bİznesmenlƏr ÜÇÜn İngİlİs dİlİ. lesson 1 types of proprietorship a business may be...

BİZNESMENLƏR ÜÇÜN BİZNESMENLƏR ÜÇÜN

İNGİLİS DİLİİNGİLİS DİLİ

LESSON 1LESSON 1TYPES OF PROPRIETORSHIPTYPES OF PROPRIETORSHIP

A business may be privately owned in three different forms. A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. For example, more than 80 per cent of many western countries. For example, more than 80 per cent of all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships.all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships.

But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for only 16 percent of all volume of business. They account for only 16 percent of all business receipts, for example, in America. What kind of business receipts, for example, in America. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service industries such as laundromats, beauty shops, different repair industries such as laundromats, beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants.shops, restaurants.

Active VocabularyActive Vocabulary

business business ишиш , , бизнесбизнес to own to own сащибсащиб олмаголмаг sole proprietorshipsole proprietorship шяхсишяхси мцлкиййятмцлкиййят partnership partnership шярикликшяриклик, , ортаглыгортаглыг corporation corporation корпорасийакорпорасийа, ,

тяшкилаттяшкилат volume volume щяжмщяжм, , юлчцюлчц receipt receipt дахилдахил оланолан пулпул вясаитивясаити, ,

мядахилмядахил service industry service industry хидмятхидмят сащясисащяси to account for to account for щесабатщесабат вермяквермяк, , изащатизащат

вермяквермяк repair shop repair shop емалатханаемалатхана

Comprehension QuestionsComprehension Questions

What are three different ways that a business can be privately What are three different ways that a business can be privately owned?owned?

What forms do most European countries have?What forms do most European countries have? What forms do the businesses in the USSR have?What forms do the businesses in the USSR have? Name some businesses that are likely to be sole Name some businesses that are likely to be sole

proprietorships. Why do you think so?proprietorships. Why do you think so? Name some businesses that are not likely to be sole Name some businesses that are not likely to be sole

proprietorship? Why do you think so?proprietorship? Why do you think so?

LESSON 2LESSON 2PartnershipsPartnerships

A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have unlimited liability liability they are called general partners. If partners have unlimited liability they are «limited partners». There may be a silent partner as well – a person they are «limited partners». There may be a silent partner as well – a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner – a person management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner – a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.

Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.

Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs a big capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they needs a big capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to form and often get tax benefits from the government.are easy to form and often get tax benefits from the government.

Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability. It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally liability. It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners may disagree with each other.may disagree with each other.


partnershippartnership шярикликшяриклик, , ортаглыгортаглыг to carry on a businessto carry on a business ишиш апармагапармаг profitprofit газанжгазанж, , мянфяятмянфяят general partnersgeneral partners ясасясас партнйорпартнйор, , тамтам щцгугищцгуги

мясулиййятмясулиййят дашыйандашыйан ортагортаг limited partnerlimited partner мящдудмящдуд мясулиййятлимясулиййятли партнйорпартнйор

((ортагортаг)) silent partnersilent partner сяссяс щцгугущцгугу олмайанолмайан ортагортаг secret partnersecret partner эизлиэизли тяряфдаштяряфдаш ( (сяссяс щцгугущцгугу

оланолан, , лакинлакинжямиййятдяжямиййятдя партнйорпартнйор кимикими

танынмайантанынмайан)) lawlaw щцгугшцнаслыгщцгугшцнаслыг, , щцгугщцгуг елмляриелмляри insuranceinsurance сыьортасыьорта stockbrokeragestockbrokerage биръабиръа брокерлийиброкерлийи real estatereal estate дашынмаздашынмаз ямлакямлак oil prospectingoil prospecting нефтнефт щасилатыщасилаты quarrying industriesquarrying industries щасилатщасилат сянайесисянайеси advantageadvantage цстцнлцкцстцнлцк disadvantagedisadvantage чатышмамазлыгчатышмамазлыг to be legally responsibleto be legally responsible щцгугищцгуги мясулиййятмясулиййят дашымагдашымаг


What is the difference between a general partnership and a What is the difference between a general partnership and a limited partnership?limited partnership?

Is there any difference between a silent partner and a secret Is there any difference between a silent partner and a secret partner? partner? What is this difference? What is this difference?

In what professional fields are the partnerships found? In what professional fields are the partnerships found? In what businesses is the partnership a common form?In what businesses is the partnership a common form? What are the advantages of a partnership?What are the advantages of a partnership? Discuss the disadvantages of a partnership. Would you prefer Discuss the disadvantages of a partnership. Would you prefer

partnership or sole proprietorship for business? partnership or sole proprietorship for business? Give you Give you reasons.reasons.

LESSON 3LESSON 3CORPORATIONSCORPORATIONS

A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are making profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called represented by stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called a stockholder.a stockholder.

There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership. The There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership. The first is the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is the first is the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is the corporation attracts a large amount of capital it can invest it in plants, corporation attracts a large amount of capital it can invest it in plants, equipment and research. And the third advantage is that a corporation can offer equipment and research. And the third advantage is that a corporation can offer higher salaries and thus attract talented managers and specialists.higher salaries and thus attract talented managers and specialists.

The privately owned business corporation is one type of corporation. The privately owned business corporation is one type of corporation. There are some other types too. Educational, religions, charitable institutions There are some other types too. Educational, religions, charitable institutions can also incorporate. Usually such corporation does not issue stock and is can also incorporate. Usually such corporation does not issue stock and is nonprofit. If there is a profit it is reinvested in the institution rather than nonprofit. If there is a profit it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders.distributed to private stockholders.

In some western countries, cities, states, federal government and In some western countries, cities, states, federal government and special agencies can establish governmental corporations. A few examples of special agencies can establish governmental corporations. A few examples of these go vern mental corporations are states universities, state hospital and city these go vern mental corporations are states universities, state hospital and city owned utilities. Governmental corporations are non-profit as a rule and usually owned utilities. Governmental corporations are non-profit as a rule and usually they do not issue stock certificates.they do not issue stock certificates.


corporationcorporation корпорасийакорпорасийа, , тяшкилаттяшкилат to establishto establish йаратмагйаратмаг stock certificatestock certificate сящмсящм stockholder (shareholder)stockholder (shareholder) сящмдарсящмдар, , сящмсящм сащибисащиби to attract financial resourcesto attract financial resources малиййямалиййя ресурсларыныресурсларыны

жялбжялб етмякетмяк

to offer higher salariesto offer higher salaries йцксякйцксяк маашмааш тяклифтяклиф етмякетмяк

to attract a large amountto attract a large amount бюйцкбюйцк мябляьдямябляьдя капиталкапитал of capitalof capital жялбжялб етмякетмяк

educational, religions, charitableeducational, religions, charitable тящсилтящсил, , динидини, , хейриййяхейриййя institutionsinstitutions институтларыинститутлары

to issue stockto issue stock сящмсящм бурахмагбурахмаг nonprofitnonprofit эялирсизэялирсиз to reinvestto reinvest йенидянйенидян сярмайясярмайя гоймаггоймаг


Who can own a corporation?Who can own a corporation? Is a corporation necessarily larger than a sole proprietorship?Is a corporation necessarily larger than a sole proprietorship? What are the advantages of the corporate form of ownership?What are the advantages of the corporate form of ownership? What can you say about the disadvantages of the corporate What can you say about the disadvantages of the corporate

form of ownership?form of ownership? Do the corporations issue stock to stockholder?Do the corporations issue stock to stockholder? What kinds of corporations usually don’t issue the stock?What kinds of corporations usually don’t issue the stock? What world-known corporations do you know?What world-known corporations do you know? What types of business usually take the corporate form of What types of business usually take the corporate form of

ownership?ownership?

LESSON 4LESSON 4THE FUNCTIONS OF AN EXECUTIVETHE FUNCTIONS OF AN EXECUTIVE

DialogueDialogue

Anna is having lunch with her sister Barbara. Anna has just accepted a position as an Administrative Anna is having lunch with her sister Barbara. Anna has just accepted a position as an Administrative Assistant. Her boss is an executive with a firm that manufactures heavy machinery used in construction.Assistant. Her boss is an executive with a firm that manufactures heavy machinery used in construction.

BarbaraBarbara You’ve got a new job, Anna. My congratulations.You’ve got a new job, Anna. My congratulations. AnnaAnna Thanks, Barbara.Thanks, Barbara. BarbaraBarbara Tell me a few words about your boss. What does he do?Tell me a few words about your boss. What does he do? AnnaAnna Well, he is one of the vice presidents of the company, so he’s ratherWell, he is one of the vice presidents of the company, so he’s rather important. important. He is an executive.He is an executive. BarbaraBarbara Do you know the difference between an executive, a manager and an Do you know the difference between an executive, a manager and an

administrator?administrator? AnnaAnna I am afraid I can hardly tell you the difference. I think these words I am afraid I can hardly tell you the difference. I think these words are interchangeable and they really aren’t different in many companies.are interchangeable and they really aren’t different in many companies. BarbaraBarbara What about your company?What about your company? AnnaAnna In our company the top officers are called administrators. The next highest In our company the top officers are called administrators. The next highest

group-the vice presidents, the heads of major departments and branch plant group-the vice presidents, the heads of major departments and branch plant managers-are executives like my boss.managers-are executives like my boss.

BarbaraBarbara Is that all?Is that all? AnnaAnna The group below consists of managers, they are general managers The group below consists of managers, they are general managers and foremen.and foremen. BarbaraBarbara So I see that an organization has a number of positions and some So I see that an organization has a number of positions and some people have more authority than others.people have more authority than others. AnnaAnna You are right.You are right. BarbaraBarbara But it would be interesting to know more about the functions of an But it would be interesting to know more about the functions of an executive like your boss.executive like your boss.

LESSON 4LESSON 4THE FUNCTIONS OF AN EXECUTIVETHE FUNCTIONS OF AN EXECUTIVE

DialogueDialogue

AnnaAnna I’d say he makes a lot of important decisions. He sets I’d say he makes a lot of important decisions. He sets objectives, coordinates work, delegates authority, makes objectives, coordinates work, delegates authority, makes

hiring, hiring, firing, evaluating and just general leading.firing, evaluating and just general leading. BarbaraBarbara It seems to be important.It seems to be important. AnnaAnna It is important. It’s evident that making careful decisions is It is important. It’s evident that making careful decisions is

the the basis of good management.basis of good management. BarbaraBarbara But do you work under much pressure?But do you work under much pressure? AnnaAnna Barbara, you know I am quite used to working under Barbara, you know I am quite used to working under

pressure pressure from my last job. I am also accustomed to lots of from my last job. I am also accustomed to lots of paper work paper work and red tape.and red tape.

BarbaraBarbara Good for you.Good for you. AnnaAnna And what’s more important I feel that I can learn a lot And what’s more important I feel that I can learn a lot

because because my boss is very competent.my boss is very competent. BarbaraBarbara Good, I think we’d be in a hurry not to get late for the work.Good, I think we’d be in a hurry not to get late for the work.


an executivean executive рящбяррящбяр, , администраторадминистратор, , ижрачыижрачы

managermanager менежер, администраторменежер, администратор an administratoran administrator идаря едян, администраторидаря едян, администратор vice presidentvice president витсевитсе президентпрезидент head of departmenthead of department шюбяшюбя мцдирцмцдирц foremanforeman ишиш ижрачысыижрачысы, , устауста positionposition вязифявязифя to set objectivesto set objectives мягсядмягсяд гоймаггоймаг to delegate authorityto delegate authority сялащиййятлярисялащиййятляри

бюлцшдцрмякбюлцшдцрмяк to work under pressureto work under pressure тязйигтязйиг алтындаалтында

ишлямякишлямяк red-tapered-tape бурадабурада: : дяфтярханадяфтярхана ишииши to be competentto be competent сяриштялисяриштяли олмаголмаг ( (бажарыглыбажарыглы))

Answer the questions.Answer the questions.

What working position is the best for you?What working position is the best for you? Are you accustomed to working under pressure?Are you accustomed to working under pressure? Are you accustomed to a red-tape job?Are you accustomed to a red-tape job? Do you want to be an executive or an administrator of the big Do you want to be an executive or an administrator of the big

company? What should you do for it?company? What should you do for it? What qualities do you need to be an executive of the company?What qualities do you need to be an executive of the company? What does it mean to be a competent manager?What does it mean to be a competent manager?

LESSON 5LESSON 5LINE AND STAFF POSITIONSLINE AND STAFF POSITIONS

In business, organization structure means the relationship between In business, organization structure means the relationship between positions and people who hold the positions. Organization structures are positions and people who hold the positions. Organization structures are very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as a very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.system of communication.

Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between the positions and main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between the positions and tasks of each level, and the positions and tasks above and bellow each level. tasks of each level, and the positions and tasks above and bellow each level. For example, as sales manager may be in a line position between a vice-For example, as sales manager may be in a line position between a vice-president of marketing and a salesman. Thus a vice president of marketing president of marketing and a salesman. Thus a vice president of marketing has direct authority over a sales manager. A sales manager in his turn has direct authority over a sales manager. A sales manager in his turn direct authority over a salesman. This chain of command simplifies the direct authority over a salesman. This chain of command simplifies the problems of giving and taking orders.problems of giving and taking orders.

When business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need When business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need for specialists. In such case administrators may organize staff departments for specialists. In such case administrators may organize staff departments and add staff specialists to do specific work. These people are usually busy and add staff specialists to do specific work. These people are usually busy with services; they are not tied in with the company product. The activities with services; they are not tied in with the company product. The activities of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.


relationshiprelationship гаршылыглыгаршылыглы мцнасибятмцнасибят hold the positionshold the positions вязифявязифя тутмагтутмаг organization structureorganization structure тяшкилатынтяшкилатын структуруструктуру levellevel сявиййясявиййя, , дяряжядяряжя, , пилляпилля sales managersales manager сатыш шюбясинин мцдири, сатыш шюбясинин мцдири,

коммерсийа директорукоммерсийа директору salesmansalesman сатыжысатыжы, , тижаряттижарят аэентиаэенти to have direct authority to have direct authority кимясякимяся рящбярликрящбярлик етмякетмяк

over smb.over smb. staffstaff штатштат, , ишчиишчи щейятищейяти to give ordersto give orders ямрлярямрляр вермяквермяк to take ordersto take orders ямрлярямрляр алмагалмаг a line departmenta line department щазырщазыр мящсулмящсул шюбясишюбяси staff departmentstaff department идаряетмяидаряетмя щейятищейяти цчцнцчцн

кадрларкадрлар шюбясишюбяси to be tied in with the companyto be tied in with the company сонсон мящсулмящсул бурахылышыбурахылышы иляиля мяшьул мяшьул

олмаголмагproductproduct

complexcomplex мцряккябмцряккяб


What does the organization structure mean?What does the organization structure mean? What does the organization structure provide?What does the organization structure provide? What is historically the oldest type of organization structure?What is historically the oldest type of organization structure? In what position is a sales manager in attitude to a vice-In what position is a sales manager in attitude to a vice-

president of marketing and a salesman?president of marketing and a salesman? What is the difference between line and staff departments?What is the difference between line and staff departments? Why is an advertising department or a credit department Why is an advertising department or a credit department

considered staff structure rather than line structure?considered staff structure rather than line structure?

LESSON 6LESSON 6ACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING

Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. In is used by Accounting records give a very important data. In is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, and management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, and government.government.

Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.was received and spent by the company.

One major tool for analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A One major tool for analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firm operating efficiency.firm operating efficiency.

The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm. value of the ownership of the firm.


accountingaccounting мцщасибатмцщасибат учотуучоту recordrecord сянядсяняд, , протоколпротокол, , гейдгейд to recordto record гейдгейд етмякетмяк, , гейдиййатагейдиййата алмагалмаг to measureto measure юлчмякюлчмяк transactiontransaction сювдясювдя, , банкбанк ямялиййатыямялиййаты firm’s financial conditionfirm’s financial condition фирманынфирманын малиййямалиййя вязиййятивязиййяти to provide data to provide data мялуматламялуматла тяминтямин етмякетмяк creditorcreditor кредиторкредитор independentindependent мцстягилмцстягил income statementincome statement эялирлярэялирляр щаггындащаггында щесабатщесабат balance sheetbalance sheet балансбаланс щесабатыщесабаты to receiveto receive гябулгябул етмякетмяк, , алмагалмаг to spend to spend хяржлямякхяржлямяк ratio analysisratio analysis ямсалларынямсалларын тящлилитящлили profitabilityprofitability мянфяятлиликмянфяятлилик Return on Investment RatioReturn on Investment Ratio инвестисийанынинвестисийанын гайтарылмагайтарылма

ямсалыямсалы efficiencyefficiency еффективликеффективлик,,мящсулдарлыгмящсулдарлыг, ,

сямярялиликсямярялилик to evaluateto evaluate гиймятляндирмякгиймятляндирмяк valuevalue гиймятгиймят, , дяйярдяйяр ownershipownership хцсусихцсуси мцлкиййятмцлкиййят overall financial structureoverall financial structure малиййямалиййя структуруструктуру


What is the purpose of accounting?What is the purpose of accounting? Who uses the data provided by accounting firms?Who uses the data provided by accounting firms? What are the two types of records which most businesses What are the two types of records which most businesses

prepare?prepare? What can you know analyzing the income statement and What can you know analyzing the income statement and

balance sheet of a company? balance sheet of a company? What is the purpose of the ratio analysis? What is the purpose of the ratio analysis? What categories of ratios in finance do you know?What categories of ratios in finance do you know?

LESSON 7LESSON 7CORPORATE FINANCECORPORATE FINANCE

Corporations need financing for the purchase of assets and the payment of Corporations need financing for the purchase of assets and the payment of expenses. The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property.expenses. The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property.

Sometimes it is called as equity funding. The holders of the shares form the Sometimes it is called as equity funding. The holders of the shares form the ownership of the company. Each share is represented by a stock certificate, ownership of the company. Each share is represented by a stock certificate, which is negotiable. It means that one can buy and sell it. The value of a share is which is negotiable. It means that one can buy and sell it. The value of a share is determined by the net assets divided by the total number of shares out standing. determined by the net assets divided by the total number of shares out standing. The value of the share also depends on the success of the company. The greater The value of the share also depends on the success of the company. The greater the success, the more value the shares have.the success, the more value the shares have.

A corporation can also get capital by borrowing. It is called debt funding. If a A corporation can also get capital by borrowing. It is called debt funding. If a corporation borrows money, they give notes or bonds. They are also negotiable. corporation borrows money, they give notes or bonds. They are also negotiable. But the interest has to be paid out whether business is profitable or not.But the interest has to be paid out whether business is profitable or not.

When running the corporation, management must consider both the outflow and When running the corporation, management must consider both the outflow and inflow of capital. The outflow is formed by the purchase of inventory and inflow of capital. The outflow is formed by the purchase of inventory and supplies, payment of salaries. The inflow is formed by the sale of goods and supplies, payment of salaries. The inflow is formed by the sale of goods and services. In the long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow. It results in services. In the long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow. It results in a profit. In addition, a company must deduct its costs, expenses, losses on bad a profit. In addition, a company must deduct its costs, expenses, losses on bad debts, interest on borrowed capital and other items. It helps to determine if the debts, interest on borrowed capital and other items. It helps to determine if the financial management has been profitable. The amount of risk involved is also financial management has been profitable. The amount of risk involved is also an important factor. It determines the fund raising and it shows if a particular an important factor. It determines the fund raising and it shows if a particular corporation is a good investment.corporation is a good investment.


purchasepurchase алышалыш, , алгыалгы payment of expensespayment of expenses хяржляринхяржлярин юдянилмясиюдянилмяси propertyproperty мцлкиййятмцлкиййят, , ямлакямлак equity fundingequity funding мцяссисянинмцяссисянин пулпул фондунунфондунун сящмсящм

васитясиваситяси иляиля йарадылмасыйарадылмасы debt fundingdebt funding мцяссисянинмцяссисянин пулпул фондунунфондунун боржборж

васитясиваситяси иляиля йарадылмасыйарадылмасы holders of the sharesholders of the shares сящмсящм сащиблярисащибляри, , сящмдарларсящмдарлар stock certificatestock certificate сящмсящм шящадятнамясишящадятнамяси negotiablenegotiable разылыьаразылыьа эялиняэялиня билянбилян, , верилявериля билянбилян, ,

сатыласатыла вявя алынаалына билянбилян net assetsnet assets ямлакынямлакын халисхалис дяйяридяйяри bondbond истигразистиграз вярягясивярягяси, , боржборж ющдялийиющдялийи notenote боржборж щаггындащаггында гябзгябз interestinterest пайпай, , боржборж фаизифаизи to pay outto pay out юдямякюдямяк to run a corporationto run a corporation корпорасийаныкорпорасийаны идаряидаря етмякетмяк inflowinflow мядахилмядахил outflowoutflow мяхарижмяхариж inventoryinventory маддимадди истещсалатистещсалат ещтийатларыещтийатлары suppliessupplies ресурсларресурслар debtdebt боржборж goodsgoods малмал, , ямтяяямтяя


Why do all corporations need financing?Why do all corporations need financing? What does equity funding mean?What does equity funding mean? What does debt funding mean?What does debt funding mean? How is the value of a share determined?How is the value of a share determined? What activities produce an inflow and outflow of What activities produce an inflow and outflow of

capital?capital? What can happen if an enterprise has a greater What can happen if an enterprise has a greater

outflow of capital than an inflow?outflow of capital than an inflow? Why is the risk involved an important factor in Why is the risk involved an important factor in

determining fund raising?determining fund raising?

LESSON 8LESSON 8BANKS AND BUSINESSBANKS AND BUSINESS

Banks are different in different countries. Let’s speak about the Banks are different in different countries. Let’s speak about the banks in the United States of America. There, commercial banks banks in the United States of America. There, commercial banks are classified into two main groups. First, there are national are classified into two main groups. First, there are national banks. They are charted and supervised by the Federal banks. They are charted and supervised by the Federal Government. Secondly, there are state banks. They are charted Government. Secondly, there are state banks. They are charted and supervised by the state in which they are operated. All and supervised by the state in which they are operated. All commercial banks can make loans to borrowers.commercial banks can make loans to borrowers.

Major commercial banks in such cities as Tokyo, Paris, Rio Major commercial banks in such cities as Tokyo, Paris, Rio cooperate with each other. In this way finance imports and cooperate with each other. In this way finance imports and exports between countries.exports between countries.

An importer buys merchandise from another country using the An importer buys merchandise from another country using the currency of that country. For that purpose he buys this currency currency of that country. For that purpose he buys this currency from the foreign exchange department of his bank. And in the from the foreign exchange department of his bank. And in the same way if an exporter receives foreign money from sales to same way if an exporter receives foreign money from sales to other countries, he sells this currency to his bank. By this other countries, he sells this currency to his bank. By this method the currency of any country can usually be exchanged.method the currency of any country can usually be exchanged.


commercial bankcommercial bank коммерсийакоммерсийа банкыбанкы

national banknational bank миллимилли банкбанк to charterto charter йаратмагйаратмаг to superviseto supervise рящбярликрящбярлик

етмякетмяк, , нязарятнязарят етмякетмяк

state bankstate bank дювлятдювлят банкыбанкы merchandisemerchandise малмал, , ямтяяямтяя currencycurrency пулпул, , валйутавалйута foreign exchange departmentforeign exchange department харижихарижи валйутавалйута

мцбадилямцбадиля шюбясишюбяси

to exchange currencyto exchange currency валйутавалйута мцбадилясимцбадиляси


What do all commercial banks do?What do all commercial banks do? What kinds of commercial banks in the USA do you know?What kinds of commercial banks in the USA do you know?

What are they called?What are they called? Who supervises the operations of national bank?Who supervises the operations of national bank? What kind of currency does an importer generally use when What kind of currency does an importer generally use when

he buys goods from another country?he buys goods from another country? What do you know about the “international exchange”?What do you know about the “international exchange”? What is the currency of this country called?What is the currency of this country called? What is the exchange rate between your currency and the What is the exchange rate between your currency and the

currency of the USA and Germany? How can you find it out currency of the USA and Germany? How can you find it out if you don’t know itif you don’t know it

LESSON 9LESSON 9PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND

PLANNINGPLANNING

The number of new products coming into the market of western The number of new products coming into the market of western countries every year is overwhelming. The major part of these products countries every year is overwhelming. The major part of these products is not new, but adaptations. It means that these products are not new; is not new, but adaptations. It means that these products are not new; they are existing items to which a modification has been made. Only they are existing items to which a modification has been made. Only few products are really original or innovations. For instance a clock - few products are really original or innovations. For instance a clock - television is an adaptation, but TV - set itself, the refrigerator - each television is an adaptation, but TV - set itself, the refrigerator - each was an innovation. A great number of innovations and adaptations are was an innovation. A great number of innovations and adaptations are designed, produced and marketed by small businesses. Very often a designed, produced and marketed by small businesses. Very often a new product is formed on the basis of the new business. Sometimes new product is formed on the basis of the new business. Sometimes there is a patent to make the business more successful. But it happens there is a patent to make the business more successful. But it happens very often that market research hasn't been done carefully.very often that market research hasn't been done carefully.

Even in case larger scale producers do more research and testing there Even in case larger scale producers do more research and testing there is no sure success. A promising new product may be also robbed of is no sure success. A promising new product may be also robbed of success by unreasonable prices, inadequate promotion and poor selling success by unreasonable prices, inadequate promotion and poor selling methods. Generally less than one fifth of all new products turn out to be methods. Generally less than one fifth of all new products turn out to be profitable.profitable.


product development product development истещсалынистещсалын инкишафыинкишафы adaptation adaptation уйьунлашдырылмышуйьунлашдырылмыш,,

дяйишдирилмишдяйишдирилмиш, , йенидянйенидян дцзялдилмишдцзялдилмиш

modification modification модификасийамодификасийа, , дяйишикликдяйишиклик innovation innovation йениликйенилик patent patent патентпатент large scale producer large scale producer ириири истещсалчыистещсалчы promising product promising product перспективлиперспективли мящсулмящсул unreasonable price unreasonable price шиширдилмишшиширдилмиш гиймятгиймят inadequate inadequate тяляблярятялябляря жавабжаваб вермяйянвермяйян, ,

мцвафигмцвафиголмайанолмайан, (, (кифайяткифайят етмяйянетмяйян))


How can you explain the term adaptation?How can you explain the term adaptation? What is an innovation?What is an innovation? Give your own examples of innovations and adaptations.Give your own examples of innovations and adaptations. Why are many innovations and adaptations manufactured and Why are many innovations and adaptations manufactured and

marketed by small businesses?marketed by small businesses? Why is it so important to obtain a patent?Why is it so important to obtain a patent? Why does the failure of a new product take place?Why does the failure of a new product take place?

LESSON 10LESSON 10MARKETINGMARKETING

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, series of decisions you make during the process of the other hand, series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass of the consumer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centers has made consumption. The construction of good shopping centers has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.and plenty of parking facilities.


producer producer истещсалчыистещсалчы consumer consumer истещлакчыистещлакчы user user истещлакчыистещлакчы distribution distribution бюлцшдцрцлмябюлцшдцрцлмя marketing marketing сатышсатыш, , маркетингмаркетинг transporting transporting няглиййатняглиййат васитясиваситяси иляиля

дашынмадашынма storing storing сахламасахлама, , анбардаанбарда сахланмасахланма storage storage малынмалын сахланылмасысахланылмасы product planning product planning йенийени мящсулларынмящсулларын

планлашдырылмасыпланлашдырылмасы pricing pricing гиймятлярингиймятлярин щесабланмасыщесабланмасы

promotion promotion малларынмалларын сатышынасатышына имканимкан йаратмагйаратмаг ( (мясялянмясялян, ,

реклам-тяблиьаты васитяси реклам-тяблиьаты васитяси иля)иля)

traffictraffic бурада: тижарятбурада: тижарят marketing researchmarketing research базар тядгигатыбазар тядгигаты trendtrend мейл, цмуми истигамятмейл, цмуми истигамят to predict to predict прогнозпрогноз вермяквермяк to influence to influence тясиртясир етмякетмяк


What does marketing mean?What does marketing mean? What activities do marketing consists of?What activities do marketing consists of? What do marketing operations include?What do marketing operations include? Why is it so important for the producer to predict the Why is it so important for the producer to predict the

trends?trends? How was mass consumption possible in USA?How was mass consumption possible in USA?

LESSON 11LESSON 11WHOLESALINGWHOLESALING

Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.manufacturer or producer to the consumer.

Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one - third of total sales.account for one - third of total sales.

Two – third of the wholesaling middleman are merchant wholesalers who take Two – third of the wholesaling middleman are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don’t take title to the goods they deal in. purchases or sales or both. They don’t take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don’t earn salaries. They Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don’t earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.

Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average supermarket stocks 5.000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have supermarket stocks 5.000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more than 6.000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from more than 6.000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and retailer. The store-keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of retailer. The store-keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few different people. He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers.wholesalers.


wholesalingwholesaling топдантопдан сатышсатыш to provide channels to provide channels сатышсатыш системилясистемиля тяминтямин етмякетмяк indirect channels indirect channels васитяливаситяли сатышсатыш complicated channels complicated channels мцряккябмцряккяб сатышсатыш каналларыканаллары retailer retailer пяракяндяпяракяндя тижарятлятижарятля мяшьулмяшьул оланолан chain movement chain movement бирляшмяйябирляшмяйя жанжан атмаатма wholesale unit wholesale unit топдантопдан сатышсатыш мянтягясимянтягяси total sales total sales цмумицмуми сатышсатыш middleman middleman 1) 1) васитячиваситячи 2) 2) дяллалдяллал merchant wholesaler merchant wholesaler топдантопдан алыжыалыжы wholesaling middleman wholesaling middleman топдантопдан сатышсатышла мяшьул оланла мяшьул олан to take title to the goods to take title to the goods малы ялдя етмякмалы ялдя етмяк agent middleman agent middleman истещсалчыистещсалчы вявя истещлакчыистещлакчы

арасындаарасында васитячиваситячи to negotiate purchases or sales to negotiate purchases or sales алгыалгы вявя сатгысатгы щаггындащаггында

данышыгларданышыглар апармагапармаг to earn salary to earn salary маашмааш алмагалмаг to receive commissions to receive commissions комиссионкомиссион щаггыщаггы алмагалмаг, , сатышдансатышдан фаизфаиз

алмагалмаг grocery grocery ярзагярзаг маьазасымаьазасы to handle to handle 1) 1) идаряидаря етмякетмяк 2) 2) тижарятлятижарятля мяшьулмяшьул олмаголмаг assortment assortment чешидчешид, , ассортиментассортимент


What is the aim of the wholesaling?What is the aim of the wholesaling? How can you describe a direct channel of distribution?How can you describe a direct channel of distribution? What is an indirect channel of distribution? What is an indirect channel of distribution? What channel of distribution is preferable?What channel of distribution is preferable? Is there any difference between a merchant wholesaler and an Is there any difference between a merchant wholesaler and an

agent middleman? What is this difference?agent middleman? What is this difference? How does a wholesaler simplify the process of distribution?How does a wholesaler simplify the process of distribution? What would a retailer have to do without wholesaler?What would a retailer have to do without wholesaler?

LESSON 12LESSON 12RETAILINGRETAILING

Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being middlemen, they make their profit by charging the customer 25 to 100 middlemen, they make their profit by charging the customer 25 to 100 per cent more than the price they paid for the item.per cent more than the price they paid for the item.

The retailers operate through stores, mail - order houses, vending The retailers operate through stores, mail - order houses, vending machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: department stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line retailers. department stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line retailers. The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate on a single line of merchandise for example, food, hardware, etc. But on a single line of merchandise for example, food, hardware, etc. But nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a greater variety of supplies.greater variety of supplies.

The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services the a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays, advertising or sales people. Fourth, the retailer can through displays, advertising or sales people. Fourth, the retailer can finance the customer by extending credit. Also the retailer stores the finance the customer by extending credit. Also the retailer stores the goods in his outlet by having goods available.goods in his outlet by having goods available.


retailingretailing пяракяндяпяракяндя сатышсатыш ultimate consumer ultimate consumer сонсон истещлакчыистещлакчы link link ялагяялагя, , бяндбянд mail-order house mail-order house алыжыларыналыжыларын сифаришляринисифаришлярини почтпочт

васитясиляваситясиля йериняйериня йетирянйетирян мцяссисямцяссися

vending machine operator vending machine operator автоматавтомат машынларынмашынларын операторуоператору

discount house discount house малларынмалларын гиймятигиймяти нисбятяннисбятян ужузужуз оланолан

дцкандцкан cooperative cooperative кооперативкооператив single line retailer single line retailer ейнижинслиейнижинсли малмал аланалан тажиртажир to perform functions to perform functions мцхтялиф мцхтялиф функсийаларыфунксийалары

йериняйериня йетирмякйетирмяк extending credit extending credit мцддятимцддяти узадылмышузадылмыш кредиткредит outlet outlet тижаряттижарят мцяссисясимцяссисяси, , сатышсатыш базарыбазары discount discount эцзяштэцзяшт


What is retailing?What is retailing? What are four different types of retail stores?What are four different types of retail stores? What are at least two types of retailing that don't What are at least two types of retailing that don't

include the use of a store?include the use of a store? In what way does a retailer serve a customer?In what way does a retailer serve a customer? In what way does a retailer serve a manufacturer?In what way does a retailer serve a manufacturer? Which per cent of price of the good sold goes to the Which per cent of price of the good sold goes to the

retailer?retailer? What is the trend with a single line retailer now?What is the trend with a single line retailer now?

Lesson 13Lesson 13PricingPricing

All products and all services have prices. The price depends on different thing All products and all services have prices. The price depends on different thing such as credit terms, delivery, trade in allowance, guarantees, quality and other such as credit terms, delivery, trade in allowance, guarantees, quality and other forms of service, which price can produce the biggest profile during a long forms of service, which price can produce the biggest profile during a long period of time. It’s hardly possible to determine such a price. The price may be period of time. It’s hardly possible to determine such a price. The price may be too high to produce a large volume or too low to cover costs. No other area of too high to produce a large volume or too low to cover costs. No other area of marketing operations has been a subject to bad practice. Many businesses marketing operations has been a subject to bad practice. Many businesses pursue unsound price policies for long periods of time and are not aware about pursue unsound price policies for long periods of time and are not aware about it.it.

Prices can be determined in different ways. For example, the prices of meat, Prices can be determined in different ways. For example, the prices of meat, cotton and other agricultural prices can be decided in large central market cotton and other agricultural prices can be decided in large central market where forces of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competition. The where forces of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competition. The prices on industrial products (iron, steel, etc.) are usually decided by large prices on industrial products (iron, steel, etc.) are usually decided by large companies. As a rule the amount and price of goods sold to large number of companies. As a rule the amount and price of goods sold to large number of buyers is controlled by a few competing sellers. Prices also can be set by the buyers is controlled by a few competing sellers. Prices also can be set by the government, usually for different public services–railroads, electricity, government, usually for different public services–railroads, electricity, manufactured gas, bus services, etc.manufactured gas, bus services, etc.

It demand increases, prices rise, profits expand and new investment is attracted. It demand increases, prices rise, profits expand and new investment is attracted. But other factors may be involved as well. Prices are related to each other in But other factors may be involved as well. Prices are related to each other in different ways. Ultimately, everything is related in price, since the consumer can different ways. Ultimately, everything is related in price, since the consumer can buy and must pay for everything out of a particular, limited amount of money.buy and must pay for everything out of a particular, limited amount of money.


credit terms credit terms кредиткредит шяртляришяртляри trade - in allowancetrade - in allowance йенийени маллармаллар

щесабынащесабына, , кющнякющня яшйалараяшйалара

юдянилмишюдянилмиш мябляьмябляь cover costs cover costs хяржлярихяржляри юдямякюдямяк to pursue unsound priceto pursue unsound price дцшцнцлмямишдцшцнцлмямиш гиймятгиймят

гоймагойма policies policies сийасятисийасяти апармагапармаг

supply and demand supply and demand тялябтяляб вявя тяклифтяклиф price competition price competition гиймятингиймятин ямяляямяля

эялмясиндяэялмясиндя рягабятрягабят to set prices to set prices гиймятляригиймятляри тяйинтяйин

етмякетмяк


Why is it difficult to determine the right price? Why is it difficult to determine the right price? Why is the seller interested in the price that produces Why is the seller interested in the price that produces

the highest volume of sales at the lowest unit cost?the highest volume of sales at the lowest unit cost? Why do many businesses follow unsound pricing Why do many businesses follow unsound pricing

policies?policies? In what way are agricultural prices decided?In what way are agricultural prices decided? How industrial products are usually priced?How industrial products are usually priced?

LESSON 14LESSON 14

COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS The computer industry is one of the largest in western countries and The computer industry is one of the largest in western countries and

especially in the USA. It includes companies that manufacture, sell and especially in the USA. It includes companies that manufacture, sell and lease computers, as well as companies that supply products and services lease computers, as well as companies that supply products and services for people working with computers.for people working with computers.

A computer cannot think. A human operator puts data into the A computer cannot think. A human operator puts data into the computer and gives instructions. The operator writes instructions computer and gives instructions. The operator writes instructions which determine the mathematical operations on information. A which determine the mathematical operations on information. A computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly. Traditionally, computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly. Traditionally, the computer in business is used to process data. This involves different the computer in business is used to process data. This involves different administrative functions such as preparation of payrolls, inventory administrative functions such as preparation of payrolls, inventory control in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution operations, control in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution operations, customer accounting, billing by banks, insurance companies, public customer accounting, billing by banks, insurance companies, public utilities and mass circulation magazines. Now the computer takes on utilities and mass circulation magazines. Now the computer takes on new kinds of jobs. It has become more involved in business operations new kinds of jobs. It has become more involved in business operations as an essential tool in making decisions at the highest administrative as an essential tool in making decisions at the highest administrative level.level.


to give instructions to give instructions эюстяришлярэюстяришляр ((тялиматлартялиматлар) ) вермяквермяк

to put data to put data мялуматмялумат йерляшдирмякйерляшдирмяк to solve mathematicalto solve mathematical рийазирийази мясяляляримясяляляри щяллщялл

етмякетмяк problems problems

to process data to process data фактикифактики мялуматмялумат щазырламагщазырламаг preparation of payrolls preparation of payrolls юдянишюдяниш жядвяллярининжядвялляринин

щазырланмасыщазырланмасы inventory control inventory control инвентарлараинвентарлара нязарятнязарят warehousing warehousing малларынмалларын анбардаанбарда сахланмасысахланмасы distribution operations distribution operations бюлцшдцрмябюлцшдцрмя ямялиййатларыямялиййатлары customer accounting customer accounting мцштяримцштяри иляиля щесаблашмащесаблашма


What does the computer industry include?What does the computer industry include? In what way does a computer operate?In what way does a computer operate? How was the computer traditionally used in How was the computer traditionally used in

business?business? What new kinds of jobs is the computer What new kinds of jobs is the computer

taking? taking?

LESSON 15LESSON 15INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

The International Corporation or global company has it's origin. Usually it is the The International Corporation or global company has it's origin. Usually it is the outgrowth of the great trading companies of the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1811 outgrowth of the great trading companies of the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1811 a New York statue said corporations could be created by the filling of a New York statue said corporations could be created by the filling of documents. After that it became a matter of bureaucratic operations to become a documents. After that it became a matter of bureaucratic operations to become a corporation. By 1850 it was a very common thing in the United States and was corporation. By 1850 it was a very common thing in the United States and was under general statue in European countries as well. Since that time the corporate under general statue in European countries as well. Since that time the corporate movement began. As the jet plane, satellite communications and computers movement began. As the jet plane, satellite communications and computers began; it became possible for a company to control business in all the world.began; it became possible for a company to control business in all the world.

The growth of international corporate operations is faster than the economic The growth of international corporate operations is faster than the economic growth of the industrialized nations. There are some projects which predict that growth of the industrialized nations. There are some projects which predict that within generations almost a half of the free words production will be within generations almost a half of the free words production will be internationalized.internationalized.

This trend for internationalism presupposes some benefits such as new jobs, This trend for internationalism presupposes some benefits such as new jobs, higher living standards and the closing of the gaps between people-economic, higher living standards and the closing of the gaps between people-economic, educational and technological. At the same time serious questions can asked. Is it educational and technological. At the same time serious questions can asked. Is it the most efficient way to use world researches? Can the international the most efficient way to use world researches? Can the international corporation be the best force for a better world? Is it politically stronger than corporation be the best force for a better world? Is it politically stronger than government? Can it take care of the self interest and competitiveness on behalf government? Can it take care of the self interest and competitiveness on behalf of the greatest good? And in what way can the global company work toward of the greatest good? And in what way can the global company work toward easing the worlds crises - monetary, political, energy and food?easing the worlds crises - monetary, political, energy and food?


multinational corporationmultinational corporation бейнялхалгбейнялхалг тяшкилаттяшкилат global company global company цмумдцнйацмумдцнйа ширкятиширкяти outgrowthoutgrowth мящсулмящсул, , нятижянятижя statutestatute ганунверижиликганунверижилик актыакты satellite communicationsatellite communication пейкпейк васитясиляваситясиля ялагяялагя,,

рабитярабитя closing of the gapsclosing of the gaps сярщядляринсярщядлярин йахынлашмасыйахынлашмасы jet planejet plane реактивреактив тяййарятяййаря bureaucraticbureaucratic бцрократикбцрократик


What is the origin of the multinational company?What is the origin of the multinational company? When did the corporate movement begin?When did the corporate movement begin? Why did it become possible for a company to control enterprises Why did it become possible for a company to control enterprises

on the other side of the globe?on the other side of the globe? How quickly is internationalism growing?How quickly is internationalism growing? What can internationalism bring?What can internationalism bring? What problems can arise with internationalism?What problems can arise with internationalism? What are your own answers and explanations to this problem?What are your own answers and explanations to this problem?

bİznesmenlƏr ÜÇÜn İngİlİs dİlİ. lesson 1 types of proprietorship a business may be...

Documents

sole proprietorships

general partnership

business profit

business receipts

kind of business

limited partnerships

greatest volume of business

different forms