black & decker the complete guide to wiring
TRANSCRIPT
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WIRINGREPAIRS
Currentwith2011-2013ElectricalCodes
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ContentsWiringRepairProjects
RepairingLightFixtures
RepairingChandeliers
RepairingCeilingFans
RepairingFluorescentLights
ReplacingPlugs&Cords
ReplacingaLampSocket
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WiringRepairProjects
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“Repair”and“wiring”aretwowordsyoudon’tseetogethertoomuchanymore.Inmostcasesofanelectricalfailure,therepairistoreplacethefaileddevice.Butitmayalsobereconnectedtoabadspliceoralooseconnection.
Theelectricalitemsthatmostfrequentlyrequireactualrepairsarelightfixtures.Ifyouincludelampsandcordsinthiscategory,you’veprettymuchcoveredit.Mostelectricalfailuresresultfrompoorlymadeconnectionsintheoriginalinstallation.Exceptionsareswitches,whichtendtowearoutovertimeandrequirereplacement,andceilingfans.Ceilingfansareuniqueinthat,likeswitches,theycontainmovingparts—andrapidlymovingpartsatthat.Catchingaswitchpullchainonamovingbladeisthecauseofmanyceilingfanproblems,alongwithbladesthathavefallenoutofbalanceandhavebeguntowobble.
Whenreplacingpartofanelectricalfixture,theruleofthumbforfindingthereplacementpartistoremovethebrokenpartandbringitwithyoutoalightingorelectricalsupplystore.Failingthat,takedownthemakeandserialnumberofthefixturesotheclerkcanlookuppartinformationforyou.
RepairingLightFixtures
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Lightfixturesareattachedpermanentlytoceilingsorwalls.Theyincludewall-hungsconces,ceiling-hungglobefixtures,recessedlightfixtures,andchandeliers.Mostlightfixturesareeasytorepairusingbasictoolsandinexpensiveparts.
Ifalightfixturefails,alwaysmakesurethelightbulbisscrewedintightlyandisnotburnedout.Afaultylightbulbisthemostcommoncauseoflightfixturefailure.Ifthelightfixtureiscontrolledbyawallswitch,alsochecktheswitchasapossiblesourceofproblems.
Lightfixturescanfailbecausethesocketsorbuilt-inswitcheswearout.Somefixtureshavesocketsandswitchesthatcanberemovedforminorrepairs.Thesepartsareheldtothebaseofthefixturewithmountingscrewsorclips.Otherfixtureshavesocketsandswitchesthatarejoinedpermanentlytothebase.Ifthistypeoffixturefails,purchaseandinstallanewlightfixture.
Damagetolightfixturesoftenoccursbecausehomeownersinstalllightbulbswithwattageratingsthataretoohigh.Preventoverheatingandlightfixturefailuresbyusingonlylightbulbsthatmatchthewattageratingsprintedonthefixtures.
Techniquesforrepairingfluorescentlightsaredifferentfromthoseforincandescentlights.Refertopages308to313torepairorreplaceafluorescentlightfixture.
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Tools&Materials
CircuittesterScrewdriverContinuitytesterCombinationtoolReplacementparts,asneeded
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Inatypicalincandescentlightfixture,ablackhotwireisconnectedtoabrassscrewterminalonthesocket.Powerflowstoasmalltabatthebottomofthemetalsocketandthroughametalfilamentinsidethebulb.Thepowerheatsthefilamentandcausesittoglow.Thecurrentthenflowsthroughthethreadedportionofthesocketandthroughthewhiteneutralwirebacktothemainservicepanel.
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Before1959,incandescentlightfixtures(showncutaway)oftenweremounteddirectlytoanelectricalboxortoplasterlath.Electricalcodesnowrequirethatfixturesbeattachedtomountingstrapsthatareanchoredtotheelectricalboxes.Ifyouhavealightfixtureattachedtoplasterlath,installanapprovedelectricalboxwithamountingstraptosupportthefixture.
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PROBLEM REPAIRWall-orceiling-mountedfixtureflickersordoesnotlight.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.3.Checkforloosewireconnectionsinelectricalbox.4.Testsocketandreplace,ifneeded(pages318to319).5.Replacelightfixture.
Built-inswitchonfixturedoesnotwork.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkforloosewireconnectionsonswitch.3.Replaceswitch.4.Replacelightfixture.
Chandelierflickersordoesnotlight.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.3.Checkforloosewireconnectionsinelectricalbox.4.Testsocketsandfixturewires,andreplace,ifneeded.
Recessedfixtureflickersordoesnotlight.
1.Checkforfaultylightbulb.2.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.3.Checkforloosewireconnectionsinelectricalbox.4.Testfixtureandreplace,ifneeded.
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HowtoRemoveaLightFixture&TestaSocket
Turnoffthepowertothelightfixtureatthemainservicepanel.Removethelightbulbandanyshadeorglobe,thenremovethemountingscrewsholdingthefixturebasetotheelectricalboxormountingstrap.Carefullypullthefixturebaseawayfromthebox.
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Testforpowerbytouchingoneprobeofacircuittestertothegreengroundingscrew,theninsertingtheotherprobeintoeachwireconnector.Testershouldnotglow.Ifitdoes,thereisstillpowerenteringthebox.Returntotheservicepanelandturnoffpowertothecorrectcircuit.
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Disconnectthelightfixturebasebylooseningthescrewterminals.Iffixturehaswireleadsinsteadofscrewterminals,removethelightfixturebasebyunscrewingthewireconnectors.
Adjustthemetaltabatthebottomofthefixturesocketbypryingitupslightlywithasmallscrewdriver.Thisadjustmentwillimprovethecontactbetweenthesocketandthelightbulb.
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Testthesocket(showncutaway)byattachingtheclipofacontinuitytestertothehotscrewterminal(orblackwirelead)andtouchingprobeoftestertometaltabinbottomofsocket.Testershouldglow.Ifnot,socketisfaultyandmustbereplaced.
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Attachtestercliptoneutralscrewterminal(orwhitewirelead),andtouchprobetothreadedportionofsocket.Testershouldglow.Ifnot,socketisfaultyandmustbereplaced.Ifsocketispermanentlyattached,replacethefixture.
HowtoReplaceaSocket
Removetheoldlightfixture.Removethesocketfromthefixture.Thesocketmaybeheldbyascrew,clip,orretainingring.Disconnectwiresattachedtothesocket.
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Purchaseanidenticalreplacementsocket.Connectthewhitewiretothesilverscrewterminalonthesocket,andconnecttheblackwiretothebrassscrewterminal.Attachthesockettothefixturebase,andreinstallthefixture.
HowtoTest&ReplaceaBuilt-inLightSwitch
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Removethelightfixture.Unscrewtheretainingringholdingtheswitch.
Labelthewiresconnectedtotheswitchleads.Disconnecttheswitchleadsand
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removetheswitch.
Testtheswitchbyattachingtheclipofthecontinuitytestertooneoftheswitchleadsandholdingthetesterprobetotheotherlead.Operatetheswitchcontrol.Iftheswitchisgood,thetesterwillglowwhentheswitchisinoneposition,butnotboth.
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Iftheswitchisfaulty,purchaseandinstallanexactduplicateswitch.Remountthelightfixture,andturnonthepoweratthemainservicepanel.
RepairingChandeliers
Repairingachandelierrequiresspecialcare.Becausechandeliersareheavy,itisagoodideatoworkwithahelperwhenremovingachandelier.Supportthefixturetopreventitsweightfrompullingagainstthewires.
Chandeliershavetwofixturewiresthatarethreadedthroughthesupportchainfromtheelectricalboxtothehollowbaseofthechandelier.Thesocketwiresconnecttothefixturewiresinsidethisbase.
Fixturewiresareidentifiedashotandneutral.Look
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closelyforaraisedstripeononeofthewires.Thisistheneutralwirethatisconnectedtothewhitecircuitwireandwhitesocketwire.Theothersmoothfixturewireishotandisconnectedtotheblackwires.
Ifyouhaveanewchandelier,itmayhaveagroundingwirethatrunsthroughthesupportchaintotheelectricalbox.Ifthiswireispresent,makesureitisconnectedtothegroundingwiresintheelectricalbox.
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HowtoRepairaChandelier
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Labelanylightsthatarenotworkingusingmaskingtape.Turnoffpowertothefixtureatthemainservicepanel.Removelightbulbsandallshadesorglobes.
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Unscrewtheretainingnutandlowerthedecorativecoverplateawayfromtheelectricalbox.Mostchandeliersaresupportedbyathreadednippleattachedtoamountingstrap.
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Mountingvariation:Somechandeliersaresupportedonlybythecoverplatethatisboltedtotheelectricalboxmountingstrap.Thesetypesdonothaveathreadednipple.
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Testforpowerwithacircuittester.Testershouldnotglow.Ifitdoes,turnoffpowertothecorrectcircuitatthepanel.
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Disconnectfixturewiresbyremovingthewireconnectors.Unscrewthreadednippleandcarefullyplacechandelieronaflatsurface.
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Removethecapfromthebottomofthechandelier,exposingthewireconnectionsinsidethehollowbase.Disconnectthesocketwiresandfixturewires.
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Testsocketbyattachingclipofcontinuitytestertoblacksocketwireandtouchingprobetotabinsocket.Repeatwithsocketthreadsandwhitesocketwire.Iftesterdoesnotglow,thesocketmustbereplaced.
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Removeafaultysocketbylooseninganymountingscrewsorclipsandpullingthesocketandsocketwiresoutofthefixturearm.Purchaseandinstallanewchandeliersocket,threadingthesocketwiresthroughthefixturearm.
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Testeachfixturewirebyattachingclipofcontinuitytestertooneendofwireandtouchingprobetootherend.Iftesterdoesnotglow,wiremustbereplaced.Installnewwires,ifneeded,thenreassembleandrehangthechandelier.
RepairingCeilingFans
Ceilingfanscontainrapidlymovingparts,makingthemmoresusceptibletotroublethanmanyotherelectricalfixtures.Installationisarelativelysimplematter,butrepairingaceilingfancanbeveryfrustrating.Themostcommonproblemsyou’llencounterarebalanceandnoiseissuesandswitchfailure,usuallyprecipitatedbythepullchainbreaking.Inmostcases,bothproblemscanbecorrectedwithoutremovingthefanfromtheceiling.But
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ifyouhavedifficultyonladdersorsimplydon’tcaretoworkoverhead,considerremovingthefanwhenreplacingtheswitch.
Tools&Materials
ScrewdriverCombinationtoolReplacementswitchVoltageSensor
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Ceilingfansaresubjecttoagreatdealofvibrationandstress,soit’snotuncommonforswitchesandmotorstofail.Minimizewearandtearbymakingsurebladesareinbalancesothefandoesn’twobble.
HowtoTroubleshootBladeWobble
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Startbycheckingandtighteningallhardwareusedtoattachthebladestothemountingarmsandthemountingarmstothemotor.Hardwaretendstoloosenovertime,andthisisfrequentlythecauseofwobble.
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Ifwobblepersists,tryswitchingaroundtwooftheblades.Often,thisisallittakestogetthefanbackintobalance.Ifabladeisdamagedorwarped,replaceit.
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Ifthebladesaretightandyoustillhavewobble,turnthepoweroffatthepanel,removethefancanopy,andinspectthemountingbraceandtheconnectionbetweenthemountingpoleandthefanmotor.Ifanyconnectionsareloose,tightenthemandthenreplacethecanopy.
HowtoFixaLooseWireConnection
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Aleadingcauseoffanfailureisloosewireconnections.Toinspecttheseconnections,firstshutoffthepowertothefan.Removethefanbladestogainaccess,thenremovethecanopythatcoverstheceilingboxandfanmountingbracket.Mostcanopiesaresecuredwithscrewsontheoutsideshell.Haveahelperholdthefanwhileyouremovethescrewssoitwon’tfall.
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Oncethecanopyislowered,you’llseeblack,white,green,copper,andpossiblybluewires.Holdavoltagesensorwithin1/2"ofthesewireswiththewallswitchthatcontrolsthefanintheONposition.Theblackandbluewiresshouldcausethesensortobeepifpowerispresent.
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Whenyouhaveconfirmedthatthereisnopower,checkallthewireconnectionstomakecertaineachistightandmakinggoodcontact.Youmaybeabletoseethataconnectionhascomeapartandneedstoberemade.Butevenifyouseeonebadconnection,checkthemallbygentlytuggingonthewireconnectors.Ifthewirespulloutofthewireconnectorortheconnectionfeelsloose,unscrewthewireconnectorfromthewires.
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Testthewiresbyplacingavoltagesensorwithin1/2"ofthewires.Ifthesensorbeepsorlightsup,thenthecircuitisstillliveandisnotsafetowork.Whenthesensordoesnotbeeporlightup,thecircuitisdeadandmaybeworkedupon.Ifeverythingworks,reinstallthecanopybyreplacingthescrewsthatwereholdingitinplace.Reattachthefanbladesandthenrestorepower.
HowtoReplaceaCeilingFanPull-ChainSwitch
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Turnoffthepoweratthemainservicepanel.Useascrewdrivertoremovethethreetofourscrewsthatsecurethebottomcaponthefanswitchhousing.Lowerthecaptoexposethewiresthatsupplypowertothepull-chainswitch.
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Testthewiresbyplacingavoltagesensorwithin1/2"ofthewires.Ifthesensorbeepsorlightsup,thenthecircuitisstillliveandisnotsafetowork.Whenthesensordoesnotbeeporlightup,thecircuitisdeadandmaybeworkedupon.
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Locatetheswitchunit(thepartthatthepullchainusedtobeattachedtoifitbrokeoff);it’sprobablymadeofplastic.You’llneedtoreplacethewholeswitch.Fanswitchesareconnectedwithfromthreetoeightwires,dependingonthenumberofspeedsettings.
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Attachasmallpieceoftapetoeachwirethatenterstheswitchandwriteanidentifyingnumberonthetape.Startatonesideoftheswitchandlabelthewiresintheorderthey’reattached.
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Disconnecttheoldswitchwires,inmostcasesbycuttingthewiresoffasclosetotheoldswitchaspossible.Unscrewtheretainingnutthatsecurestheswitchtotheswitchhousing.
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Buyer’sTip
Here’showtobuyanewswitch.Bringtheoldswitchtothehardwarestoreorhomecenter,andfindanidenticalnewswitch—onewiththesamenumberandcolorofwires.Itshouldalsoattachtothefanmotorwiresinthesameway(slotsorscrewterminalsorwithintegralwiresandwireconnectors)andattachtothefaninthesameway.Ifyouareunabletolocateanidenticalswitch,findtheownersmanualforyourceilingfanandcontactthemanufacturer.Or,findthebrandandmodelnumberofthefanandorderaswitchfromaceilingfandealerorelectronicssupplystore.
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Removetheswitch.Theremaybeoneortwoscrewsthatholditinplaceoritmaybesecuredtotheoutsideofthefanwithasmallknurlednut,whichyoucanloosenwithneedlenosepliers.Purchaseanidenticalnewswitch.
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Connectthenewswitchusingthesamewiringconfigurationasontheoldmodel.Tomakeconnections,firstuseawirestrippertostrip3/4"ofinsulationfromtheendsofeachofthewirescomingfromthefanmotor(theonesyoucutinstep5).Attachthewirestothenewswitchinthesameorderandconfiguraionastheywereattachedtotheoldswitch.Securethenewswitchinthehousingandmakesureallwiresaretuckedneatlyinside.Reattachthebottomcap.Testallthefan’sspeedstomakesurealltheconnectionsaregood.
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RepairingFluorescentLights
Fluorescentlightsarerelativelytroublefreeanduselessenergythanincandescentlights.Atypicalfluorescenttubelastsaboutthreeyearsandproducestwotofourtimesasmuchlightperwattasastandardincandescentlightbulb.
Themostfrequentproblemwithafluorescentlightfixtureisaworn-outtube.Ifafluorescentlightfixturebeginstoflickerordoesnotlightfully,removeandexaminethetube.Ifthetubehasbentorbrokenpinsorblackdiscolorationneartheends,replaceit.Lightgraydiscolorationisnormalinworkingfluorescenttubes.Whenreplacinganoldtube,readthewattageratingprintedontheglasssurface,andbuyanewtubewithamatchingrating.Neverdisposeofoldtubesbybreakingthem.Fluorescenttubescontainasmallamountofhazardousmercury.Checkwithyourlocalenvironmentalcontrolagencyorhealthdepartmentfordisposalguidelines.
Fluorescentlightfixturesalsocanmalfunctionifthesocketsarecrackedorworn.Inexpensivereplacementsocketsareavailableatanyhardwarestoreandcanbeinstalledinafewminutes.Ifafixturedoesnotworkevenafterthetubeandsocketshavebeenserviced,theballastprobablyisdefective.Faultyballastsmayleakablack,
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oilysubstanceandcancauseafluorescentlightfixturetomakealoudhummingsound.Althoughballastscanbereplaced,alwayscheckpricesbeforebuyinganewballast.Itmaybecheapertopurchaseandinstallanewfluorescentfixtureratherthantoreplacetheballastinanoldfluorescentlightfixture.
Afluorescentlightworksbydirectingelectricalcurrentthroughaspecialgas-filledtubethatglowswhenenergized.Awhitetranslucentdiffuserprotectsthefluorescenttubeandsoftensthelight.Acoverplateprotectsaspecialtransformer,calledaballast.Theballastregulatestheflowof120-volthouseholdcurrenttothesockets.Thesocketstransferpowertometalpinsthatextendintothetube.
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PROBLEM REPAIRTubeflickers,orlightspartially.
1.Rotatetubetomakesureitisseatedproperlyinthesockets.2.Replacetubeandthestarter(wherepresent)iftubeisdiscoloredorifpinsarebentorbroken.3.Replacetheballastifreplacementcostisreasonable.Otherwise,replacetheentirefixture.
Tubedoesnotlight.
1.Checkwallswitchandrepairorreplace,ifneeded.2.Rotatethetubetomakesureitisseatedproperlyinsockets.3.Replacetubeandthestarter(wherepresent)iftubeisdiscoloredorifpinsarebentorbroken.4.Replacesocketsiftheyarechippedoriftubedoesnotseatproperly.5.Replacetheballastortheentirefixture.
Noticeableblacksubstancearoundballast.
Replaceballastifreplacementcostisreasonable.Otherwise,replacetheentirefixture.
Fixturehums. Replaceballastifreplacementcostisreasonable.Otherwise,replacetheentirefixture.
Tools&Materials
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ScrewdriverRatchetwrenchCombinationtoolCircuittesterReplacementtubesStarters,orballast(ifneeded)Replacementfluorescentlightfixture(ifneeded)
Olderfluorescentlightsmayhaveasmallcylindricaldevice,calledastarter,locatednearoneofthesockets.Whenatubebeginstoflicker,replaceboththe
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tubeandthestarter.Turnoffthepower,thenremovethestarterbypushingitslightlyandturningcounterclockwise.Installareplacementthatmatchestheoldstarter.
HowtoReplaceaFluorescentTube
Turnoffpowertothelightfixtureattheswitch.Removethediffusertoexpose
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thefluorescenttube.
Removethefluorescenttubebyrotatingit1/4turnineitherdirectionandslidingthetubeoutofthesockets.Inspectthepinsattheendofthetube.Tubeswithbentorbrokenpinsshouldbereplaced.
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Inspecttheendsofthefluorescenttubefordiscoloration.Newtubeingoodworkingorder(top)showsnodiscoloration.Normal,workingtube(middle)mayhavegraycolor.Aworn-outtube(bottom)showsblackdiscoloration.
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Installanewtubewiththesamewattageratingastheoldtube.Insertthetubesothatpinsslidefullyintosockets,thentwisttube1/4turnineitherdirectionuntilitislockedsecurely.Reattachthediffuser,andturnonthepoweratthemainservicepanel.
HowtoReplaceaSocket
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Turnoffthepoweratthemainservicepanel.Removethediffuser,fluorescenttube,andthecoverplate.Testforpowerbytouchingoneprobeofaneoncircuittestertothegroundingscrewandinsertingtheotherprobeintothehotwireconnector.Iftesterglows,returntotheservicepanelandturnoffcorrectcircuit.
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Removethefaultysocketfromthefixturehousing.Somesocketsslideout,whileothersmustbeunscrewed.
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Disconnectwiresattachedtosocket.Forpush-infittings(above)removethewiresbyinsertingasmallscrewdriverintothereleaseopenings.Somesocketshavescrewterminalconnections,whileothershavepreattachedwiresthatmustbecutbeforethesocketcanberemoved.
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Purchaseandinstallanewsocket.Ifsockethaspreattachedwireleads,connecttheleadstotheballastwiresusingwireconnectors.Replacecoverplate,andthenthefluorescenttube,makingsurethatitseatsproperly.Replacethediffuser.Restorepowertothefixtureatthemainservicepanelandtest.
HowtoReplaceaBallast
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Turnoffthepoweratthemainservicepanel,thenremovethediffuser,fluorescenttube,andcoverplate.Testforpowerusingacircuittester(page303,step3).
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Removethesocketsfromthefixturehousingbyslidingthemout,orbyremovingthemountingscrewsandliftingthesocketsout.
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Disconnectthewiresattachedtothesocketsbypushingasmallscrewdriverintothereleaseopenings(above),bylooseningthescrewterminals,orbycuttingwirestowithin2"ofsockets.
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Removetheoldballastusingaratchetwrenchorscrewdriver.Makesuretosupporttheballastsoitdoesnotfall.
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Installanewballastthathasthesameratingsastheoldballast.
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Attachtheballastwirestothesocketwiresusingwireconnectors,screwterminalconnections,orpush-infittings.Reinstallthecoverplate,fluorescenttube,anddiffuser.Turnonpowertothelightfixtureatthemainservicepanel.
HowtoReplaceaFluorescentLightFixture
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Turnoffpowertothelightfixtureatthemainservicepanel.Removethediffuser,tube,andcoverplate.Testforpowerusingacircuittester.
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Disconnecttheinsulatedcircuitwiresandthebarecoppergroundingwirefromthelightfixture.Loosenthecableclampholdingthecircuitwires.
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Unscrewthefixturefromthewallorceilingandcarefullyremoveit.Makesuretosupportthefixturesoitdoesnotfall.
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Positionthenewfixture,threadingthecircuitwiresthroughtheknockoutopeninginthebackofthefixture.Screwthefixtureinplacesoitisfirmlyanchoredtoframingmembers.
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Connectthecircuitwirestothefixturewiresusingwireconnectors.Followthewiringdiagramincludedwiththenewfixture.Tightenthecableclampholdingthecircuitwires.
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Attachthefixturecoverplate,theninstallthefluorescenttubesandattachthediffuser.Turnonpowertothefixtureatthemainservicepanelandtest.
ReplacingPlugs&Cords
Replaceanelectricalplugwheneveryounoticebentorlooseprongs,acrackedordamagedcasing,oramissing
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insulatingfaceplate.Adamagedplugposesashockandfirehazard.
Replacementplugsareavailableindifferentstylestomatchcommonappliancecords.Alwayschooseareplacementthatissimilartotheoriginalplug.Flat-cordandquick-connectplugsareusedwithlight-dutyappliances,likelampsandradios.Round-cordplugsareusedwithlargerappliances,includingthosethathavethree-pronggroundingplugs.
Sometoolsandappliancesusepolarizedplugs.Apolarizedplughasonewideprongandonenarrowprong,correspondingtothehotandneutralslotsfoundinastandardreceptacle.
Ifthereisroomintheplugbody,tietheindividualwiresinanunderwriter’sknottosecuretheplugtothecord.
Tools&Materials
CombinationtoolNeedlenosepliersScrewdriverReplacementplug
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HowtoInstallaQuick-connectPlug
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Squeezetheprongsofthenewquick-connectplugtogetherslightlyandpulltheplugcorefromthecasing.Cuttheoldplugfromtheflat-cordwirewithacombinationtool,leavingacleancutend.
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Feedunstrippedwirethroughrearofplugcasing.Spreadprongs,theninsertwireintoopeninginrearofcore.Squeezeprongstogether;spikesinsidecorepenetratecord.Slidecasingovercoreuntilitsnapsintoplace.
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Whenreplacingapolarizedplug,makesurethattheridgedhalfofthecordlinesupwiththewider(neutral)prongoftheplug.
HowtoReplaceaRound-cordPlug
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Cutoffroundcordneartheoldplugusingacombinationtool.Removetheinsulatingfaceplateonthenewplugandfeedcordthroughrearofplug.Stripabout3"ofouterinsulationfromtheroundcord.Strip3/4"insulationfromtheindividualwires.
Tieanunderwriter’sknotwiththeblackandthewhitewires.Makesuretheknotislocatedclosetotheedgeofthestrippedouterinsulation.Pullthecordso
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thattheknotslidesintotheplugbody.
Hookendofblackwireclockwisearoundbrassscrewandwhitewirearoundsilverscrew.Onathree-prongplug,attachthirdwiretogroundingscrew.Ifnecessary,excessgroundingwirecanbecutaway.
Tightenthescrewssecurely,makingsurethecopperwiresdonottoucheach
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other.Replacetheinsulatingfaceplate.
HowtoReplaceaFlat-cordPlug
Cutoldplugfromcordusingacombinationtool.Pullapartthetwohalvesoftheflatcordsothatabout2"ofwireareseparated.Strip3/4"insulationfromeachhalf.Removecasingcoveronnewplug.
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Hookendsofwiresclockwisearoundthescrewterminals,andtightenthescrewterminalssecurely.Reassembletheplugcasing.Someplugsmayhaveaninsulatingfaceplatethatmustbeinstalled.
HowtoReplaceaLampCord
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Withthelampunplugged,theshadeoff,andthebulbout,youcanremovethesocket.Squeezetheoutershellofthesocketjustabovethebaseandpulltheshelloutofthebase.TheshellisoftenmarkedPressatsomepointalongitsperimeter.Pressthereandthenpull.
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Undertheoutershellthereisacardboardinsulatingsleeve.Pullthisoffandyou’llrevealthesocketattachedtotheendofthecord.
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Withtheshellandinsulationsetaside,pullthesocketawayfromthelamp(itwillstillbeconnectedtothecord).Unscrewthetwoscrewstocompletelydisconnectthesocketfromthecord.Setthesocketasidewithitsshell(you’llneedthemtoreassemblethelamp)
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Removetheoldcordfromthelampbygraspingthecordnearthebaseandpullingthecordthroughthelamp.
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Bringyourdamagedcordtoahardwarestoreorhomecenterandpurchaseasimilarcordset.(Acordsetissimplyareplacementcordwithaplugalreadyattached.)Snaketheendofthecordupfromthebaseofthelampthroughthetopsothatabout3"ofcordisvisibleabovethetop.
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Carefullyseparatethetwohalvesofthecord.Ifthehalveswon’tpullapart,youcancarefullymakeacutinthemiddlewithaknife.Stripawayabout3/4"ofinsulationfromtheendofeachwire.
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Connecttheendsofthenewcordtothetwoscrewsonthesideofthesocket(oneofwhichwillbesilverincolor,theotherbrass-colored).Onehalfofthecordwillhaveribbingormarkingsalongitslength;wrapthatwireclockwisearoundthesilverscrewandtightenthescrew.Theotherhalfofthecordwillbesmooth;wrapitaroundthecopperscrewandtightenthescrew.
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Setthesocketonthebase.Makesuretheswitchisn’tblockedbytheharp—thepartthatholdstheshadeonsomelamps.Slidethecardboardinsulatingsleeveoverthesocketsothesleeve’snotchalignswiththeswitch.Nowslidetheoutersleeveoverthesocket,aligningthenotchwiththeswitch.Itshouldsnapintothebasesecurely.Screwinalightbulb,plugthelampin,andtestit.
ReplacingaLampSocket
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Nexttothecordplug,themostcommonsourceoftroubleinalampisawornlightbulbsocket.Whenalampsocketassemblyfails,theproblemisusuallywiththesocket-switchunit,althoughreplacementsocketsmayincludeotherpartsyoudonotneed.
Lampfailureisnotalwayscausedbyabadsocket.Youcanavoidunnecessaryrepairsbycheckingthelampcord,plug,andlightbulbbeforereplacingthesocket.
Tools&Materials
ReplacementsocketContinuitytesterScrewdriver
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Socket-mountedswitchtypesareusuallyinterchangeable:chooseareplacementyouprefer.Clockwisefromtopleft:twistknob,remoteswitch,pullchain,pushlever.
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Tip
Whenreplacingalampsocket,youcanimproveastandardON-OFFlampbyinstallingathree-waysocket.
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HowtoRepairorReplaceaLampSocket
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Unpluglamp.Removeshade,lightbulb,andharp(shadebracket).Scrapecontacttabcleanwithasmallscrewdriver.Prycontacttabupslightlyifflattenedinsidesocket.Replacebulb,pluginlamp,andtest.Iflampdoesnotwork,unplug,removebulb,andcontinuewithnextstep.
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SqueezeoutershellofsocketnearPressmarking,andliftitoff.Onolderlamps,socketmaybeheldbyscrewsfoundatthebaseofthescrewsocket.Slipoffcardboardinsulatingsleeve.Ifsleeveisdamaged,replaceentiresocket.
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Checkforloosewireconnectionsonscrewterminals.Refastenanylooseconnections,thenreassemblelamp,andtest.Ifconnectionsarenotloose,removethewires,liftoutthesocket,andcontinuewiththenextstep.
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Testforlampcordproblemswithcontinuitytester.Placeclipoftesterononeprongofplug.Touchprobetooneexposedwire,thentotheotherwire.Repeattestwithotherprongofplug.Iftesterfailstolightforeitherprong,thenreplacethecordandplug.Retestthelamp.
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Ifcordandplugarefunctional,thenchooseareplacementsocketmarkedwiththesameampandvoltratingsastheoldsocket.Onehalfofflat-cordlampwireiscoveredbyinsulationthatisridgedormarked:attachthiswiretothesilverscrewterminal.Connectotherwiretobrassscrew.
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Slideinsulatingsleeveandoutershelloversocketsothatsocketandscrewterminalsarefullycoveredandswitchfitsintosleeveslot.Presssocketassemblydownintocapuntilsocketlocksintoplace.Replaceharp,lightbulb,andshade.
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ConversionsMetricEquivalent
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ConvertingMeasurements
TOCONVERT: TO: MULTIPLYBY:Inches Millimeters 25.4Inches Centimeters 25.4Feet Meters 0.305Yards Meters 0.914Miles Kilometers 1.609Squareinches Squarecentimeters 6.45Squarefeet Squaremeters 0.093Squareyards Squaremeters 0.836Cubicinches Cubiccentimeters 16.4Cubicfeet Cubicmeters 0.0283Cubicyards Cubicmeters 0.765Pints(U.S.) Liters 0.473(lmp.0.568)Quarts(U.S.) Liters 0.946(lmp.1.136)Gallons(U.S.) Liters 3.785(lmp.4.546)Ounces Grams 28.4Pounds Kilograms 0.454Tons Metrictons 0.907Millimeters Inches 0.039Centimeters Inches 0.394Meters Feet 3.28Meters Yards 1.09Kilometers Miles 0.621Squarecentimeters Squareinches 0.155Squaremeters Squarefeet 10.8
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Squaremeters Squareyards 1.2Cubiccentimeters Cubicinches 0.061Cubicmeters Cubicfeet 35.3Cubicmeters Cubicyards 1.31Liters Pints(U.S.) 2.114(lmp.1.76)Liters Quarts(U.S.) 1.057(lmp.0.88)Liters Gallons(U.S.) 0.264(lmp.0.22)Grams Ounces 0.035Kilograms Pounds 2.2Metrictons Tons 1.1
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ConvertingTemperatures
ConvertdegreesFahrenheit(F)todegreesCelsius(C)byfollowingthissimpleformula:Subtract32fromtheFahrenheittemperaturereading.Thenmulitplythatnumberby5/9.Forexample,77°F-32=45.45×5/9=25°C.ToconvertdegreesCelsiustodegreesFahrenheit,multiplytheCelsiustemperaturereadingby9/5,thenadd32.Forexample,25°C×9/5=45.45+32=77°F.
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Copyright©2013CreativePublishinginternational,Inc.400FirstAvenueNorth,Suite300Minneapolis,Minnesota554011-800-328-0590www.creativepub.comAllrightsreserved
10987654321
President/CEO:KenFund
Digitaledition:978-1-61058-724-2Softcoveredition:978-1-58923-601-1
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Thecompleteguidetowiring.--5thed.p.cm.“Currentwith2011-2013Electricalcodes.”“Black&Decker.”
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Includesindex.Summary:“New5theditionisfullycompliantwiththe2013NationalElectricalCode.”--Providedbypublisher.ISBN-13:978-1-58923-601-1(softcover)ISBN-10:1-58923-601-7(softcover)1.Electricwiring,Interior--Amateurs’manuals.2.Dwellings--Maintenanceandrepair--Amateurs’manuals.3.Dwellings--Electricequipment--Amateurs’manuals.I.Black&DeckerCorporation(Towson,Md.)II.CreativePublishingInternational.III.Title:Black&Decker,thecompleteguidetowiring.
TK3284.C652011621.319’24--dc22
2011000820
HomeImprovementGroup
Publisher:BryanTrandemManagingEditor:TracyStanleySeniorEditor:MarkJohanson
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CreativeDirector:MicheleLanci-AltomareArtDirection/Design:BradSpringer,JamesKegley,KimWinscher
LeadPhotographer:CoreanKomarecSetBuilder:JamesParmeterProductionManagers:LauraHokkanen,LindaHalls
EditionEditor:ChrisSibellPageLayoutArtist:DanielleSmithTechnicalConsultantandShopHelp:JohnKeaneProofreader:IngridSundstromLundegaard
TheCompleteGuidetoWiring5thEditionCreatedby:TheEditorsofCreativePublishinginternational,Inc.,incooperationwithBlack&Decker.Black&Decker®isatrademarkofTheBlack&DeckerCorporationandisusedunderlicense.
NOTICETOREADERSForsafety,usecaution,care,andgoodjudgmentwhenfollowingtheproceduresdescribedinthisbook.ThepublisherandBlack&Deckercannotassumeresponsibilityforanydamagetopropertyor
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injurytopersonsasaresultofmisuseoftheinformationprovided.
Thetechniquesshowninthisbookaregeneraltechniquesforvariousapplications.Insomeinstances,additionaltechniquesnotshowninthisbookmayberequired.Alwaysfollowmanufacturers’instructionsincludedwithproducts,sincedeviatingfromthedirectionsmayvoidwarranties.Theprojectsinthisbookvarywidelyastoskilllevelsrequired:somemaynotbeappropriateforalldo-it-yourselfers,andsomemayrequireprofessionalhelp.
Consultyourlocalbuildingdepartmentforinformationonbuildingpermits,codes,andotherlawsastheyapplytoyourproject.