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Carob moth- the forgotten grub Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham

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Page 1: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth- the forgotten grub

Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul

Cunningham

Page 2: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth - the forgotten grub

• Overview of carob moth as a pest in Australian almonds• Management of carob moth- what we already know and what we

still need to learn- Orchard hygiene

- Pesticides

- Mating disruption

- Trapping

- Biocontrol

Page 3: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth - the forgotten grub

• Industry focus has shifted from carob moth to carpophilus beetle• Carob moth damage to nonpareil for 2017 & 2018 harvests

averaged around 1%, with 4% on some farms

Page 4: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth - the forgotten grub

• Ectomyelois (=Apomyelois) ceratoniae– Family Pyralidae (NOW & IMM)

– Mediterranean origin

– Global pest of economic crops

– Carob, dates, citrus, stone fruit, pistachio, pomegranate, macadamia, almonds…

– Alternative host for seasonal carry-over

Page 5: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth in Australian almonds

• Mummy nuts = alternative host– Only resource for 9-10 months

Page 6: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

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Mildura Renmark

Carob moth in Australian almonds

Page 7: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

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Eggs laid on mummies on trees

Eggs laid on new crop nuts Larvae & pupae in mummies on trees

Carob moth seasonal distribution in almonds

Page 8: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth seasonal distribution in almonds

05

101520253035404550

29-12-14 9-1-15 27-1-15 10-2-15 26-2-15% n

uts

infe

sted

with

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ob m

oth

Mummies on trees New Crop

Hull split

Page 9: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth seasonal distribution in almonds

Row 518 512 506 500 494 488 482 476 470 464 458 452 446 440

Tree1 20% 40% 0% 50% 0% 20% 40% 20% 0% 20% 30% 20% 60% 30%

2 40% 60% 10% 10% 40% 20% 30% 10% 10% 30% 20% 10% 30% 20%

3 20% 40% 40% 30% 30% 30% 20% 10% 20% 50% 20% 20% 10% 20%

4 30% 20% 10% 10% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 0% 50% 30% 30% 20%

5 20% 10% 40% 50% 10% 10% 40% 20% 30% 40% 20% 10% 30% 10%

6 10% 40% 80% 20% 20% 40% 10% 20% 30% 30% 20% 10% 20% 30%

7 30% 10% 0% 20% 40% 60% 0% 20% 20% 30% 20% 0% 30% 20%

8 20% 30% 0% 30% 20% 40% 50% 40% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10% 20%

9 10% 30% 30% 50% 10% 20% 20% 10% 30% 20% 0% 10% 20% 50%

10 10% 30% 0% 30% 30% 30% 30%

• Distribution of mummy infestation vs new crop damage• Effective sampling patterns

Page 10: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth management: Orchard hygiene

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

2

0 10 20 30 40 50

% c

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mot

h da

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e in

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Mummies/tree prior to harvest

Page 11: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth management: Orchard hygiene

• Mummy nut threshold– Winter surveys of mummy numbers

– Harvest assessments of new crop damage levels

Page 12: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth management: Pesticides

• Emergency permit in 2011• Chlorantraniliprole & Methoxyfenozide registered• Some success in reducing carob moth population and kernel damage• Issues of concern

- Cost effectiveness?

- Off-target effects?

- Application efficiency?

Page 13: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

01020304050607080

Aver

age

mot

hs/tr

apCarob moth management: Pesticides

• When to apply?- Spring generation & hull split to harvest approx 8 weeks

- Pesticides only active for 2-3 weeks

- Multiple applications are expensive

Page 14: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

18%

3%

6%

Car

ob m

oth

dam

age

in

new

cro

p nu

ts• Application efficiency

– Tree scale Nut scale

Carob moth management: Pesticides

Page 15: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

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• Disrupts pheromone signals that allow male moths to locate females• Mixed results in Australian almonds

Carob moth management: Mating disruption

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Page 16: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth management: Female traps

• Potential for improved monitoring & mass attract and kill system– Identify baits attractive to female moths

– Analyse volatiles from baits

– Formulate and test lures

Page 17: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

• Natural enemies– Predatory bugs, red and blue beetle, lacewing larvae, earwigs

– Parasitic wasps

Carob moth management: Biological control

Page 18: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth management: Biological control

Trichogramma wasp Healthy - - carob moth eggs - - parasitised Field test for parasitism

• Trichogramma wasps– Commercial product

– Parasitise carob moth eggs

– Effectiveness in an orchard environment being assessed

Page 19: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Carob moth: Summary

• Carob moth has not been replaced by carpophilus beetle– A serious pest in its own right

– Sustained by large populations of mummy nuts

• Potential management options– Orchard hygiene (required, regardless of other options)

– Pesticides

– Mating disruption

– Female moth lures

– Biological control

Page 20: Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, … · Blair Grossman, David Madge, Cathy Taylor, David Williams, Mofakhar Hossain, Kevin Farnier and Paul Cunningham. Carob

Acknowledgements

Paul Cunningham (Project leader)David Madge (lead Mildura / field)Kevin Farnier (lead lure development)Mofakhar Hossain (lead field trapping)

Blair Grossman (Mildura)Cathy Taylor (Mildura)Daniel Lai (culturing)Farrukh Baig (yeast analysis)Junji Miyazaki (wind tunnel)Linda Semeraro (diagnostics)Mark Blacket (diagnostics)Lea Rako (diagnostics)

Joanne Hollaway (NSW DPI)Greg Baker (SARDI)

Project Team

Almond producers in S.A., VIC. & N.S.W.