bis2c: lecture 13: the human microbiome
TRANSCRIPT
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 13: The Human Microbiome
BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been
• Previous Lecture: !12: Novelty
• Current Lecture: !13: The Human Microbiome
• Next Lecture: !14: Big Organisms
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Concepts and Outline
• Humans are swarming with microbes
• Microbiomes are Complex Ecosystems
• Enormous Variation within & between People
• Variation is Associated with Various Health States and Phenotypes
• Possible Causes of the Variation Have Been Identified
• It May Be Possible to Alter / Restore the Microbiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
The Human Microbiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School Teachers
Microbes are all over us
8http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_shadow_-_upper.png
Thousands of different species on the skin alone
Some thrive on dry patches of the elbow, others
thrive in moist environment of armpit
There are millions of microbes
per square inch on your body
It is estimated that there are more microbes
in your intestine than there are human cells
in your body!
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Who Are We?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Who Are We?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
microBIOME or microbiOME
• microbi-OME !collection of genomes of microbes from a
community (emphasis on OME)
• micro-BIOME !a community of microbes (emphasis on
BIOME)
• see http://tinyurl.com/definemicrobiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following lineages contain microbes?
A: Bacteria
B: Archaea
C: Eukaryotes D: All of the above
E: None of the above
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following lineages contain microbes?
A: Bacteria
B: Archaea
C: Eukaryotes D: All of the above
E: None of the above
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
The Rise of the Microbiome
15
0
350
700
1050
1400
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Pubmed “Microbiome” Hits
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
16
Why All The Attention for Commensalism?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
17
Is this Mutualism?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
18
Is this Parasitism?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Some of Each
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Why Now? Studies Like This …
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Turnbaugh et al Nature. 2006 444(7122):1027-31.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Microbiome Involved in Many Functions
• Digestion
• Vitamin Production
• Protection from parasites / pathogens
• Metabolic rate
• Immune regulation
• Odor
• Behavior
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 22
Why Now II: DNA Sequencing Advances
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Great Plate Count Anomaly
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<<<<
Culturing Observation
CountCount
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&docid=rLu5sL207WlE1M&tbnid=CRLQYP7d9d_TcM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.biol.unt.edu%2F~jajohnson
%2FDNA_sequencing_process&ei=hFu7U_TyCtOqsQSu9YGwBg&psig=AFQjCNG-8EB
dEljE7-yHFG2KPuBZt8kIPw&ust=14048739512114
24
DNAor
RNA
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Archaea
Woese Classification of Cultured Taxa by rRNA
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rRNA rRNArRNA
ACUGC ACCUAU CGUUCG
ACUCC AGCUAU CGAUCG
ACCCC AGCUCU CGCUCG
Taxa Characters S ACUGCACCUAUCGUUCG R ACUCCACCUAUCGUUCG E ACUCCAGCUAUCGAUCG F ACUCCAGGUAUCGAUCG C ACCCCAGCUCUCGCUCG W ACCCCAGCUCUGGCUCG
EukaryotesBacteria
CarlWoese
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 25
rRNA Taxa Characters B1 ACTGCACCTATCGTTCG B2 ACTCCACCTATCGTTCG E1 ACTCCAGCTATCGATCG E2 ACTCCAGGTATCGATCG A1 ACCCCAGCTCTCGCTCG A2 ACCCCAGCTCTGGCTCG New ACCCCAGCTCTGCCTCG
EukaryotesBacteria Archaea
Culture Independent Studies
ACTGC ACCTAT CGTTCG
ACTGC ACCTAT CGTTCG
ACTGC ACCTAT CGTTCG
Many sequences from one sample all point to the same branch on the tree
NormPace
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 26
DNA
Taxa Characters B1 ACTGCACCTATCGTTCG B2 ACTCCACCTATCGTTCG E1 ACTCCAGCTATCGATCG E2 ACTCCAGGTATCGATCG A1 ACCCCAGCTCTCGCTCG A2 ACCCCAGCTCTGGCTCG New1 ACCCCAGCTCTGCCTCG New2 AGGGGAGCTCTGCCTCG New3 ACTCCAGCTATCGATCG New4 ACTGCACCTATCGTTCG
EukaryotesBacteria Archaea
ACTGC ACCTAT CGTTCG
ACTCC AGCTAT CGATCG
ACCCC AGCTCT CGCTCG
AGGGG AGCTCT CGCTCG
AGGGG AGCTCT CGCTCG
ACTGC ACCTAT CGTTCG
Even with more taxa it still works
Culture Independent Studies
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Metagenomics Has Many Other Purposes
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metagenomics
ACUGC ACCUAU CGUUCG
ACUCC AGCUAU CGAUCG
ACCCC AGCUCU CGCUCG
Taxa Characters S ACUGCACCUAUCGUUCG R ACUCCACCUAUCGUUCG E ACUCCAGCUAUCGAUCG F ACUCCAGGUAUCGAUCG C ACCCCAGCUCUCGCUCG W ACCCCAGCUCUGGCUCG
inputs of fixed carbon or nitrogen from external sources. As withLeptospirillum group I, both Leptospirillum group II and III have thegenes needed to fix carbon by means of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle (using type II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxy-lase–oxygenase). All genomes recovered from the AMD system
contain formate hydrogenlyase complexes. These, in combinationwith carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, may be used for carbonfixation via the reductive acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathwayby some, or all, organisms. Given the large number of ABC-typesugar and amino acid transporters encoded in the Ferroplasma type
Figure 4 Cell metabolic cartoons constructed from the annotation of 2,180 ORFs
identified in the Leptospirillum group II genome (63% with putative assigned function) and
1,931 ORFs in the Ferroplasma type II genome (58% with assigned function). The cell
cartoons are shown within a biofilm that is attached to the surface of an acid mine
drainage stream (viewed in cross-section). Tight coupling between ferrous iron oxidation,
pyrite dissolution and acid generation is indicated. Rubisco, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase–oxygenase. THF, tetrahydrofolate.
articles
NATURE | doi:10.1038/nature02340 | www.nature.com/nature 5© 2004 Nature Publishing Group
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker
How could you tell if one of the rRNA genes you sequence came from a chloroplast?
A: It should group in rRNA trees with plant nuclear rRNA genes.
B: It should group in rRNA trees with proteobacteria.
C: It should group in rRNA trees with cyanobacteria.
D. It should group in rRNA trees with TACK
E: You can’t tell.29
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker
How could you tell if one of the rRNA genes you sequence came from a chloroplast?
A: It should group in rRNA trees with plant nuclear rRNA genes.
B: It should group in rRNA trees with proteobacteria.
C: It should group in rRNA trees with cyanobacteria.
D. It should group in rRNA trees with TACK
E: You can’t tell.30
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
How could you tell if one of the rRNA genes you sequence came from a mitochondrion?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
How could you tell if one of the rRNA genes you sequence came from a fungus?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Concepts and Outline
• Humans are swarming with microbes
• Microbiomes are Complex Ecosystems
• Enormous Variation within & between People
• Variation is Associated with Various Health States and Phenotypes
• Possible Causes of the Variation Have Been Identified
• It May Be Possible to Alter / Restore the Microbiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
The Human Microbiome
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Microbiomes as Ecosystems
!35
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Concepts and Outline
• Humans are swarming with microbes
• Microbiomes are Complex Ecosystems
• Enormous Variation within & between People
• Variation is Associated with Various Health States and Phenotypes
• Possible Causes of the Variation Have Been Identified
• It May Be Possible to Alter / Restore the Microbiome
36
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 37
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 39
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Variation Between Countries: Gut
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The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 85–95; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.81MJ Blaser et al. ISMEJ 2012 US Amerindian
Actinobacteria (Propionibacteria)
Firmicutes (Staphylococcus)
Rela
tive
abun
danc
e Actinobacteria dominates in the US
Boulder NY Platanillal A Platanillal B
Proteobacteria
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Variation Between Countries: Gut
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The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 85–95; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.81MJ Blaser et al. ISMEJ 2012 US Amerindian
Actinobacteria (Propionibacteria)
Firmicutes (Staphylococcus)
Rela
tive
abun
danc
e Actinobacteria dominates in the US
Boulder NY Platanillal A Platanillal B
Proteobacteria
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Variability Across People
42Huttenhower et al. 2012.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Concepts and Outline
• Humans are swarming with microbes
• Microbiomes are Complex Ecosystems
• Enormous Variation within & between People
• Variation is Associated with Various Health States and Phenotypes
• Possible Causes of the Variation Have Been Identified
• It May Be Possible to Alter / Restore the Microbiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Variability is Correlated to Many Health States
• Microbial community different in many disease states compared to healthy individuals
• Unclear if this is cause or effect in most cases
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!45Morgan et al. Genome Biology 2012 13:R79 doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79
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!46Morgan et al. Genome Biology 2012 13:R79 doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79
Age Diet Location
Many disease states
ExposurePregnant?
Breast fed? Obese
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Microbiome Involved in Many Functions
• Digestion
• Vitamin Production
• Protection from parasites / pathogens
• Metabolic rate
• Immune regulation
• Odor
• Behavior
47
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Concepts and Outline
• Humans are swarming with microbes
• Microbiomes are Complex Ecosystems
• Enormous Variation within & between People
• Variation is Associated with Various Health States and Phenotypes
• Possible Causes of the Variation Have Been Identified
• It May Be Possible to Alter / Restore the Microbiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Infant Microbiome, Birth, and Milk
49
David Mills
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Other Sources
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Disturbing the Microbiome
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Antibiotics
Diet Changes
Hygiene Hypothesis
C-sections
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C-Sections Alter “Normal” Colonization
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Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
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Diet Changes Alter Microbiome
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Switch to solid foods
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Response to Antibiotics
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by L. iners during menses, which then reverted to a communitydominated by L. crispatus at the end of menses. Similarly, in subject24 (Fig. 2A), a community dominated by L. crispatus is replaced by acommunity dominated by Streptococcus during menses. Communitiesof class LI (14 women, fig. S5) were typically dominated by L. iners,but varied widely in terms of species composition and stability. This isillustrated by the communities of subjects 14, 15, 16, 18, and 19 thatappeared to be comparatively stable over time, whereas others such assubjects 11 and 27 commonly shifted to different community types thatwere more often associated with higher Nugent scores. The underlying
reasons for these differences are unknown but might reflect genomicheterogeneity in the dominating Lactobacillus sp. Heatmaps depictingthe dynamics of vaginal communities in a few selected subjects areshown in Fig. 2; those for all 32 subjects are shown in fig. S5.
Dynamics of the vaginal microbiotaThe rapid and sometimes extensive turnover of human vaginal bacte-rial communities was visualized by mapping temporal changes incommunity composition onto the three-dimensional (3D) communityspace defined previously in a cross-sectional study by Ravel et al. of
A B
DC
Subject 24
0
20
40
60
80
100
Phyl
otyp
e re
lativ
e ab
unda
nce
(%)
L. crispatusL. inersL. jenseniiStaphylococcusL. gasseriCorynebacteriumClostridiumLactobacillales 2L. vaginalisL. otu5
Subject 29
0
20
40
60
80
100
Phyl
otyp
e re
lativ
e ab
unda
nce
(%)
Subject 6
0
20
40
60
80
100
Phyl
otyp
e re
lativ
e ab
unda
nce
(%)
L. inersAtopobiumSneathiaCorynebacteriumGemellaFinegoldiaPrevotellaPeptostreptococcusPeptoniphilusAnaerococcusStreptococcusParvimonasStaphylococcus
Subject 12
0
20
40
60
80
100
Phyl
otyp
e re
lativ
e ab
unda
nce
(%)
Time (weeks)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (weeks)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (weeks)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (weeks)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
PhylotypesL. crispatus L. iners L. gasseri StaphylococcusL. jensenii Atopobium
Prevotella
Aerococcus
Anaerococcus
Streptococcus
Clostridium
ParvimonasGardnerella Mobiluncus Corynebacterium
Gemella
Finegoldia Peptostreptococcus Peptoniphilus
L. otu5Lactobacillales 2 L. otu3 L. vaginalis L. otu4Sneathia 80 100
Phylotype percentrelative abundance
0 20 40 60
L. crispatusStreptococcusL. reuteriBifidobacteriumAnaerococcusPrevotellaFinegoldiaPeptostreptococcusEscherichiaAlloscardovia
AtopobiumPrevotellaParvimonasPeptoniphilusSneathiaMobiluncusLachnospiraceae 10Ruminococcaceae 3GardnerellaLachnospiraceae 11AerococcusMoryellaPeptococcusLachnospiraceae 2AnaerococcusAllisonellaPeptostreptococcusMegasphaera
Lachnospiraceae 10 Ruminococcaceae 3
Lachnospiraceae 11Moryella PeptococcusLachnospiraceae 2
Allisonella
Megasphaera
L. reuteri Bifidobacterium
Escherichia Alloscardovia
Fig. 2. (A to D) Heatmaps (top) and interpolated bar plots (bottom) ofphylotype relative abundance observed in four selected subjects over 16weeks (heatmap color key is indicated in the lower right corner). Color codes
for each phylotype represented in the interpolated bar plots are shown belowthe figure. See fig. S5 for heatmaps and interpolated bar plots for all subjects.Red dots below the interpolated bar graphs represent menstruation days.
R E S EARCH ART I C L E
www.ScienceTranslationalMedicine.org 2 May 2012 Vol 4 Issue 132 132ra52 4
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Hygiene Hypothesis
55
Susan Lynch
Dogs, Dust, Microbiomes and Asthma
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Concepts and Outline
• Humans are swarming with microbes
• Microbiomes are Complex Ecosystems
• Enormous Variation within & between People
• Variation is Associated with Various Health States and Phenotypes
• Possible Causes of the Variation Have Been Identified
• It May Be Possible to Alter / Restore the Microbiome
56
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Microbiome Transplant
57
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Restoring the Microbiome: Probiotics and Prebiotics
58
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Intestinal Transplant
59Hartman et al. PNAS 2009
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Coprophagia
60
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Transfaunation
61
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Fecal “transplants”
62
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Openbiome
63
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
DIY Fecal Transplant
64
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DIY Fecal Transplant
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Get Involved
67
Kitty Microbiome