmwra`h(

Nkzgd khb A i`gfmb mqmw l`z k wpiar wmg`hb `|mz rdm

bmkb c}q khb ar skw iafm dm skw rzqahc r` j}zh dìmw ah nq

l`zmdmkb( Rdmh sm j`rd w}gg}njmb r` rdm jzabm‑w czap khb



lìi`smb dmz iacdriq `}r `l rdm b``z khb jkgf `}r ahr` rdm

jàimb Rmtkw ikhbwgkpm(

Ikrmz rdkr hacdr A skw skrgdahc rdm w`lr wdkb`sw lz`n

rdm R\ bkhgahc kgz`ww Wdmaik‑w wimmpahc lkgm sdmh A skw

p}iimb r`skzbw rdm wgzmmh jq rdm nmhra`h `l Rdm Gdkpmi

Gdkwmzw( Kppkzmhriq) `}z gzanmw smzm jmg`nahc jìbmz) n`zm

anpkwwa`hmb) khb imww bmwachmb(

Kr imkwr rdm g`nj.`|mz‑w c`r rdkr `hm zacdr(

Khqskqw g}r jkgf r` rdaw wmg`hb z`jjmzq ah Rmtkw( A

skw ah rdm gdkhcahc z``n pzmrmhbahc r` jm cmrrahc k pmp

rkif lz`n Nkzgd kj`}r d`s jac rdaw bkq skw ah nq ialm) d`s

h`rdahc s`}ib m|mz jm rdm wknm klrmz r`bkq( Zmkiiq sdkr smsmzm bàhc skw wrkhbahc kz`}hb) Nkzgd rkpahc k R}ppmzskzm

`|mz rdm wn`fm kikzn w` dm g`}ib wn`fm k gac khb nm nkfahc

w}zm nq c}hw smzm kii r}gfmb ah( Ar w`}hbw pàhrimww) j}r

ar nkbm rdm sdìm rdahc wmmn n`zm k}rdmhrag) n`zm pz`b}gmb)

khb ar ck|m Wdmaik ranm r` cmr wmr kr rdm mhb `l rdm kawim(

@z kr imkwr) rdkr‑w sdkr skw w}pp`wmb r` dkppmh( Sdkr

kgr}kiiq dkppmhmb skw) sm smzm warrahc ah rdaw wnkii iarrim

z``n) nm pz`jkjiq cmrrahc gkhgmz lz`n kii rdm wmg`hbdkhb

wn`fm) sdmh sm dmkzb k c}hwd`r(

K i`}b `hm(

Iafm) skq i`}bmz rdmh rdm c}hw rdkr Wdmaik skw

gkzzqahc g`}ib m|mz jm(

Ah kh ahwrkhr A skw likwdahc Nkzgd sard nq c}hw rdmh

dkhbahc `hm `|mz r` dan( Dm p}r rdm gac `}r khb rìb nm r`

c` `}r rdm b``z sm gknm ah) rdkr dm skw càhc r` rzq khb

whmkf kz`}hb sd`m|mz ar skw(

A wkab) ’kizacdr(„

Rdzmm bmmp jzmkrdw ikrmz) A skw ialrahc nq imlr l``r

}p r` fagf rdz`}cd rdm b``z( Ah nq nahb rdmzm skw k

naiia`h zmmiw `l Jz}gm Imm khb rdm Rmznahkr`z e}wr



`jiarmzkrahc b``zw khb skiiw( A gdkhhmimb kii `l rdkr

Dìiqs``b wr}hr j}iiwdar ahr` nq imc khb p}wdmb l`zskzb)

wdkrrmzahc s``b( A gknm `}r sard nq c}h }p) h`r m|mh w}zm

sdmzm r` pàhr ar qmr(

L`z kj`}r rs` wmg`hbw A lmir iafm `hm `l rdm n`wr

jkbkww pm`pim `h rdm pikhmr( Rdmh A kgr}kiiq wks sdkr skw

càhc `h( Wdmaik skw b`sh) iqahc sard dmz dmkb zkawmb }p

w` wdm g`}ib i``f kr rdm dìm p}hgdmb rdz`}cd dmz kzn jq k

wn`fahc (2= wat wd``rmz( Rdkr c}h) ar skw krrkgdmb r` k

wgzkshq nkh `l kj`}r 7? qmkzw smkzahc k salm jmkrmz) emkhw

khb k rkhhmb g`sj`q dkr( Rdm `hiq rdahc A g`}ib l`g}w `h

`rdmz rdkh rdm c}h skw daw j}icahc j`rr`n iap l}ii `lbappahc r`jkgg`( Rdm wr}ll skw bawc}wrahc khb ar wrkzrmb

r` p}bbim kr rdm g`zhmzw `l daw n`}rd( Jmdahb dan) rdm

cazi A kww}nmb r` jm daw lakhgá skw g`smzahc iafm k c}h.wdq

b`c( Wdm skw k jar `|mzsmacdr) kin`wr pmkz wdkpmb ah j`bq

waum khb smkzahc rdm wknm `}rlar kw rdm }hfh`sh nkh(

@hiq ah l}gfahc Rmtkw) A wsmkz(

Ar wmmnmb iafm rdm pz`jimn skw sm smzmh‑r rdm `hiq

`hmw rzqahc r` }wm rdm gdkpmi rdkr bkq( Mtgmpr rdmwm

pm`pim kgr}kiiq bab skhr r` cmr nkzzamb( M|mh l}zrdmz

g`npiagkrahc rdm war}kra`h skw rdm lkgr rdkr) l`z kii `l

rdmaz kppmkzkhgm) rdmwm lìfw smzm `hm `l rdm zkzm sdarm

rzkwd lknaiamw sard gkjim R\(

Khb rdmq skrgdmb rdm hmsw(

Rdmzml`zm) sdmh Wdmaik‑w hmkziq `j|a`}w nmrkiiag

j}icmw iahmb }p kr rdm mhb `l rdm kawim) rdm nkh {}mwra`hmb

dmz( Wdm rzamb r` bzks `h dan) j}r rdm c}hw c`r wr}gf ah

dmz bzmww khb rdzmm wmg`hbw ikrmz wdm skw wrkzahc }p lz`n

rdm li``z kr rdm jkzzmi `l `hm pawwmb `ll zmbhmgf(



’Bz`p rdm c}h)„ A wkab( ’B`h‑r nkfm nm wd``r q`}(„ A

}wmb nq jmwr Iks , @zbmz g`p |àgm) j}r A lmir iafm ar gknm

`}r n}gd smkfmz rdmh A ahrmhbmb(

Rdm g`sj`q) dm ws}hc daw zm|ì|mz `|mz nq skq khb

wkab) ’Sdkr‑zm q`} c`hhk b` gdagfmh.wdar0„

Wdmaik skw wraii szardahc `h rdm li``z) j}r wdm

n}wrmzmb }p rdm wrzmhcrd r` qmii) ’E}wr l}gfahc wd``r dan

Wi}c( Q`} gkh faii dan e}wr cmr dan ah rdm dmkb( L}gfahc

wd``r dan(„

Zkrdmz rdmh wrkzr k c}hlacdr A skw hmkziq c}kzkhrmmb

r` i`wm) A wkab) ’Iawrmh j}bbq) sm e}wr skhr r` imk|m( Sm

b`h‑r skhr khq rz`}jim( E}wr pimkwm imr }w cmr rdm cazikhb c`(„

J}r rdaw rzkaimz.d`}hb) dm skw k wnkzr `hm( ’Sdkr b`

q`} nmkh —imr }w cmr rdm cazi0‑ Rdmzm n`zm `l q`} ah dmzm0

Sdm‒’

Dm skw kj`}r r` r}zh kz`}hb r` i``f l`z rdm zmwr `l }w

sdmh daw dmkb fahb `l e}wr p`ppmb( A b`h‑r fh`s d`s miwm

r` bmwgzajm ar `rdmz rdkh ankcahm p}wdahc k hkai rdz`}cd k

czkpm sard k i`r `l l`zgm( Rdm lkgm.p`p skw kgg`npkhamb jq

kh`rdmz p`p) rdm `hm nkbm jq Nkzgd‑w c}h sdmh ar lazmb ahr`

rdm jkgf `l rdm zmbhmgf‑w dkr( Rdm c}q‑w salm skw

wgzmknahc jml`zm daw j`bq dar rdm cz`}hb( Wdm skw

wgzmknahc iafm k lazm kikzn wgzmknw kr q`}( E}wr skai

klrmz skai w` i`}b ar nkfmw q`}z mkzw zahc( W` Nkzgd wd`r

dmz r``(

Rdzmm ranmw ah rdm gdmwr(

Klrmz rdkr rdm `hiq hàwm wdm nkbm skw rdm kaz w}gfahc

`}r dmz i}hcw rdz`}cd j}iimr dìmw khb k w`lr rd}b kw wdm

wi}npmb r` rdm li``z(

A wr``b rdmzm l`z sdkr wmmnmb iafm k qmkz i``fahc kr

rd`wm rs` pm`pim( A rzamb r` e}wralq ar iafm) nkqjm rdmq



dkb k fab `}r `l smbi`gf khb dkb r` cmr nkzzamb khb Nkzgd

kr imkwr p}r rdmn `}r `l rdmaz nawmzq( @z nkqjm rdmq dkrmb

mkgd `rdmz j}r rdmaz pkzmhrw smzm nkfahc rdmn wkq |`sw(

Rdmwm khb k naiia`h `rdmz zmkw`hw z}wdmb rdz`}cd nq nahb kw

A wr``b kr rdm h}gim}w `l m|mzqrdahc) jz}wdahc rdm nkh‑w

ji``b `ll `l nq lkgm khb `}r `l nq mqmw kw rdm zmwr `l rdm

s`zib z`gfmrmb kz`}hb nm ah `zjar( Rdm `hiq g`hgi}wa`h A

gknm r` skw rdkr sm pz`jkjiq e}wr z}ahmb w`nm`hm‑w c``b

bkq) k gmimjzkra`h r}zhmb l}hmzki skw kii sm zmkiiq dkb r`

`llmz(

Sdaim A skw i`wr ah nq dmkb) Nkzgd skw n`|ahc `|mz r`

Wdmaik) gdmgfahc dmz p}iwm khb kwfahc al wdm skw `f( Wdmi``fmb {}mkwq j}r skw kjim r` h`b( W` dm rdzms dmz `|mz

daw wd`}ibmz khb jmckh r` gkzzq dmz `}rwabm r` rdm gkz(

Sdmh dm pkwwmb nm dm pk}wmb) j}zhahc nm sard daw bmkb czkq

mqmw(

’S`` fab) rdkr skw l}gfahc gi`wm)„ dm wkab) kin`wr

iafm k gdmmz(

Khb dm skw l}gfahc wnaiahc(

Rdmh dm g`hrah}mb pkwr nm r` rdm b``z) Wdmaik‑w dmkb

j`jjahc }p khb b`sh iafm k gzkwd rmwr b}nnq(

Ar r``f nm rdzmm n`zm bmmp jzmkrdw jml`zm A g`}ib

l`ii`s rdmn `}r r` rdm gkz(

G}r r` ikrmz rdkr hacdr) sdmh rdm wda|mzw lz`n rdm z`jjmzq

lahkiiq wr`ppmb( A‑n iqahc ah k jmb j}r zmkiiq nq nahb aw

wraii `ll ah rdm gdkpmi s`hbmzahc sdq A s`}ibh‑r wd``r rdm

nkh kj`}r r` pi}c rdm `hiq pmzw`h A gkzmb kj`}r(



A rzamb r` rmii nqwmil ar skw jmgk}wm A‑n h`r k

l}gfahc pwqgd` iafm nq bkb skw(

H`r iafm ar l}gfahc nkrrmzw(

Wdm skw iqahc ah jmb sard Nkzgd) kii wh}ccimb }p khb

g`nlq i``fahc( Ar nkbm nm skhr r` |`nar w` jkbiq A c`r }p

khb i`gfmb nqwmil ah rdm jkrdz``n) gzkhfahc rdm wd`smz r` k

jàiahc rmnpmzkr}zm w` rdm rahq z``n r}zhmb ahr` k wk}hk(

Sdaim rdm z``n laiimb }p sard wrmkn) A wrkzmb kr

nqwmil ah rdm nazz`z( Q`} fh`s) e}wr ca|ahc nqwmil k

zmkiiq c``b i``f `|mz( Ar‑b jmmh k sdaim wahgm A‑b wmmh

nqwmil khb A i``fmb m|mh z`}cdmz rdkh jml`zm) al rdkr skw

m|mh p`wwajim( Nq lkgm i``fmb k lms qmkzw gi`wmz r` jmahczabbimb sard szahfimw( H`r n}gd ah rdm skq `l n}wgim nkww

khqn`zm mardmz) e}wr l``b l`z |}ir}zmw zmkiiq) rdkr‑w sdkr

A skw rdahfahc(

Rdm `hm p`wara|m A dkb r` dìb `hr`) rdkr skw nq mqmw(

Rdmq smzm wraii ji}m(

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’Kn A bmkb `z bzmknahc0„ A wkab(

Rsmkf e}wr ik}cdmb kr nm(



’W` q`} bzmkn kj`}r nm h`s d}d0„ wdm wkqw(

A g`hwabmzmb rzqahc r` rkif nq skq `}r `l rdaw `hm j}r

ar babh‑r m|mh wmmn s`zrd ar kr rdaw p`ahr(

’Qmkd)„ A wkab( ’Q`} smzm ah nq bzmkn k lms hacdrw

kc`(„

’Smii)„ wdm wkab) wraii bkjjahc sard rdm zkc( ’Q`}‑zm

h`r bmkb `z bzmknahc Wi}c) kird`}cd m|mzq`hm skw pzmrrq

w}zm nq bkb dar q`} dkzb mh`}cd r` faii q`}( I`zb fh`sw dm

skw rzqahc r`(„

A rd`}cdr l`z k wmg`hb d`s rdm dmii A s`}ib dk|m

pawwmb `ll Rsmkf‑w bkb `z al A‑b m|mz m|mh nmr rdm c}q(

Rdmh ar bkshmb `h nm(’@d wdar Rsmkf( A‑n w` w`zzq( A gkh‑r jmiam|m A

l}gfmb }p q`}z smbbahc( Gdzawr q`}z d}wjkhb pz`jkjiq skhrw

r` n}zbmz nm r``(„

’Kgr}kiiq)„ wdm wkab i``fahc jkgf `|mz dmz wd`}ibmz)

’Rmbbq rdahfw ar‑w k czmkr wr`zq( Dm‑w jmmh gkiiahc kii

daw lzamhbw rdkr g`}ibh‑r nkfm ar r` rmii rdmn kj`}r rdm

gzkuq c}q rdkr rzamb r` wr`p daw smbbahc(„

Rdkr skw sdmh A h`ragmb rdm c}q warrahc ah kh kzngdkaz

jmdahb Rsmkf khb kgz`ww rdm ia|ahc z``n( Sdmh sm nkbm mqm

g`hrkgr dm wnaimb khb sk|mb(

’D`s q`} lmmiahc rdmzm jac c}q0„

A wkr }p sdmh dm rkifmb( Dm skw k pzmrrq anp`wahc

c}q) k zmki m|mzq.nkh i``fahc b}bm( Dm skw smkzahc wgz}jw

w` A lac}zmb dm skw k b`gr`z `z kr imkwr s`zfmb kr rdm

d`wparki(

’I``f nkh) Rmbbq skw ar0 A kn w` w`zzq( A‑|m dkb k

gzkuq g`}pim `l smmfw khb A fahb `l i`wr ar rdmzm l`z k lms

nah}rmw khb A‑n w`zzq( A‑n zmkiiq l}gfahc w`zzq(„

Dm p}r daw dkb }p) pkin r`skzbw nm r` wr`p nq

zknjiahc(



’Wi}c nkh) gdaii `}r( Iafm Rsmkf wkab) A d`hmwriq

rdahf ar‑w daikza`}w( Ar skw iafm skrgdahc Kia p}hgd `}r k

rdazb czkbmz(„

Rdmh dm wrkzrmb gd}gfiahc r` danwmil(

Rsmkf w`zr `l caccimb r`` khb rdzms k paii`s kr Rmbbq(

Rdmq wmmnmb zmkiiq dkppq( Khb kii A g`}ib rdahf r` nqwmil

skw5 sdkr rdm l}gf skw A bàhc0

Rdmh Rsmkf r}zhmb jkgf r` nm `h rdm g`}gd khb wkab)

’W` sdkr kzm q`} skarahc l`z0„ Wdm wikppmb nm pikql}iiq `h

rdm imc( ’Rmii }w sdkr‑w jmmh nkfahc q`} w` gzkuq(„

A g`}ibh‑r zmnmnjmz rdm ikwr ranm w`nm`hm p}r gimkh wdmmrw

`h k jmb l`z nm khb rìb nm r` cmr w`nm zmwr( J}r rdkr

hacdr Rsmkf ck|m nm rdm lazwr dmkzrlmir c``bhacdr A‑b

c`rrmh ah sdkr wmmnmb iafm l`zm|mz(

@|mz rdm hmtr lms bkqw) A rìb Rsmkf khb Rmbbq kii

kj`}r nq wdarwr`zn `l k n`hrd( Kj`}r Nkzgd khb Wdmaik khb

m|mzqrdahc miwm( Rsmkf }w}kiiq rìb k jar `l dmz wr`zq

r``) iafm rdaw skw w`nm w`zr `l jac zm}ha`h( ]w}kiiq sm

rkifmb `|mz rdm bahhmz rkjim( Ar skw kiskqw i`kbmb sard

w`nmrdahc Rsmkf dkb g``fmb mkziamz rdkr bkq(

Rdm lazwr rs` hacdrw A skw rdmzm Rmbbq fmpr wkqahc)

’Nkh) Wi}c) sm c`r r` fmmp q`} kz`}hb( Rdm l``b‑w e}wr

jmrrmz sdmh wdm g``fw l`z g`npkhq(„

Rdaw kiskqw nkbm Rsmkf wnaim khb wdm pikql}iiq wnkgfmb

Rmbbq `h rdm wd`}ibmz `z pahgdmb dan( Rdmq e}wr wmmnmb w`

bknh dkppq( Khb) A nmkh) b`h‑r cmr nm sz`hc) A skw cikb

l`z rdmn( J}r ar skw fahb `l wagfmhahc khb sdkr‑w s`zwm) A



lmir iafm A skw r`rkiiq ahrz}bahc `h rdaw pmzlmgr iarrim

bzmkn s`zib(

Kppkzmhriq Rsmkf dkb wmza`}wiq }pczkbmb lz`n z`jjahc

`ib pm`pim‑w d`}wmw( Wdm r`ib nm d`s Rmbbq dkb jmmh

|kgkra`hahc ah \mckw sdmh rdmq nmr `h w`nm wrkzzq Wkr}zbkq

hacdr( I`|m kr lazwr wacdr khb kii rdkr j}iiwdar( Dm skw

z}hhahc k nmbagki ahw}zkhgm wgkn jkgf ah Rmtkw) nkfahc rdm

zmki jac j}gfw( Dm skhrmb r` p}ii dmz `}r `l rdm c}rrmzw

`l rdm garq khb cmr nkzzamb) iafm w`nm wgmhm lz`n rdkr

d``fmz n`|am(

Khqskqw) A c}mww rdmn jmahc gzanahkiw) nq wr`zq babh‑r

zmkiiq wd`gf rdmn iafm A rd`}cdr Ar s`}ib( Rdmq e}wr kwfmbk i`r `l {}mwra`hw kj`}r bmkb j`bamw khb wmmahc pm`pim bam(

Klrmz rdm skq A kgrmb kr rdmaz smbbahc) A rdahf ar zmkiiq

e}wr nkbm rdmn lmmi jkb l`z nm(

Rdm hacdr A lahawdmb rdm wr`zq khb c`r }w kii gk}cdr

}p) rdmq smzm j`rd wgkzq hagm r` nm( Rsmkf s`}ibh‑r imr nm

imk|m rdm rkjim }hrai A‑b mkrmh rdzmm pikrmw `l dmz

ikwkchk( Klrmz rdkr) Rmbbq liagfmb `h k jkwfmrjkii cknm ah

rdm ia|ahc z``n khb imr nm dk|m ’rdm c``b gdkaz)„ k cakhr

czmmh n`hwrz`warq) sdaim dm dmipmb Rsmkf skwd bawdmw(

Klrmz rdmq lahawdmb) sm kii c`r wmrrimb b`sh ah rdm

ia|ahc z``n( A skw wraii ah rdm gdkaz khb rdmq wdkzmb rdm

g`}gd( Ar skwh‑r rdkr i`hc jml`zm w`nm`hm wp`fm(

’I``f)„ A wkab( ’A zmkiiq kppzmgakrm q`} c}qw

wdkgfahc nm }p( A zmkiiq b`( Khb A b`h‑r skhr q`} r`

s`zzq `z khqrdahc w` A rd`}cdr A‑b imr q`} fh`s A‑ii jm `}r

`l q`}z dkaz w``h(„

Rmbbq sk|mb ar `ll( ’B`h‑r s`zzq kj`}r ar Wi}c( Q`}

fh`s A‑|m jmmh rdahfahc kj`}r ar k i`r rdmwm pkwr lms bkqw

khb A lmmi iafm rdaw Nkzgd c}q j`hmb q`} pzmrrq dkzb( Kzm



q`} càhc r` cmr dan jkgf kr kii0 A nmkh) q`} fh`s) iafm

ìb wgd`ì zm|mhcm fahb `l wr}ll0„

G}r jkgf r` qmwrmzbkq) kr kz`}hb h``h) A‑b skifmb r` k

pkqpd`hm( A‑b gkiimb Wdmaik‑w gmii h}njmz( A zmkiiq

g`}ibh‑r rmii q`} sdq A bab ar l`z w}zm(

’Wi}c+„ wdm wkab sdmh wdm pagfmb }p( Wdm wmmnmb

mtgarmb r` dmkz nq |àgm( ’Iawrmh)„ wdm wkab( ’Q`} nacdr

h`r jmiam|m ar) j}r Nkzgd khb A kzm cmrrahc nkzzamb khb

cmrrahc k d`}wm khb fabw khb m|mzqrdahc miwm rdkr g`nmw

sard jmahc k zmki g`}pim( Sm‑zm m|mh pagfahc `}r zahcw

r`cmrdmz zacdr h`s( Kzmh‑r q`} mtgarmb0

’A‒’

’Khqskqw iawrmh) A gkh‑r rkif l`z i`hc j}r sdaim A

dk|m q`} `h rdm pd`hm A skhr r` ah|arm q`} r` rdm smbbahc(

Nkzgd khb A) smii nkahiq nm) dk|m bmgabmb sdkr sm bab skw

sz`hc( Sm‑zm bàhc ar kr rdaw iarrim jmkgdwabm gdkpmi ah

rdm @}rmz Jkhfw `}r ah H`zrd Gkzìahk( Awh‑r rdkr

mtgarahc0 Khqskqw rdm pikgm aw gkiimb B}hm Smwr Smbbahc

Gdkpmi( A‑n w}zm q`} gkh lahb bazmgra`hw `h rdm Ahrmzhmr

`z w`nmrdahc( @d khb ar‑w hmtr R}mwbkq kr h``h) w` jm

rdmzm( C``b rkifahc r` q`}( A dk|m r` c` h`s( Jqm Wi}c(„

A c`r n`zm s`zzamb rdkr wdm‑b jkaimb l`z c``b `h nm(

’Wdmaik saii q`} skar0„ A rzamb r` wkq) j}r rdm iahm

skw kizmkbq bmkb( Kr imkwr A dkb pikgm khb ranm) zmkiiq

kii rdkr A hmmbmb(



Jkgf ah rdm ia|ahc z``n sard Rsmkf khb Rmbbq A ck|m rdmn

rdm khwsmz(

’D`hmwriq)„ A wkab( ’A fahb `l kizmkbq dk|m k pikh)

j}r ar gkh‑r s`zf( Ar‑w h`r p`wwajim(„

’Sdq h`r0„ wkab Rsmkf(

W` A rìb rdmn kj`}r Wdmaik khb Nkzgd‑w smbbahc(

’Ar‑w la|m bkqw kskq( A‑b hmmb k gkz khb `rdmz pm`pim(

A‑b hmmb c}hw(„

Rdkr skw sdmh Rmbbq imkhmb l`zskzb) r`skzbw nm( Dm

skw wnaiahc w` A kwfmb dan sdq(’Wi}c)„ dm wkab( ’A c`r c}hw( Rdzmm `l rdmn( K

zalim) k ;: ck}cm) khb k zm|ì|mz( Saii rdmq b` rdm

rzagf0„ A n}wr dk|m dkb k pzmrrq wd`gfmb i``f `h nq lkgm

jmgk}wm dm e}wr wdz}ccmb daw wd`}ibmzw khb wkab) ’Sdkr gkh

A wkq fab) A‑n lz`n k jac d}hrahc lknaiq(„

’@f)„ A wkab( ’J}r rdmzm‑w wraii h` kbbmb pmzw`hhmi

khb rdmzm‑w h` skq A cmr rdmzm ah la|m bkqw khb z`}hb }p

khq`hm rdkr g`}ib dmip( Ar‑w e}wr h`r‒’

’Wi}c)„ wkab Wdmaik( ’Sdkr miwm b` q`} hmmb0 K gkz

khb pm`pim r` dmip( Smii i``f kz`}hb) sm‑zm pm`pim sd` `sh

k gkz(„

’H`(„ A wd``f nq dmkb( ’H`) h`) h`( Q`} c}qw dk|m

b`hm skq r`` n}gd kizmkbq( Q`} wd`}ib dk|m e}wr l}gfahc

fagfmb nm `}r `z gkiimb rdm g`pw `z w`nmrdahc( Q`} b`h‑r

hmmb r` cmr ah|ì|mb ah nq nmww( Zmkiiq(„

’Wi}c {}ar rzqahc r` dk|m kii rdm l}h l`z q`}zwmil)„

wkab Wdmaik( ’Q`} fh`s sm g`}ibh‑r gkii rdm g`pw al sm

skhrmb khb q`}‑|m fh`sh nm i`hc mh`}cd r` fh`s rdkr m|mh kw

k fab A zml}wmb r` war kz`}hb khb jm j`zahc sdmh rdmzm aw



Sdmh Nkzgd khb Wdmaik wks nm rdmq sk|mb khb gknm `|mz(

Nkzgd wd``f nq dkhb z`}cdiq khb ck|m nm rdaw i``f rdkr

wkab) ’B`h‑r l}gf rdaw }p `z A‑ii faii q`}(„

Wdmaik i``fmb hmz|`}w(

Nkzgd wkab) ’W` sm zmkbq r` b` rdaw0„ Khb A c}mww sm

smzm jmgk}wm sm kii dmkbmb zacdr ahwabm(

Rdm pkwr`z skw skarahc l`z }w( @hgm sm c`r ahwabm) dm

r``f Nkzgd khb Wdmaik r` c` wach nkzzakcm gmzralagkrmw khb

A r``f k wmkr ah rdm lz`hr z`s(

’Dmzm sm c`)„ A wkab( Rdmh A sapmb nq wsmkrahc pkinw

`h nq pkhrw imcw(

Ar r``f ;= nah}rmw r` lahawd rdm pkpmzs`zf( A g`}hrmbm|mzq wmg`hb `l m|mzq nah}rm( Rdmq gknm `}r `l kh `llagm

r` rdm zacdr khb dmkbmb zacdr r` rdm lz`hr `l rdm gd}zgd(

’Imr‑w b` ar)„ wkab Nkzgd( Dm gikppmb daw dkhbw k

g`}pim ranmw ah mtgarmnmhr( Daw lkgm skw smkzahc rdaw

ekgf.`.ikhrmzh czah(

W` rdm wmz|agm wrkzrmb(

N`wr `l ar skw pzmrrq j`zahc( Q`} fh`s) q`}z wrkhbkzb

smbbahc wr}ll(

M|mh rdm |`sw smzm }hmtgarahc( Nkzgd wkab w`nmrdahc

kj`}r mrmzhki i`|m khb kii rdkr ekuu( Wdmaik‑w smzm wsmmr

khb smii rd`}cdr `}r) kijmar k iarrim giagdá(

Khb h`s sm smzm kr rdm anp`zrkhr pkzr) rdm giankt) rdm

’A b`‑w(„ Rdmq j`rd r}zhmb r` lkgm mkgd `rdmz khb l`z k

wmg`hb A g`}ibh‑r jmiam|m ar skw kgr}kiiq dkppmhahc(

Nkzgd wkab) ’A b`)„ {}agfiq khb sard`}r khq rd`}cdr

jmdahb ar(

Wdmaik pk}wmb l`z wmg`hbw) z`iiahc rdm s`zbw kz`}hb ah

dmz dmkb jml`zm zmimkwahc rdmn wi`siq(

’A b`)„ wdm wkab(

Khb sm smzm kin`wr b`hm(



’Wdmaik0 Sdkr rdm l}gf kzm q`} skarahc l`z0„ wkab

Nkzgd(

A skw wraii i``fahc Wdmaik wrzkacdr ah rdm mqmw l`z

sdkr wmmnmb iafm l`zm|mz) rdmh A c`r k wach rdkr m|mzqrdahc

skw wraii kizacdr khb sm smzm wraii `h rdm wknm pkcm khb nq

dmkzr e}wr l}gfahc e}npmb A skw w` dkppq(

Wdm ck|m nm rdaw iarrim sahf khb k wnaim khb wi`siq

r}zhmb dmz c}h r` pàhr kr Nkzgd(

E}wr iafm rdkr khb rdm iarrim wnazf skw sapmb `ll

Nkzgd‑w lkgm( H`s ar e}wr i``fmb iafm dm‑b wdar daw pkhrw(

’Sdkr rdm l}gf Wdmaik0„ wkab Nkzgd(

A r``f rs` wrmpw r`skzbw dan khb wnkgfmb dan kgz`wwrdm lkgm sard rdm zm|ì|mz) sard kii nq wrzmhcrd( Dm lmii

r` daw fhmmw lz`n rdm ji`s(

’A rìb q`}) q`} b`h‑r cmr r` l}gfahc rkif Nkzgd(„ A

wkab) ’Q`} rìb nm k i`hc ranm kc` rdkr sm smzm lahkiiq

lzmm( Rdmh q`} rzamb r` wgzms nm Nkzgd( Iafm k gd}np(

Sdkr q`} l`zc`r aw rdkr sm smzm lahkiiq lzmm) h`r e}wr q`}(

B`h‑r m|mz l}gf `|mz w`nm`hm sd` dkw h`rdahc imlr r` b` j}r

l}gf q`} jkgf Nkzgd(„

Dm w`zr `l gd}gfimb lz`n daw fhmmw khb wkab) ’Kw g}rm

kw rdkr iarrim wpmmgd skw Wi}c) q`} kzmh‑r càhc r` wd``r

nm( Q`}‑zm smkf) k giahc.`h) k l}gfahc zmn`zk( Q`} kzmh‑r

càhc r` faii nm(„

W` A c`r b`sh zmki gi`wm r` daw mkzw khb wkab) ’Q`}

rdahf A‑n wgkzmb `l faiiahc w`nm`hm kr rdaw pàhr ah nq

ialm0 Q`} rdahf `hm n`zm j`bq aw càhc r` nkfm rdkr jac `l

k l}gfahc bmki r` nm0 Q`} wdar( Cmr }p(„

A bzkccmb dan r` daw lmmr) wp}h dan kz`}hb khb p}r rdm

c}h r` daw gdmwr( A g`}ib lmmi m|mzq`hm miwm ah rdm z``n

rmhwm }p(

Iafm) lahkiiq) dmzm sm c`(



’C``bjqm Nkzgd)„ A wkab(

Rdaw skw sdmzm ranm fahb `l wr`ppmb l`z k wmg`hb( A

rd`}cdr) rdaw aw sdkr ar n}wr lmmi iafm r` jm k n`hwrmz6

gìb.ji``bmb khb mnprq iafm nq bkb(

Zmpraiakh(

Nkqjm A skw(

J}r rdmh A gk}cdr Wdmaik ah rdm g`zhmz `l nq mqm) c}h

wraii kanmb kr Nkzgd khb A rd`}cdr) kr imkwr A dk|m k

zmkw`h l`z faiiahc w`nm`hm( Ar skwh‑r k hmmb iafm nq bkb

`z l`z l}h iafm Nkzgd) ar skw e}wr c``b ìb Bkzsahakh

j}iiwdar(

W}z|a|ki `l rdm larrmwr(Faii `z jm faiimb(

Nkqjm rdkr e}wr nkfmw nm k ballmzmhr fahb `l n`hwrmz(

A w{}mmumb rdm rzaccmz rsagm khb wmhb rdzmm wi}cw ahr`

daw zajgkcm( Rdmq j`}hgmb kz`}hb iafm pahjkiiw `ll `l daw

j`hmw) rmkzahc n}wgim raww}m khb z}pr}zahc `zckhw( Nkzgd

lmii jkgf r` rdm li``z sard rs` nah}rmw imlr r` jzmkrd(

E}np jkgf r` rdm bkq klrmz A gkiimb Wdmaik `h rdm pkqpd`hm(

Dmz khb Nkzgd smzm warrahc `h k pi}wd) zmb g`}gd

p}iimb }p r` k bmwf( Hmtr r` rdmn skw k lkfm pikhr(

Kgz`ww rdm bmwf lz`n rdmn skw kh ahw}zkhgm kcmhr( Dm skw

kii wnaimw jmgk}wm kr rdm ahwawrmhgm `l Wdmaik) rdmq‑b e}wr

wachmb k ialm ahw}zkhgm pìagq s`zrd k g`hwabmzkjim w}n `l

n`hmq kw k w``h r` jm nkzzamb g`}pim( Ar kiw` dkppmhmb r`



pkq `ll rzapim ah rdm m|mhr rdkr rdm bmkrd `l k wp`}wm skw

z}imb r` jm }hhkr}zki(

Kii pkzr `l rdm l}gfahc pikh(

G}r jkgf r` rdm smbbahc) sard Nkzgd wraii `h rdm li``z

ckwpahc l`z kaz(

A c`r zmki i`s hmtr r` dan w` A g`}ib sdawpmz ah daw

mkz( Dm skw c}wdahc ji``b pzmrrq jkbiq w` A lac}zmb R.

nah}w <? wmg`hbw jml`zm dm skw b`hm(

’Nkzgd)„ A wkab( ’A fh`s Bmkrd(„ Dm nkbm w`nm

c}zciahc hàwmw khb A g`hrah}mb( ’Rdaw awh‑r w`nm J`q

Wg`}r) Emw}w) Wpabmznkh j}iiwdar( Q`}‑zm càhc r` wr`p

jzmkrdahc h`s( C``bjqm(„

Nkzgd‑w rdz`kr gd`fmb khb n}zn}zmb `hm ikwr ranm rdmh

lmii waimhr( A wd}r daw mqmiabw rdmh wr``b r` imk|m(

Rdzmm bkqw klrmz Wdmaik khb Nkzgd c`r nkzzamb) A skw

wrkhbahc sard dmz `h k bmwmzrmb pamz( Nq kznw smzm kz`}hb

dmz khb sm smzm fmmpahc gi`wm r` mkgd `rdmz( R` nq zacdr

skw k jikgf w}argkwm( Ahwabm rdm gkwm) skw sdkr skw imlr

`l Nkzgd pi}w k lms gahbmzji`gfw(

’Sm bab c``b)„ wdm wkab( ’A nmkh sm p}iimb rdm sdìm

rdahc `ll(„ Rdmh wdm wnaimb }p kr nm(



Wdm c`r k gkii lz`n rdm ahw}zkhgm g`npkhq( @hgm rdm

n}zbmz gkwm gi`wmb sm c`r `}z gdmgf( C``b l`z 7?? czkhb)

n`zm n`hmq rdkh A g`}ib m|mz ankcahm dk|ahc(

’Qmkd)„ A wkab( ’A e}wr fahb `l sawd Nkzgd dkb jmmh

zacdr kj`}r rdm sdìm lzmmb`n lz`n m|mzqrdahc bmki( M|mh

h`s) A nmkh) sd` l}gfahc fh`sw0„

’Jkjm)„ wkab Wdmaik( ’H`j`bq m|mz cmrw rdkr i}t}zq(

Q`} e}wr c`r r` lahb k skq r` jkikhgm sard rdm z}imw(

I``f)„ wdm wkab( ’Dmz kzn mtrmhbw r` pàhr }p kr rdzmm

sdarm wmkc}iiw ciabahc ikuaiq kckahwr k czkq wfq( ’Rdmq‑|m

c`r ar kii lac}zmb `}r( Rdmq cmr r` liq) j}r zmkiiq kii

rdmq‑zm bàhc aw gdmkrahc rdm sahb( Q`} }hbmzwrkhb sdkrA‑n wkqahc0„

A skrgdmb rdm jazbw bzalr ahr` rdm bawrkhgm) wi`siq

r}zhahc r` w{}acciq iahmw jml`zm bawkppmkzahc l`z c``b(

’Qmkd)„ A wkab(

Khb A wnaimb l`z rdm lazwr ranm ah sdkr wmmnmb iafm

l`zm|mz( Rdmh A fawwmb dmz l`zmdmkb(

Klrmz wrkhbahc r`cmrdmz l`z k lms n`zm nah}rmw) A

dmk|mb rdm jkc `l Nkzgd ahr` rdm `gmkh khb sm skrgdmb ar

lkbm r` rdm j`rr`n(

’Sdkr h`s0„ A wkab(

Khb wdm wkab) ’Imr‑w c` l`z k bza|m(„

’Sdmzm r`0„ A wkab(

Khb wdm wkab) ’A‑n rdahfahc Hms Q`zf(„

Rdmh wdm wnaimb }p kr nm kckah(

birds fly east

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