Birth and the Newborn Baby

The Three Stages of Birth

The stages of childbirth• Dilation and effacement of the

cervix• Delivery of the baby• Birth of the placenta

Assessing the newborn’s physical

condition:The Apgar Scale(p133)

Appearance

Pulse

Grimace 表情

Activity

Respiration

Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth

• Classes• Relaxation &

Breathing Techniques• Labor Coach

– Social support

Medical Interventions in Childbirth(p137)

• Fetal Monitoring• Medication

– Analgesics （止痛剂）– Anesthetics （麻醉剂）

• Instrument Delivery• Induced Labor• Cesarean Delivery（剖腹产）

Instrument Delivery

Birth complications:Anoxia （缺氧症）

• Oxygen deprivation at birth.• Can lead to brain damage or later

cognitive, language problems– Cerebral palsy（脑瘫）

• Causes include:– Squeezing by umbilical cord （脐带挤压）– Placenta abruption （胎盘剥离）– Failing to breathe after birth

• Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Low Birth Weight and Disabilities

Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies

Preterm

• Born weeks before their due date.

• May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy.

Small-for-Date

• May be born at due date or preterm.

• Below expected weight for length of pregnancy.

Interventions for Preterm Infants(p142)

• Isolette （早产婴儿保育箱）

• Respirator （呼吸器）• Feeding tube• Intravenous medication

– 静脉注射

• Special Infant

Stimulation• Parent Training in Caregiving

Benefits of “Kangaroo Care”

Infant Mortality

Around the World

Newborn Reflexes

• Eye Blink• Sucking• Swimming• Moro 惊跳反射

（莫罗反射）

• Palmar Grasp 抓握反射（达尔文发射）

• Tonic Neck 强直的颈反射• Stepping 行走反射• Babinski 足趾反射（巴宾

斯基反射）

Stepping

Palmar Grasp

Infant States of Arousal

• Regular Sleep• Irregular Sleep• Drowsiness• Quiet Alertness• Waking Activity

and Crying

Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby

• Hold on shoulder and rock or walk

• Swaddle• Pacifier• Ride in carriage, car,

swing• Combine methods• Let cry for short time

Newborn Sense of Touch

• Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals

• Sensitive to pain– Pain can affect later behavior– Relieve pain with anesthetics,

sugar, gentle holding

Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell

• Prefer sweet tastes at birth• Quickly learn to like new

tastes• Have odor preferences from

birth• Can locate odors and identify

mother by smell from birth

Newborn Sense of Hearing

• Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth

• Prefer complex sounds to pure tones

• Learn sound patterns within days

• Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language

Newborn Sense of Vision• Least developed of

senses at birth• Unable to see long

distances, focus clearly

• Scan environment and try to track interesting objects

• Color vision improves in first two months

Adjustments to Parenthood(p157)

• Physical• Schedule• Financial• Time• Gender roles• Parents’ relationship

– Pre-birth counseling– Interventions for high-risk

couples