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TRANSCRIPT
Gar
fiel
dB
obo
Fra
nkC
arri
ngto
nJa
mes
P.D
amos
Dor
isL
.D
olan
Ken
neth
0.
Eik
enbe
rry
Rob
ert
J.M
ille
rR
ever
end
Pat
Rob
erts
onS
tant
onE
.S
amen
ow
FIN
AL
RE
PO
RT
DE
CE
MB
ER
1982
Loi
s H
aigh
t H
erri
ngto
n,
Cha
irm
an
PR
ES
IDE
NT
’S
TA
SK
FO
RC
EO
N
VIC
TIM
S O
F C
RIM
E
Tas
kFo
rce
Mem
bers
***Blank Pages Have Been Removed***
We
also
foun
dth
atth
ere
isno
quic
kre
med
yto
the
inno
cent
vict
im’s
plig
ht.
Onl
yth
esu
stai
ned
effo
rts
offe
dera
l,st
ate.
and
loca
lgo
vern
men
ts,
com
bine
dw
ithth
ere
sour
ces
ofth
epr
ivat
ese
ctor
,ca
nre
stor
eba
lanc
eto
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
Cit
izen
sfr
omal
lov
erth
ena
tion
told
usag
ain
and
agai
nho
whe
arte
ned
they
wer
eth
atth
isA
dmin
istr
atio
nha
sta
ken
upth
ech
alle
nge.
igno
red
byot
hers
inth
epa
st,
ofst
oppi
ngth
em
istr
eatm
ent
and
negl
ect
ofth
ein
noce
ntby
thos
ew
hota
keli
bert
yfo
rli
cens
ean
dby
the
syst
emof
just
ice
itsel
f.
We
are
plea
sed
toha
vebe
enab
leto
serv
eyo
uon
this
Tas
kF
orce
.W
eth
ank
you
for
givi
ngus
the
priv
ileg
eof
doin
g
Pre
side
nt’s
Tas
kFo
rce
onV
ictim
sof
Cri
me
The
Hon
orab
leR
onal
dR
eaga
nP
resi
dent
ofth
eU
nite
dS
tate
sT
heW
hite
Hou
seW
ashi
ngto
n,D
.C.
Dea
rM
r.P
resi
dent
;
Whe
nyo
ues
tabl
ishe
dth
eP
resi
dent
’sT
ask
For
ceon
Vic
tims
ofC
rim
eon
Apr
il23
,19
82,
you
led
the
natio
nin
toa
new
era
inth
etr
eatm
ent
ofvi
ctim
sof
crim
e.N
ever
befo
reha
san
yP
resi
dent
reco
gniz
edth
epl
ight
ofth
ose
forg
otte
nby
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em—
the
inno
cent
vict
ims
ofcr
ime.
Inm
eeti
ngth
ech
arge
that
you
gave
us,
we
revi
ewed
the
avai
labl
eli
tera
ture
onth
esu
bjec
tof
crim
inal
vict
imiz
atio
n;w
ein
terv
iew
edpr
ofes
sion
als.
both
inan
dou
tof
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em,
who
are
resp
onsi
ble
for
serv
ing
vict
ims:
and.
mos
tim
port
antl
y.w
esp
oke
with
citi
zens
from
arou
ndth
eco
untr
yw
hose
lives
have
been
alte
red
bycr
ime.
We
foun
dth
atth
epe
rcep
tion
you
shar
edw
hen
you
gave
usou
rch
arge
is.
unfo
rtun
atel
y,tr
ue.
The
inno
cent
vict
ims
ofcr
ime
have
been
over
look
ed,
thei
rpl
eas
for
just
ice
have
gone
unhe
eded
,an
dth
eir
wou
nds—
pers
onal
,em
otio
nal,
and
fina
ncia
l—ha
vego
neun
atte
nded
.
Ken
neth
0.
Eik
enbc
rry
Rob
ert
J.M
ille
r
Pat
Rob
erts
on
Sta
nton
E.S
amen
ow
111
so,
and
we
stan
dre
ady
toas
sist
agai
nsh
ould
you
call
UO
fl
usin
the
futu
re.
We
have
the
hono
rto
tran
smit
here
wit
h,pu
rsua
ntto
the
prov
isio
nsof
your
Exe
cuti
veO
rder
No.
1236
0,ou
ru
nan
imou
sre
com
men
dati
ons
and
fina
lre
port
ofth
eP
resi
dent
’sT
ask
For
ceon
Vic
tim
sof
Cri
me.
Ver
ytr
uly
your
s,
Loi
sH
aigh
tH
erri
ngto
n.C
hair
man
Gar
fiel
dB
obo
Fra
nkC
arri
ngto
n
Jam
esP.
Dam
os
Dor
isL
.D
olan
loss
esat
the
hand
sof
crim
inal
s,ha
vede
dica
ted
thei
rene
rgie
san
dre
sour
ces
tocr
eati
ngor
gani
zati
ons
tohe
lpot
her
crim
evi
ctim
sw
hom
ight
expe
rien
cesi
mil
artr
aged
ies.
The
irin
iti
ativ
ean
dst
reng
thse
rved
asan
insp
irat
ion
tous
all.
We
also
than
kV
ice
Pre
side
ntG
eorg
eB
ush,
Att
orne
yG
ener
alW
illi
amF
renc
hS
mit
h,C
ouns
elor
toth
eP
resi
dent
Edw
inM
eese
111,
the
Hon
orab
leJo
hnH
einz
,S
enat
orfr
omth
eSt
ate
ofP
enns
ylva
nia,
and
the
Hon
orab
lePa
ulL
axal
t.S
enat
orfr
omth
eS
tate
ofN
evad
a,w
hoga
veus
the
bene
fit
ofth
eir
insi
ght
into
this
area
and
who
wer
eso
urce
sof
cons
tant
supp
ort.
Fin
ally
,th
eT
ask
For
ceac
know
ledg
esth
eas
sist
ance
ofco
untl
ess
dedi
cate
dan
dco
ncer
ned
citi
zens
thro
ugho
utth
ena
tion
,an
dof
the
U.S
.M
arsh
als
Ser
vice
.W
eal
sow
ish
toth
ank
our
Exe
cuti
veD
irec
tor,
Ter
ryR
usse
ll,
and
his
ded
icat
edst
aff.
Tas
kF
orce
Staf
fT
erry
Rus
sell
,E
xecu
tive
Dir
ecto
r
Jose
phM
.B
and
Pau
lL
.K
nigh
tW
illi
amR
.M
cGui
ness
Mau
reen
O’C
onno
rF
rank
Tho
rwal
dC
arol
Cor
riga
n,C
onsu
ltan
t
Eli
zabe
thH
arri
son,
Sec
reta
ryP
atri
cia
J.W
iley
,S
ecre
tary
Ack
now
ledg
men
tsT
heP
resi
dent
’sT
ask
For
ceon
Vic
tim
sof
Cri
me
wis
hes
toac
know
ledg
eth
em
any
pers
ons
and
orga
niza
tion
sw
hoas
sist
edin
this
stud
yan
din
the
prep
arat
ion
ofth
efi
nal
repo
rtto
the
Pre
side
nt.
Mos
tesp
ecia
lly
the
Tas
kF
orce
wis
hes
toex
pres
sgr
atit
ude
toth
ose
vict
ims
ofcr
ime
who
cam
efo
rwar
d,of
ten
atth
eri
skof
repr
isal
orem
barr
assm
ent,
tore
live
thei
rtr
aged
yso
that
othe
rsm
ight
lear
nfr
omit.
We
com
men
dth
ose
who
,de
spit
esu
ffer
ing
deva
stat
ing
App
endi
ces
117
App
endi
x1:
Met
hodo
logy
118
App
endi
x2:
Mod
elV
icti
m/W
itne
ssU
nits
121
App
endi
x3:
Wit
ness
esB
efor
eth
eP
resi
den
tsT
ask
For
ceon
Vic
tim
sof
Cri
me
126
Not
es13
4
Bio
grap
hies
142
V
Con
tent
sS
tate
men
tof
the
Cha
irm
aniv
Vic
tim
sof
Cri
me
inA
mer
ica
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rG
over
nmen
tA
ctio
n15
Pro
pose
dE
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Act
ion
atth
eF
eder
alan
dSt
ate
Lev
els
16R
ecom
men
dati
ons
for
Fed
eral
and
Stat
eA
ctio
n17
Pro
pose
dF
eder
alA
ctio
n37
Rec
omm
enda
tion
s37
Pro
pose
dA
ctio
nfo
rC
rim
inal
Just
ice
Sys
tem
Age
ncie
s56
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rP
olic
e57
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rP
rose
cuto
rs63
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rth
eJu
dici
ary
72R
ecom
men
dati
ons
for
Par
ole
Boa
rds
83
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rO
ther
Org
aniz
atio
ns87
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rH
ospi
tals
89R
ecom
men
dati
ons
for
the
Min
istr
y95
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rth
eB
ar97
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rS
choo
ls10
1R
ecom
men
dati
ons
for
the
Men
tal
Hea
lthC
omm
unit
y10
5R
ecom
men
dati
ons
for
the
Pri
vate
Sec
tor
108
AP
ropo
sed
Con
stit
utio
nal
Am
endm
ent
113
toco
me
forw
ard,
turn
toth
eir
gove
rnm
ent
expe
ctin
git
todo
wha
ta
good
gove
rnm
ent
shou
ld—
prot
ect
the
inno
cent
.T
heA
mer
ican
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
emis
abso
lute
lyd
epen
dent
onth
ese
vict
ims
toco
oper
ate.
Wit
hout
the
coop
erat
ion
ofvi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
inre
port
ing
and
test
ifyi
ngab
out
crim
e,it
isim
poss
ible
ina
free
soci
ety
toho
ldcr
imin
als
acco
unta
ble.
Whe
nvi
ctim
sco
me
forw
ard
tope
rfor
mth
isvi
tal
serv
ice,
how
ever
,th
eyfi
ndlit
tlepr
otec
tion
.T
hey
dis
cove
rin
stea
dth
atth
eyw
illbe
trea
ted
asap
pend
ages
ofa
syst
emap
pall
ingl
you
tof
bala
nce.
The
yle
arn
that
som
ew
here
alon
gth
ew
ayth
esy
stem
has
lost
trac
kof
the
sim
ple
trut
hth
atit
issu
ppos
edto
befa
iran
dto
prot
ect
thos
ew
hoob
eyth
ela
ww
hile
puni
shin
gth
ose
who
brea
kit.
Som
ewhe
real
ong
the
way
,th
esy
stem
bega
nto
serv
ela
wye
rsan
dju
dges
and
defe
ndan
ts,
trea
ting
the
vict
imw
ithin
stit
utio
nali
zed
disi
nter
est.
Sta
tem
ento
fT
heC
hair
man
Ifw
eta
keth
eju
stic
eou
tof
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
emw
ele
ave
behi
nda
syst
emth
atse
rves
only
the
crim
inal
.
Som
ethi
ngin
sidi
ous
has
happ
ened
inA
mer
ica:
crim
eha
sm
ade
vict
ims
ofus
all.
Aw
aren
ess
ofits
dang
eraf
fect
sth
ew
ayw
eth
ink,
whe
rew
eli
ve,
whe
rew
ego
,w
hat
we
buy,
how
we
rais
eou
rch
ildr
en,
and
the
qual
ity
ofou
rliv
esas
we
age.
The
spec
ter
ofvi
olen
tcr
ime
and
the
know
ledg
eth
at,
wit
hout
war
ning
,an
ype
rson
can
beat
tack
edor
crip
pled
,ro
bbed
,or
kill
ed,
lurk
sat
the
frin
ges
ofco
nsci
ousn
ess.
Eve
ryci
tize
nof
this
coun
try
ism
ore
impo
veri
shed
,le
ssfr
ee,
mor
efe
arfu
l,an
dle
sssa
fe,
beca
use
ofth
eev
er-p
rese
ntth
reat
ofth
ecr
imin
al.
Rat
her
than
alte
ra
syst
emth
atha
spr
oven
itse
lfin
capa
ble
ofde
alin
gw
ithcr
ime,
soci
ety
has
alte
red
itse
lf.
Eve
ry23
min
utes
,so
meo
neis
mur
dere
d.E
very
six
min
utes
aw
oman
isra
ped.
Whi
leyo
ure
adth
isS
tate
men
t,tw
ope
ople
will
bero
bbed
inth
isco
untr
yan
dtw
om
ore
will
besh
ot,
stab
bed,
orse
riou
sly
beat
en.
Yet
totr
uly
gras
pth
een
orm
ity
ofth
epr
oble
mth
ose
figu
res
mus
tbe
doub
led,
beca
use
mor
eth
an50
perc
ent
ofvi
olen
tcr
ime
goes
unre
port
ed.
The
crim
inal
know
sth
athi
sri
skof
puni
shm
ent
ism
inis
cule
.A
stud
yof
four
maj
orst
ates
reve
aled
that
only
9pe
rcen
tof
viol
ent
crim
esre
port
edw
ere
reso
lved
with
the
perp
etra
tor
bein
gin
carc
erat
ed.
Vic
tim
sw
hodo
surv
ive
thei
rat
tack
,an
dar
ebr
ave
enou
gh
The
nyo
um
ust
expe
rien
cew
hat
itm
eans
tosu
rviv
e,on
lyto
bebl
amed
and
used
and
igno
red
byth
ose
you
thou
ght
wer
eth
ere
tohe
lpyo
u.O
nly
whe
nyo
uar
ew
illin
gto
conf
ront
all
thes
eth
ings
will
you
unde
rsta
ndw
hat
vict
imiz
atio
nm
eans
.W
ew
hoha
vese
rved
onth
isT
ask
For
ceha
vebe
enfo
reve
rch
ange
dby
the
vict
ims
we
have
met
,by
the
expe
rien
ces
they
have
shar
ed,
byth
ew
isdo
msp
rung
from
suff
erin
gth
atth
eyim
part
ed.
Wha
tw
ehe
ard
from
thes
efo
rgot
ten
citi
zens
isth
eba
sis
for
the
foll
owin
gse
ctio
n,w
hich
give
san
over
view
ofth
eva
riet
yof
prob
lem
sfa
ced
byvi
ctim
sat
ever
yst
age
ofth
eir
expe
rien
ce.
The
prob
lem
sw
ere
fer
tounfo
rtu
nate
lyex
ist.
The
yex
ist
inev
ery
juri
sdic
tion
ofth
eco
untr
y.T
heex
ampl
esus
edin
this
repo
rtto
illu
stra
teth
ese
prob
lem
sar
eta
ken
dire
ctly
from
vict
imte
stim
ony.
Whi
leno
tev
ery
vict
imw
illfa
ceev
ery
one
ofth
ese
prob
lem
s.ou
rin
quir
yha
ssh
own
that
alm
ost
ever
yvi
ctim
will
face
som
eof
them
.vi
i
The
Pre
side
ntcr
eate
dth
isT
ask
For
ceto
addr
ess
the
need
sof
the
mil
lion
sof
Am
eric
ans
and
thei
rfa
mil
ies
who
are
vict
imiz
edby
crim
eev
ery
year
and
who
ofte
nca
rry
itssc
ars
into
the
year
sto
com
e.H
ere
cogn
ized
that
inth
epa
stth
ese
vict
ims
have
plea
ded
for
just
ice
and
thei
rpl
eas
have
gone
unhe
eded
.T
hey
have
need
edhe
lpan
dth
eir
need
sha
vego
neun
atte
nded
.T
hene
glec
tof
crim
evi
ctim
sis
ana
tion
ald
isgr
ace.
The
Pre
side
ntis
com
mit
ted
toen
ding
that
negl
ect
and
tore
stor
ing
bala
nce
toth
ead
min
istr
atio
nof
just
ice.
Thi
sS
tate
men
tis
not
foll
owed
bya
sect
ion
devo
ted
tost
atis
tics
.Fo
rde
cade
sw
eha
vebe
enin
unda
ted
byth
ose
grim
num
bers
,ye
tcr
ime
cont
inue
sto
taun
tan
dsh
atte
rliv
esw
ithin
tole
rabl
efr
eque
ncy.
Nor
will
thes
ere
mar
ksbe
imm
edia
tely
foll
owed
bypr
acti
cal
prop
osal
s,as
impo
rtan
tas
they
are
and
asfo
rcef
ully
asth
eyw
illhe
reco
mm
ende
dla
ter
inth
isre
port
.In
stea
d,w
hat
foll
ows
next
isa
win
dow
into
the
vict
im’s
expe
rien
ce.
The
Tas
kF
orce
stro
ngly
urge
syo
uto
read
itbe
fore
you
gofu
rthe
r.Y
ouca
nnot
appr
ecia
teth
evi
ctim
prob
lem
ifyo
uap
proa
chit
sole
lyw
ithyo
urin
tell
ect.
The
inte
llec
tre
bels
.T
heim
port
ant
prop
osal
sco
ntai
ned
here
will
not
becl
ear
unle
ssyo
ufi
rst
conf
ront
the
hum
anre
alit
yof
vict
imiz
atio
n.Fe
war
ew
illi
ngto
doso
.U
nles
syo
uar
e,ho
wev
er,
you
will
not
beab
leto
unde
rsta
nd.
Dur
ing
our
hear
ings
we
wer
eto
ldby
one
eloq
uent
wit
ness
.“I
tis
hard
not
totu
rnaw
ayfr
omvi
ctim
s.T
heir
pain
isdi
scom
fort
ing:
thei
ran
ger
isso
met
imes
emba
rras
sing
:th
eir
mut
ilat
ions
are
upse
ttin
g.’’
Vic
tim
sar
evi
tal
rem
inde
rsof
our
own
vuln
erab
ilit
y.B
uton
eca
nnot
turM
away
.Y
oum
ust
know
wha
tit
isto
have
your
life
wre
nche
dan
dbr
oken
,to
real
ize
that
you
will
neve
rre
ally
beth
esa
me.
The
less
ons
ofth
evi
ctim
sru
nlik
ea
thre
adth
roug
hout
and
are
the
foun
dati
onof
all
the
prop
osal
sth
atfo
llow
Plea
seta
keth
eti
me
tole
arn,
asw
eha
ve,
the
dept
han
dth
ehu
man
aspe
ctof
this
grav
eso
cial
prob
lem
,th
enjo
inin
seek
ing
and
impl
emen
ting
the
solu
tion
s.
Loi
sH
aigh
tH
erri
ngto
nC
hair
man
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.D
ecem
ber
20,
1982
Vic
tims
ofC
rim
ein
Am
eric
a
Tobl
ame
vict
ims
for
crim
eis
like
anal
yzin
gth
eca
use
ofW
orld
War
IIan
das
king
,W
hat
was
Pea
rlH
arbo
rdo
ing
inth
ePa
cifi
c,an
yway
?—a
vict
im
•A
phar
mac
ist
turn
sto
wai
ton
acu
stom
eran
dis
conf
ront
edby
aro
bber
wea
ring
ask
im
ask.
•A
chil
dis
mol
este
dby
the
driv
erof
his
scho
olbu
s.•
Am
anan
swer
sth
efr
ont
door
and
issh
otin
the
ches
t.•
As
am
othe
rsh
ops
ina
depa
rtm
ent
stor
e,he
rch
ild,
look
ing
atbo
oks
anai
sle
away
,is
kid
napp
ed.
•W
alki
ngdo
wn
the
stre
etat
lunc
htim
e,an
elde
rly
man
isas
saul
ted
from
behi
ndan
dle
ftp
erm
anen
tly
blin
d.•
Whi
lea
wom
anis
leav
ing
ash
oppi
ngce
nter
som
eone
jum
psin
tohe
rca
r;5
hour
sof
rape
and
tort
ure
foll
ow.
Vic
tim
sof
Cri
me
inA
mer
ica
Whe
nI
wan
ted
tota
lkab
out
my
son,
Iso
onfo
und
that
mur
der
isa
tabo
osu
bjec
tin
our
soci
ety.
Ifo
und,
tom
ysu
rpri
se,
that
nice
peop
leap
pare
ntly
just
don
‘tge
tki
lled.
—a
vict
im’s
mot
her
Bef
ore
you,
the
read
er,
can
appr
ecia
teth
ene
cess
ity
of
chan
ging
the
way
vict
ims
are
trea
ted,
you
mus
tcon
fron
tth
ees
sent
ial
real
ity
that
alm
ost
all
Am
eric
ans,
atso
me
tim
ein
thei
rli
ves,
wil
lbe
touc
hed
bycr
ime.
Am
ong
the
mos
tdi
ffic
ult
obst
acle
sar
eth
em
yths
that
ifpe
ople
are
wis
e,vi
rtuo
us,
and
caut
ious
,th
eyw
ill
esca
pe,
and
that
thos
ew
hoar
evi
ctim
ized
are
som
eho
wre
spon
sibl
efo
rth
eir
fate
.T
hese
are
pern
icio
usfa
lseh
oods
.F
irst
,fo
rev
ery
pers
onm
ugge
don
ada
rkst
reet
at3
am.,
man
ym
ore
are
terr
oriz
edin
thei
rho
mes
,sc
hool
s,of
fice
s,or
onm
ain
thor
ough
fare
sin
the
ligh
tof
day.
Sec
ond,
toad
opt
the
atti
tude
ofvi
ctim
culp
abil
ity
isto
acce
ptth
atci
tize
nsha
velo
stth
eri
ght
tow
alk
thei
rst
reet
ssa
fely
rega
rdle
ssof
the
hour
orlo
cale
;it
isto
aban
don
thes
eti
mes
and
plac
esto
becl
aim
edas
the
hunt
ing
pres
erve
sof
the
law
less
.
Vio
lent
crim
eho
nors
nosa
nctu
ary.
Itst
rike
sw
hen
leas
tex
pect
ed,
ofte
nw
hen
the
vict
imis
doin
gth
em
ost
com
mon
plac
eth
ings
.V
icti
ms
test
ifie
dat
hear
ings
ofth
eP
resi
dent
’sT
ask
Forc
eon
Vic
tim
sof
Cri
me
abou
tth
ese
occu
rren
ces:
•A
ssh
ew
alks
acro
ssca
mpu
son
her
firs
taf
ter
noon
atco
lleg
e,a
youn
gw
oman
ism
urde
red.
you
wai
tfo
rth
epo
lice
,yo
upr
ayth
atyo
urat
tack
erw
asb
luff
ing
whe
nhe
said
he’d
retu
rnif
you
call
edth
em.
Fi
nall
y,w
hat
you
expe
ctto
behe
lpar
rive
s.T
hepo
lice
ask
ques
tion
s,ta
keno
tes,
dust
for
fin
ger
prin
ts,
mak
eph
otog
raph
s.W
hen
you
tell
them
you
wer
era
ped,
they
take
you
toth
eho
spit
al.
Ble
edin
gfr
omcu
ts,
your
fron
tte
eth
knoc
ked
out,
brui
sed
and
inpa
in,
you
are
told
that
your
wou
nds
are
supe
rfic
ial,
that
rape
itse
lfis
not
cons
ider
edan
inju
ry.
Aw
aiti
ngtr
eatm
ent,
you
sit
alon
efo
rho
urs,
suff
erin
gth
est
ares
of
curi
ous
pass
ersb
y.Y
oufe
eldi
rty,
brui
sed,
dis
hev
eled
,an
dab
ando
ned.
Whe
nyo
urtu
rnco
mes
for
ex
amin
atio
n,th
ein
tern
seem
sir
rita
ted
beca
use
heha
sbe
enca
lled
out
totr
eat
you.
Whi
lehe
trea
tsyo
u,he
says
that
heha
tes
toge
tin
volv
edin
rape
case
sbe
-
3
•A
nel
derl
yw
oman
’spu
rse
issn
atch
edan
dsh
eis
thro
wn
toth
egr
ound
,su
ffer
ing
inju
ries
that
pre
vent
her
from
wal
king
agai
n.•
Inth
ere
stro
omof
aho
tel,
aw
oman
isra
ped
byan
atta
cker
who
ishi
ding
inan
adjo
inin
gst
all.
•A
coup
lere
turn
ing
hom
efr
omw
ork
open
sth
edo
orto
disc
over
that
the
hous
eha
sbe
enra
nsa
cked
.•
Aca
bdri
ver,
wor
king
inth
eaf
tern
oon,
turn
sto
coll
ect
afa
rean
dis
shot
.
Bas
edon
the
test
imon
yof
thes
ean
dot
her
vict
ims,
we
have
draw
na
com
posi
teof
avi
ctim
of
crim
ein
Am
eric
ato
day.
Thi
svi
ctim
isev
ery
vict
im;
she
coul
dbe
you
orre
late
dto
you.
II
You
are
a50
-yea
r-ol
dw
oman
livi
ngal
one.
You
are
asle
epon
eni
ght
whe
nsu
dden
lyyo
uaw
aken
tofi
nda
man
stan
ding
over
you
wit
ha
knif
eat
your
thro
at.
As
you
star
tto
scre
am,
hebe
ats
and
cuts
you.
He
then
rape
syo
u.W
hile
you
wat
chhe
lple
ssly
,he
sear
ches
the
hous
e,ta
king
your
jew
elry
,ot
her
valu
able
s,an
dm
on
ey.
He
smas
hes
furn
itur
ean
dw
indo
ws
ina
disp
lay
ofse
nsel
ess
viol
ence
.H
isra
mpa
geen
ded,
heri
psou
tth
ete
leph
one
line,
thre
aten
syo
uag
ain,
and
disa
ppea
rsin
toth
eni
ght.
At
leas
t,yo
uha
vesu
rviv
ed.
Ter
rifi
ed,
you
rush
toth
efi
rst
ligh
ted
hous
eon
the
bloc
k.W
hile
Ifa
tota
llyin
noce
ntyo
ung
man
can
besh
otto
deat
h,if
my
son
can
die
with
nogu
ilt
orno
bla,
ne,
then
your
son
can,
too.
Bec
ause
this
isun
acce
ptab
leto
peop
le,
they
refu
seto
acce
ptit.
—a
vict
im’s
fath
er
He
said
.“M
ove
orye
llan
dI’
llki
llyo
u.”
Idi
dn’t
doub
thi
sw
ord.
—a
vict
im
polic
e.—
avi
ctim
One
mor
ning
Iw
oke
up,
look
edou
tm
ybe
droo
mw
indo
wan
dsa
wth
em
anw
hoha
das
saul
ted
me
stan
ding
acro
ssth
eS
treet
sta
rin
gat
me.
Ith
ough
the
was
inja
iL—
avi
ctim
and
unm
onit
ored
acce
ssto
aph
one.
He
can
thre
aten
you
from
jail
.T
heju
dge
orde
rshi
mno
tto
anno
yyo
u,bu
tw
hen
the
phon
eca
lls
are
brou
ght
tohi
sat
tent
ion,
the
judge
does
noth
ing.
At
leas
tyo
uca
nbe
assu
red
that
the
man
who
at
tack
edyo
uis
incu
stod
y,or
soyo
uth
ink.
No
one
tell
syo
uw
hen
heis
rele
ased
onhi
spr
omis
eto
com
eto
cour
t.N
oon
eev
eras
ksyo
uif
you’
vebe
enth
reat
ened
.T
heju
dge
isne
ver
told
that
the
defe
ndan
tsa
idhe
’dki
llyo
uif
you
told
orth
athe
’dge
tev
enif
hew
ent
toja
il.
Hor
rifi
ed,
you
ask
how
hego
tou
taf
ter
wha
the
did.
You
’re
told
the
judg
eca
n’t
cons
ider
whe
ther
he’l
lbe
dang
erou
s,on
lyw
heth
erhe
’ll
com
eba
ckto
cour
t.H
e’s
been
accu
sed
and
conv
icte
dbe
fore
,bu
the
alw
ays
com
eto
cour
t;so
hem
ust
bere
leas
ed.
Atf
irst
,op
enin
ga
draw
erth
atha
dbe
enem
ptie
don
that
day
star
ted
tear
sto
flow
. —a
vict
im
Bef
ore
my
assa
ilan
tsle
ft,th
eyro
bbed
usof
all
our
groc
ery
mon
eyan
dre
peat
edth
eir
thre
atto
kill
me
and
my
child
ren
ifI
repo
rted
them
toth
e
caus
ehe
does
n’t
like
goin
gto
cour
t.H
eas
ksif
you
“kne
wth
em
anyo
uha
dse
xw
ith.
”T
henu
rse
says
she
wou
ldn’
tbe
out
alon
eat
this
tim
eof
nigh
t.It
seem
spo
intl
ess
toex
plai
nth
atth
eat
tack
erbr
oke
into
your
hous
ean
dha
da
knif
e.A
no
ffi
cer
says
you
mus
tgo
thro
ugh
this
proc
ess,
then
the
hosp
ital
send
syo
ua
bill
for
the
exam
inat
ion
that
the
inve
stig
ator
sin
sist
edup
on.
The
ygi
veyo
ua
box
fill
edw
ith
test
tube
san
dsw
abs
and
enve
lope
san
dte
llyo
uto
hold
onto
it.T
hey’
llru
nso
me
test
sif
they
ever
catc
hyo
urra
pist
.F
inal
ly,
you
get
hom
eso
meh
ow,
ina
cab
you
paid
for
and
wea
ring
aho
spit
algo
wn
beca
use
they
took
your
clot
hes
asev
iden
ce.
Eve
ryth
ing
that
the
atta
cker
touc
hed
seem
sso
iled
.Y
ou’r
eaf
raid
tobe
inyo
urho
use
alon
e.T
heon
epl
ace
whe
reyo
uw
ere
alw
ays
safe
,at
hom
e,is
sanc
tuar
yno
long
er. Y
ouar
eaf
raid
tore
mai
n,ye
tte
rrif
ied
tole
ave
your
hom
eun
prot
ecte
d.Y
oudi
dn’t
real
ize
whe
nyo
uga
veth
epo
lice
your
nam
ean
dad
dres
sth
atit
wou
ldbe
give
nto
the
pres
san
dto
the
defe
ndan
tth
rough
the
poli
cere
port
s.Y
our
frie
nds
call
tosa
yth
eysa
wth
isin
form
atio
nin
the
pape
r,yo
urpi
ctur
eon
tele
visi
on.
You
have
n’t
yet
ab
sorb
edw
hat’
sha
ppen
edto
you
whe
nyo
uge
tca
lls
from
insu
ranc
eco
mpa
nies
and
firm
sth
atse
llse
curi
tyde
vice
s.B
utth
ese
call
spa
lein
com
pars
ion
toth
eth
reat
sth
atco
me
from
the
defe
ndan
tan
dhi
sfr
iend
s.Y
ou’r
eas
toni
shed
todi
scov
erth
atyo
urat
tack
erha
sbe
enar
rest
ed,
yet
whi
lein
cust
ody
heha
sfr
ee
III
You
have
live
dth
roug
hth
ecr
ime
and
mad
eit
thro
ugh
the
init
ial
inve
stig
atio
n.T
hey’
veca
ught
the
man
who
harm
edyo
u,an
dhe
’sbe
ench
arge
dw
ith
arm
edbu
rgla
ry,
robb
ery,
and
rape
.N
owhe
’ll
betr
ied.
Now
you
expe
ctju
stic
e.Y
oure
ceiv
ea
subp
oena
for
apr
elim
inar
yhe
arin
g.N
oon
ete
lls
you
wha
tit
wil
lin
volv
e,ho
wlo
ngit
wil
lta
ke,
orho
wyo
ush
ould
prep
are.
You
assu
me
that
this
isth
eon
lyti
me
you
wil
lha
veto
appe
ar.
But
you
are
only
begi
nnin
gyo
urin
itia
tion
ina
syst
emth
atw
ill
grin
daw
ayat
you
for
mon
ths,
disr
upt
your
life,
affe
ctyo
urem
otio
nal
stab
ilit
y,an
dce
rtai
nly
cost
you
mon
ey;
itm
ayco
styo
uyo
urjo
b,an
d,fo
rth
edura
Iw
illne
ver f
orge
tbe
ing
rape
d,ki
dnap
ped,
and
robb
edat
gunp
oint
.H
owev
er,
my
sens
eof
disi
llusi
onm
ent
ofth
eju
dici
alsy
stem
ism
any
times
mor
epa
infu
l.I
coul
dno
tin
good
fait
hur
gean
yone
topa
rtic
ipat
ein
this
helli
shpr
oces
s.—
avi
ctim
5
You
lear
non
lyby
acci
dent
that
he’s
atla
rge;
this
disc
over
yco
mes
whe
nyo
utu
rna
corn
eran
dcon
fron
thi
m.
He
know
sw
here
you
live
.H
e’s
been
ther
e.B
esid
es,
your
nam
ean
dad
dres
sw
ere
inth
epa
per
and
inth
ere
port
she
’sse
en.
Now
now
here
issa
fe.
He
wat
ches
you
from
acro
ssth
eSt
reet
;he
foll
ows
you
onth
ebu
s.W
ill
heco
me
back
inth
eni
ght?
Wha
tdo
you
do?
Giv
eup
your
hom
e?L
ose
your
job?
Ass
ume
adi
ffer
ent
nam
e?G
etyo
urm
ail
atth
epo
stof
fice
?C
arry
aw
eapo
n?E
ven
ifyo
uw
ante
dto
,co
uld
you
affo
rdto
doth
ese
thin
gs?
You
try
tore
turn
tono
rmal
.Y
oudo
n’t
wan
tto
talk
abou
tw
hat
happ
ened
,so
you
deci
deno
tto
tell
your
co-w
orke
rsab
out
the
atta
ck.
Afe
wda
ysgo
byan
dth
epo
lice
unex
pect
edly
com
eto
your
plac
eof
wor
k.T
hey
show
thei
rba
dges
toth
ere
cept
ioni
stan
das
kto
see
you.
The
yw
ant
you
tolo
okat
som
eph
otog
raph
s,bu
tth
eydo
n’t
expl
ain
that
toyo
urco
-wor
kers
.Y
outr
yto
expl
ain
late
rth
atyo
u’re
the
vict
im,
not
the
ac
cuse
d.T
heph
one
ring
san
dth
epo
lice
wan
tyo
uto
com
eto
ali
ne-u
p.It
may
be1:
00a.
m.
orin
the
mid
dle
ofyo
urw
ork
day,
but
you
have
togo
;th
esu
spec
tan
dhi
sla
wye
rar
ew
aiti
ng.
Itw
ill
not
beth
ela
stti
me
you
are
forc
edto
conf
orm
your
life
toth
eir
conv
enie
nce.
You
appe
arat
the
poli
cest
atio
nan
dth
eli
ne-u
pbe
gins
.T
hesu
spec
t’s
law
yer
sits
next
toyo
u,bu
the
does
not
wat
chth
est
age;
hest
ares
atyo
u.It
wil
lno
tbe
the
last
tim
eyo
um
ust
endu
rehi
ssc
ruti
ny.
Itto
okm
ea
long
time
toge
tm
y8-
year
-ol
dda
ught
erto
slee
pth
atni
ght,
butf
inal
lyId
id.
Late
rlgota
call
that
the
mol
este
rha
dbe
enar
rest
ed,
and
that
my
daug
hter
and
Iha
dto
godo
wn
toa
polic
elin
e-up
at1:
00a.
m.
We
did
go,
but
itw
asve
rytr
aum
atic
for
her.
—a
vict
imm
othe
r
won
der
ifhe
beli
eves
it.T
hepr
osec
utor
tell
syo
uto
sit
onth
ebe
nch
outs
ide
the
cour
troo
m.
Sud
denl
yyo
use
eth
em
anw
hora
ped
you
com
ing
dow
nth
eha
il.
No
one
has
told
you
hew
ould
behe
re.
He’
sw
ith
thre
efr
iend
s.H
epo
ints
you
out.
The
yal
lla
ugh
and
jost
leyo
ua
litt
leas
they
pass
.T
hede
fend
ant
and
two
frie
nds
ente
rth
eco
urtr
oom
;on
efr
iend
sits
onth
ebe
nch
acro
ssfr
omyo
uan
dst
ares
.S
udde
nly,
you
feel
aban
done
d,al
one,
afra
id.
Isth
isw
hat
it’s
like
toco
me
toco
urt
and
seek
just
ice?
You
sit
onth
atbe
nch
for
anho
ur,
then
two.
You
don’
tse
eth
epr
osec
utor
,he
has
disa
ppea
red
into
the
cour
troo
m.
Fin
ally
,at
noon
heco
mes
out
and
says
,“O
h,yo
u’re
still
here
?W
eco
ntin
ued
that
case
tone
xtm
onth
.”
On
Feb
ruar
y5,
Ich
ange
dfr
oma
law
-ab
idin
gci
tizen
with
ach
ildlik
ebe
lief
inth
eju
stic
esy
stem
toa
law
-abi
ding
citiz
enaw
aken
edto
the
real
ityof
the
wor
ldof
crim
e,cr
imin
alrig
hts,
and
the
inju
stic
efo
rth
evi
ctim
.—a
vict
im
Muc
hof
the
fear
and
rese
ntm
entf
elt
byvi
ctim
sto
war
dth
eco
urts
isbo
und
upin
the
unex
plai
ned
mys
tery
ofou
rsy
stem
.—Ju
dge
Mar
ilyn
Hal
lP
atel
tion
,w
ill
prev
ent
you
from
putt
ing
the
crim
ebe
hind
you
and
reco
nstr
ucti
ngyo
urlif
e.B
efor
eth
ehe
arin
g,a
defe
nse
inve
stig
ator
com
esto
talk
toyo
u.W
hen
heco
ntac
tsyo
u,he
says
he’s
“in
vest
igat
ing
your
case
,”an
dth
athe
“wor
ksfo
rth
eco
unty
.”Y
ouas
sum
e,as
hein
tend
syo
uto
,th
athe
’sfr
omth
epo
lice
orth
epr
osec
utor
’sof
fice
.O
nly
afte
ryo
ugi
vehi
ma
stat
emen
tdo
you
disc
over
that
hew
orks
for
the
man
who
atta
cked
you.
Thi
ssa
me
inve
stig
ator
may
visi
tyo
urne
ighb
ors
and
co-w
orke
rs,
aski
ngqu
esti
ons
abou
tyo
u.H
ed
iscu
sses
the
case
wit
hth
em,
alw
ays
givi
ngth
edef
end
ant’
ssi
de.
Sud
denl
y,so
me
ofth
epe
ople
who
know
you
seem
tobe
taki
nga
diff
eren
tvi
ewof
wha
thap
pene
dto
you
and
why
.It
’sth
eda
yof
the
hear
ing.
You
’ve
neve
rbe
ento
cour
tbe
fore
,ne
ver
spok
enin
publ
ic.
You
’re
very
ner
vous
.Y
ouru
shto
arri
veat
8am
.to
talk
toa
pro
sec
utor
you’
vene
ver
met
.Y
ouw
ait
ina
hall
way
wit
ha
num
ber
of
othe
rw
itne
sses
.It
’sno
w8:
45.
Cou
rtst
arts
at9:
00.
No
one
has
spok
ento
you.
Fin
ally
,a
man
stic
kshi
she
adou
ta
door
,ca
lls
out
your
nam
e,an
das
ks,
“Are
you
the
one
who
was
rape
d?”
You
’re
awar
eof
the
star
esas
you
stan
dan
dsu
dden
lyre
aliz
eth
atth
isis
the
pros
ecut
or,
the
pers
onyo
uex
pect
wil
lre
pres
ent
your
inte
rest
s.Y
ouon
lysp
eak
toth
epr
osec
utor
for
afe
wm
inut
es.
You
ask
tore
adth
est
atem
ent
you
gave
toth
epo
lice
but
hesa
ysth
ere
isn’
tti
me.
He
asks
you
som
equ
esti
ons
that
mak
eyo
uw
onde
rif
he’s
read
ithim
self
.H
eas
ksyo
uot
her
ques
tion
sth
atm
ake
you
you
are
Itta
kes
alo
tof
nerv
ere
livi
ngyo
urat
tack
inpu
blic
,in
inti
mat
ede
tail
.Y
outo
get
upon
the
stan
dha
vebe
enm
ade
tofe
elco
mpl
etel
ypo
wer
less
.A
syo
uan
dte
stif
yag
ains
t
sat
faci
nga
smir
king
defe
ndan
tan
das
you
desc
ribe
dso
meb
ody
who
has
a
his
thre
ats,
you
wer
eac
cuse
dof
lyin
gan
din
viti
ngth
eha
bit
ofsh
ootin
gan
d
“enc
ount
er.”
You
have
crie
din
fron
tof
thes
eun
car-
stab
bing
peop
lean
dth
enge
tting
back
onin
gst
rang
ers.
As
you
leav
eno
one
than
ksyo
u.W
hen
the
stre
etag
ain,
you
you
get
back
tow
ork
they
ask
wha
tto
okyo
u5
0kn
ow.—
avi
ctim
long
.Y
ouar
est
unne
dw
hen
you
late
rle
arn
that
the
de
fend
ant
also
rape
dfi
veot
hers
;on
evi
ctim
was
an8-
year
-old
girl
.D
urin
ghe
rte
stim
ony
she
was
aske
dto
desc
ribe
her
atta
cker
’san
atom
y.S
pect
ator
sla
ughe
dw
hen
she
said
she
did
not
unde
rsta
ndth
ew
ords
bein
gus
ed.
Whe
nsh
ew
asas
ked
todr
awa
pict
ure
ofhe
rat
tack
er’s
geni
tali
ath
egi
rlfl
edfr
omth
eco
urtr
oom
7
You
repe
atth
ispr
oces
sm
any
tim
esbe
fore
you
ac
tual
lyte
stif
yat
the
prel
imin
ary
hear
ing.
Eac
hti
me
you
goto
cour
t,yo
uhi
rea
baby
sitt
eror
take
leav
efr
omw
ork,
pay
for
park
ing,
wai
tfo
rho
urs,
and
final
lyar
eto
ldto
goho
me.
No
one
ever
asks
ifth
ene
wda
tes
are
conv
enie
ntto
you.
You
mis
sva
cati
ons
and
med
ical
appo
intm
ents
.Y
ouus
eup
sick
leav
ean
dv
aca
tion
days
tom
ake
your
cour
tap
pear
ance
s.Y
our
empl
oyer
islo
sing
his
pati
ence
.E
ver
yti
me
you
are
gone
his
busi
ness
isdi
srup
ted.
But
you
are
fort
unat
e.If
you
wer
ene
wat
your
job,
orw
orke
dpa
rt-t
ime,
ordi
dn’t
have
anun
ders
tand
ing
boss
,yo
uco
uld
lose
your
job.
Man
yvi
ctim
sdo
.T
hepr
elim
inar
yhe
arin
gw
asan
even
tfo
rw
hich
your
wer
eco
mpl
etel
yun
prep
ared
.Y
oule
arn
late
rth
anth
ede
fens
eis
ofte
nha
rder
ona
vict
imat
the
prel
imin
ary
hear
ing
than
duri
ngth
etr
ial.
Intr
ial,
the
defe
nse
atto
rney
cann
otri
skal
iena
ting
the
jury
.A
tth
ishe
arin
g,th
ere
ison
lyth
eju
dge—
and
hece
rtai
nly
does
n’t
seem
conc
erne
dab
out
you.
One
ofth
efi
rst
ques
tion
syo
uar
eas
ked
isw
here
you
live.
You
fina
lly
mov
edaf
ter
your
atta
ck;
you’
vese
enth
ede
fend
ant
and
his
frie
nds,
and
you’
rete
rrif
ied
ofha
ving
them
know
whe
reyo
uno
wliv
e.W
hen
you
expl
ain
that
you’
dbe
happ
yto
give
your
old
addr
ess,
the
judge
says
he’l
ldi
smis
sth
eca
seor
hold
you
inco
ntem
ptof
cour
tif
you
don’
tan
swer
the
ques
tion
.T
hep
rose
cuto
rsa
ysno
thin
g.D
urin
gyo
urte
stim
ony,
you
are
also
com
pell
edto
say
whe
reyo
uw
ork,
how
you
get
ther
e,an
dw
hat
your
sche
dule
is.
Hou
rsla
ter
rele
ased
from
the
stan
daf
ter
deni
ed,
man
yof
them
can
beap
peal
ed.
Eac
hm
otio
n,ea
chco
urt
date
mea
nsa
new
poss
ibil
ity
for
dela
y.If
the
defe
ndan
tis
out
of
cust
ody
and
fails
toco
me
toco
urt,
noth
ing
can
happ
enun
til
heis
reap
preh
ende
d.If
heis
succ
essf
ulin
avoi
ding
reca
ptur
e,th
eca
sem
aybe
soco
mpr
omis
edby
mon
ths
orye
ars
of
dela
yth
ata
succ
essf
ulpr
osec
utio
nis
impo
ssib
le.
Fo
ras
long
asth
eca
sedr
ags
on,
your
life
ison
hold
.Y
oudo
n’t
wan
tto
star
ta
new
assi
gnm
ent
atw
ork
orm
ove
toa
new
city
beca
use
you
know
that
atan
yti
me
the
roun
dof
cour
tap
pear
ance
sm
aybe
gin
agai
n.T
hew
ound
sof
your
atta
ckw
ill
neve
rhe
alas
long
asyo
ukn
owth
atyo
uw
ill
beas
ked
tore
live
thos
eho
rrib
lem
omen
ts.
No
one
tell
syo
uan
ythi
ngab
out
the
prog
ress
of
the
case
.Y
ouw
ant
tobe
invo
lved
,co
nsul
ted,
and
in-
Ifw
ein
vest
edou
rno
ney
the
way
we
ask
dctim
sto
inve
stth
eir
rime
we’
dal
lgo
brok
e.—
Deb
orah
ell
y
and
ran
sobb
ing
tohe
rm
othe
r,w
hoha
dbe
ensu
bp
oe
naed
byth
ede
fens
ean
dha
dto
wai
tou
tsid
e.T
heyo
ungs
ter
was
forc
edto
sit
alon
ean
dre
coun
t,as
you
did,
each
min
ute
of
the
atta
ck.
You
know
how
dif
ficu
ltit
was
for
you
tosp
eak
ofth
ese
thin
gs;
you
cann
otim
agin
eho
wit
was
for
ach
ild.
Now
the
case
issc
hedu
led
for
tria
l.A
gain
ther
ear
ede
lays
.W
hen
you
call
and
ask
tosp
eak
wit
hth
epro
sec
utor
,yo
uar
eto
ldth
eca
seha
sbe
enre
assi
gned
.Y
oute
llyo
urst
ory
inde
tail
tofi
vedi
ffer
ent
pros
ecut
ors
befo
reth
eca
seis
trie
d.M
onth
sgo
byan
dno
one
tell
syo
uw
hat’
sha
ppen
ing.
Per
iodi
call
yyo
uar
esu
bp
oe
naed
toap
pear
.Y
oule
ave
your
wor
k,w
ait,
and
are
fina
lly
told
togo
hom
e.C
onti
nuan
ces
are
gran
ted
beca
use
the
cour
tsar
efi
lled
,on
eof
the
law
yers
ison
anot
her
case
,th
eju
dge
has
am
eeti
ngto
atte
ndor
anea
rly
tenn
ism
atch
.Y
ouca
n’t
unde
rsta
ndw
hyth
eyco
uldn
’tha
vedi
scov
ered
thes
epr
oble
ms
befo
reyo
uca
me
toco
urt.
Whe
nyo
uas
kif
the
next
date
coul
dbe
set
aw
eek
late
rso
you
can
atte
nda
fam
ily
gath
erin
gou
tof
stat
e,yo
uar
eto
ldth
atth
ede
fend
ant
has
the
righ
tto
asp
eedy
tria
l.Y
oust
ayho
me
from
the
reun
ion
and
the
case
iscon
tinu
ed.
The
defe
nse
atto
rney
cont
inue
sto
call.
Wil
lyo
uch
ange
your
stor
y?D
on’t
you
wan
tto
drop
the
char
ges?
Tim
epa
sses
and
you
hear
noth
ing.
You
rpro
per
tyis
not
retu
rned
,Y
oule
arn
that
ther
ear
edo
zens
ofde
fens
em
otio
nsth
atca
nbe
file
dbe
fore
the
tria
l.If
You
expe
ctth
etr
ial
tobe
ase
arch
for
the
trut
h;yo
ufi
ndth
atit
isa
perf
orm
ance
orch
estr
ated
byla
wye
rsan
dth
eju
dge,
wit
hth
eju
ryhe
arin
gon
lyha
lfth
efa
cts.
The
defe
ndan
tw
asfo
und
wit
hyo
urw
atch
inhi
spo
cket
.T
heju
dge
has
supp
ress
edth
isev
iden
cebe
caus
eth
eof
fice
rw
hoar
rest
edhi
mdi
dn’t
have
aw
arra
nt.
You
rch
arac
ter
isan
open
subj
ect
ofdi
scus
sion
and
innu
endo
.T
hede
fens
eis
allo
wed
toqu
esti
onyo
uon
inci
dent
sgo
ing
back
toyo
urch
ildh
ood.
The
jury
isne
ver
told
that
the
defe
ndan
tha
stw
opr
ior
convic
tion
sfo
rth
esa
me
offe
nse
and
has
been
topr
ison
thre
eti
mes
for
othe
rcr
imes
.Y
ouso
ught
help
from
aco
unse
lor
tode
alw
ith
the
shat
teri
ngef
fect
ofth
iscr
ime
onyo
urlif
e.Y
outo
ldhi
mab
out
your
inti
mat
e
Tobe
avi
ctim
atth
eha
nds
ofth
ecr
imin
alis
anun
forg
etta
ble
nigh
tmar
e.B
utto
then
beco
me
avi
ctim
atth
eha
nds
ofth
ecr
imin
alju
stic
esy
stem
isan
unfo
rgiv
able
trave
sty.
Itm
akes
the
crim
inal
and
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
empa
rtne
rsin
crim
e.—
Rob
ert
Gra
yson
9fo
rmed
,bu
tpr
osec
utor
sof
ten
plea
barg
ain
wit
hout
cons
ulti
ngvi
ctim
s.Y
ou’r
eaf
raid
som
eone
wil
lle
tth
ede
fend
ant
plea
dgu
ilty
toa
less
erch
arge
and
bese
nte
nced
topr
obat
ion.
You
mee
tan
othe
rvi
ctim
atco
urt
who
tell
syo
uth
atsh
ean
dhe
rfa
mil
yw
ere
kidn
appe
dan
dhe
rch
ildr
enm
oles
ted.
Eve
nth
ough
the
pro
secu
tor
assu
red
her
that
hew
ould
not
acce
pta
plea
barg
ain,
afte
rta
lkin
gw
ith
the
atto
rney
sin
his
cham
bers
,th
eju
dge
allo
wed
the
defe
ndan
tto
plea
das
char
ged
wit
hth
epr
omis
eof
am
uch-
redu
ced
sent
ence
.Y
ouho
peth
atth
isw
on’t
happ
enin
your
case
.
Iv
Fin
ally
the
day
oftr
ial
arri
ves.
Itis
18m
onth
ssi
nce
you
wer
eat
tack
ed.
You
’ve
been
tryi
ngfo
ra
wee
kto
prep
are
your
self
.It
ispa
infu
lto
dred
geup
the
terr
or
agai
n,bu
tyo
ukn
owth
atth
eou
tcom
ede
pend
son
you;
the
pros
ecut
orha
sto
ldyo
uth
atth
ew
ayyo
ube
have
wil
lm
ake
orbr
eak
the
case
.Y
ouca
n’t
get
too
angr
yon
the
stan
dbe
caus
eth
enth
eju
rym
ight
not
like
you.
You
can’
tbr
eak
dow
nan
dso
bbe
caus
eth
enyo
uw
ill a
ppea
rto
oem
otio
nal,
poss
ibly
unst
able
.In
add
iti
onto
the
trem
endo
uspr
essu
reof
havi
ngto
reli
veth
eho
rrib
lede
tail
sof
the
crim
e,yo
u’re
expe
cted
tobe
anac
tres
sas
wel
l.Y
ougo
toco
urt.
The
cont
inua
nces
are
over
;th
eju
ryha
sbe
ense
lect
ed.
You
sit
ina
wai
ting
room
wit
hth
ede
fend
ant’
sfa
mil
yan
dfr
iend
s.A
gain
you
feel
thre
aten
ed,
vuln
erab
le,
and
alon
e.
Why
didn
’tan
yone
cons
ult
me?
Iw
asth
eon
ew
how
aski
dnap
ped,
not
the
Sta
teof
Vir
gini
a.—
avi
ctim
Itis
alm
ost
impo
ssib
leto
wal
kin
toa
cour
troo
man
dde
scri
bein
deta
ilth
eth
ing
you
mos
tw
ant
tofo
rget
.It
isal
sode
vast
atin
gto
have
tofa
ceyo
uras
saila
nt.
Alth
ough
you
are
surr
ound
edby
peop
lean
dde
putie
sof
the
cour
t,th
efe
aris
still
over
whe
lmin
g.—
avi
ctim
judg
eto
ldm
eI
Idno
tbe
too
atth
em
anw
hovt
edm
ylit
er—
afte
ral
l,‘p
ew
asno
t‘e
ted.
—a
‘sm
othe
r
and
ispr
epar
ed.
The
offi
cer
wil
lof
ten
spea
kto
the
defe
ndan
t’s
rela
tive
san
dfr
iend
s.S
ome
judg
esw
ill
send
the
defe
ndan
tto
afa
cili
tyw
here
aco
mpl
ete
psyc
hiat
ric
and
soci
olog
ical
wor
k-up
ispre
pare
d.Y
ou’r
eam
azed
that
noon
ew
ill
ever
ask
you
abou
tth
ecr
ime,
orth
eef
fect
itha
sha
don
you
and
your
fam
ily.
You
took
the
defe
ndan
t’s
blow
s,he
ard
his
thre
ats,
list
ened
tohi
mbr
agth
athe
’d“b
eat
the
rap”
or“c
onth
eju
dge.
”N
oon
eev
erhe
ars
ofth
ese
thin
gs.
The
yne
ver
give
you
the
chan
ceto
tell
them
.A
tse
nten
cing
,th
eju
dge
hear
sfr
omth
ede
fend
ant,
his
law
yer,
his
mot
her,
his
min
iste
r,hi
sfr
iend
s.Y
oule
arn
bych
ance
wha
tda
yth
ehe
arin
gw
as.
Whe
nyo
udo
atte
nd,
the
defe
nse
atto
rney
says
you’
reve
ngef
ulan
dit’
sap
pare
ntth
atyo
uov
erre
acte
dto
bein
gra
ped
and
robb
edbe
caus
eyo
uch
ose
toco
me
and
see
the
de
does or
be
re
of
the
subpoe
Be
nig
ht
rest m
ust
one
the
to
the
by
mom
ent.
ques
tion
.an
gry
ofhe
ar
con
off
ibla
that
a the
and
been
defe
nse
the judge
deci
sion
is
be
educa
have
The
sedu
ctre
ss,
the
seem
s
tire
d. of
outc
ome
cann
ot
to te
rrib
leth
is
may repo
rt
call
ed
a for
ahea
d.
part
tow
itne
ss
the
prob
atio
n
Abeen
liar,
rela
x
get
list
ena th
e
how
a a Thi
nk
this
You
look
how
defe
ndan
t
has
reco
rds
hour
s.
unde
rsta
ndev
eryo
ne
and
judg
men
t.
a by whi
chfa
cts.
rela
tion
ship
s,em
ploy
men
t
he
for
cann
ot
Don
’tw
ith
sit
You
’re
deci
delif
e.
now
refl
ect
once
and
and
appe
ar
you
whe
n
to
your th
eir
You
V
to
leng
thst
ory,
Now
stan
d
you
unde
rsta
nd.
will
pros
ecut
orth
atat th
e prov
enfa
mil
yhe
alth
,
the
unle
ss
not
volu
ntee
r.
jury
guil
ty.
the
told
ofare
feel
ings
.hi
s
on mak
ekn
ow
you
The
wil
lis
sent
ence
ask
side
men
tal
to
emba
rras
sed
doD
on’t
you wou
ld
even
ts
sent
ence
.
are
upbr
ingi
ng,
and
are
best
but
maj
or that
verd
ict
a
the
is
his
ligh
t
and
hist
ory
and
note
s
you
You answ
er
fini
shed
like
cann
ot.
ofgu
ide
You
and
inte
rvie
wed of th
e
fear
sfe
nse
You
be you
You
tria
lou
tsid
e.
just
was
.
he give
s in his
naed
.
its both
.D
on’t
Don
’tca
use
spon
sive
.F
inal
ly
the
The
expe
ct
He fa
lse
into
mar
e.th
ew
ait
of test
imon
y
impo
se
reac
hed,
phys
ical
with
How
You
crim
eis vi
cted
cer.
tant
lyde
lves
tion
,co
nvic
tion
drea
ded
whe
nne
ar
tria
l.re
act
sit hi
m,
at
toby
daug
hter
she
wal
k him
?—a
mot
her
conf
ront
atio
nm
an
had
at
My
the
the
wou
ldsh
ehi
m,
look
vict
im
hara
ssm
ent.
The
rem
ight
have
been
two
orth
ree
law
enfo
rcem
ent
agen
cies
invo
lved
inth
eca
sew
hodi
dno
tco
oper
ate
wit
hea
chot
her.
The
defe
ndan
t’s
ever
yri
ght
has
been
prot
ecte
d,an
dno
whe
serv
eshi
sti
me
ina
publ
icfa
cili
ty,
rece
ivin
ged
ucat
ion
atpu
blic
expe
nse.
Ina
few
mon
ths
his
sent
ence
wil
lha
veru
n.V
icti
ms
rece
ive
sent
ence
sto
o;th
eir
sent
ence
sm
aybe
life
long
.If
you
wer
eth
evi
ctim
,yo
um
ayno
wbe
crip
pled
orbl
ind
asa
resu
ltof
brut
alit
y.Y
oum
ayha
velo
sta
limb
and
may
have
toun
derg
osu
rger
yre
peat
edly
tore
pair
the
body
your
atta
cker
near
lyde
stro
yed.
You
wer
eac
tive
,he
alth
y,fu
llof
life;
now
you
may
bede
pend
ent
and
dest
itut
e.T
heec
onom
icim
pact
onyo
uca
nbe
deva
stat
ing.
You
may
have
been
hosp
ital
ized
and
unab
leto
retu
rn
Fm
ase
nior
citiz
enbu
tI
neve
rco
nsid
ered
mys
elfo
ld.
Iw
asac
tive,
inde
pend
ent.
Now
1liv
ein
anu
rsin
gh
on
ean
dsi
tin
aw
heel
chai
r.T
heda
yI
was
mug
ged
was
the
day
Ibe
gan
todi
e.—
avi
ctim
11
sent
enci
ng.
You
ask
perm
issi
onto
addr
ess
the
judge
and
are
told
that
you
are
not
allo
wed
todo
so.
The
judg
ese
nten
ces
your
atta
cker
toth
ree
year
sin
pris
on,
less
than
one
year
for
ever
yho
urhe
kept
you
inpa
inan
dte
rror
.T
hat
seem
sve
ryle
nien
tto
you.
Onl
yla
ter
doyo
udi
scov
erth
athe
’ll
prob
ably
serv
ele
ssth
anha
lfof
his
actu
alse
nten
cein
pris
onbe
caus
eof
good
-tim
ean
dw
ork-
tim
ecr
edit
sth
atar
egi
ven
tohi
mim
med
iate
ly.
The
man
who
brok
ein
toyo
urho
me,
thre
aten
edto
slit
your
thro
atw
ith
akn
ife,
and
rape
d,be
at,
and
robb
edyo
uw
ill
beou
tof
cust
ody
inle
ssth
an18
mon
ths.
You
are
not
told
whe
nhe
wil
lac
tual
lybe
rele
ased
,an
dyo
uar
eno
tal
low
edto
atte
ndth
epa
role
rele
ase
hear
ing
anyw
ay.
VI
For
this
vict
imth
eor
deal
ofth
etr
ial
isov
er,
but
the
orde
alof
bein
ga
vict
imis
far
from
over
;it
cont
inue
sw
ith
unre
lent
ing
pres
sure
.T
heco
nseq
uenc
esfo
rth
evi
ctim
desc
ribe
din
this
essa
yw
ere
foun
dby
the
Tas
kF
orce
tobe
very
real
and
very
com
mon
plac
e.E
ven
atth
epo
int
ofco
nvic
tion
of
the
defe
ndan
t,th
esy
stem
can
plac
ene
wbu
rden
son
the
vict
im;
ifth
ede
fend
ant
win
san
appe
al,
the
vict
imm
ayha
veto
goth
roug
hth
etr
ial
proc
ess
all
over
agai
n.T
here
mig
htha
vebe
enm
ore
than
one
defe
ndan
t,or
one
mig
htha
vebe
ena
juve
nile
.T
his
wou
ldha
vem
eant
two
orth
ree
tria
ls,
two
orth
ree
tim
esas
man
yco
urt
appe
aran
ces
and
hour
sof
cros
s-ex
amin
atio
n,do
uble
ortr
iple
the
The
man
who
stra
ngle
dm
yda
ught
erto
deat
hw
illon
lyse
rve
four
year
s.—
avi
ctim
cfa
ther
The
gene
ralf
eeli
ngof
bein
ga
livin
gvi
ctim
orvi
ctim
-sur
vivo
ris
one
ofan
outc
ast.
Ost
raci
zed
from
soci
ety,
forg
otte
nby
fam
ily,
frie
nds,
fello
ww
orke
rs.
No
one,
orve
ryfe
w,
brin
gth
esu
bjec
tup
.—a
vict
im
feel
asth
ough
you
are
none
of
thes
e.T
hecr
imin
alha
sta
ken
from
you
your
sens
eof
secu
rity
,yo
urse
nse
of
hum
or,
your
sens
eof
self
.Y
ouar
efe
arfu
lan
dyo
uar
ean
gry.
You
may
wel
lbe
isol
ated
inyo
uran
guis
h.Y
ouca
n’t
beli
eve
that
this
coul
dha
ppen
toyo
u.O
ther
sw
ant
tobe
liev
eth
atth
eaf
term
ath
isno
tas
bad
asyo
ucl
aim
.If
itsh
ould
happ
ento
them
,th
eyco
uld
hand
leit
bett
er,
best
rong
er,
reco
ver
soon
er.
You
have
beco
me
ash
adow
of
thei
row
nvu
lner
abil
ity.
The
ym
ust
deny
you.
Soth
eyte
llyo
uth
atyo
uran
ger,
your
desi
refo
rju
stic
e,yo
ursu
spic
ion
and
fear
are
unre
aso
nabl
e.B
utw
hen
you
are
beat
enan
dro
bbed
,yo
urho
me
dest
roye
d,or
your
husb
and
orch
ild
mur
dere
d,w
hoha
sst
andi
ngto
labe
lyo
uran
ger
irra
tion
al?
Bei
nga
crim
evi
ctim
adds
ane
wdi
men
sion
toth
ede
fini
tion
ofse
lf—
Mor
ton
Bar
d
tow
ork
for
mon
ths,
ifev
er.
You
may
have
used
all
your
sick
leav
ean
dva
cati
on.
You
may
need
brac
es,
aw
heel
chai
r,a
ram
pto
get
into
your
hom
e,a
hear
ing
aid,
ora
spec
ial
bed.
You
may
not
beab
leto
affo
rdth
em,
beca
use
you
may
wel
lbe
inde
bt.
You
may
have
lost
wha
tit
took
you
year
sto
buil
d.Y
oum
ayha
velo
stw
hat
you
trea
sure
dm
ost—
the
lock
etw
ith
your
mot
her’
spi
ctur
eth
atca
nne
ver
bere
plac
ed.
You
rbu
sine
ssm
aybe
bank
rupt
,or
you
may
have
run
thro
ugh
your
savi
ngs.
You
ron
ceex
cell
ent
cred
itra
ting
may
now
bego
ne.
You
may
have
tole
ave
your
hom
e.If
you
can
not
leav
e,yo
um
ayno
long
erfe
elsa
feth
ere;
you
may
nolo
nger
beab
leto
slee
pin
the
room
whe
reyo
uw
ere
rape
d.E
ver
yti
me
you
open
your
door
you
may
feel
anew
the
sens
eof
inva
sion
.T
heps
ycho
logi
cal
scar
sar
epe
rhap
sth
eha
rdes
tto
bear
,T
hese
are
the
hard
ship
sth
atth
ose
unto
uche
dby
crim
efi
ndth
em
ost
diff
icul
tto
unde
rsta
nd.
Bef
ore
the
crim
eyo
ufe
ltre
ason
ably
safe
and
secu
re;
the
wor
ldis
now
avi
olen
tan
dde
adly
plac
eto
you.
Itse
ems
you
mus
tei
ther
acce
ptgu
ilt
for
wha
tha
ppen
edto
you
orco
ndem
nyo
urse
lfto
the
real
izat
ion
that
you
have
noco
ntro
l.E
very
thin
gse
ems
tore
info
rce
thes
efe
elin
gsof
inad
equa
cy.
Doct
ors
dict
ate
part
ofyo
urda
ys;
law
yers
and
cred
itor
sdo
min
ate
the
rest
.Y
oum
aysl
eep
badl
y,ea
tpo
orly
,be
cont
inua
lly
afra
id,
de
pres
sed,
ill.
The
mos
tm
unda
neoc
curr
ence
sm
ake
you
flas
hba
ckto
the
crim
e.B
efor
eth
ecr
ime
you
wer
ebr
ight
,at
trac
tive
,ta
lent
ed,
com
pete
nt;
now
you
may
13
Man
ype
ople
can
acce
pttr
aged
yth
atco
mes
thro
ugh
natu
ral
disa
ster
orac
cide
nt,
but
you
know
that
your
vict
imiz
atio
nw
asin
tent
iona
l.T
hey
say
that
byno
wyo
ush
ould
beba
ckto
norm
al.
But
they
don’
tha
veto
see
your
scar
sin
the
mir
ror
ever
ym
orni
ng.
The
cour
tsy
stem
does
n’t
call
them
once
am
onth
for
year
sto
dred
geit
all
upag
ain.
Hav
ing
surv
ived
all
this
,yo
ure
flec
ton
how
you
and
your
vict
imiz
erar
etr
eate
dby
the
syst
emth
atis
call
edju
stic
e.Y
ouar
eaw
are
of
ineq
uiti
esth
atar
em
ore
than
mer
ely
proc
edur
al.
Dur
ing
tria
lan
daf
ter
sent
enci
ngth
ede
fend
ant
had
afr
eela
wye
r;he
was
fed
and
hous
ed;
give
nph
ysic
alan
dps
ychi
atri
ctr
eatm
ent,
job
trai
ning
,ed
ucat
ion,
supp
ort
for
his
fam
ily,
coun
sel
onap
peal
.A
ltho
ugh
you
dono
top
pose
any
of
thes
esa
fegu
ards
,yo
ure
aliz
eth
atyo
uha
vehe
lped
topa
yfo
ral
lth
ese
bene
fits
for
the
crim
ina
l.N
ow,
inad
diti
onan
dby
your
self
,yo
um
ust
try
tore
pair
all
that
his
crim
eha
sde
stro
yed;
and
wha
tyo
uca
nnot
repa
ir,
you
mus
ten
dure
.
Afa
mil
yth
atw
ason
ceha
ppy
and
clos
e-kn
ital
lof
asu
dden
isno
long
erco
mpl
ete.
—
avi
ctim
How
can
the
syst
emha
vego
tten
this
far
away
from
wha
tit
issu
ppos
edto
be?—
avi
ctim
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rG
over
nmen
tAct
ion
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rG
over
nmen
tA
ctio
nT
heU
nite
dS
tate
sis
ana
tion
of
law
s.If
law
sar
eto
beob
eyed
,th
eym
ust
bere
spec
ted;
tobe
resp
ecte
d,th
eym
ust
beju
st.
Asy
stem
that
fails
tobe
equi
tabl
eca
nnot
surv
ive.
The
syst
emw
asde
sign
edto
beth
efa
ires
tin
hist
ory,
but
itha
slo
stth
eba
lanc
eth
atha
sbe
enth
eco
rner
ston
eof
itsw
isdo
m.
Pro
pose
dE
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Act
ion
atth
eF
eder
alan
dS
tate
Lev
els
The
legi
slat
ive
and
exec
utiv
ebr
anch
es,
atbo
thth
est
ate
and
fede
ral
leve
l,m
ust
pass
and
enfo
rce
law
sth
atpr
otec
tal
lci
tize
nsan
dth
atre
cogn
ize
soci
ety’
sin
tere
stin
assi
stin
gth
ein
noce
ntto
reco
ver
from
vict
imiz
atio
n.T
here
com
men
dati
ons
that
foll
owco
mpr
ise
prop
osal
sfo
rac
tion
bybo
thfe
dera
lan
dst
ate
exec
utiv
esan
dle
gisl
atur
es.
stan
dard
that
pres
umpt
ivel
yfa
vors
rele
ase
ofco
nvic
ted
pers
ons
awai
ting
sent
ence
orap
peal
ing
thei
rco
nvic
tion
s;e.
Req
uire
defe
ndan
tsto
refr
ain
from
crim
inal
acti
vity
asa
man
dato
ryco
ndit
ion
ofre
leas
e;an
df.
Pro
vide
pena
ltie
sfo
rfa
ilin
gto
appe
arw
hile
rele
ased
onbo
ndor
pers
onal
reco
gniz
ance
that
are
mor
ecl
osel
ypr
opor
tion
ate
toth
epe
nalt
ies
for
the
offe
nse
with
whi
chth
ed
efe
ndan
tw
asor
igin
ally
char
ged.
5.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
abol
ish
the
excl
usio
nary
rule
asit
appl
ies
toF
ourt
hA
men
dmen
tis
sues
.
17
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rF
eder
alan
dS
tate
Act
ion
1.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
ensu
reth
atad
dres
ses
ofvi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
are
not
mad
epu
blic
orav
aila
ble
toth
ede
fens
e,ab
sent
acl
ear
need
asde
term
ined
byth
eco
urt.
2.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
ensu
reth
atde
sign
ated
vict
imco
unse
ling
isle
gal
lypr
ivil
eged
and
not
subj
ect
tode
fens
edi
scov
ery
orsu
bpoe
na.
3.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
ensu
reth
athe
arsa
yis
adm
issi
ble
and
suff
icie
ntin
prel
imin
ary
hear
ings
,so
that
vict
ims
need
not
test
ify
inpe
rson
.4.
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toam
end
the
bail
law
sto
acco
mpl
ish
the
follo
win
g:a.
Allo
wco
urts
tode
nyba
ilto
pers
ons
foun
dby
clea
ran
dco
nvin
cing
evid
ence
topr
esen
ta
dang
erto
the
com
mun
ity;
b.G
ive
the
pros
ecut
ion
the
righ
tto
expe
dite
dap
peal
ofad
vers
eba
ilde
term
inat
ions
,an
alo
gous
toth
eri
ght
pres
entl
yhe
ldby
the
de
fend
ant;
c.C
odif
yex
isti
ngca
sela
wde
fini
ngth
eau
thori
tyof
the
cour
tto
deta
inde
fend
ants
asto
who
mno
cond
itio
nsof
rele
ase
are
adeq
uate
toen
sure
appe
aran
ceat
tria
l;d.
Rev
erse
,in
the
case
ofse
riou
scr
imes
,an
y
and
e.P
rohi
bit
acr
imin
alfr
omm
akin
gan
ypr
ofit
from
the
sale
ofth
est
ory
ofhi
scr
ime.
Any
proc
eeds
shou
ldbe
used
topr
ovid
efu
llre
sti
tuti
onto
his
vict
ims,
pay
the
expe
nses
ofhi
s
pros
ecut
ion,
and
fina
lly,
assi
stth
ecr
ime
vict
imco
mpe
nsat
ion
fund
.
11.
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
to
esta
blis
hor
expa
ndem
ploy
eeas
sist
ance
pro
gram
sfo
rvi
ctim
sof
crim
eem
ploy
edby
gove
rn
men
t.
12.
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
to
ensu
reth
atse
xual
assa
ult
vict
ims
are
not
requr
ied
toas
sum
eth
eco
stof
phys
ical
exam
inat
ions
and
mat
eria
lsus
edto
obta
inev
iden
ce.
6.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
open
paro
lere
leas
ehe
arin
gsto
the
publ
ic.
7.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
abol
ish
paro
lean
dli
mit
judi
cial
disc
reti
onin
sent
enci
ng.
8.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
requ
ire
that
scho
olof
fici
als
repo
rtvi
olen
tof
fens
esag
ains
tst
uden
tsor
teac
hers
,or
the
pos
sess
ion
ofw
eapo
nsor
narc
otic
son
scho
ol
grou
nds.
The
know
ing
fail
ure
tom
ake
such
a
repo
rtto
the
polic
e,or
dete
rrin
got
hers
from
doin
gso
,sh
ould
bede
sign
ated
am
isde
mea
nor.
9.L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
mak
eav
aila
ble
tobu
sine
sses
and
orga
niza
tion
s
the
sexu
alas
saul
t,ch
ild
mol
esta
tion
,an
dpor
nogr
aphy
arre
stre
cord
sof
pros
pect
ive
and
pre
s
ent
empl
oyee
sw
hose
wor
kw
illbr
ing
them
in
regu
lar
cont
act
wit
hch
ildr
en.
10.
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
to
acco
mpl
ish
the
follo
win
g:
a.R
equi
revi
ctim
impa
ctst
atem
ents
atse
nte
nc
ing;
b.P
rovi
defo
rth
epr
otec
tion
ofvi
ctim
san
dw
it
ness
esfr
omin
tim
idat
ion;
c.R
equi
rere
stit
utio
nin
all
case
s,un
less
the
cour
tpr
ovid
essp
ecif
icre
ason
sfo
rfa
ilin
gto
requ
ire
it;
d.D
evel
opan
dim
plem
ent
guid
elin
esfo
rth
e
fair
trea
tmen
tof
crim
evi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
;
that
this
rele
ase
does
not
occu
r.If
juri
sdic
tion
sre
quir
eth
atcer
tain
poli
cere
port
sbe
open
toth
epu
blic
,th
eysh
ould
eith
eram
end
thei
rst
atut
esor
rede
sign
thei
rfo
rms
soth
atth
isin
form
atio
nis
not
avai
labl
efo
rpu
blic
atio
n.L
ikew
ise,
hom
ead
dres
ses
shou
ldno
tbe
give
nto
the
defe
nse
inth
eab
senc
eof
judi
cial
dete
rmin
atio
nof
ane
edth
atov
erri
des
the
vict
im’s
need
for
secu
rity
.T
his
issu
efi
rst
aris
esw
hen
defe
nse
coun
sel
dem
ands
pre-
tria
ldi
scov
ery
of
the
vict
im’s
and
wit
ness
es’
hom
ead
dres
ses
inor
der
toin
terv
iew
them
.In
juri
sdic
tion
sw
here
defe
nse
coun
sel
has
the
righ
tto
cont
act
pro
sec
utio
nw
itne
sses
befo
retr
ial,
pros
ecut
ors
shou
ldar
rang
efo
rco
ntac
tin
gove
rnm
ent
offi
ces,
rath
erth
anre
leas
eth
ead
dres
sof
aw
itne
ss.
Cur
rent
legi
slat
ion
that
requ
ires
rele
ase
ofad
dres
ses
shou
ldbe
amen
ded.
acco
unt
inth
epa
per,
this
time
with
not
only
my
nam
e,bu
tm
ym
othe
r’s
and
daug
hter
’sna
me
asw
ell
asou
rag
es,
and
our
exac
tad
dres
s.—
avi
ctim
19
Com
men
tary
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on1:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toen
sure
that
addr
esse
sof
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
esar
eno
tm
ade
publ
icor
avai
labl
eto
the
defe
nse,
abse
nta
clea
rne
edas
dete
rmin
edby
the
cour
t.
Vic
tim
san
dw
itne
sses
shar
ea
com
mon
,of
ten
just
ifie
dap
preh
ensi
onth
atth
eyan
dm
embe
rsof
thei
rfa
mil
yw
ill
beth
reat
ened
orha
rass
edas
are
sult
of
thei
rte
sti
mon
yag
ains
ta
viol
ent
crim
inal
.T
his
fear
isqu
ite
un
ders
tand
able
.V
icti
ms
and
wit
ness
esha
vese
enp
erso
nal
lyw
hat
the
defe
ndan
tis
capa
ble
ofdo
ing.
Inad
di
tion
,th
reat
san
dac
tual
reta
liat
ion
are
not
unco
mm
on.
Fea
rof
defe
ndan
tre
pris
alm
anif
ests
itse
lfin
anu
mbe
rof
way
s,al
lof
whi
char
eex
trem
ely
det
rim
enta
lto
the
safe
tyof
the
com
mun
ity.
Fir
st,
itis
afa
ctor
inth
ede
cisi
onof
man
yvi
ctim
sno
tto
repo
rta
crim
e.S
econ
d,it
may
caus
em
any
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
esto
choo
seno
tto
coop
erat
ein
the
inve
stig
atio
nor
tria
lo
fa
case
.It
isun
fair
tosu
bjec
tth
ose
cour
ageo
usen
ough
toap
pear
and
test
ify
trut
hful
lyto
mon
ths
orev
enye
ars
of
livi
ngin
fear
for
thei
row
nsa
fety
orth
ato
fth
eir
fam
ily.
Alt
houg
hth
isfe
arca
nnot
beel
imin
ated
,it
can
bem
itig
ated
byke
epin
gth
eho
me
addr
esse
san
dph
one
num
bers
of
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
espr
ivat
e.A
tth
eou
tset
,th
ere
isno
reas
onw
hypo
lice
orpr
osec
utor
ssh
ould
rele
ase
this
info
rmat
ion
toth
ene
ws
med
ia.
Bot
hag
enci
essh
ould
take
step
sto
ensu
re
Seni
ors
don’
tre
port
crim
esto
the
polic
ebe
caus
eth
eyar
eaf
raid
that
the
defe
ndan
tsw
hom
ugge
dth
emth
efi
rst
time
will
com
eba
ckan
dbe
atth
emup
even
mor
ese
riou
sly
beca
use
they
wen
tto
the
polic
e.—
avi
ctim
The
next
mor
ning
ther
ew
asan
othe
r
rape
itse
lfI
felt
asha
med
,an
dI
thou
ght
Iw
ante
dto
die.
My
hear
tfel
tlik
eit
was
goin
gto
burs
t.C
ryin
gan
dta
lkin
gw
ithpe
ople
Ico
uld
trus
the
lped
tore
lieve
the
pres
sure
s.I
need
edto
shar
efe
elin
gsw
ithpe
ople
who
wou
ldke
epm
yse
cret
for
how
ever
long
Ine
eded
them
to.—
avi
ctim
aris
ing
from
the
rela
ted
toth
eir
pers
onal
hist
ory
and
psyc
holo
gica
lm
akeu
p.
Fai
lure
toex
tend
conf
iden
tial
ity
tocr
isis
coun
seli
ngin
curs
the
risk
of
unde
rmin
ing
the
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
the
coun
seli
ng.
Som
evi
ctim
sw
hone
edth
iski
ndof
help
now
fear
tose
ekit.
Wit
hout
the
prot
ecti
onof
con
fide
ntia
lity
,vi
ctim
sha
vefo
und
thei
rfi
les
subp
oena
edby
the
defe
nse,
and
feel
betr
ayed
whe
nth
ough
tsan
dfe
elin
gsth
atth
eyco
nsid
ered
priv
ate
are
open
edto
publ
icsc
ruti
nyin
aco
urtr
oom
.
Sta
tute
sth
atw
ere
pass
edbe
fore
the
impo
rtan
ceof
vict
imco
unse
ling
beca
me
reco
gniz
edex
tend
con
fi
dent
iali
tyon
lyto
coun
seli
ngby
psyc
holo
gist
san
dps
ychi
atri
sts.
The
sest
atut
espro
tect
only
thos
ew
ho
20 Iw
asup
set
whe
nI
was
aske
dab
out
my
new
loca
tion
whe
reI
lived
,an
dw
hen
Iha
dto
give
my
child
ren
sna
mes
,th
em
anw
hoha
dca
used
thes
epr
oble
ms
was
sitti
ngin
the
cour
troo
man
dI
was
telli
nghi
mho
whe
orso
meo
neel
seco
uld
find
me.
—a
vict
im
Thi
sex
peri
ence
brou
ght
me
clos
erto
deat
hth
anon
eco
uld
ever
imag
ine,
not
only
beca
use
ofth
egu
n,bu
tbe
caus
eof
the
Whe
nvi
ctim
sor
wit
ness
este
stif
y,th
eyar
efr
equ
entl
yas
ked
for
thei
rho
me
addr
ess,
som
etim
esby
the
pros
ecut
or.
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldst
opso
lici
ting
this
sens
itiv
ein
form
atio
nan
dsh
ould
obje
ctto
defe
nse
ef
fort
sto
obta
init.
Onl
yw
hen
the
defe
nse
isab
leto
es
tabl
ish
that
the
addr
ess
iscl
earl
yre
leva
ntto
cred
ibil
ity
orto
the
fact
sof
the
case
shou
ldth
equ
esti
onbe
allo
wed
.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on2:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toen
sure
that
desi
gnat
edvi
ctim
coun
seli
ngis
lega
lly
priv
ileg
ed
and
not
subj
ect
tode
fens
edi
scov
ery
orsu
bpoe
na.
Anu
mbe
rof
orga
niza
tion
san
dvi
ctim
/wit
ness
unit
spr
ovid
eps
ycho
logi
cal
cris
isco
unse
ling
toea
seth
e
real
and
prof
ound
psyc
holo
gica
ltr
aum
aof
vic
tim
iza
tion.
Sin
ceth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
rape
cris
isce
nter
s,th
e
need
for
and
bene
fits
deri
ved
from
coun
seli
ngfo
rra
pevi
ctim
sha
sbe
com
ew
ell
esta
blis
hed.
Tes
tim
ony
befo
reth
eT
ask
Forc
eco
nfir
ms
that
coun
seli
ngis
nece
ssar
yfo
rm
any
viol
ent
crim
evi
ctim
sas
wel
las
thei
rfa
mili
es.
Suc
hco
unse
ling
has
prov
enex
trem
ely
bene
fici
alan
dsh
ould
best
rong
lyen
cour
aged
atal
lle
vels
.A
ltho
ugh
som
ece
nter
sha
vem
ade
psyc
hiat
rist
sor
psyc
holo
gist
sav
aila
ble,
the
vast
maj
orit
yof
the
wor
kha
sbe
endo
neby
soci
alw
orke
rs,
nurs
es,
orby
peop
lew
hoha
vebe
envi
ctim
sth
emse
lves
.D
urin
gth
eco
un
seli
ngpr
oces
s,vi
ctim
ssp
eak
ofth
eir
fear
san
dfe
elin
gscr
ime;
thes
ere
acti
ons
are
ofte
n
bea
min
i-tr
ial,
last
ing
hour
s,da
ys,
orev
enw
eeks
,in
whi
chth
evi
ctim
has
tore
live
his
vict
imiz
atio
n.In
som
eca
ses,
the
givi
ngof
such
test
imon
yis
sim
ply
impo
ssib
lew
ithi
nth
eti
me
cons
trai
nts
impo
sed.
Wit
hin
afe
wda
ysof
the
crim
e,so
me
vict
ims
are
still
hosp
ital
ized
orha
vebe
enso
trau
mat
ized
that
they
are
unab
leto
spea
kab
out
thei
rex
peri
ence
.B
ecau
seth
evi
ctim
cann
otat
tend
the
hear
ing,
itdo
esno
tta
kepl
ace,
and
the
defe
ndan
tis
ofte
nfr
eeto
terr
oriz
eot
hers
.It
shou
ldbe
suff
icie
ntfo
rth
isde
term
inat
ion
that
the
poli
ceof
fice
ror
dete
ctiv
eas
sign
edto
the
case
tes
tify
asto
the
fact
s,w
ith
the
defe
ndan
tpo
sses
sing
the
righ
tof
cros
s-ex
amin
atio
n.T
hede
fend
ant’
sri
ght
topr
e-tr
ial
disc
over
yof
the
gove
rnm
ent’
sca
seou
tsid
eth
eco
urtr
oom
and
purs
uant
tolo
cal
rule
sw
ould
21ca
naf
ford
priv
ate
trea
tmen
tby
thes
epr
ofes
sion
als;
they
dono
tsh
ield
the
vast
maj
orit
yof
vict
ims.
At
leas
ton
est
ate
has
enac
ted
ast
atut
em
akin
gra
pevi
ctim
s’co
mm
unic
atio
nsto
coun
selo
rsle
gall
yp
rivi
leged
.1
Whi
leth
isis
ast
epin
the
righ
tdi
rect
ion,
we
beli
eve
that
the
priv
ileg
esh
ould
enco
mpa
ssth
eco
un
seli
ngof
all
crim
evi
ctim
s.B
ecau
seof
the
resp
onsi
bili
tyof
the
pros
ecut
orto
affo
rddi
scov
ery
toth
ed
efe
ndan
t,it
isno
tco
ntem
plat
edth
atth
isco
unse
ling
priv
ileg
eex
tend
toth
epr
osec
utor
’sof
fice
.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on3:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toen
sure
that
hear
say
isad
mis
sibl
ean
dsu
ffic
ient
inpr
elim
inar
yhe
arin
gs,
soth
atvi
ctim
sne
edno
tte
stif
yin
pers
on.
Vic
tim
sof
crim
ear
efr
eque
ntly
requ
ired
toco
me
toco
urt
tim
eaf
ter
tim
ein
conn
ecti
onw
ith
asi
ngle
case
.S
epar
ate
appe
aran
ces
are
ofte
nre
quir
edfo
rth
ein
itia
lch
argi
ngof
the
case
,pr
elim
inar
yhe
arin
g,an
dgr
and
jury
test
imon
y,in
addi
tion
tore
peat
edap
pear
ance
sfo
rpr
e-tr
ial
conf
eren
ces
and
the
tria
lits
elf.
The
pen
alty
for
the
vict
im’s
fail
ure
toap
pear
atan
yco
urt
pro
ceed
ing
isus
uall
ydi
smis
sal
of
the
case
.R
equi
ring
the
vict
imto
appe
aran
dte
stif
yat
apre
lim
inar
yhe
arin
gis
anen
orm
ous
impo
siti
onth
atca
nbe
elim
inat
ed.
Apr
elim
inar
yhe
arin
g,as
used
inth
isco
ntex
t,is
anin
itia
lju
dici
alex
amin
atio
nin
toth
efa
cts
and
circ
umst
ance
sof
aca
seto
dete
rmin
eif
suff
icie
ntev
iden
cefo
rfu
rthe
rpr
osec
utio
nex
ists
.It
shou
ldno
t
Itw
asa
grea
tre
lief
toha
veso
meo
neto
talk
to,
who
wou
ldin
now
aypa
sson
toot
hers
wha
tI
thou
ght,
felt,
ordi
dat
that
conf
usin
gtu
ne. —
avi
ctim
the
accu
sed
inpr
oced
ural
safe
guar
dsis
mos
tap
pare
ntin
the
area
ofba
il.A
subs
tant
ial
prop
orti
onof
the
crim
esco
mm
itte
din
this
coun
try
are
com
mit
ted
byde
fend
ants
who
have
beee
nre
leas
edon
bail
orth
eir
own
reco
gniz
ance
.2
The
lega
lsy
stem
exis
tsto
pro
tect
both
the
accu
sed
and
the
com
mun
ity.
How
ever
,th
eba
ilsy
stem
,as
itcu
rren
tly
oper
ates
inm
any
juri
sdic
tion
s,ad
dres
ses
only
the
prot
ecti
onof
the
defe
ndan
t,an
dco
mpl
etel
yig
nore
sth
evi
ctim
s.T
obe
just
,a
syst
emm
ust
bed
evi
sed
that
serv
esth
eri
ghtf
ulne
eds
of
both
.V
icti
ms
ofvi
olen
tcr
ime
have
expr
esse
dw
ith
out
rage
and
indi
gnat
ion
thei
rdi
ssat
isfa
ctio
nw
ith
bail
law
sin
man
yju
risd
icti
ons.
Vic
tim
sw
hoha
vebe
enro
bbed
orra
ped,
and
the
fam
ilie
sof
thos
em
urde
red
22re
mai
nin
tact
.T
hesu
ffic
ienc
yof
hear
say
ata
pre
lim
ina
ryhe
arin
gis
firm
lyes
tabl
ishe
din
the
fede
ral
cour
ts,
asw
ell
asin
anu
mbe
rof
loca
lju
risd
icti
ons.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on4:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toam
end
the
bail
law
sto
acco
mpl
ish
the
follo
win
g:
a.A
llow
cour
tsto
deny
bail
tope
rson
sfo
und
bycl
ear
and
conv
inci
ngev
iden
ceto
pres
ent
ada
nger
toth
eco
mm
unit
y;b.
Giv
eth
epr
osec
utio
nth
eri
ght
toex
pedi
ted
appe
alof
adve
rse
bail
dete
rmin
atio
ns,
anal
ogou
sto
the
righ
tpr
esen
tly
held
byth
ede
fend
ant;
c.C
odif
yex
isti
ngca
sela
wde
fini
ngth
eau
thor
ity
ofth
eco
urt
tode
tain
defe
ndan
tsas
tow
hom
noco
ndit
ions
ofre
leas
ear
ead
equa
teto
ensu
reap
pear
ance
attr
ial;
d.R
ever
se,
inth
eca
seof
seri
ous
crim
es,
any
stan
dard
that
pres
umpt
ivel
yfa
vors
rele
ase
ofco
nvic
ted
pers
ons
awai
ting
sent
ence
orap
peal
ing
thei
rco
nvic
tion
s;e.
Req
uire
defe
ndan
tsto
refr
ain
from
crim
inal
acti
vity
asa
man
dato
ryco
ndit
ion
ofre
leas
e;an
d
f.P
rovi
depe
nalt
ies
for
fail
ing
toap
pear
whi
lere
leas
edon
bond
orpe
rson
alre
cogn
izan
ceth
atar
em
ore
clos
ely
prop
orti
onat
eto
the
pena
ltie
sfo
rth
eof
fens
ew
ithw
hich
the
defe
ndan
tw
asor
gina
lly
char
ged.
The
imba
lanc
ebe
twee
nth
ele
giti
mat
ean
dne
cess
ary
inte
rest
of
the
vict
imin
prot
ecti
onan
dth
ein
tere
stof
retu
rnin
gto
cour
t.In
mos
tju
risd
icti
ons
abo
dyof
case
law
has
aris
enth
atm
anda
tes
the
cons
ider
atio
nof
such
fact
ors
asa
defe
ndan
t’s
ties
toth
eco
mm
unit
yin
term
sof
fam
ily,
hous
ing,
empl
oym
ent,
and
othe
rre
spon
sibi
liti
es.
Ano
ther
note
wor
thy
fact
oris
the
de
fend
ant’
sac
cess
tow
ealt
h,al
tern
ativ
ere
side
nce
site
s,an
dlo
ng-r
ange
tran
spor
tati
on.
An
accu
sed
drug
deal
erw
hoha
sfo
reig
nba
nkac
coun
tsan
dow
nsbo
thhi
sow
npl
ane
and
avi
lla
ina
coun
try
that
wil
lno
tex
trad
ite
him
wou
ldno
tap
pear
tobe
ago
odba
ilri
skev
enon
are
lati
vely
high
bond
.C
odif
icat
ion
of
case
law
auth
oriz
ing
cons
ider
atio
nof
such
fact
ors
wou
lden
sure
cons
iste
ncy
inth
eir
appl
icat
ion.
e.C
ourt
sm
ust
requ
ire
that
defe
ndan
tsno
tco
mm
itne
wcr
imes
whi
leon
bail.
To
doot
herw
ise
crea
tes
a
23
bype
rson
sw
how
ere
rele
ased
onba
ilw
hile
faci
ngse
riou
sch
arge
san
dpo
sses
sing
apr
ior
reco
rdof
vio
lenc
e,si
mpl
yca
nnot
unde
rsta
ndw
hyth
ese
pers
ons
wer
efr
eeto
harm
them
.W
hen
that
sam
epe
rson
isag
ain
rele
ased
and
retu
rns
toth
reat
enor
inti
mid
ate,
thes
evi
ctim
sfr
eque
ntly
lose
all
fait
hin
aju
stic
esy
stem
soob
viou
sly
unab
leto
prot
ect
them
.In
deci
ding
issu
esof
bail,
the
cour
tm
ust
have
the
auth
orit
yto
bala
nce
the
defe
ndan
t’s
inte
rest
inre
mai
ning
free
ona
char
geof
whi
chhe
ispr
esum
edin
noce
ntw
ith
the
real
ity
that
man
yde
fend
ants
have
prov
en,
byth
eir
conv
icti
onre
cord
s,th
atth
eyha
veco
mm
itte
dan
dar
eli
kely
toco
mm
itcr
imes
whi
leat
larg
e.T
heau
thor
ity
for
such
cons
ider
atio
ndo
esno
tno
wex
ist
inm
any
juri
sdic
tion
s.In
fede
ral
cour
tsan
din
man
yst
ate
cour
ts,
the
only
ques
tion
that
can
bead
dres
sed
ata
bail
hear
ing
isw
heth
erth
ede
fend
ant
wil
lap
pear
for
his
cour
tdat
es.
3S
uch
apo
licy
isbo
thfo
ol
ish
and
shor
tsig
hted
.T
his
Tas
kF
orce
isno
tal
one
inits
reco
mm
enda
tion
that
the
dang
erth
ata
defe
ndan
tpo
ses
mus
tbe
consi
der
edin
ruli
ngon
bail
deci
sion
s.T
heU
.S.
Con
gres
s,th
eA
mer
ican
Bar
Ass
ocia
tion
,th
eN
atio
nal
Co
nfe
ren
ceon
Com
mis
sion
ers
onU
nifo
rmS
tate
Law
s,an
dth
eA
ttorn
eyG
ener
al’s
Tas
kF
orc
eon
Vio
lent
Cri
me
have
all
reac
hed
asi
mil
arco
nclu
sion
.S
ever
alof
the
reco
mm
enda
tion
sse
tfo
rth
abov
ear
ese
lf-e
xpla
nato
ry.
Tw
oof
them
,ho
wev
er,
can
de,
requ
ire
furt
her
elab
orat
ion.
c.E
ach
defe
ndan
tm
ust
beev
alua
ted
indi
vidu
ally
inte
rms
ofth
eth
reat
hepo
ses
and
the
like
liho
odof
his
Am
anw
asco
nvic
ted
in19
74of
sexu
ally
assa
ulti
nga
child
.H
ere
peat
edth
eof
fens
e,an
din
1980
was
conv
icte
dag
ain,
and
sent
ence
dto
18m
onth
s.H
ese
rved
seve
nm
onth
s.A
fter
that
conv
ictio
n,he
was
arre
sted
agai
nfo
rm
oles
ting
a7-
year
-ol
d.H
ew
asre
leas
edon
bail,
and
whi
leou
ton
bail,
hem
oles
ted
yet
anot
her
child
.—B
eaM
cPhe
rson
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on5:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toab
olis
hth
eex
clus
iona
ryru
leas
itap
plie
sto
Fou
rth
Am
endm
ent
issu
es.
Itsh
ould
bere
iter
ated
that
this
Tas
kF
orc
ein
now
ayse
eks
todi
min
ish
the
impo
rtan
tpr
otec
tion
sex
tend
edto
all
citi
zens
byth
eF
ou
rth
Am
endm
ent.
The
righ
tto
free
dom
from
unre
ason
able
sear
chan
dse
izur
eis
one
ofth
epi
llar
sof
Am
eric
anli
bert
y.It
isno
tth
isgo
alof
libe
rty
that
mus
tbe
reex
amin
ed,
but
the
det
rim
enta
lw
ayth
esy
stem
has
soug
htto
purs
ueit.
The
reis
nori
ght
stat
edin
the
Con
stit
utio
nto
the
excl
usio
nof
seiz
edev
iden
ce,
any
mor
eth
anth
ere
isa
righ
tto
brea
kth
ela
ww
ith
impu
nity
.A
nyon
eev
alu
24
revo
lvin
g-do
orap
proa
chto
crim
e.A
nyne
war
rest
,w
ith
afi
ndin
gof
prob
able
caus
e,sh
ould
resu
ltin
the
swif
tre
voca
tion
ofba
ilor
pers
onal
reco
gniz
ance
rele
ase
onth
eor
igin
alch
arge
.C
ourt
orde
rsth
atar
eno
ten
forc
edar
em
eani
ngle
ss.
Not
only
doth
eyfa
ilin
atta
inin
gth
eir
goal
s,th
eyal
sote
ach
that
law
ful
orde
rsca
nbe
viol
ated
wit
him
puni
ty.
Suc
han
atti
tude
cann
otbe
tole
rate
d.C
ourt
ssh
ould
not
rein
forc
eit
byfa
ilin
gto
take
effe
ctiv
eac
tion
.O
urre
com
men
dati
ons
onba
ilar
e,w
ith
som
em
od
ifi
cati
ons,
are
affi
rmat
ion
of
the
reco
mm
enda
tion
sof
the
Att
orn
eyG
ener
al’s
Tas
kF
orc
eon
Vio
lent
Cri
me.
Bec
ause
thos
eea
rlie
rre
com
men
dati
ons
have
not
yet
been
enac
ted
into
law
,w
ew
ish
toad
dth
eoft
en-f
or
gott
enbu
tel
oque
ntvo
ices
of
vict
ims
toth
ede
man
dfo
rne
eded
chan
ge.
The
Tas
kF
orc
eon
Vio
lent
Cri
me
lim
ited
itsba
ilre
com
men
dati
ons
tofe
dera
lla
w,
noti
ngth
atpr
e-tr
ial
dela
ysin
som
est
ates
wer
eto
olo
ngto
keep
defe
ndan
tsin
carc
erat
edw
itho
utan
adju
dica
tion
of
guil
t.W
esh
are
thei
rco
ncer
n,bu
tw
edo
inte
ndou
rre
com
men
dati
ons
toap
ply
tost
ates
be
caus
eof
the
cost
tovi
ctim
s,w
hosu
ffer
long
pre-
tria
lde
lays
befo
reth
eyca
nfi
nall
yat
tem
ptto
put
the
orde
alof
thei
rvi
ctim
izat
ion
behi
ndth
eman
dre
sum
ea
norm
allif
ew
ith
the
know
ledg
eth
atju
stic
eha
sbe
enac
hiev
ed.
Thi
sis
one
ofth
ere
ason
sfo
rou
rre
com
men
dati
on,
pres
ente
del
sew
here
inth
isre
port
,th
atth
epr
oble
mof
mul
tipl
eco
ntin
uanc
esan
dpr
e-tr
ial
dela
y,an
dth
ere
ason
sfo
rth
atde
lay,
bere
med
ied.
rule
beca
use
itspr
opon
ents
trea
tth
eru
leit
self
wit
hth
esa
me
sanc
tity
asth
eri
ghts
itpu
rpor
tsto
prot
ect.
Unl
awfu
lgo
vern
men
tin
trus
ion
islik
edi
seas
e;no
one
isin
favo
rof
it.It
mus
tbe
rem
embe
red
that
the
ex
clus
iona
ryru
leis
are
med
yon
ly,
and
not
ave
rygo
odon
e.It
thus
rew
ards
the
crim
inal
and
puni
shes
,no
tth
epo
lice
,bu
tth
ein
noce
ntvi
ctim
ofth
ecr
ime
and
soci
ety
atla
rge
for
cond
uct
they
may
not
cond
one
and
over
whi
chth
eyha
veli
ttle
orno
cont
rol.
Ano
ther
maj
orfa
ilin
gof
the
rule
isth
atit
has
nofl
exib
ilit
y,no
sens
eof
prop
orti
on.
Itim
pose
sth
epun
ishm
ent
of
evid
enti
ary
excl
usio
nfo
rev
ery
poli
cem
isst
ep,
whe
ther
mal
icio
usor
mer
ely
mis
take
n.In
fact
,ev
iden
ceac
quir
edby
offi
cers
acti
ngw
ith
abso
lute
prop
riet
yca
nst
illbe
excl
uded
.If
anof
fice
r
25at
ing
the
excl
usio
nary
rule
mus
tco
nsta
ntly
keep
this
basi
cpr
emis
ein
min
d.T
hefr
amer
sof
the
Const
itu
tion
did
not
crea
teth
eex
clus
iona
ryru
lefo
rvi
olat
ions
ofth
eF
ourt
hA
men
dmen
t.T
hey
coul
dha
vedo
neso
.T
hey
did
inth
eF
ifth
Am
endm
ent,
whi
chcl
earl
ypro
vide
sth
atin
form
atio
nfo
rcef
ully
take
nfr
oma
susp
ect
cann
otbe
used
agai
nst
him
.T
his
cons
titu
tion
alad
op
tion
ofth
eex
clus
iona
rypr
inci
ple
was
spec
ific
ally
not
reli
edup
onin
sett
ing
out
the
Fo
urt
hA
men
dmen
t.T
heex
clus
iona
ryru
leis
inst
ead
aju
dici
ally
crea
ted
rule
ofpr
oced
ure
that
fails
tose
rve
the
goal
sit
seek
s,an
dfa
ilsat
atr
emen
dous
cost
.T
heru
leis
anid
eath
atbe
gan
wit
ha
loft
yan
dn
ec
essa
rypr
emis
e,th
epr
otec
tion
ofci
tize
nsfr
omim
prop
erst
ate
acti
on.
The
rule
prov
ides
,es
sent
iall
y,th
atan
yev
iden
cedi
scov
ered
asa
resu
ltof
impr
oper
poli
ceac
tion
wil
lbe
inad
mis
sibl
eat
tria
l.T
heid
eais
that
puni
shin
gth
epo
lice
wil
lcu
rbm
isco
nduc
t.B
utth
eex
peri
ence
ofal
mos
t70
year
sat
the
fede
ral
leve
lan
dm
ore
than
20ye
ars
atth
est
ate
leve
lha
ssh
own
that
cour
tsar
eno
tat
all
clea
ron
wha
tth
eyco
nsid
erto
bem
isco
nduc
t;th
eru
ledo
esno
tde
ter
poli
ce—
inst
ead,
the
rule
puni
shes
the
inno
cent
vict
iman
dal
lla
w-a
bidi
ngci
tize
nsby
prev
enti
ngef
fect
ive
pro
secu
tion;
and
the
cour
tde
cisi
ons
inte
rpre
ting
the
Fo
urt
hA
men
dmen
tha
vecr
eate
dan
incr
edib
lyco
mpl
exbo
dyof
law
,an
dit
isun
fair
topu
nish
avi
ctim
beca
use
apo
lice
offi
cer
acti
ngun
der
exig
ent
circ
umst
ance
sm
ade
the
wro
ngde
cisi
on.
Ifal
lth
eba
ses
for
the
rule
are
unfo
unde
d,w
hyth
endo
esit
rem
ain
inef
fect
?G
reat
emot
ion
isge
nera
ted
inan
ydi
scus
sion
ofth
e
Rel
ying
onth
eex
clus
iona
ryru
leis
like
curi
ngdi
seas
eby
shoo
ting
the
patie
nt.
Wor
se,
itis
like
curi
ngA
dise
ase
bysh
ootin
gB.
The
polic
eman
take
sac
tion,
appr
ehen
dsa
susp
ect,
and
turn
shi
mov
erto
the
cour
tsy
stem
.Su
ppre
ssin
gev
iden
cem
onth
sla
ter
does
not
affe
cthi
m.
Inst
ead,
bysu
ppre
ssin
gw
hat
isof
ten
the
best
evid
ence
avai
labl
e,it
mak
espr
osec
utio
ndi
ffic
ult
ifno
tim
poss
ible
.—C
arol
Cor
riga
n
men
tstr
ial
cour
tju
dges
.In
the
cour
seof
this
scru
tiny
,ea
chre
view
erlo
oks
wit
hca
lmco
ntem
plat
ion
over
the
shou
lder
of
the
offi
cer
inth
efi
eld,
who
,at
the
poin
tof
the
pyra
mid
,is
expe
cted
tom
ake
the
righ
tde
cisi
onin
stan
tly.
Just
ice
does
not
brin
gT
heju
dici
alsy
stem
purp
orts
tobe
base
don
the
one’
sso
nba
ck,
but
trut
h.A
tria
lis
defi
ned
asa
sear
chfo
rth
etr
uth;
and
itis
the
clos
est
thin
gby
rely
ing
onth
etr
uth,
itis
said
,ju
stic
ew
ill
beto
wha
tis
right—
afo
und.
How
ever
,th
eex
clus
iona
ryru
lere
sult
sin
lies.
vict
im’s
fath
er.
..
..
Evi
denc
eth
atha
sbe
ense
ized
and
ishi
ghly
prob
ativ
eof
the
defe
ndan
t’s
guil
tis
excl
uded
.F
rom
that
poin
ton
ever
yone
mus
tpr
eten
dth
atit
does
not
exis
t.T
heju
ryis
dece
ived
.F
acts
are
igno
red
orpr
esen
ted
mis
lead
ingl
yat
judi
cial
dire
ctio
n.T
heju
ryis
aske
dto
26ac
tspe
rfec
tly
inac
cord
ance
wit
hev
ery
stat
ute
and
ever
yca
seon
Janu
ary
1,bu
ta
cour
tde
cisi
onch
ange
sth
eac
cept
edpr
oced
ure
onF
ebru
ary
1,th
eev
iden
ceof
fere
don
Mar
ch1
wil
lbe
thro
wn
out,
even
thou
ghev
eryt
hing
was
done
wit
hco
mpl
ete
prop
riet
y,be
caus
eth
eru
les
wer
ech
ange
dlo
ngaf
ter
the
gam
ew
aspl
ayed
.N
ode
fend
ant
coul
dbe
puni
shed
inth
isw
ay;
such
puni
shm
ent
wou
ldco
nsti
tute
anex
post
fact
oap
plic
atio
nof
the
law
.Y
etth
eco
urts
ofth
isco
untr
yse
ekto
puni
shth
epo
lice
,an
ddo
actu
ally
puni
shth
eci
tize
nsth
eyse
rve
dail
y,in
just
this
way
,by
are
tro
acti
veap
plic
atio
nof
the
excl
usio
nary
rule
.
Cou
rts
have
crea
ted
anin
cred
ibly
com
plex
body
ofF
ourt
hA
men
dmen
tla
w.
Cas
estu
rnon
min
ute
fact
ual
dist
inct
ions
,an
dco
urts
,in
clud
ing
the
Sup
rem
eC
ourt
,w
ill
freq
uent
lydi
sagr
eeon
wha
tth
ere
quir
emen
tsac
tual
lyar
e.In
deed
,ju
dges
wit
hin
the
sam
eco
urt
ofte
ndi
sagr
ee.
Thi
sin
tric
ate,
exte
nsiv
e,an
dev
er-c
hang
ing
set
ofru
les
mus
tbe
dige
sted
and
appl
ied
bya
poli
ceof
fice
r,w
hois
not
ala
wye
r,an
dw
hom
ust
deci
dein
the
conf
usio
nan
dda
nger
ofth
em
omen
tif
heca
nde
tain
asu
spec
t,lo
okin
tohi
sca
r,or
pat-
sear
chhi
mfo
rw
eapo
nsin
anat
tem
ptto
avoi
dbe
ing
shot
.
The
situ
atio
nha
sbe
enli
kene
dto
anin
vert
edpyra
mid
.A
tth
ebr
oade
stpa
rtis
the
Sup
rem
eC
ourt
,w
hich
ofte
nta
kes
mon
ths
toan
alyz
eth
epr
oble
man
dev
enth
enth
eju
stic
esm
ayno
tag
ree.
Bef
ore
the
case
arri
ves
atth
atle
vel
aco
urt
ofap
peal
sw
ill
have
cons
ider
edit
for
wee
ksor
mon
ths.
Bef
ore
that
,la
wye
rsw
ill
have
spen
tda
ysor
wee
ksm
arsh
alli
ngar
gu
and
wri
ting
brie
fsfo
rpr
elim
inar
yhe
arin
gan
d
bya
new
cour
tde
cisi
on.
Ifth
eca
seis
pres
ente
d,a
pros
ecut
orw
ill
refu
seto
file
ach
arge
for
the
sam
ere
ason
.If
char
ges
are
file
d,th
eym
aybe
dism
isse
dor
apl
eaba
rgai
nm
aybe
ente
red
into
rath
erth
anta
keth
eti
me
and
expe
nse
toli
tiga
teth
ese
arch
issu
e.T
heli
tiga
tion
ofth
ese
issu
esis
phen
omen
ally
cost
ly.
The
circ
umst
ance
ssu
rrou
ndin
gth
ese
izur
eof
evid
ence
mus
tbe
thor
ough
lyin
vest
igat
edby
both
side
s.E
xten
sive
wit
ness
inte
rvie
ws
are
cond
ucte
d.C
ompl
ete
anal
ysis
of
com
plex
case
law
isen
gage
din
and
ofte
nle
ngth
ybr
iefs
are
file
d.P
rotr
acte
dhe
arin
gsar
ehe
lddu
ring
whi
chof
fice
rsm
ust
beta
ken
away
from
thei
rre
gula
rdu
ties
orpa
idov
erti
me
for
thei
rap
pear
ance
.T
heco
urt
may
take
the
issu
eun
der
ad
vise
men
t,of
ten
enga
ging
inits
own
rese
arch
ofth
eis
sues
.S
ome
ruli
ngs
can
beap
peal
edbe
fore
the
tria
lis
27
retu
rna
just
verd
ict
and
yet
isde
nied
the
mos
tte
llin
gev
iden
ce.
Itis
ade
lusi
onto
clai
mth
atth
isde
cept
ion
serv
esju
stic
e.P
ropo
nent
sof
the
rule
clai
mit
prot
ects
all
citi
zens
,bu
tth
isas
sert
ion
isun
true
—th
eex
clus
iona
ryru
leis
neve
ran
avai
labl
ere
med
yfo
rth
ein
noce
nt.
Ifth
epo
lice
arre
stor
sear
cha
law
-abi
ding
citi
zen,
that
cit
ize
nha
sno
rem
edy
unde
rth
eex
clus
iona
ryru
le.
By
defi
niti
on,
the
rule
serv
eson
lyto
shie
ldth
ose
caug
htin
the
com
mis
sion
ofa
crim
eor
itsco
ncea
lmen
t,be
caus
eit
ison
lyw
hen
ther
eis
evid
ence
that
can
besu
ppre
ssed
that
the
rule
com
esin
topl
ay.
Not
only
does
the
excl
usio
nary
rule
bene
fit
the
guil
tyw
hile
fail
ing
topr
otec
tth
ein
noce
nt,
the
exis
ten
cean
dop
erat
ion
ofth
eru
leha
sa
disa
blin
gef
fect
onth
een
tire
just
ice
syst
em.
Itis
som
etim
esar
gued
that
the
rule
can
beto
lera
ted
beca
use
mot
ions
tosu
ppr
ess
are
gran
ted
inon
lya
smal
lpr
opor
tion
of
case
s.S
uch
anan
alys
isat
tem
pts
tore
veal
the
size
ofth
eic
ebe
rgby
mea
suri
ngits
tip.
How
ever
,ev
enw
hen
sup
pres
sion
mot
ions
are
not
gran
ted,
the
prov
isio
nfo
rth
emho
bble
sho
nest
and
effe
ctiv
ela
wen
forc
emen
tat
ever
yst
epan
dim
pose
san
enor
mou
sbu
rden
onan
al
read
yov
erta
xed
syst
em.
Stu
dies
rely
ing
onth
ere
lati
vein
freq
uenc
yof
excl
usi
onfa
ilto
take
into
acco
unt
any
ofth
efo
llow
ing
sit
uati
ons
crea
ted
byth
eex
clus
iona
ryru
le.
Cas
esar
eno
tbr
ough
tto
the
pros
ecut
orfo
rch
argi
ngbe
caus
ean
of
fice
ror
his
supe
rvis
orw
ill
real
ize
that
the
cond
uct
that
prod
uced
the
esse
ntia
lev
iden
ceha
sbe
enba
rred
trut
h-fi
ndin
gpr
oces
s,im
pose
san
into
lera
ble
burd
enon
the
syst
em,
and
prev
ents
the
cour
tfr
omdo
ing
jus
tice
.A
ccor
ding
ly,
we
reco
mm
end
that
the
excl
usi
on
ary
rule
asit
appl
ies
toF
ou
rth
Am
endm
ent
issu
esbe
abol
ishe
d.
Alt
erna
tive
met
hods
ofde
terr
ing
poli
cefr
omw
rong
ful
acti
ons
and
met
hods
byw
hich
thos
ere
spo
nsi
ble
for
the
mis
cond
uct
are
held
acco
unta
ble
have
been
sugges
ted.
5T
hese
lect
ion
ofsp
ecif
icm
etho
dsis
best
left
tolo
cal
juri
sdic
tion
s.H
owev
er,
any
ofth
ese
met
hods
wou
ldbe
mor
eef
fect
ive
inde
terr
ing
Fourt
hA
men
dmen
tvi
olat
ions
than
the
excl
usio
nary
rule
.T
hey
allo
wfo
ra
puni
shm
ent
that
ispr
opor
tion
ate
toth
evi
olat
ion.
Inad
diti
on,
som
ear
ere
med
ies
that
wou
ldbe
avai
labl
eto
all
citi
zens
,no
tju
stth
egu
ilty
.
28
held
.If
evid
ence
issu
ppre
ssed
,th
eca
seis
ofte
nd
is
mis
sed
orm
aybe
soco
mpr
omis
edth
ata
plea
barg
ain
beco
mes
inev
itab
le.
Eve
nif
noev
iden
ceis
supp
ress
ed
and
the
defe
ndan
tis
foun
dgu
ilty
,se
arch
and
seiz
ure
issu
esca
nbe
rais
edon
post
-con
vict
ion
appe
als.
Aga
in,
appe
llat
ela
wye
rsan
dju
dges
spen
dva
stnu
mbe
rsof
hour
sre
brie
fing
,re
liti
gati
ng,
and
reev
alua
ting
thes
e
issu
es.
Ifth
eap
pell
ate
cour
tsre
vers
eth
eco
nvic
tion
byov
ertu
rnin
ga
sear
chan
dse
izur
eru
ling
,th
etr
ial
of
the
case
mus
tbe
repe
ated
.B
ecau
seth
eap
pell
ate
pro
ces
sis
ofte
nti
me-
cons
umin
g,su
cha
reve
rsal
may
mea
n
aca
sem
ust
bere
trie
dm
any
year
saf
ter
the
crim
e,
whe
nw
itne
sses
are
nolo
nger
avai
labl
e.T
his
dela
y
alm
ost
alw
ays
wor
ksto
the
bene
fit
ofth
ede
fens
e.
Aga
in,
plea
barg
aini
ngis
afr
eque
ntre
sult
.
Iju
stco
uldn
‘1be
lieve
that
the
judg
eco
uld
actu
ally
supp
ress
this
evid
ence
.Ii
’slik
eit
real
lydi
dnt
happ
en.
.it
just
seem
sve
ryun
fair
that
som
ethi
ngso
cruc
ial
coul
dbe
just
eli,n
inat
ed—
avi
ctim
The
tim
ean
def
fort
expe
nded
inth
ispr
oces
sis
am
ajor
fact
orin
dela
yan
dco
urt
cong
esti
on.
Vic
tim
s
are
adve
rsel
yaf
fect
edby
the
rule
’sop
erat
ion
atev
ery
turn
.W
hen
the
poli
cefa
ilto
solv
eth
ecr
ime
beca
use
ofin
acti
on,
the
vict
imsu
ffer
s.W
hen
case
sar
eno
t
char
ged
orar
edi
smis
sed
and
the
“cri
min
algo
esfr
ee
beca
use
the
cons
tabl
ebl
unde
red,
”th
evi
ctim
is
deni
edju
stic
e.W
hen
the
case
isco
ntin
ued
inte
rmin
a
bly
orm
ust
bere
trie
d,th
evi
ctim
ishu
rtti
me
and
tim
eag
ain.
The
oper
atio
nof
the
excl
usio
nary
rule
ison
eof
the
maj
orfa
ctor
sin
the
publ
ic’s
loss
ofco
nfi
denc
ein
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
The
Tas
kF
orc
eha
sco
nclu
ded
that
the
excl
usi
on
ary
rule
does
not
wor
k,se
vere
lyco
mpr
omis
esth
e
refo
rmis
acco
mpl
ishe
d,ho
wev
er,
the
paro
lee’
sin
ter
est
inm
aint
aini
ngth
ecu
rren
tse
crec
yof
paro
lebo
ard
proc
eedi
ngs
mus
t,on
bala
nce,
give
way
toth
eco
nce
rnof
vict
ims
and
pote
ntia
lvi
ctim
sfo
rth
eir
own
safe
tyan
dth
ein
tegr
ity
ofth
esy
stem
.O
peni
ngto
publ
icsc
ruti
nyth
eop
erat
ion
of
paro
lebo
ards
wil
lgo
far
inhe
lpin
gto
rest
ore
publ
icco
nfid
ence
inth
ecr
imin
alju
stic
esy
stem
.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on7:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toab
olis
hpa
role
and
lim
itju
dici
aldi
scre
tion
inse
nten
cing
.
Vic
tim
sco
nsis
tent
lyex
pres
san
ger
and
frus
trat
ion
wit
hth
ese
nten
cing
and
paro
lesy
stem
s.A
sno
ted
ear-
29E
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Rec
omm
enda
tion
6:L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
open
paro
lere
leas
ehe
arin
gsto
the
publ
ic.
The
requ
irem
ent
that
the
proc
eedi
ngs
ofth
ead
ult
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
embe
open
toth
epu
blic
has
been
inte
gral
toth
atsy
stem
sinc
eth
isna
tion
was
foun
ded.
Tim
ean
dag
ain
the
prin
cipl
eth
atpu
blic
scru
tiny
pro
duce
sac
coun
tabi
lity
has
been
reaf
firm
ed.
Onl
yth
em
ost
com
pell
ing
ofre
ason
sca
nju
stif
yth
ecl
osin
gof
crim
inal
just
ice
proc
eedi
ngs
ina
free
soci
ety.
Des
pite
this
prin
cipl
e,pa
role
hear
ings
have
his
tori
call
ybe
enco
nduc
ted
inse
cret
.A
ltho
ugh
this
was
done
topr
otec
tth
epa
role
e,th
ere
sult
has
been
toin
sula
tepa
role
boar
dsfr
omac
coun
tabi
lity
.T
heir
dec
isi
ons
tore
leas
eon
anun
susp
ecti
ngpu
blic
indi
vidu
als
wit
hex
tens
ive
hist
orie
sof
viol
ence
are
mad
ein
secr
et.
The
irre
ason
sfo
rea
rly
rele
ase
are
secr
et.
The
ydo
not
have
toju
stif
yth
eir
conc
lusi
ons.
The
publ
icca
nnot
test
the
vali
dity
of
thei
rac
tion
sor
know
whe
ther
the
boar
dis
fulf
illi
ngits
stat
utor
yob
liga
tion
topr
otec
tth
eco
mm
unit
y.E
very
citi
zen
has
avi
tal
inte
rest
inth
epr
oper
func
tion
ing
ofth
epa
role
boar
d,fo
rits
cond
uct
dire
ctly
affe
cts
the
safe
tyof
the
com
mun
ity.
Vic
tim
sof
crim
eho
ldth
isge
nera
lco
ncer
nev
enm
ore
stro
ngly
,fo
rth
eykn
owfr
ompe
rson
alex
peri
ence
the
dang
erth
atth
epa
role
eca
npo
se:
thei
rsa
fety
may
beth
reat
ened
byhi
sre
leas
e.T
his
Tas
kF
orce
has
else
whe
rere
com
men
ded
that
paro
lebe
abol
ishe
d(s
eeE
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Rec
omm
enda
tion
7).
Unt
ilth
isne
eded
“goo
dpr
acti
tion
ers,
incl
udin
gju
dges
,ha
veli
ttle
idea
asto
whe
nth
eof
fend
erac
tual
lyw
ill
bere
leas
ed.
The
syst
emof
sent
enci
ngth
atal
low
sfo
run
lim
ited
judi
cial
disc
reti
onan
dpa
role
isde
plor
able
and
mus
t
bech
ange
d.T
heN
atio
nal
Com
mis
sion
onR
efor
mof
Fed
eral
Cri
min
alL
aw,
the
U.S
.D
epar
tmen
tof
Jus
tice
,th
eJu
dici
ary
Com
mit
tees
ofth
e93
rdth
roug
h
the
96th
Con
gres
ses,
and
mos
tre
cent
ly,
the
Att
orne
y
Gen
eral
’sT
ask
Forc
eon
Vio
lent
Cri
me,
have
all
stro
ngly
expr
esse
ddi
ssat
isfa
ctio
nw
ith
the
curr
ent
syst
em.
Leg
isla
tion
that
abol
ishe
spa
role
and
lim
its
judi
cial
disc
reti
onin
sent
enci
ngsh
ould
been
acte
d.L
egis
latu
res
shou
ldcr
eate
sent
enci
ngco
mm
issi
ons
that
wou
ldes
tabl
ish
ase
tof
sent
enci
nggu
idel
ines
,ta
king
30 We
have
trut
hin
adve
rtis
ing
and
trut
hin
pack
agin
g;w
hat
isne
eded
istr
uth
inse
nten
cing
.W
hyco
ntin
ueto
play
this
gam
eof
givi
nglo
ngse
nten
ces
that
cann
otev
enle
gally
bese
rved
?—T
hom
asA
mbe
rg
Our
daug
hter
’ski
ller
will
beel
igib
lefo
rpa
role
whe
nhe
’s29
.F
orus
ther
eis
nopa
role
.O
urfa
mil
yha
sbe
engi
ven—
with
nodu
epr
oces
sof
law
—a
life
sent
ence
oflo
ssan
dgr
ief—
avi
ctim
’spa
rent
s
her,
vict
ims
have
avi
tal
and
enti
rely
legi
tim
ate
inte
r
est
inth
ese
nten
ceth
atis
give
nto
and
serv
edby
the
offe
nder
.T
heir
own
sens
eof
just
ice
dict
ates
that
the
pers
onw
hodi
rect
lyca
used
them
som
uch
agon
yre
ceiv
ea
fair
puni
shm
ent.
Inad
diti
on,
they
legi
tim
atel
y
hope
that
the
offe
nder
who
mth
eykn
owis
dang
erou
s
wil
lbe
plac
edw
here
heca
nnot
caus
eth
ein
noce
ntto
suff
er.
The
inte
rest
of
vict
ims
inse
eing
thei
rof
fend
ers
fair
lypu
nish
edan
dso
ciet
ypr
otec
ted
isw
hat
enab
les
them
toen
dure
the
extr
eme
hard
ship
sth
atco
oper
a
tion
wit
hth
ecr
imin
alju
stic
esy
stem
impo
ses.
Whe
n
thes
een
dsar
eno
tac
com
plis
hed,
the
vict
ims
are
just
i
fiab
lyou
trag
ed.
Whe
nju
dges
have
virt
uall
yun
lim
ited
disc
reti
onin
impo
sing
sent
ence
s,th
eac
tual
sent
ence
that
anof
fend
erre
ceiv
esis
mor
ea
prod
uct
ofth
ein
divi
dual
phil
osop
hyan
dpr
edil
ecti
ons
of
the
judge
than
an
even
-han
ded
anal
ysis
ofth
ese
riou
snes
sof
the
offe
nse,
the
harm
done
the
vict
im,
and
the
hist
ory
of
the
of
fend
er.
Itis
equa
lly
impo
rtan
tth
atth
evi
ctim
and
the
com
mun
ity
know
wha
tth
ese
nten
ceac
tual
lym
eans
—ho
w
long
the
defe
ndan
tw
ill
bein
carc
erat
ed.
Whe
nvi
ctim
s
hear
the
judge
impo
sea
life
sent
ence
,th
enm
eet
the
offe
nder
onth
est
reet
afe
wye
ars
late
rbe
caus
eof
his
rele
ase
onpa
role
,th
eylo
seal
lfa
ith
inth
esy
stem
.
The
fact
isth
atth
ere
isno
“tru
thin
sent
enci
ng.”
The
syst
emha
sbe
com
eso
com
plic
ated
wit
hits
vari
ous
prov
isio
nsfo
rea
rly
rele
ase,
libe
ral
allo
wan
cefo
r
tim
e,”
and
wor
kan
dst
udy
furl
ough
s,th
atev
en
Stu
dies
ofcr
ime
inou
rna
tion
’ssc
hool
sha
vesh
own
anin
tole
rabl
yhi
ghle
vel
ofvi
olen
cedi
rect
edat
both
teac
hers
and
stud
ents
;6
yet
rela
tive
lyfe
wsu
cho
ffe
nses
are
repo
rted
topo
lice
.M
any
scho
olof
fici
als,
mot
ivat
edat
leas
tin
part
byfe
arof
repr
isal
and
bya
desi
reto
give
the
appe
aran
ceof
asa
fean
dw
ell-
run
inst
itut
ion,
min
imiz
eor
com
plet
ely
deny
cond
uct
that
occu
rsth
ere.
Pro
blem
sca
nnot
beso
lved
whe
nth
eyar
eun
dere
stim
ated
orig
nore
d.W
hile
thes
eo
ccu
rre
nces
goun
addr
esse
d,st
uden
tsan
dte
ache
rsco
ntin
ueto
beas
saul
ted
and
robb
ed,
and
educ
atio
nsu
ffer
s.S
erio
usac
tsof
viol
ence
and
poss
essi
onof
wea
pons
,dr
ugs
and
othe
rco
ntra
band
mus
tbe
repo
rted
toth
epo
lice
.T
oen
sure
that
this
isac
com
plis
hed,
scho
olof
fici
als
shou
ldbe
plac
edun
der
stat
utor
yob
liga
tion
to
31
into
acco
unt
vari
atio
nsin
type
sof
offe
nses
,th
ede
gree
ofha
rmca
used
vict
ims,
and
the
prio
rco
nvic
tion
san
dba
ckgr
ound
ofth
ede
fend
ant.
We
foun
dre
al
Wit
hab
olit
ion
ofpa
role
,th
ese
nten
ceim
pose
dbi
ttern
ess
amon
gvi
ctim
sof
crim
ew
how
ould
beth
ese
nten
cese
rved
.It
shou
ldbe
expe
cted
late
rdi
scov
ered
thei
rth
ata
pris
ione
rw
ill
conf
orm
topr
ison
regu
lati
ons;
assa
ilan
tfre
eaf
ter
good
tim
eaw
ards
shou
ldno
tbe
requ
ired
toas
sist
inw
hat
amou
nted
toa
pris
ondi
scip
line
.If
som
eal
low
ance
sfo
rgo
odti
me
toke
npu
nish
men
t.I
prov
isio
nsap
pear
tobe
nece
ssar
yfo
rm
aint
enan
ceof
don’
tth
ink
thes
epr
ison
disc
ipli
ne,
such
allo
wan
ces
shou
ldbe
rigi
dly
vict
ims
are
aski
ngfo
rco
ntro
lled
;th
eysh
ould
beac
tual
lyea
rned
byth
epr
is-
apo
und
offl
esh.
Ion
er,
not
awar
ded
inad
vanc
e,an
dsh
ould
besu
bjec
tth
ink
they
’re
aski
ngto
revo
cati
onin
the
even
tof
pris
oner
mis
cond
uct,
for
am
easu
reof
The
vict
im’s
need
for
rest
itut
ion
isth
esa
me
whe
th-
just
ice.
—T
hom
aser
orno
ta
peri
odof
inca
rcer
atio
nis
impo
sed.
The
re-
Am
berg
fore
,re
stit
utio
nis
not
obvi
ated
byel
imin
atio
nof
paro
le.
Cou
rt-o
rder
edac
coun
tabi
lity
ofth
ecr
imin
alsh
ould
not
end
the
min
ute
hele
aves
pris
on.
Ifad
opte
d,th
ese
prov
isio
nsw
ould
subs
tant
iall
yre
duce
sent
enci
ngdi
spar
ity,
esta
blis
h“t
ruth
inse
nte
ncin
g,”
and
mee
tth
ene
eds
ofvi
ctim
san
dso
ciet
yas
aw
hole
.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
onR
ecom
men
dati
on8:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
tore
quir
eth
atsc
hool
offi
cial
sre
port
viol
ent
offe
nses
agai
nst
stud
ents
orte
ache
rs,
orth
epo
sses
sion
ofw
eapo
nsor
narc
otic
son
scho
olgr
ound
s.T
hekn
owin
gfa
ilur
eto
mak
esu
cha
repo
rtto
the
polic
e,or
dete
rrin
got
hers
from
doin
gso
,sh
ould
bede
sign
ated
am
isde
mea
nor.
Atr
uepe
doph
ile,
who
sese
xual
pref
eren
ceis
the
child
,is
ada
nger
toch
ildre
nal
lhi
slif
e,an
dat
leas
tsh
ould
not
beal
low
edar
ound
them
.—Ir
ving
Pra
ger
chil
dren
mus
tbe
rest
rict
ed.
Itis
apr
ofou
nddi
sser
vice
toch
ildr
ento
fail
tota
kere
ason
able
and
nece
ssar
yst
eps
for
thei
rpr
otec
tion
.
Rel
ying
onth
efi
rmly
esta
blis
hed
and
com
men
dabl
epr
esum
ptio
nof
inno
cenc
eun
til
guil
tis
prov
en,
ther
ear
ela
ws
of
priv
acy
that
prot
ect
arre
stre
cord
s.D
iffi
cult
yar
ises
,ho
wev
er,
inap
plyi
ngth
ispr
inci
ple
toch
ild
mol
esta
tion
,in
whi
chla
ws
rela
ting
toch
ild
tes
tim
ony,
inst
itut
iona
ldi
sint
eres
tin
pros
ecut
ing
diff
icul
tca
ses,
and
pare
ntal
desi
reto
spar
ech
ildr
enth
eor
deal
sof
test
ifyi
ngha
veal
lco
mbi
ned
topr
oduc
ean
abu
nda
nce
of
arre
sts
for
chil
dm
oles
tati
on,
but
prec
ious
few
conv
icti
ons.
As
are
sult
,if
juri
sdic
tion
ally
per
mit
ted,
the
chec
king
onre
cord
sof
conv
icti
ons
only
has
32
repo
rtsu
choc
curr
ence
s,as
med
ical
pers
onne
lar
ere
quir
edto
repo
rtgu
nsho
tw
ound
sor
chil
dab
use
vic
tim
sto
law
enfo
rcem
ent
offi
cial
s.V
iola
tion
ofth
e
duty
tore
port
shou
ldbe
mad
ea
mis
dem
eano
r.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on9:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
tom
ake
avai
labl
eto
busi
ness
esan
dor
gani
zati
ons
the
sexu
alas
saul
t,ch
ild
mol
esta
tion
,an
dpo
rnog
raph
yar
rest
reco
rds
ofpr
ospe
ctiv
ean
dpr
esen
tem
ploy
ees
who
sew
ork
will
brin
gth
emin
regu
lar
cont
act
with
chil
dren
.
Can
’tw
ech
ange
the
priv
acy
law
sso
that
plac
esof
empl
oym
ent
can
bere
spon
sibl
eto
thos
eth
eyse
rve?
Her
ew
eha
da
know
nch
ildm
oles
ter
wor
king
with
child
ren.
Sure
lyw
eca
ndo
bette
rth
anth
at. —
avi
ctim
vm
othe
r
Ped
ophi
les
and
othe
rsw
hopr
eyon
chil
dren
freq
uen
t
lyse
ekem
ploy
men
tin
orvo
lunt
eer
for
posi
tion
sth
at
give
them
read
yac
cess
toyo
ungs
ters
.A
ltho
ugh
the
vast
maj
orit
yw
how
ork
wit
hth
eyo
ung
are
dedi
cate
d
and
law
-abi
ding
citi
zens
,th
ere
are
ada
nger
ous
few
who
choo
seoc
cupa
tion
ssu
chas
recr
eati
ondi
rect
or,
bus
driv
er,
teac
her,
and
coac
hto
have
read
yac
cess
toth
ose
they
seek
tovi
ctim
ize.
Man
yof
thes
ein
div
id
uals
have
reco
rds
ofvi
olen
tor
expl
oita
tive
acts
agai
nst
chil
dren
,bu
tbe
caus
eof
priv
acy
law
spro
tect
ing
arre
stre
cord
s,th
eir
empl
oyer
sre
mai
nig
nora
ntof
the
dang
erth
eyim
pose
.
As
disc
usse
del
sew
here
inth
isre
port
,ch
ild
mo
lest
ers
have
ase
xual
pref
eren
ceth
atm
anif
ests
itse
lfin
repe
ated
crim
inal
acts
and
that
ishi
ghly
resi
stan
tto
trea
tmen
t(s
eeP
rose
cuto
rsR
ecom
men
dati
on8
and
Judi
ciar
yR
ecom
men
dati
on10
).F
or
them
,an
ych
ild
mig
htbe
apo
tent
ial
vict
iman
dth
usth
eir
acce
ssto
vict
imle
gisl
atio
nto
date
.S
ome
stat
esha
veal
read
yen
acte
dpr
ovis
ions
sim
ilar
toth
eO
mni
bus
Vic
tim
sP
rote
ctio
nA
ct,
and
thos
eef
fort
sar
ehi
ghly
com
men
dabl
e.T
hey
are
also
sour
ces
ofm
odel
sfo
rle
gis
lati
on.
8T
here
com
men
ded
prov
isio
nsof
the
Om
nibu
sV
icti
ms
Pro
tect
ion
Act
repr
esen
ta
maj
orst
epin
ensu
ring
mor
ehu
man
etr
eatm
ent
of
vict
ims
bya
syst
emth
atis
expe
cted
tose
rve
them
.T
here
com
men
ded
prov
isio
nspr
ovid
eas
foll
ows:
a.T
hevi
ctim
impa
ctst
atem
ent
prov
isio
nre
quir
esth
atth
epr
e-se
nten
cere
port
that
ispr
epar
edfo
rth
eju
dge
cont
ain
veri
fied
info
rmat
ion
conc
erni
ngal
lfi
nanc
ial,
soci
al,
psyc
holo
gica
l,an
dm
edic
alef
fect
son
the
crim
evi
ctim
.
33fa
iled
toad
equa
tely
safe
guar
dth
ose
who
need
itm
ost:
Our
curr
ent
syst
emch
ildr
en,
ensu
res
that
brok
ers,
The
reco
mm
ende
dre
spon
seto
this
urge
ntne
edby
and
bank
tell
ers
are
not
conv
icte
dgo
vern
men
tsis
the
enac
tmen
tof
legi
slat
ion
that
embe
zzle
rs,
yet
we
wou
ldca
rve
out
ana
rrow
lyde
fine
dex
cept
ion
tola
ws
entr
ust
our
chil
dren
ofpr
ivac
yby
mak
ing
sexu
alas
saul
t,ch
ild
mol
esta
tion
tope
ople
oper
atin
gan
dpo
rnog
raph
yar
rest
reco
rds
ofpr
ospe
ctiv
ean
dun
der
the
labe
lsof
pres
ent
empl
oyee
sav
aila
ble
tobu
sine
sses
and
orga
ni-
day-
care
with
out
any
zati
ons
who
hire
pers
ons
who
seem
ploy
men
tw
ill
sure
way
of
know
ing
brin
gth
emin
tore
gula
rco
ntac
tw
ith
chil
dre
n.
7if
they
have
ever
been
conv
icte
dof
chil
dm
oles
tati
on.
Are
our
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on10
:ch
ildr
enany
less
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
that
wou
ld:
valu
able
than
our
a.R
equi
revi
ctim
impa
ctst
atem
ents
atse
nten
cing
;m
oney
orou
rot
her
b.P
rovi
defo
rth
epr
otec
tion
ofvi
ctim
san
dm
ater
ial
wit
ness
esfr
omin
tim
idat
ion;
poss
essi
ons?
—B
ea
c.R
equi
rere
stit
uti
on
inal
lca
ses,
unle
ssth
eco
urt
McP
hers
on
prov
ides
spec
ific
reas
ons
for
fail
ing
tore
quir
eit
;d.
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
tgu
idel
ines
for
the
fair
trea
tmen
tof
crim
evi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
;an
de.
Pro
hib
ita
crim
inal
from
mak
ing
any
prof
itfr
omth
esa
leof
the
stor
yof
his
crim
e.A
nypr
ocee
dssh
ould
beus
edto
prov
ide
full
rest
itu
tio
nto
his
vict
ims,
pay
the
expe
nses
ofhi
spr
osec
utio
n,an
dfi
nall
y,as
sist
the
crim
evi
ctim
com
pens
atio
nfu
nd.
Man
yof
the
abov
ere
com
men
dati
ons
have
rece
ntly
been
enac
ted
into
law
onth
efe
dera
lle
vel
thro
ugh
the
pass
age
ofth
eO
mni
bus
Vic
tim
sP
rote
ctio
nA
ctof
1982
.It
isth
em
ost
com
preh
ensi
vepi
ece
offe
dera
l
(2)
Pro
mpt
noti
fica
tion
tovi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
ofsc
hedu
ling
chan
ges
inco
urt
proc
eedi
ngs;
(3)
Pro
mpt
noti
fica
tion
tovi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
eco
ncer
ning
thei
rca
ses,
incl
udin
gth
ear
rest
and
bond
stat
usof
the
defe
ndan
t,an
dth
eev
entu
alou
tcom
eof
the
case
;
(4)
Con
sult
atio
nw
ith
the
vict
imdu
ring
the
vari
ous
stag
esof
the
pros
ecut
ion;
(5)
Sep
arat
ew
aiti
ngar
eas
for
defe
nse
and
pro
sec
utio
nw
itne
sses
awai
ting
cour
tpr
ocee
ding
s;
(6)
Pro
mpt
retu
rnof
prop
erty
seiz
edas
evid
ence
orre
cove
red
duri
ngan
inve
stig
atio
n;
(7)
Con
tact
ing
avi
ctim
’sem
ploy
eran
dcr
edit
ors
tose
ekth
eir
coop
erat
ion,
byex
plai
ning
the
situ
ati
onof
the
vict
imaf
ter
the
crim
e,th
ene
cess
ity
of
34 Are
we
aski
ngto
om
uch
ifw
eas
kto
beto
ldw
hen
and
whe
reth
etr
ial
will
take
plac
e?A
rewe
aski
ngto
om
uch
ifw
ew
ant
tobe
notU
ied
ofp
lea
barg
aini
ngbe
fore
we
read
itin
the
pape
r?—
avi
ctim
b.T
hepr
otec
tion
from
inti
mid
atio
npr
ovis
ion
ex
pand
sth
ede
fini
tion
ofw
hoqu
alif
ies
asa
wit
ness
ina
crim
inal
proc
eedi
ngan
dm
akes
any
reta
liat
ion
orin
tim
idat
ion
ofsu
cha
wit
ness
ille
gal.
Inad
diti
onto
this
stat
utor
ypr
otec
tion
,ho
wev
er,
vict
ims
have
ast
rong
need
for
phys
ical
secu
rity
.T
heW
itne
ssP
rote
ctio
nP
rogr
amin
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
ispr
imar
ily
avai
lab
leto
wit
ness
esin
orga
nize
dcr
ime
case
s;it
shou
ldbe
expa
nded
toin
clud
ein
noce
ntvi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
e.S
tate
and
loca
lgo
vern
men
tssh
ould
mak
ea
thor
ough
revi
ewof
the
secu
rity
need
sof
vict
ims
ofvi
olen
tcr
ime
inth
eir
juri
sdic
tion
s,an
dta
kew
hate
ver
step
sar
ene
cess
ary,
incl
udin
gfu
ndin
gpr
ovis
ions
,to
enab
leth
emto
mee
tth
ose
need
s.
c.T
here
stit
utio
npr
ovis
ion
requ
ires
that
the
sen
tenc
ing
judg
eor
der
rest
itut
ion
for
prop
erty
loss
and
pers
onal
inju
ry,
unle
ssth
eco
urt
expl
icit
lyfi
nds
that
rest
itut
ion
isno
tap
prop
riat
e.T
his
orde
rof
rest
itut
ion
can
bea
cond
itio
nof
prob
atio
nor
paro
le(s
eeal
soJu
dici
ary
Rec
omm
enda
tion
7).
d.T
hegu
idel
ines
for
the
fair
trea
tmen
tof
crim
evi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
seek
tom
itig
ate
the
prob
lem
sth
atth
ese
citi
zens
enco
unte
rin
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
The
guid
elin
esad
dres
sni
nesp
ecif
icobje
cti
ves: (1
)T
hepr
ovis
ion
of
serv
ices
tovi
ctim
sof
crim
e,in
clud
ing
info
rmat
ion
onco
mpe
nsat
ion
for
out-
of-
pock
etlo
sses
,m
edic
alan
dps
ycho
logi
cal
treat
men
tpr
ogra
ms,
case
stat
usin
form
atio
n,an
dpro
tect
ion
from
inti
mid
atio
n;
ized
bym
enta
lhe
alth
prob
lem
sor
drug
oral
coho
lab
use.
The
psyc
holo
gica
ltr
aum
ath
atvi
olen
tcr
ime
prod
uces
can
freq
uent
lyaf
fect
wor
kpe
rfor
man
ce.
Aco
mpr
ehen
sive
prog
ram
toas
sist
vict
ims
of
crim
ebe
nefi
tsbo
thth
eem
ploy
eean
dth
ego
vern
men
t.G
ov
ernm
ent
wil
lul
tim
atel
ybe
nefi
tby
impr
oved
job
per
form
ance
.E
xam
inat
ion
of
juri
sdic
tion
sth
atha
vevic
tim
/wit
ness
assi
stan
ceun
its
has
show
nth
atm
any
vict
ims
are
unaw
are
ofth
eex
iste
nce
ofsu
chun
its.
An
indi
vidu
alis
mor
eli
kely
tobe
awar
eof
ase
rvic
epr
ovid
edth
roug
hhi
sem
ploy
men
tth
anhe
isof
aun
itas
soci
ated
wit
hth
ecr
imin
alju
stic
esy
stem
.E
mpl
oyee
assi
stan
cepr
ogra
ms
can
perf
orm
man
yse
rvic
es.
Tra
ined
coun
selo
rsca
nbo
thad
vise
the
em-
cour
tap
pear
ance
s,an
dhi
ste
mpo
rary
inab
ilit
yto
mee
tou
tsta
ndin
gde
bts
(see
also
Pri
vate
Sec
tor
Rec
omm
enda
tion
s1
and
3);
(8)
Tra
inin
gla
wen
forc
emen
tpe
rson
nel
invi
ctim
assi
stan
ce;
and
(9)
The
prov
isio
nof
gene
ral
vict
imas
sist
ance
ina
vari
ety
ofar
eas,
such
astr
ansp
orta
tion
,pa
rkin
g,an
dtr
ansl
ator
s.e.
The
prov
isio
npr
ohib
itin
ga
felo
nfr
ompr
ofit
ing
from
the
sale
ofth
est
ory
ofhi
scr
ime
ensu
res
that
nofe
lon
prof
its
fina
ncia
lly
asth
ere
sult
ofpu
blic
ity
resu
ltin
gfr
omhi
scr
imin
alco
nduc
t.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on11
:L
egis
lati
onsh
ould
bepr
opos
edan
den
acte
dto
esta
blis
hor
expa
ndem
ploy
eeas
sist
ance
prog
ram
sfo
rvi
ctim
sof
crim
eem
ploy
edby
the
gove
rnm
ent.
Vic
tim
sof
crim
ean
dth
epr
oble
ms
that
they
face
are
sonu
mer
ous
that
itre
quir
esth
eco
ordi
nate
def
fort
of
man
yor
gani
zati
ons
and
indi
vidu
als,
inbo
thth
eg
ov
ernm
ent
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or,
tohe
lpth
emre
cove
rfr
omth
ecr
ime
and
cont
ribu
teto
asu
cces
sful
pro
secu
tion
(see
Pri
vate
Sec
tor
Rec
omm
enda
tion
2).
Eve
nan
exce
llen
tly
staf
fed
and
oper
ated
vict
im/w
itne
ssas
sist
ance
unit
depe
nds
onth
eco
oper
atio
nan
dgo
odw
ill
ofot
her
sour
ces.
Em
ploy
eeas
sist
ance
prog
ram
sar
ean
exce
llen
tre
sour
ce.
Age
ncie
sin
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
are
man
date
dto
esta
blis
han
dop
erat
eem
ploy
eeas
sist
ance
pro
gra
ms.
9T
hese
prog
ram
sw
ere
esta
blis
hed
toas
sist
empl
oyee
sw
hose
job
perf
orm
ance
has
been
jeo
par
d
35
Shou
ldn’
tw
ebe
notif
iedf
the
kill
eris
out
onbo
nd,
orif
heis
abou
tto
com
eup
for
apa
role
hear
ing?
Had
my
son
lived
thro
ugh
the
assa
ult
onhi
m,
wou
ldhe
not
been
title
dto
this
info
rmat
ion?
He
didn
’tliv
eth
roug
hth
is,
and
Ith
ink
that
Iam
entit
led
toas
kit
for
him
and
for
all
the
vict
ims
who
don
‘tsu
rviv
e.—
avi
ctim
mot
her
imm
edia
tely
took
my
gati
vepr
oces
s,ra
pevi
ctim
sar
ero
utin
ely
requ
ired
toda
ught
erto
the
pay
for
the
exam
inat
ion
them
selv
es.
Vic
tim
sof
othe
rho
spit
alfo
rcr
imes
,su
chas
burg
lary
orro
bber
y,ar
eno
tch
arge
dex
amin
atio
nan
dw
hen
the
poli
ceex
amin
eth
eir
hom
esfo
rla
tent
finger
trea
tmen
t.B
utto
add
prin
tsan
dit
isun
fair
and
inap
prop
riat
eto
asse
ssra
pein
sult
toin
jury
,w
e.
.
vict
ims
for
the
cost
ofev
iden
ceco
llec
tion
.w
ere
requ
ired
topa
yne
arly
$200
for
the
To
rect
ify
this
inju
stic
e,th
ebu
dget
ofpo
lice
de
rape
kit
and
part
men
ts,
pros
ecut
ors’
offi
ces,
orpu
blic
hosp
ital
sem
erge
ncy
room
shou
ldbe
incr
ease
dto
cove
rth
eco
stof
phys
ical
ex
trea
tmen
t.—a
vict
im’s
amin
atio
nsan
dm
ater
ials
used
toob
tain
evid
ence
from
mot
her
rape
vict
ims.
The
sefu
nds
wou
ldno
tco
ver
the
cost
ofan
yad
diti
onal
med
ical
trea
tmen
tth
atth
evi
ctim
requ
ires
asa
resu
ltof
phys
ical
inju
ries
.T
hese
latt
er
cost
sar
ebe
stco
vere
dby
vict
imco
mpe
nsat
ion
(see
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on1)
.
36
ploy
eean
dex
plai
nhi
ssi
tuat
ion
tohi
ssu
perv
isor
.W
hen
one
has
been
The
yca
nm
aint
ain
alis
tof
men
tal
heal
thpr
acti
tion
ers
brut
ally
atta
cked
and
qual
ifie
dto
assi
stvi
ctim
s.T
hey
can
help
the
vict
imin
jure
d,ev
ena
wit
han
ydi
ffic
ulti
esth
atar
ise
wit
hcr
edit
ors,
and
can
frie
ndly
and
refe
rth
emto
need
edso
cial
serv
ice
and
vict
imco
rn-
unde
rsta
ndin
gvo
ice
pens
atio
npr
ogra
ms.
The
exis
tenc
eof
such
apr
ogra
mon
the
phon
eca
nhe
lpco
nvey
sto
the
empl
oyee
that
his
empl
oyer
isco
n-ov
erco
me
som
eoj
the
sens
eof
phys
ical
and
cern
edab
out
his
wel
fare
and
supp
orts
his
wil
ling
ness
psyc
holo
gica
lto
assi
stth
ecr
imin
alju
stic
esy
stem
.
help
less
ness
brou
ght
Anu
mbe
rof
stat
esha
veal
sose
tup
prog
ram
sfo
ron
bybe
ing
ath
eir
empl
oyee
s.T
hebe
nefi
cial
aspe
cts
of
go
ver
nm
envi
ctim
.—a
vict
imta
lpr
ogra
ms
are
twof
old:
firs
t,th
eir
empl
oyee
sre
ceiv
edi
rect
assi
stan
ceat
the
wor
kpla
ce,
and
seco
nd,
they
serv
eas
aro
lem
odel
for
orga
niza
tion
sin
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
Fed
eral
,st
ate,
and
loca
lgo
vern
men
tssh
ould
full
ysu
ppor
tan
dex
pand
empl
oyee
assi
stan
cepr
ogra
ms,
wit
had
diti
onal
emph
asis
onas
sist
ing
vic
tim
sof
crim
e.
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on12
:
Leg
isla
tion
shou
ldbe
prop
osed
and
enac
ted
toen
sure
that
sexu
alas
saul
tvi
ctim
sar
eno
tre
quir
edto
assu
me
the
cost
ofph
ysic
alex
amin
atio
nsan
dm
ater
ials
used
toob
tain
evid
ence
.
Apr
imar
ypu
rpos
eof
the
phys
ical
exam
inat
ion
of
rape
vict
ims
bydo
ctor
san
dem
erge
ncy
room
per
son
nel
isth
eco
llec
tion
ofev
iden
ce.
Eff
ecti
vepr
osec
utio
n
may
beim
poss
ible
wit
hout
the
resu
lts
of
ati
mel
yex
Whe
nth
epo
lice
wer
eam
inat
ion
ofth
evi
ctim
.
notif
ied,
they
Alt
houg
hth
eph
ysic
alex
amis
esse
ntia
lly
anin
ves
ti
leve
lto
eval
uate
the
juve
nile
just
ice
syst
emfr
omth
epe
rspe
ctiv
eof
the
vict
im.
6.T
heT
ask
For
ceen
dors
esth
epr
inci
ple
ofac
count
abil
ity
for
gros
sne
glig
ence
ofpa
role
boar
dof
fici
als
inre
leas
ing
into
the
com
mun
ity
dang
erou
scr
imi
nals
who
then
inju
reot
hers
.A
stud
ysh
ould
beco
mm
issi
oned
atth
efe
dera
lle
vel
tode
term
ine
how
,an
dun
der
wha
tci
rcum
stan
ces,
this
prin
cipl
eof
acco
unta
bili
tysh
ould
beim
plem
ente
d.
Com
men
tary
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on1:
Con
gres
ssh
ould
enac
tle
gisl
atio
nto
prov
ide
fede
ral
fund
ing
toas
sist
stat
ecr
ime
vict
imco
mpe
nsat
ion
prog
ram
s.
37
Pro
pose
dF
eder
alA
ctio
nT
hefo
rego
ing
reco
mm
enda
tion
sof
this
Tas
kF
orce
are
mea
ntfo
rco
nsid
erat
ion
atbo
thth
efe
dera
lan
dst
ate
leve
ls.
Tho
seth
atfo
llow
are
conc
erne
dsp
ecif
ica
lly
wit
hef
fort
sm
ost
prop
erly
unde
rtak
enby
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent;
they
incl
ude
reco
mm
enda
tion
sfo
rC
ongr
essi
onal
lydi
rect
edfu
ndin
gof
cert
ain
type
sof
prog
ram
san
dof
sele
cted
area
sfo
rfu
rthe
rst
udy.
Rec
omm
enda
tion
s1.
Con
gres
ssh
ould
enac
tle
gisl
atio
nto
prov
ide
fed
eral
fund
ing
toas
sist
stat
ecr
ime
vict
imco
mpe
nsa
tion
prog
ram
s.2.
Con
gres
ssh
ould
enac
tle
gisl
atio
nto
prov
ide
fed
eral
fund
ing,
reas
onab
lym
atch
edby
loca
lre
ven
ues,
toas
sist
inth
eop
erat
ion
offe
dera
l,st
ate,
loca
l,an
dpr
ivat
eno
npro
fit
vict
im/w
itne
ssas
sist
ance
agen
cies
that
mak
eco
mpr
ehen
sive
as
sist
ance
avai
labl
eto
all
vict
ims
ofcr
ime.
3.T
hefe
dera
lgo
vern
men
tsh
ould
esta
blis
ha
fed
eral
lyba
sed
reso
urce
cent
erfo
rvi
ctim
and
wit
ness
assi
stan
ce.
4.T
heP
resi
dent
shou
ldes
tabl
ish
ata
skfo
rce
tost
udy
the
seri
ous
prob
lem
ofvi
olen
cew
ithi
nth
efa
mil
y,in
clud
ing
viol
ence
agai
nst
chil
dren
,sp
ouse
abus
e,an
dab
use
ofth
eel
derl
y,an
dto
revi
ewan
dev
alua
tena
tion
al,
stat
e,an
dlo
cal
effo
rts
toad
dres
sth
ispr
oble
m.
5.A
stud
ysh
ould
beco
mm
issi
oned
atth
efe
dera
l
The
stat
ep
aid
for
both
the
defe
nse
and
the
pros
ecut
ion.
Iha
dto
find
aw
ayto
pay
the
$12,
000
this
crim
eco
stus
.—a
vict
im
cess
full
ypr
osec
uted
.E
ven
whe
nsu
chan
im
pose
d,it
does
not
help
the
vict
imif
the
defe
ndan
tis
wit
hout
reso
urce
sor
ifth
eor
deri
ngco
urt
does
not
enfo
rce
itsor
der.
Inad
diti
on,
even
ifco
mpl
ete
rest
itu
tion
ism
ade,
itm
ayta
keye
ars
tobe
acco
mpl
ishe
d.In
the
inte
rim
,th
evi
ctim
isle
ftto
bear
the
cost
asw
ell
ashe
isab
le.
The
prob
lem
isno
tju
ston
eof
paym
ent;
itm
aybe
anis
sue
offe
edin
gth
efa
mil
yor
not
losi
ngth
eho
use
whi
lew
aiti
ngfo
rpa
ymen
tto
bem
ade.
Avi
ctim
com
pens
atio
nfu
ndha
san
obvi
ous
func
tion
insu
chca
ses.
Cer
tain
ly,
ifm
onie
sar
eev
entu
ally
reco
vere
dfr
omin
sura
nce
orre
stit
utio
npa
ymen
ts,
such
amou
nts
can
bere
paid
into
the
com
pens
atio
nfu
nd.
Thi
sT
ask
Forc
e
exam
ined
the
effi
cacy
of
som
eex
isti
ngst
ate
com
pen
38 We’
veha
dto
borr
owfr
om
our
life
insu
ranc
eju
stto
live.
We
will
have
tohe
at
our
hom
eth
isw
inte
r
bybu
rnin
gw
ood
from
ane
arby
lot.
We’
veso
ldev
eryt
hing
we
owne
d,in
clud
ing
som
efa
mil
yhe
irlo
oms.
My
husb
and
and
Iar
eha
rd-w
orki
ngpe
ople
.W
ear
en‘t
look
ing
for
any
free
ride
.B
utw
e’re
bein
gco
mpl
etel
yde
vast
ated
byth
iscr
imin
alw
hore
ache
din
and
dest
roye
dou
rliv
es.—
avi
ctim
Thi
sT
ask
For
cebe
liev
esth
atfi
nanc
ial
com
pens
atio
n
for
loss
esth
atvi
ctim
ssu
stai
nas
are
sult
ofvi
olen
t
crim
em
ust
bean
inte
gral
part
ofbo
thfe
dera
lan
d
stat
ego
vern
men
ts’
resp
onse
toas
sist
ing
thes
ein
noce
nt
citi
zens
.N
oam
ount
of
mon
eyca
ner
ase
the
trag
edy
and
trau
ma
impo
sed
onth
em;
how
ever
,so
me
finan
cial
redr
ess
can
bean
impo
rtan
tfi
rst
step
inhe
lpin
g
peop
lebe
gin
the
ofte
nle
ngth
ypr
oces
sof
reco
very
.
Fo
rso
me,
this
mod
est
fina
ncia
las
sist
ance
can
beth
e
life
line
that
pres
erve
sno
ton
lyso
me
mod
icum
ofst
abi
lity
and
dign
ity
but
also
life
itsel
f.A
sin
dica
ted
else
whe
rein
this
repo
rt,
the
fina
ncia
lan
dno
nfin
anci
al
loss
esth
atvi
ctim
ssu
ffer
are
seve
ralf
old:
exor
bita
nt
and
unan
tici
pate
dm
edic
alco
sts,
lost
wag
es,
alte
red
care
ers,
and
prol
onge
dps
ycho
logi
cal
trau
ma.
The
fina
ncia
lim
pact
ofcr
ime
can
bese
vere
.T
here
isa
tend
ency
tobe
liev
eth
atin
sura
nce
wil
lco
ver
mos
tco
sts
and
loss
es.
Whi
leso
me
vict
ims
are
mad
ew
hole
thro
ugh
adeq
uate
cove
rage
,m
any
othe
rsar
e
not.
The
poor
and
the
elde
rly
ofte
nha
veno
insu
ran
ce.
Eve
nth
ose
vict
ims
who
have
cove
rage
disc
over
that
reco
very
ism
ade
diff
icul
tor
impo
ssib
leby
high
dedu
ctib
lecl
ause
s,pr
oble
ms
wit
hm
arke
tva
lue
asse
ssm
ent
for
uniq
ueit
ems,
and
lim
ited
orpr
eclu
ded
pay
men
tfo
rsu
chex
pens
esas
lost
wag
esan
dpsy
cholo
gi
cal
coun
seli
ng.
Ord
erin
gth
eof
fend
erto
pay
rest
itut
ion
isa
laud
able
goal
that
shou
ldbe
acti
vely
purs
ued,
but
itsli
mi
tati
ons
mus
tbe
reco
gniz
ed.
Are
stit
utio
nor
der
cann
otev
enbe
mad
eun
less
the
crim
inal
isca
ught
and
suc
orde
ris
The
avai
labi
lity
ofun
encu
mbe
red
emer
genc
yas
sist
ance
isal
socr
itic
alto
man
yvi
ctim
sof
viol
ence
.Im
med
iate
need
sfo
rfo
od,
shel
ter,
and
med
ical
assi
stan
ceca
nnot
bede
ferr
edfo
rth
ew
eeks
orm
onth
sit
may
take
topr
oces
spa
per
wor
k.W
hile
man
yst
ates
pro
vide
emer
genc
yfu
nds
inth
eory
,th
eir
fail
ure
toade
quat
ely
fund
thes
epr
ogra
ms
mea
iis
that
litt
leac
tual
reli
efis
avai
labl
ein
prac
tice
.N
otm
any
prog
ram
sha
vebe
enab
leto
gene
rate
true
emer
genc
yas
sist
ance
whe
renee
ded
.’2
Itis
cold
com
fort
toa
hung
ryor
hom
eles
svi
ctim
tole
arn
that
his
stat
eha
dth
ough
tab
out
help
ing
him
but,
unfo
rtun
atel
y,em
erge
ncy
fund
sra
nou
tth
ree
mon
ths
ago.
Fun
ding
cons
trai
nts
also
disc
oura
gepr
ogra
ms
from
elim
inat
ing
orra
isin
gth
em
axim
umal
low
able
awar
d.
toa
vict
imvi
rtua
llyne
eds
anat
torn
ey.
The
proc
ess
isst
illth
enqu
itele
ngth
yan
dpr
ovid
esno
imm
edia
teas
sist
ance
for
the
vict
imw
hose
child
ren
are
hung
ryor
who
sega
sha
sbe
endi
scon
nect
edbe
caus
ehe
rm
oney
was
stol
enan
dsh
eha
dno
way
topa
yhe
rbi
ll.—
Fern
Ferg
uson
39
sati
onfu
nds
and
has
deve
lope
dsu
gges
tion
sfo
rfe
dera
lpa
rtic
ipat
ion.
Sta
teC
ompe
nsat
ion
Pro
gram
s
Thi
rty-
six
stat
esan
dth
eD
istr
ict
ofC
olum
bia
now
have
crim
evi
ctim
com
pens
atio
npro
gra
ms.
1°T
heph
ilos
ophi
cal
basi
sfo
rth
ese
prog
ram
sva
ries
from
ale
gal
tort
theo
ry,
whe
reby
the
stat
eis
seen
toha
vefa
iled
topr
otec
tits
citi
zens
adeq
uate
ly,
toa
hum
ani
tari
anra
tion
ale
thro
ugh
whi
chal
lci
tize
nssh
ould
rece
ive
assi
stan
cefo
rth
eir
com
pell
ing
need
s,to
aby
prod
ucts
theo
ryth
atre
cogn
izes
vict
imsa
tisf
acti
onas
abe
nefi
tto
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
Inre
alit
y,m
ost
prog
ram
sre
pres
ent
am
ixtu
reof
thes
era
tion
ales
.
Wha
teve
rth
eba
sis
for
thei
rad
opti
on,
stat
epro
gram
sno
wsh
are
aco
mm
onco
ncer
n,th
eac
quis
itio
nof
adeq
uate
fund
ing.
Inm
any
stat
es,
prog
ram
avai
lab
ilit
yis
not
adve
rtis
edfo
rfe
arof
depl
etin
gav
aila
ble
reso
urce
sor
over
taxi
nga
num
eric
ally
inad
equa
test
aff.
Vic
tim
clai
ms
may
have
tow
ait
mon
ths
unti
lsu
ffic
ient
fine
sha
vebe
enco
llec
ted
orun
til
ane
wfi
scal
year
begi
nsan
dth
ebu
dget
ary
fund
isre
ple
nis
hed.
Cre
dito
rsar
ese
ldom
pati
ent.
Whi
lew
aiti
ngfo
rfu
ndin
gth
atw
ill
even
tual
lyco
me,
vict
ims
can
besu
edci
vill
y,ha
rass
edco
ntin
uall
y,or
forc
edto
wat
chth
eir
cred
itra
ting
vani
sh.
Not
only
isco
mpe
nsat
ion
impo
rtan
t,its
paym
ent
also
mus
tbe
tim
ely
tosa
vevi
ctim
sin
conv
enie
nce,
emba
rras
smen
tan
dsu
bsta
ntia
l,lo
ng-t
erm
fina
ncia
lha
rdsh
ip.
inor
der
appl
y,
cost
sdo
not
dive
rta
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
shar
eof
the
budg
etaw
ayfr
omth
em
eeti
ngof
vict
imne
eds.
Fin
ally
,so
me
stat
esar
eno
wus
ing
addi
tion
alre
ve
nue
sour
ces
for
com
pens
atio
nfu
nds,
part
icul
arly
sinc
eth
ele
vel
ofav
aila
ble
gene
ral
reve
nues
issh
rink
ing.
Inso
me
stat
esa
com
pens
atio
naw
ard
ism
ade,
and
ifth
evi
ctim
late
rre
ceiv
esre
stit
utio
npa
ymen
tsfr
omth
eof
fend
er,
the
paym
ents
are
retu
rned
toth
eco
mp
ensa
tion
fund
.S
ever
alst
ates
dive
rtto
the
fund
asm
all
perc
enta
geof
the
sala
ries
earn
edby
offe
nder
son
wor
kre
leas
eor
inpri
son.’
6O
ther
stat
esha
veor
dere
dth
ata
defe
ndan
t’s
prof
its
from
the
sale
of
book
sor
film
sba
sed
onhi
scr
imin
alac
tivi
tym
ust
goto
the
com
pens
atio
nfu
nd.
Still
othe
rst
ates
prov
ide
that
bail
bond
forf
eitu
res
bepa
idin
toth
efu
nd.
Som
eof
thes
e
40
Ava
ilab
leda
tasu
gges
t,ho
wev
er,
that
the
num
ber
ofcl
aim
sap
proa
chin
gth
em
axim
umar
efe
w.13
Abl
anke
t
max
imum
can
seve
rely
disa
dvan
tage
thos
em
ost
need
yan
dw
orth
yof
assi
stan
ce.
One
exam
ple
isth
atof
ayo
ung
man
who
had
just
fini
shed
coll
ege
and
had
nom
edic
alin
sura
nce
whe
nhe
beca
me
the
vict
imof
abr
utal
assa
ult.
Now
ina
body
cast
and
blin
din
one
eye,
heha
sam
asse
dm
edic
albi
llsof
$30,
000.
He
still
need
sex
tens
ive
trea
tmen
tan
dth
erap
y.T
hem
axim
umco
mpe
nsat
ion
awar
din
his
stat
eis
$10,
000.
At
the
age
of22
heis
perm
anen
tly
disa
bled
,m
ayha
veto
fore
gom
edic
alca
rehe
need
sbu
tca
nnot
affo
rd,
and
face
sde
bts
that
it
may
take
ali
feti
me
tore
pay
.’4
Whe
ther
the
com
pens
atio
nfu
nds
com
efr
omg
ener
alre
venu
es,
fine
san
dpe
nalt
ies,
ora
com
bina
tion
ofth
ese,
stat
essh
ould
aggr
essi
vely
trac
kth
eir
own
pro
gre
ssin
mee
ting
vict
imne
eds.
Ifth
enu
mbe
rof
elig
ible
appl
icat
ions
isin
crea
sing
,le
gisl
atur
essh
ould
bepre
pare
dto
incr
ease
fund
cont
ribu
tion
sac
cord
ingl
y.W
hen
offe
nder
fine
sar
eno
tbe
ing
adeq
uate
’yco
llec
ted
,st
eps
mus
tbe
take
nto
iden
tify
prob
lem
area
san
dta
keap
prop
riat
eac
tion
.N
onco
llec
tion
may
stem
from
judi
cial
apat
hy,
loca
lhe
sita
ncy
todi
vert
mon
eyto
stat
eco
ffer
s,or
the
inef
fici
ency
ordi
sint
eres
tof
pro
sec
utor
san
dpr
obat
ion
offi
cers
.A
tle
ast
one
stat
eem
ploy
sa
full
-tim
eco
urt
mon
itor
toau
dit
cour
tre
cord
san
dve
rify
that
appr
opri
ate
fine
reve
nues
are
bein
gsu
bmit
ted
toth
evi
ctim
com
pens
atio
npro
gra
m)
5F
ur
ther
mor
e,st
ates
shou
ldpe
riod
ical
lyex
amin
eth
ead
min
istr
ativ
ebu
rden
that
has
deve
lope
dar
ound
the
eval
uati
onof
clai
ms
toen
sure
that
adm
inis
trat
ive
to,
orar
eli
ving
wit
h,th
eof
fend
ersh
ould
beex
clud
edfr
ompa
ymen
tel
igib
ilit
y.T
hest
ates
’de
sire
tom
ini
miz
efr
aud
isla
udab
le;
how
ever
,m
any
inno
cent
vic
tim
sof
viol
ence
inth
eho
me
are
bein
gun
fair
lyig
nore
d.S
ome
stat
esha
vesu
cces
sful
lyex
peri
men
ted
wit
hal
low
ing
flex
ibil
ity
inth
isar
eaas
long
asth
eaw
ard
wil
lno
tun
just
lybe
nefi
tth
eof
fend
er.
Ab
lan
ket
excl
usio
nca
nbe
part
icul
arly
deva
stat
ing
toch
ild
vict
ims
of
intr
a-fa
mil
yab
use
who
,as
are
sult
,ar
ede
nied
adeq
uate
trea
tmen
t.C
rim
evi
ctim
san
dth
ose
who
serv
eth
emre
peat
edly
voic
edco
ncer
nov
erm
inim
umlo
ssre
quir
emen
tsen
acte
dby
legi
slat
ures
toco
ntai
nco
sts.
Inpr
acti
ce,
this
excl
usio
npl
aces
the
elde
rly
and
low
-inc
ome
vict
ims
ata
dist
inct
disa
dvan
tage
;a
thre
shol
dof
$100
or$2
50
41
new
fund
ing
mec
hani
sms
have
yet
topr
ove
thei
ref
fect
iven
ess;
how
ever
,it
beho
oves
com
pens
atio
npro
gram
sto
expl
ore
am
ulti
plic
ity
offu
ndin
gso
urce
s,as
man
yvi
ctim
serv
ices
prog
ram
sha
vedo
ne,
toim
prov
eth
eir
abil
ity
topr
ovid
eas
sist
ance
.F
undi
ngpr
oble
ms
are
the
mos
tdr
amat
ican
dth
em
ost
visi
ble
for
com
pens
atio
npr
ogra
ms
beca
use
thei
rsu
rviv
alis
cont
inge
nton
solv
ing
them
.A
tth
esa
me
time,
econ
omic
ssh
ould
not
over
shad
owot
her
less
perv
asiv
ebu
tno
neth
eles
sim
port
ant
issu
esw
ith
whi
chst
ate
prog
ram
sm
ust
com
eto
grip
s.T
hete
stim
ony
ofbo
thcr
ime
vict
ims
and
expe
rts
appe
arin
gbe
fore
the
Tas
kF
orc
epo
ints
tose
vera
lot
her
area
sth
atw
arra
ntpa
rtic
ular
atte
ntio
n.T
hose
who
adm
inis
ter
com
pens
atio
npr
ogra
ms
mus
tre
mem
ber
that
they
are
wor
king
inan
area
ofgover
nm
ent
serv
ice
toci
tize
nsw
hose
live
sha
vebe
enal
tere
dby
trag
edy
and
subj
ecte
dto
hard
ship
.O
new
oman
who
suff
ered
exte
nsiv
ene
rve
dam
age
whe
nsh
ew
asfo
rced
tofa
llto
the
floo
rat
gunp
oint
byan
arm
edro
bber
saw
her
life
and
that
of
her
fam
ily
dra
sti
call
ych
ange
d.M
edic
albi
lls
and
the
loss
ofa
job
that
she
was
nolo
nger
phys
ical
lyab
leto
perf
orm
cre
ated
ade
sper
ate
fina
ncia
lsi
tuat
ion.
Whe
nsh
efi
rst
ap
plie
dfo
rco
mpe
nsat
ion,
she
was
inac
cura
tely
told
that
her
clai
mw
asdi
squa
lifi
edas
unti
mel
y.W
hen
she
reap
plie
d,sh
ere
ceiv
eda
form
lett
erre
adin
g:“I
tis
not
clea
rw
heth
eryo
uca
nbe
cons
ider
eda
vict
imof
avi
olen
tcr
ime
..
.as
you
wer
ene
ver
phys
ical
lyto
uche
dby
any
ofth
esu
spec
ts.”
17
Ano
ther
issu
eis
whe
ther
vict
ims
who
are
rela
ted
was
stat
eco
mpe
nsat
ehe
had
been
stab
bed
atho
me,
whi
lest
ate
Bw
ould
not
com
pens
ate
out-
of-s
tate
resi
dent
s.T
houg
hhe
was
nole
ssa
vict
im,
ther
ew
asno
prov
isio
nfo
rhi
sco
mpen
sati
on.
At
leas
t15
stat
esha
veen
tere
din
tore
cipr
ocal
agre
emen
ts.
Alt
houg
hth
ispo
licy
isa
firs
tst
epto
war
dan
equi
tabl
eap
proa
ch,
itis
lim
ited
.T
oad
dres
sth
epr
oble
mfu
lly,
stat
essh
ould
agre
eei
ther
toco
mpen
sate
all
elig
ible
indi
vidu
als
vict
imiz
edw
ithi
na
stat
e,re
gard
less
of
resi
denc
y,or
toco
mpe
nsat
eth
eir
own
resi
dent
sw
here
ver
they
are
vict
imiz
ed.
The
Tas
kF
orce
’sin
quir
yha
ssh
own
that
subs
tant
ial
prog
ress
has
been
mad
eby
man
yst
ates
inth
eir
at
tem
pts
toco
mpe
nsat
ecr
ime
vict
ims.
The
Tas
kF
orc
eco
mm
ends
thes
est
ates
for
thei
rpi
onee
ring
effo
rts
to
42
repr
esen
tsto
them
asu
bsta
ntia
llo
ssth
atth
eyca
nnot
abso
rb.
The
seli
mit
sal
sopr
even
tra
pevi
ctim
sfr
omre
ceiv
ing
com
pens
atio
nfo
rth
eco
stof
rape
exam
ina
tion
and
evid
ence
coll
ecti
onpr
oced
ures
(see
Exec
uti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on12
).S
tate
sar
ebe
ginn
ing
toex
clud
eel
derl
yan
dfi
xed-
inco
me
vict
ims
from
thes
ere
quir
emen
tsan
dso
me
are
cons
ider
ing
the
excl
usio
nof
rape
vict
ims
asw
ell
)8
Sim
ilar
ly,
mos
tpr
ogra
ms
wil
lno
tco
mpe
nsat
efo
rpr
oper
tylo
sses
—al
thou
ghfo
rth
eel
derl
y,fo
rex
ampl
e,th
elo
ssof
ate
levi
sion
seto
ra
hear
ing
aid
may
resu
ltin
the
loss
ofco
ntac
tw
ith
the
outs
ide
wor
ld.
Vic
tim
serv
ices
dire
ctor
ste
stif
ied
repe
ated
lyth
atgr
eate
rfl
exib
ilit
yis
need
ed.
Rat
her
than
atte
mpt
ing
tolis
tth
ecl
asse
sof
vict
ims
orki
nds
ofex
pens
esex
empt
edfr
omm
inim
umor
prop
erty
loss
requ
irem
ents
,th
ebe
tter
prac
tice
seem
sto
beth
edr
afti
ngof
legi
slat
ion
allo
win
gco
mpe
nsat
ion
for
“oth
erre
ason
able
expe
nses
”as
may
bede
term
ined
byth
ead
min
istr
ator
ofth
efu
nd.
Fin
ally
,pr
ogra
ms
diff
ergr
eatl
yin
thei
rre
side
ncy
requ
irem
ents
.S
ome
stat
esw
ill
only
com
pens
ate
resi
dent
sw
hoar
evi
ctim
ized
wit
hin
thei
rbo
unda
ries
.O
ther
sw
ill
com
pens
ate
thei
rre
side
nts
rega
rdle
ssof
whe
reth
eyar
evi
ctim
ized
but
wil
lno
tco
mpe
nsat
eno
nres
iden
tsw
hoar
evi
ctim
ized
wit
hin
the
stat
e.S
tate
sth
atat
trac
tla
rge
num
bers
ofto
uris
tsha
vebe
enhe
sita
ntto
offe
rco
vera
geto
nonr
esid
ents
for
fear
of
depl
etin
gth
eco
mpe
nsat
ion
fund
.O
nem
anin
ter
view
edby
the
Tas
kF
orce
,a
resi
dent
of
stat
eA
,ha
dbe
enbr
utal
lyst
abbe
dw
hile
vaca
tion
ing
inst
ate
B.
He
told
that
Aw
ould
him
only
if
adm
inis
trat
ive
cost
sw
ould
besu
bsta
ntia
l.T
hedupli
cati
onof
stat
ean
dfe
dera
lef
fort
wou
ldno
ton
lybe
inef
fici
ent
but
also
wou
ldbe
conf
usin
gto
the
vict
ims
both
enti
ties
seek
tose
rve.
The
mos
tun
fort
unat
ere
sult
of
this
cour
sew
ould
beth
atla
rge
sum
sw
ould
beex
pend
edun
nece
ssar
ily
onad
min
istr
atio
nra
ther
than
mad
eav
aila
ble
toth
ose
vict
ims
who
need
assi
stan
ce.
Sec
ond,
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
has
mad
esu
bst
antia
lsu
ms
ofm
oney
avai
labl
eto
stat
esfo
rst
ate
pris
ons
asw
ell
asfo
rth
eed
ucat
ion
and
reha
bili
tati
onof
stat
epr
ison
ers
who
have
com
mit
ted
stat
ecr
imes
.If
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
will
step
into
assi
stst
ate
pri
son
ers,
itse
ems
only
just
that
the
sam
efe
dera
lgover
nm
ent
not
shri
nkfr
omai
ding
the
inno
cent
taxp
ayin
g
43
begi
nto
mee
tvi
ctim
s’ne
eds.
How
ever
,th
est
ates
’in
abil
ity
tofu
lly
addr
ess
the
prob
lem
sth
atpe
rsis
tsu
gge
stth
atth
ere
isan
impo
rtan
tro
lefo
rth
efe
dera
lgo
vern
men
tto
play
inth
isar
ea.
Fed
eral
Invo
lvem
ent
Any
disc
ussi
onof
fede
ral
fund
ing
for
vict
imco
mp
ensa
tion
revo
lves
arou
ndtw
ois
sues
:pr
opri
ety
offe
dera
lin
volv
emen
tan
dco
st.
The
rear
eat
leas
ttw
oso
und
base
sfo
rfe
dera
lpa
rtic
ipat
ion
invi
ctim
com
pens
atio
n.F
irst
,m
ost
stat
epr
ogra
ms
curr
entl
yco
mpe
nsat
efe
der
alcr
ime
vict
ims;
how
ever
,be
caus
eof
the
fina
ncia
lex
igen
cies
outl
ined
abov
e,th
eym
aybe
unw
illi
ngor
unab
leto
cont
inue
doin
gso
.If
stat
epr
ogra
ms
stop
help
ing
vict
ims
offe
dera
lcr
imes
and
nofe
dera
lef
fort
sar
em
ade,
then
eith
erth
ere
wou
ldbe
nohe
lpav
aila
ble
for
such
vict
ims,
orvi
ctim
sof
crim
esov
erw
hich
fede
ral
and
stat
ego
vern
men
tssh
are
juri
sdic
tion
wou
ldfi
ndth
atth
eir
elig
ibil
ity
for
assi
stan
ced
epe
nds
ona
bure
aucr
atic
deci
sion
asto
whi
chju
risd
icti
onw
ill
pros
ecut
e.T
hese
deci
sion
sar
eba
sed
oncon
side
rati
ons
that
have
noth
ing
wha
teve
rto
dow
ith
the
cond
itio
nof
the
vict
im.
Fur
ther
mor
e,su
cha
vict
imw
ould
bein
ast
ate
of
perp
etua
lli
mbo
ifno
one
was
appr
ehen
ded
for
the
crim
ean
dth
usno
char
ging
dec
isi
onw
asev
erm
ade.
The
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
coul
d,of
cour
se,
com
mit
itse
lfto
aidi
ngvi
ctim
sof
fede
ral
crim
es.
Ifth
isco
urse
isch
osen
,a
new
bure
aucr
acy
cove
ring
50st
ates
wou
ldha
veto
becr
eate
d.T
hest
art-
upan
dco
ntin
ued
At
the
time
ofm
yhu
sban
d’s
mur
der,
Iw
asab
out
seve
nm
onth
spr
egna
nt.
Whe
nm
yhu
sban
ddi
ed,
we
wer
eto
tally
with
out
inco
me
topu
rcha
seth
eba
rene
cess
ities
.E
vent
uall
yso
cial
secu
rity
assi
sted
me,
but
that
was
not
for
near
lyfi
vem
onth
sw
hen
Iha
da
smal
lin
fant
atho
me—
avi
ctim
‘sw
ife
foll
owin
gfa
shio
n.T
hefi
rst
step
isth
eac
quis
itio
nof
mon
ies.
The
rear
esi
xm
easu
res
that
can
bere
lied
upon
topr
oduc
ere
venu
es.
Fir
st,
the
Tas
kF
orc
een
dors
esth
ere
com
men
dati
onpr
opos
edby
the
Cri
min
alC
ode
Rev
isio
nth
atfi
nes
and
pena
ltie
sfo
rvi
olat
ions
ofT
itle
18an
dT
itle
21of
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Cod
ebe
doub
led
ortr
iple
d.S
econ
d,in
thos
eca
ses
inw
hich
the
crim
inal
real
izes
aga
inor
the
vict
imsu
ffer
sa
loss
that
exce
eds
the
max
imum
fine
,th
eju
dge
shou
ldbe
empo
wer
edto
impo
sea
fine
that
isdo
uble
the
gain
orlo
ss.
Man
yfe
dera
lcr
imes
resu
ltin
trem
endo
uslo
sses
tovi
ctim
san
dga
ins
tocr
imin
als.
Ifth
ecr
imin
alkn
ows
heca
nre
aliz
ean
enor
mou
sbe
nefi
tw
hile
risk
ing
only
afi
neth
atre
pres
ents
am
inis
cule
frac
tion
ofw
hat
hem
ayac
quir
e,th
ere
isno
ince
ntiv
efo
rhi
mto
44
citi
zens
vict
imiz
edby
thos
eve
rypr
ison
ers
the
gov
ernm
ent
isas
sist
ing.
Itsh
ould
also
beno
ted
that
,be
yond
the
com
pen
sati
onis
sue,
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent,
like
loca
lgover
n
men
ts,
need
svi
ctim
/wit
ness
prog
ram
sto
assi
stth
ose
who
beco
me
invo
lved
wit
hfe
dera
lpr
osec
utio
ns.
The
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
thes
etw
oar
eas
shou
ldbe
clea
r.V
icti
mco
mpe
nsat
ion
boar
dscu
rren
tly
oper
ate
atth
est
ate
leve
lan
dm
ake
mon
eyav
aila
ble
tore
imbu
rse
vict
ims
for
out-
of-p
ocke
tco
sts
they
incu
ras
are
sult
ofm
edic
albi
lls,
ther
apy
cost
s,fu
nera
lex
pens
es,
etc.
Vic
tim
/wit
ness
assi
stan
cepr
ogra
ms
oper
ate
atth
em
unic
ipal
orco
unty
leve
lan
dhe
lpvi
ctim
sin
anu
mbe
rof
way
s,in
clud
ing
expl
aini
ngth
eju
stic
esy
stem
,ac
com
pany
ing
them
toco
urt,
arra
ngin
gtr
ans
port
atio
n,in
terc
edin
gw
ith
cred
itor
s,re
ferr
ing
them
toco
unse
lors
,an
das
sist
ing
them
inap
plyi
ngfo
rvi
ctim
com
pens
atio
nan
dem
erge
ncy
serv
ices
.
Itis
poss
ible
toad
dres
sth
eis
sue
ofco
sts
insu
cha
way
that
impr
ecis
efi
gure
sne
edno
tbe
reli
edup
onan
dth
epo
tent
ial
for
cost
over
runs
isel
imin
ated
.T
heT
ask
For
cesu
gges
tsth
ata
Cri
me
Vic
tim
’sA
ssis
tanc
eF
und
becr
eate
dan
dth
atit
rely
inpa
rton
fede
ral
crim
inal
fine
s,pe
nalt
ies,
and
forf
eitu
res
that
curr
entl
yar
epa
iddi
rect
lyin
toth
ege
nera
lfu
nd.
Not
only
isit
appr
opri
ate
that
thes
em
onie
sco
llec
ted
asa
resu
ltof
crim
inal
acti
vity
beus
edto
help
vict
ims,
but
this
met
hod
offu
ndin
gal
soen
sure
sa
prog
ram
that
isbo
thad
min
istr
ativ
ely
effi
cien
tan
dse
lf-s
uffi
cien
t,re
quir
ing
nofu
ndin
gfr
omta
xre
venu
es.
Itis
prop
osed
that
the
fund
bead
min
iste
red
inth
e
that
Con
gres
sre
eval
uate
itspr
iori
ties
wit
hre
gard
toth
eus
eof
thes
efu
nds.
Itap
pear
sth
atth
eim
ple
men
tati
onof
this
sugg
esti
onw
ill
not
undu
lyim
pede
the
cont
ribu
tion
mad
eto
hunt
ers
and
wil
dlif
epr
otec
tion
byth
eP
ittm
an-R
ober
tson
Fun
d,w
illsu
bsta
ntia
lly
assi
stvi
ctim
sw
hose
pres
sing
need
sar
eno
tno
wbe
ing
met
,an
dw
illdi
rect
the
proc
eeds
of
this
tax
toa
goal
mor
ecl
osel
yre
late
dto
the
item
sth
atgi
veri
seto
the
reve
nue.
Onc
eth
em
onie
sha
vebe
enac
quir
ed,
the
fund
wil
lbe
divi
ded
intw
oeq
ual
part
s.T
hefi
rst
half
ofth
efu
ndw
ould
bede
sign
ated
the
Fed
eral
Vic
tim
Com
pens
atio
nF
und,
mon
ies
from
whi
chw
ill
bedi
sbur
sed
toex
isti
ngst
ate
com
pens
atio
npr
ogra
ms
that
mee
tth
egu
idel
ines
set
out
belo
w.
The
deci
sion
togi
vem
oney
45re
frai
nfr
omco
mm
itti
ngth
ecr
ime.
Not
only
wil
lsu
chpr
ovis
ion
resu
ltin
pena
ltie
sth
atar
em
ore
appr
opri
ate
toth
ecr
ime,
but
they
wil
lal
sosu
bsta
ntia
lly
incr
ease
the
mon
ies
avai
labl
eto
the
fund
.T
hird
,ef
fort
sby
the
U.S
.D
epar
tmen
tof
Just
ice
shou
ldbe
inte
nsif
ied
toim
prov
ecu
rren
tfi
neco
llec
tion
and
acco
unti
ngpro
cedu
res.
Fou
rth,
the
fund
shou
ldbe
augm
ente
dby
afe
eas
sess
edin
addi
tion
toan
yfi
neor
othe
rpe
nalt
yon
all
thos
eco
nvic
ted
offe
dera
lof
fens
es.
The
fee
wou
ldbe
paid
atth
eti
me
ofse
nten
cing
and
wou
ldra
nge
from
$10
to$1
00fo
rm
isde
mea
nant
san
dfr
om$2
5to
$500
for
felo
ns.
Fif
th,
ape
rcen
tage
ofal
lfe
dera
lfo
rfei
ture
ssh
ould
beea
rmar
ked
for
the
fund
.S
ixth
,re
venu
esco
lle
cted
thro
ugh
the
exci
seta
xon
the
sale
of
hand
guns
coul
dbe
dive
rted
into
the
fund
.T
his
tax
mon
eycur
rent
lyis
plac
edin
the
Pit
tman
-Rob
erts
onF
und,
whi
chsu
ppor
tsth
em
aint
enan
ceof
hunt
ing
pres
erve
s,ce
rtai
nw
ildl
ife
stud
ies,
and
ahu
nter
educ
atio
npro
gram
.W
hen
init
iate
din
1937
,th
eP
ittm
an-R
ober
tson
Fun
dw
assu
ppor
ted
sole
lyby
taxe
son
the
sale
ofhu
ntin
gri
fles
;th
efu
ndto
day
cont
inue
sto
inur
epri
mar
ily
toth
ebe
nefi
tof
hunt
ing
enth
usia
sts.
In19
70,
new
legi
slat
ion
adde
dth
ere
venu
esfr
omha
ndgu
nta
xes
toth
efu
nd.
The
reis
litt
leif
any
rela
tion
be
twee
nha
ndgu
nsan
dhu
ntin
gor
wil
dlif
eac
tivi
ty.
The
reis
asu
bsta
ntia
lre
lati
onsh
ip,
how
ever
,be
twee
nha
ndgu
nsan
dth
eco
mm
issi
onof
viol
ent
crim
e.It
shou
ldbe
note
dth
atth
edi
vers
ion
ofth
ese
mon
ies
into
the
Cri
me
Vic
tim
’sA
ssis
tanc
eF
und
wil
lon
lyre
duce
the
Pit
tman
-Rob
erts
onF
und
byab
out
25per
cent
of
itsto
tal
ever
yye
ar.
The
Tas
kF
orc
esu
gges
ts
ofth
efu
nd.
Any
mon
ies
not
disp
erse
dw
ould
shif
tto
the
Fed
eral
Vic
tim
/Wit
ness
Ass
ista
nce
Fun
d.
The
seco
ndha
lfof
the
Cri
me
Vic
tim
’sA
ssis
tanc
eF
und
wou
ldbe
deno
ted
the
Fed
eral
Vic
tim
/Wit
ness
Ass
ista
nce
Fun
d;th
em
onie
sal
lott
edth
eret
ow
ould
beus
edto
supp
ort
vict
im/w
itne
ssas
sist
ance
prog
ram
sth
roug
hout
the
fede
ral,
stat
e,an
dlo
cal
syst
em.
(Thi
spr
opos
alis
disc
usse
dm
ore
full
yin
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on2.
)
The
Tas
kF
orc
esu
gges
tsth
ata
suns
etcl
ause
bead
ded
toth
ele
gisl
atio
npr
opos
edab
ove
whe
reby
,in
thre
eye
ars,
the
Att
orn
eyG
ener
alw
ould
bere
quir
edto
reev
alua
teth
eef
fect
iven
ess
ofth
isle
gisl
atio
nan
dre
port
toC
ongr
ess
asto
whe
ther
itis
the
mos
tef
fici
ent,
effe
ctiv
e,an
dfa
irw
ayfo
rth
ego
vern
men
tto
46 Ica
lled
Soci
alSe
rvic
esaf
ter
the
mol
esta
tions
and
Ife
ltth
atth
eyw
ere
mor
ein
tere
sted
inth
ede
fend
ants
than
inm
yda
ught
er.
They
advi
sed
the
defe
ndan
tsto
get
into
volu
ntar
ytr
eatm
ent
beca
use
itw
ould
gobe
tterf
orth
emin
cour
t.T
his
coun
selin
gw
aspa
idfo
rby
us,
the
taxp
ayer
s.So
cial
Serv
ices
told
me
whe
reI
coul
dfi
ndtr
eatm
entf
orm
yda
ught
er,
but
they
also
said
that
Iw
ould
have
topa
yfo
rit.
—a
vict
imc
mot
her
toex
isti
ngpr
ogra
ms
rath
erth
anto
prov
ide
seed
mon
eyfo
rne
wpr
ogra
ms
rest
son
two
base
s.P
rogr
ams
alre
ady
inex
iste
nce
are
curr
entl
ygi
ving
serv
ice
and
need
fina
ncia
lhe
lp;
they
are
curr
entl
ym
eet
ing
the
need
sof
vict
ims
and
shou
ldno
tbe
dis
adv
anta
ged.
Fur
ther
,re
quir
ing
that
loca
lgo
vern
men
tas
sum
eth
ein
itia
lco
stof
star
ting
the
prog
ram
and
the
prim
ary
resp
onsi
bili
tyfo
rco
ntin
ued
fund
ing
assu
res
the
exis
tenc
eof
age
nuin
elo
cal
com
mit
men
tra
ther
than
the
init
iati
onof
apr
opos
alsi
mpl
yto
put
acl
aim
info
rav
aila
ble
fede
ral
fund
s.N
ost
ate
prog
ram
shou
ldbe
elig
ible
for
apo
rtio
nof
the
com
pens
atio
nfu
ndun
less
itpr
ovid
esco
mpe
nsat
ion
for
anyo
nevic
tim
ized
wit
hin
itsbo
rder
s,re
gard
less
ofth
evi
ctim
’sst
ate
ofre
side
ncy;
prov
ides
com
pens
atio
nre
gard
less
of
whe
ther
the
crim
evi
olat
esst
ate
orfe
dera
lla
w;
and
prov
ides
com
pens
atio
nfo
rps
ycho
logi
cal
coun
seli
ngre
quir
edas
are
sult
ofvi
ctim
izat
ion.
Mon
ies
from
the
com
pens
atio
nfu
ndw
ould
beaw
arde
dam
ong
the
stat
esas
foll
ows:
all
stat
esw
ould
report
the
tota
lam
ount
ofco
mpe
nsat
ion
awar
ded
inth
epr
evio
usye
ar,
and
thos
efi
gure
sw
ould
beto
tale
dto
give
the
tota
lco
mpe
nsat
ion
awar
ded
nati
onal
ly.
Eac
hst
ate’
saw
ard
wou
ldbe
figu
red
inte
rms
ofits
perc
enta
geof
the
nati
onal
tota
l.E
ach
stat
ew
ould
beaw
arde
dth
atpe
rcen
tage
ofth
eco
mpe
nsat
ion
fund
for
the
ensu
ing
year
wit
hth
eli
mit
atio
nth
atit
coul
dno
tre
ceiv
em
ore
than
10pe
rcen
tof
itsto
tal
awar
dsfo
rth
epr
evio
usye
ar.
The
10pe
rcen
tli
mit
atio
nw
ill
guar
dag
ains
tde
plet
ion
of
the
com
pens
atio
nfu
ndan
dag
ains
tla
rger
stat
esdr
awin
gof
fto
ola
rge
ase
gmen
t
arre
stso
meo
nean
dpr
osec
ute
him
inco
urt.
Whe
nth
eca
seis
dism
isse
dbe
caus
eth
ew
itne
sses
wer
eno
tnoti
fied
orfa
iled
toap
pear
out
offr
ustr
atio
nw
ith
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em,
that
mon
eyis
sim
ply
was
ted.
Mea
nwhi
le,
the
free
dde
fend
ant
may
com
mit
mor
ecr
imes
.In
addi
tion
,vi
ctim
/wit
ness
assi
stan
ceun
its
that
use
anef
fect
ive
on-c
all
syst
emca
npr
oduc
esu
bst
anti
alsa
ving
sin
wit
ness
fees
and
poli
ceov
erti
me
pay.
19
Com
pose
dof
peop
lew
hoar
ede
dica
ted
tohe
lpin
gvi
ctim
s,m
any
unit
sha
vedo
neal
lth
eyca
nto
co
nti
nue
serv
ices
onre
duce
dbu
dget
s.It
iscl
ear,
how
ever
,th
atth
eyne
edad
diti
onal
reve
nues
toco
ntin
ueth
eir
oper
atio
nan
dex
pand
thei
rse
rvic
esas
reco
mm
ende
del
sew
here
inth
isre
port
.T
hevi
ewof
the
com
pens
atio
nto
clea
rw
asve
rydf
flcu
lt.
The
hosp
ital
was
very
conc
erne
dab
out
the
paym
ent
of
the
bills
;I
even
had
aci
vil
acti
onfi
led
agai
nst
me.
The
vict
im/
witn
ess
coor
dina
tor
wen
tin
toco
urt
with
me,
help
edm
eto
file
sotn
ere
spon
ses.
and
help
edto
get
the
hosp
ital
tow
ait f
or
the
fun
ds
tobe
appr
oved
.—a
vict
im
47as
sist
stat
eco
mpe
nsat
ion
and
vict
im/w
itne
ssas
sist
ance
prog
ram
s.If
,at
the
end
offo
urye
ars,
Con
gres
sha
sno
tta
ken
acti
onon
the
Att
orn
eyG
ener
al’s
repo
rt,
this
legi
slat
ion
wou
ldce
ase
tore
mai
nin
effe
ct.
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on2:
Con
gres
ssh
ould
enac
tle
gisl
atio
nto
prov
ide
fede
ral
fund
ing,
reas
onab
lym
atch
edby
loca
lre
venu
es,
toas
sist
inth
eop
erat
ion
offe
dera
l,st
ate,
loca
l,an
dpr
ivat
eno
npro
fit
vict
im/w
itne
ssag
enci
esth
atm
ake
com
preh
ensi
veas
sist
ance
avai
labl
eto
all
vict
ims
ofcr
ime.
Aun
itco
mpo
sed
sole
lyof
pers
ons
dedi
cate
dto
hel
pin
gbo
thvi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
ises
sent
ial
tom
eeti
ngth
eir
need
s(s
eeA
ppen
dix
2).
The
effo
rts
of
thos
ein
divi
dual
s,of
ten
prov
ided
ona
volu
ntee
rba
sis,
shin
ebr
ight
lyin
the
othe
rwis
edi
mla
ndsc
ape
of
gene
ral
inst
itut
iona
lne
glec
tof
thos
eon
who
mth
ecr
imin
alju
sti
cesy
stem
reli
es.
Insp
ite
ofth
eir
good
reco
rdof
perf
orm
ance
,vi
ctim
/wit
ness
assi
stan
ceun
its
have
rece
ntly
enco
un
tere
dse
riou
sfi
nanc
ial
diff
icul
ties
asgo
vern
men
tsac
ross
the
nati
onha
vebe
enfo
rced
tom
ake
budg
etcu
ts.
Som
eun
its
have
ceas
edfu
ncti
onin
g;ot
hers
have
had
tose
riou
sly
curt
ail
thei
rse
rvic
esbe
caus
eof
redu
ctio
nsin
staf
fan
dop
erat
ing
fund
s.F
rom
afi
scal
stan
dpoi
nt,
itis
inde
edun
fort
unat
eth
atth
eve
ryex
iste
nce
of
vict
im/w
itne
ssas
sist
ance
unit
sis
indo
ubt
inm
any
juri
sdic
tion
s.A
wel
l-ru
nun
itca
nbe
extr
emel
yco
stef
fect
ive.
Itis
expe
nsiv
eto
At
the
prel
imin
ary
hear
ing
Ifin
ally
was
put
inco
ntac
tw
ithth
evi
ctim
/wit
ness
staf
fan
dth
eir
help
has
been
trem
endo
us.
Ion
lyw
ish
itha
dco
me
soon
er. —
avi
ctim
Wai
ting
for
the
ff1
have
lear
ned
anyt
hing
that
this
Tas
kFo
rce
shou
ldun
ders
tand
,it
isth
atth
ere
isa
need
for
som
eki
ndof
vict
imas
sist
ance
prog
ram
sth
atre
ach
out
and
seek
tohe
lppe
ople
who
are
too
emot
iona
llyin
volv
edin
case
sto
seek
help
them
selv
es. —
avi
ctim
Hig
hpr
iori
tysh
ould
begi
ven
toun
its
that
util
ize
com
mun
ity
volu
ntee
rsan
dre
ceiv
eot
her
supp
ort
from
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
Mos
tU
.S.
Att
orne
ys’
Off
ices
have
not
yet
esta
bli
shed
vict
im/w
itne
ssas
sist
ance
unit
s.2°
The
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
shou
ldpr
ovid
ea
role
mod
elfo
rot
herju
risd
icti
ons.
Itis
esse
ntia
lth
atfe
dera
lvi
ctim
s’an
dw
itne
sses
’ne
eds
bem
et.
Bec
ause
the
maj
orit
yof
viol
ent
crim
eis
pros
ecut
edat
the
stat
ele
vel,
fede
ral
pro
secu
tors
deal
wit
hpr
opor
tion
atel
yfe
wer
civi
lian
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
es.
Acc
ordi
ngly
,w
ere
com
men
dth
at20
perc
ent
ofth
eF
eder
alV
icti
m/W
itne
ssA
ssis
tanc
eF
und
bere
serv
edto
assi
stfe
dera
lvi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
,w
ith
the
bala
nce
mad
eav
aila
ble
toth
est
ates
.
48 Iw
aspu
tin
touc
hw
itha
wom
anin
the
vict
im/w
itnes
sun
itw
hoha
dre
cent
lylo
sta
daug
hter
ina
brut
alho
mic
ide.
She
talk
edw
ithin
c.go
tm
eou
tof
my
shel
l.an
dga
vein
cst
reng
th.—
avi
ctim
Eve
nth
ough
the
pers
onw
hobr
utal
lybe
atm
yhu
sban
dw
asne
ver
caug
ht,
and
we
wis
hhe
had
been
,th
ehe
lpw
ere
ceiv
edfro
mth
evi
ctim
/witn
ess
unit
was
esse
ntia
lto
my
husb
ands
reco
very
and
our
surv
ival
.—a
vict
im
Tas
kF
orce
isth
atal
thou
ghth
efe
dera
lgo
vern
men
tsh
ould
not
full
ysu
bsid
ize
such
unit
s,th
eir
pra
isew
or
thy
effo
rts
mus
tbe
enco
urag
ed,
both
byas
sist
ing
unit
sal
read
yin
exis
tenc
ean
dby
prov
idin
gin
cent
ives
for
the
init
iati
onof
new
prog
ram
s.T
here
are
man
yju
ris
dict
ions
inth
isco
untr
yin
whi
chvi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
ere
ceiv
eli
ttle
orno
help
.T
his
fail
ure
toas
sist
thos
ew
hom
the
syst
emex
ists
tose
rve
and
onw
hom
itde
pend
sis
unac
cept
able
.
Thi
sT
ask
Forc
edo
esno
tm
ake
ligh
tly
are
com
men
dati
onth
atth
efe
dera
lgo
vern
men
tex
pend
fund
sfo
rw
hat
ispr
imar
ily
ast
ate
and
loca
lre
spon
sibi
lity
.In
this
case
,ho
wev
er,
the
need
isgr
eat
and
the
ben
efi
tsar
eev
iden
t;fu
rthe
rmor
e,a
fail
ure
tore
cogn
ize
both
the
fede
ral
obli
gati
onan
dth
efe
dera
lin
tere
stto
bese
rved
coul
dre
sult
ina
seri
ous
diss
ervi
ceto
hone
stci
tize
nsw
hose
ekno
thin
gm
ore
than
fair
and
court
eou
str
eatm
ent
from
thei
rgo
vern
men
t.
Acc
ordi
ngly
,th
isT
ask
For
cere
com
men
dsth
atth
ese
cond
half
ofth
eF
eder
alC
rim
eV
icti
ms
Ass
ista
nce
Fun
dbe
desi
gnat
edth
eF
eder
alV
icti
m/W
itne
ssA
ssi
stan
ceF
und
(see
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on1)
,an
dth
atm
onie
sfr
omth
atfu
ndbe
mad
eav
aila
ble
tost
ate
and
loca
lvi
ctim
/wit
ness
assi
stan
ceun
its.
Con
sist
ent
wit
hth
evi
ewth
atth
elo
cati
onof
the
unit
isbe
stle
ftto
loca
lde
term
inat
ion,
the
fund
ssh
ould
bedi
sper
sed
toun
its
whe
ther
they
are
esta
bli
shed
wit
hin
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
emor
inth
epri
vate
sect
or,
incl
udin
gun
its
oper
atin
gin
hosp
ital
s.
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on4:
The
Pre
side
ntsh
ould
esta
blis
ha
Tas
kF
orce
tost
udy
the
seri
ous
prob
lem
ofvi
olen
cew
ithi
nth
efa
mil
y,in
clud
ing
viol
ence
agai
nst
chil
dren
,sp
ouse
abus
e,an
dab
use
ofth
eel
derl
y,an
dto
revi
ewan
dev
alua
tena
tion
al,
stat
e,an
dlo
cal
effo
rts
toad
dres
sth
ispr
oble
m.
Fam
ily
viol
ence
isof
ten
muc
hm
ore
com
plex
inbo
thits
caus
esan
dits
solu
tion
sth
anno
nfam
ily
viol
ence
.V
iole
nce
wit
hin
aho
me
can
bedi
rect
edat
chil
dren
,at
spou
ses,
orat
elde
rly
fam
ily
mem
bers
,an
dfo
rth
ose
who
live
ina
hom
ew
here
viol
ence
occu
rs,
the
49F
eder
alE
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Rec
omm
enda
tion
3:T
hefe
dera
lgo
vern
men
tsh
ould
esta
blis
ha
fede
rall
yba
sed
reso
urce
cent
erfo
rvi
ctim
and
wit
ness
assi
stan
ce.
Thi
spr
opos
edre
sour
cece
nter
wou
ldse
rve
asa
na
tion
alcl
eari
ngho
use
ofin
form
atio
nco
ncer
ning
vict
iman
dw
itne
ssas
sist
ance
prog
ram
s,vi
ctim
com
pens
atio
npr
ogra
ms,
and
orga
niza
tion
sfr
omth
epr
ivat
ese
ctor
that
seek
toas
sist
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
es.
Itsh
ould
es
tabl
ish
liai
son
wit
hna
tion
al,
stat
e,lo
cal,
and
priv
ate
sect
oror
gani
zati
ons
who
seac
tivi
ties
are
dire
cted
tow
ard
impr
oved
serv
ices
for
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
es.
Itsh
ould
mon
itor
the
stat
usof
com
pens
atio
npro
gram
san
dvi
ctim
/wit
ness
legi
slat
ion.
Inad
diti
on,
the
cent
ersh
ould
mai
ntai
na
dire
ctor
yof
stat
e,lo
cal,
and
priv
ate
sect
orpr
ogra
ms
and
expe
rts
inth
efi
eld
tofa
cili
tate
com
mun
icat
ion
and
the
tran
sfer
ofex
pert
ise.
Thi
sce
nter
ises
sent
ial
beca
use
the
sour
ces
ofin
for
mat
ion
inth
isar
eaar
em
any,
and
they
are
foun
dat
all
leve
lsin
the
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ese
ctor
.In
addi
tion
,th
ese
sour
ces
are
loca
ted
thro
ugho
utth
eco
untr
y.W
ith
incr
ease
dat
tent
ion
inth
isar
ea,
man
ydi
ffer
ent
grou
psne
edin
form
atio
nto
augm
ent
orim
plem
ent
prog
ram
sto
help
vict
ims.
Bec
ause
reso
urce
sar
epre
ciou
s,it
ises
sent
ial
that
thes
ene
wan
dex
isti
nggr
oups
bene
fit
from
the
wor
kth
atha
spr
eced
edth
emas
wel
las
from
new
insi
ghts
acqu
ired
thro
ugh
the
succ
essf
ulpr
ovis
ion
ofse
rvic
es.
ing
orth
ein
juri
esse
vere
,co
nven
tion
alpr
osec
utio
nis
call
edfo
r.
Itis
the
stro
ngse
nse
ofth
isT
ask
Forc
eth
atth
e
crie
sof
fam
ily
viol
ence
vict
ims
can
nolo
nger
goun
heed
ed.
Bec
ause
ofth
eco
mpl
exit
ies
ofth
epr
oble
m
and
the
sign
ific
ant
way
sin
whi
chth
eph
enom
enon
diff
ers
from
crim
eim
pose
dby
thos
eou
tsid
eth
e
fam
ily,
itw
asim
poss
ible
for
this
Tas
kF
orc
eto
ad
dres
sth
isis
sue
inth
em
anne
ran
dde
pth
itre
quir
es.
Acc
ordi
ngly
,w
ere
com
men
dth
ata
new
Pre
side
ntia
l
task
forc
eth
orou
ghly
stud
yth
epr
oble
mof
fam
ily
viol
ence
,pa
ying
part
icul
arat
tent
ion
toth
ein
tegr
atio
n
of
gove
rnm
ent
and
othe
rco
mm
unit
yre
sour
ces
to
assi
stth
ese
vict
ims.
50pr
essu
res
are
trem
endo
us.
The
assa
ults
affe
ctev
ery
one
inth
eho
use,
not
only
the
imm
edia
tevi
ctim
,be
caus
eof
the
ever
-pre
sent
qual
ity
ofth
eth
reat
ofv
io
lenc
e.
The
deci
sion
tore
port
this
type
of
cond
uct
toau
thor
itie
sis
agon
izin
g.T
hevi
ctim
wre
stle
sw
ith
feel
ings
offe
ar,
loya
lty,
love
,gu
ilt,
and
sham
e;of
ten
ther
eis
ase
nse
ofre
spon
sibi
lity
for
othe
rvi
ctim
sin
the
hous
ehol
d.T
hevi
ctim
also
know
sth
atre
port
ing
isa
risk
.A
llto
oof
ten
poli
ceor
pros
ecut
ors
min
imiz
e
orig
nore
the
prob
lem
and
the
vict
imis
left
alon
eto
face
anat
tack
erw
how
ill
resp
ond
wit
han
ger
atbe
ing
repo
rted
orin
carc
erat
ed.
Bec
ause
ofth
edi
ffer
ence
sin
the
caus
es,
man
ifes
ta
tion
s,an
def
fect
sof
fam
ily
viol
ence
,th
esy
stem
mus
t
befl
exib
lein
itsre
spon
se.
Unl
ike
the
vict
ims
ofot
her
crim
es,
fam
ily
viol
ence
vict
ims
ofte
ndo
not
wan
t
thei
rat
tack
erpu
nish
ed;
they
sim
ply
wan
tth
evi
olen
ce
tost
op.
Esp
ecia
lly,
inth
ose
case
sin
whi
chvi
olen
ceis
epis
odic
oral
coho
l-re
late
d,th
evi
ctim
wis
hes
topre
serv
eth
em
ore
posi
tive
aspe
cts
offa
mil
ylif
e.P
utti
ng
the
atta
cker
inja
ilca
nal
sopu
nish
the
vict
iman
d
othe
rsin
the
fam
ily
whe
na
job
islo
stor
bail
mon
ey
and
fine
sar
eta
ken
from
the
fam
ily
budg
et.
Inad
di
tion,
inca
rcer
atio
ndo
esno
tre
solv
eth
eun
derl
ying
prob
lem
sth
atle
adto
viol
ence
and
may
only
exac
er
bate
the
situ
atio
nup
onth
eas
sail
ant’
sre
leas
e.H
ow
ev
er,
whe
nth
epa
tter
nof
viol
ence
has
been
lon
g-s
tan
d
Too
ofte
nin
the
past
,an
alys
esof
this
area
have
focu
sed
sole
lyon
the
bene
fits
tobe
exte
nded
tooff
end
ers
whi
leig
nori
ngth
ene
eds
ofa
soci
ety
burd
ened
byth
eir
offe
nses
.T
heex
isti
ngin
equi
ties
and
the
poli
cies
that
cont
ribu
teto
them
shou
ldbe
clos
ely
exam
ined
.T
here
wil
lal
way
sbe
inst
ance
sin
whi
chyo
ungs
ters
,be
caus
eof
ayo
uthf
ulte
nden
cyto
exce
ssor
ala
ckof
expe
rien
cean
din
sigh
t,co
mm
itac
tsth
atar
em
ore
harm
ful
than
they
anti
cipa
ted
orin
tend
ed.
The
exis
tin
gju
veni
leju
stic
esy
stem
was
esta
blis
hed,
basi
call
y,to
addr
ess
thes
eki
nds
ofof
fens
es.
How
ever
,m
any
juve
nile
offe
nses
dras
tica
lly
exce
edth
isty
peof
cond
uct.
Arm
edro
bber
y,ra
pe,
and
mur
der
cann
otbe
laid
atth
edo
oro
fm
ere
imm
atur
ity
oryo
uthf
ulex
uber
ance
.T
hevi
ctim
sof
thes
ecr
imes
are
nole
sstr
aum
atiz
edbe
caus
eth
eof
fend
erw
asun
der
age.
Asu
bsta
ntia
l
51F
eder
alE
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Rec
omm
enda
tion
5:A
stud
ysh
ould
beco
mm
issi
oned
atth
efe
dera
lle
vel
toev
alua
teth
eju
veni
leju
stic
esy
stem
from
the
pers
pect
ive
ofth
evi
ctim
.
The
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
emis
dist
urbi
ngly
inco
nsis
tent
inth
ew
ayit
trea
tsju
veni
levi
ctim
san
dju
veni
levic
tim
izer
s.T
his
dive
rgen
ceex
ists
,in
part
,be
caus
eso
ciet
yha
sde
velo
ped
two
inde
pend
ent
syst
ems
base
don
wid
ely
dive
rgen
tpr
esup
posi
tion
s.If
ach
ild
isa
Chi
ldvi
ctim
sof
crim
evi
ctim
,th
atch
ild
isex
pect
edto
com
eto
anad
ult
are
spec
ially
cour
t,op
ento
the
publ
ic,
and
beha
veli
kean
adul
t,ha
ndic
appe
d.Fi
rst,
spea
klik
ean
adul
t,co
mpr
ehen
dlik
ean
adul
t,an
dth
ecr
imin
alju
stic
em
eet
adul
tst
anda
rds.
The
mot
ivat
ion
unde
rlyi
ngth
issy
stem
dist
rust
sth
em,
trea
tmen
tis
the
prot
ecti
onof
adul
tsu
spec
tsag
ains
tan
dpu
tssp
ecia
l
the
test
imon
yof
chil
dren
,w
hoar
eco
nsid
ered
less
barr
iers
inth
eirp
ath
ofpr
osec
utin
gth
eir
trust
wort
hy
orac
cura
teth
anad
ults
.cl
aim
sto
Just
ice.
The
juve
nile
just
ice
syst
em,
onth
eoth
erha
nd,
Seco
nd,
the
crim
inal
begi
nsw
ith
the
prem
ise
that
thos
ew
hoha
veno
tju
stic
esy
stem
seem
sre
ache
dad
ulth
ood
cann
otbe
trul
yhe
ldac
coun
tabl
ein
diff
eren
tto
the
for
thei
rac
tion
s;th
eydo
not
inte
ndto
doha
rman
dle
gitim
ate
spec
ial
wil
lre
form
ifsh
own
the
erro
rof
thei
rw
ays.
As
ane
eds
that
aris
efr
omre
sult
,in
man
yju
risd
icti
ons
even
viol
ent
and
freq
uent
thei
rpar
tici
pati
on.—
dang
erou
sco
nduc
tis
not
cons
ider
edcr
imin
al,
and
isD
avid
Llo
ydev
alua
ted
behi
ndcl
osed
door
s.S
ocie
tyis
payi
nga
trem
endo
uspr
ice
for
this
syst
em.
The
Tas
kF
orc
esu
gges
tsth
atth
edi
ffer
ent
trea
tmen
tof
juve
nile
vic
tims
and
juve
nile
vict
imiz
ers
beca
refu
lly
reev
alua
ted.
Tho
sew
houn
dert
ake
the
stud
yof
the
juve
nile
jus
tice
syst
emsh
ould
bech
arge
dto
cons
ider
the
need
sof
the
inno
cent
vict
ims
and
the
soci
ety
asa
who
le.
and
ahal
fyea
rs/—
avi
ctim
‘vm
othe
rca
ted
oper
ates
,an
dho
wth
eyca
nav
oid
bein
ghe
ldcu
lpab
leth
anar
em
any
adul
ts.
The
met
hod
ofpu
nish
men
tfo
rth
ose
juve
nile
sw
hoha
vedo
cum
ente
dcr
imin
alhis
tor
ies
orw
hoha
veco
mm
itte
dse
riou
svi
olen
tcr
imes
shou
ldbe
crit
ical
lyre
eval
uate
d.T
hecu
rren
tpo
lici
es
ofm
any
juri
sdic
tion
sne
ithe
rre
form
nor
puni
sh;
they
only
teac
hju
veni
les
that
they
can
act
wit
hre
lati
veim
puni
tyif
they
lear
nho
wto
take
adva
ntag
eof
the
syst
em.
Way
sto
deal
effe
ctiv
ely
wit
hth
eju
veni
le
who
has
grad
uate
dto
com
mit
ting
adul
tvi
olen
tof
fens
esm
ust
bede
vise
d.
The
Tas
kF
orc
esu
gges
tsth
atth
eju
veni
leju
stic
e
syst
embe
mod
ifie
dto
prov
ide
that
yout
hs,
15ye
ars
ofag
eor
olde
r,w
hoco
mm
itm
urde
r,ra
pe,
arm
edro
bber
y,ar
med
burg
lary
,or
assa
ult
wit
hth
ein
tent
toco
mm
it
52 The
judg
efo
und
him
guilt
yin
juve
nile
cour
tof
shoo
ting
my
son
inth
eba
ckan
dki
lling
him
and
sent
ence
dhi
mto
5ye
ars
inth
ede
tent
ion
cent
er.
He’
llon
lydo
one
and
ahal
fye
ars
and
then
he’l
lbe
free
.F
orki
lling
my
son
heon
lydo
eson
e
prop
orti
onof
the
viol
ent
crim
ein
this
coun
try
isco
m
mit
ted
byju
veni
les,
who
are
beco
min
gm
ore
viol
ent
atan
incr
easi
ngly
earl
yag
e.B
oth
the
reas
ons
and
suit
able
corr
ecti
ves
for
this
are
unkn
own.
Are
ther
e
rati
onal
corr
ecti
ons
for
thes
eof
fend
ers
that
prov
ide
a
dete
rren
t?Is
ther
ea
decl
ine
inth
ete
achi
ngof
mor
al
valu
esin
scho
ols
and
the
hom
eth
atse
rves
asa
con
trib
utin
gfa
ctor
?D
oes
viol
ence
inte
levi
sion
prog
ram
s
and
mov
ies
and
read
yac
cess
topo
rnog
raph
yex
acer
bate
the
prob
lem
?
The
Tas
kF
orc
eis
cogn
izan
tof
man
yst
udie
sin
the
juve
nile
area
;no
ne,
how
ever
,fo
cuse
son
the
acco
un
t
abil
ity
and
the
resp
onsi
bili
tyof
the
juve
nile
crim
inal
tohi
svi
ctim
.Ju
veni
les
too
ofte
nar
eno
the
ldac
coun
tabl
efo
r
thei
rco
nduc
t,an
dth
esy
stem
perp
etua
tes
this
lack
of
acco
unta
bili
ty.
Whe
nju
veni
les
caus
efi
nanc
ial
harm
they
are
seld
omre
quir
edto
mak
ere
stit
utio
n.If
they
orth
eir
pare
nts
cann
otor
wil
lno
tpa
yfo
rre
imb
urs
em
ent
ofth
evi
ctim
,of
ten
none
ism
ade.
Thu
s,th
eju
veni
leis
not
requ
ired
tofa
ceth
eco
nseq
uenc
esof
his
beha
vior
;ot
hers
—hi
spa
rent
sor
the
vict
im—
mus
t
bear
the
cons
eque
nces
for
him
.
The
subj
ect
ofju
veni
lepu
nish
men
tas
aw
hole
shou
ldbe
reex
amin
ed.
Itis
unac
cept
able
for
aju
veni
lew
hoco
mm
its
mur
der
tose
rve
only
aye
arin
cust
ody.
Impo
sing
such
ase
nten
ceim
plie
sto
both
the
kill
er
and
the
vict
im’s
fam
ily
that
expi
atio
nfo
rth
elif
eta
ken
can
beac
com
plis
hed
in12
mon
ths.
Itm
ust
befa
ced
that
som
eju
veni
leof
fend
ers
are
mor
eso
ph
isti
abou
tcr
ime,
the
way
inw
hich
the
syst
em
wis
ere
spon
sibl
elif
e.T
heju
veni
lew
hoco
mm
its
seri
ous
offe
nses
pres
ents
adi
ffer
ent
case
enti
rely
.If
such
ape
rson
cont
inue
sto
com
mit
crim
esas
anad
ult,
seri
ous
cons
ider
atio
nsh
ould
begi
ven
toal
low
ing
the
adm
issi
onof
his
juve
nile
reco
rdat
adul
ttr
ials
and
sent
enci
nghe
arin
gs.
The
seal
ing
of
reco
rds
shou
ldbe
asa
fegu
ard
for
thos
ew
hoco
rrec
tth
eir
cond
uct;
itsh
ould
not
bea
scre
enbe
hind
whi
chth
ede
mon
stra
bly
dang
erou
sca
nhi
de.
The
issu
eof
safe
tyin
the
scho
ols
shou
ldal
sobe
ad
dres
sed.
Stu
dent
ssh
ould
enjo
yth
eri
ght
togo
tosc
hool
wit
hout
the
risk
of
bein
gst
abbe
d,ro
bbed
,ap
proa
ched
bydr
ugde
aler
s,or
harm
edby
pers
ons
unde
rth
ein
flue
nce
ofdr
ugs.
Sch
ool
adm
inis
trat
ors
mus
tre
gain
the
capa
city
for
supe
rvis
ion
that
isn
eces
53th
ese
crim
esbe
trie
das
anad
ult.
The
sear
ead
ult
crim
esan
dth
ose
who
com
mit
them
shou
ldbe
held
acco
unta
ble
asad
ults
.U
nder
such
am
odif
icat
ion,
the
pros
ecut
orw
ould
reta
inth
eop
tion
ofbr
ingi
ngch
arge
sag
ains
tsu
chan
offe
nder
inth
eex
isti
ngju
ve
nile
syst
em.
The
Tas
kF
orce
isof
the
opin
ion
that
ex
isti
ngw
aive
rpr
ovis
ions
have
been
inad
equa
tean
dre
com
men
dsre
serv
ing
this
opti
onto
the
pros
ecut
or,
leav
ing
open
the
poss
ibil
ity
ofju
veni
letr
eatm
ent
ifth
epa
rtic
ular
circ
umst
ance
sof
the
case
war
rant
such
trea
tmen
t.A
fter
sent
enci
ng,
noin
divi
dual
trie
das
anad
ult
shou
ldbe
plac
edin
aju
veni
lefa
cili
ty.
Inso
me
juri
sdi
ctio
ns,
defe
ndan
tsw
hoar
eov
erth
est
atut
ory
age
for
trea
tmen
tas
juve
nile
san
dw
hoar
eco
nvic
ted
inad
ult
cour
tsm
ayst
illbe
sent
ence
dto
juve
nile
faci
litie
s.In
man
yin
stan
ces,
the
adul
tse
nten
ceim
pose
dca
nbe
mod
ifie
dby
yout
hau
thor
itie
sw
ith
the
resu
ltth
atan
arm
edro
bber
may
serv
eon
lya
few
mon
ths
incu
stod
y,ra
ther
than
the
term
ofye
ars
pres
crib
edin
the
sent
ence
.F
urt
her
,th
epl
acem
ent
insu
chfa
cili
ties
ofth
ose
15ye
ars
ofag
ean
dol
der
who
com
mit
viol
ent
crim
esm
akes
thos
ein
stit
utio
nsfa
rm
ore
dang
erou
sfo
rth
eno
nvio
lent
juve
nile
sw
hoar
eap
prop
riat
ely
bein
gho
used
ther
e..
Pol
icie
ssu
ppor
ting
the
seal
ing
of
juve
nile
reco
rds
shou
ldbe
stud
ied.
The
theo
ryth
atan
indi
vidu
alsh
ould
not
bedi
sadv
anta
ged
for
life
beca
use
ofan
isol
ated
mis
take
asa
youn
gste
ris
one
that
has
mer
it.
The
prem
ise
supp
orti
ngsu
cha
poli
cyis
that
the
juv
eni
lecr
ime
isa
not
very
seri
ous
aber
rati
onin
anoth
er
genc
e.A
num
ber
ofm
etho
dsha
vebe
enpr
opos
edfo
rim
plem
enti
ngth
ispr
inci
ple.
One
ofth
ose
allo
ws
suits
agai
nst
the
gove
rnm
ent
bype
rson
sor
thei
rfa
mil
ies
who
are
inju
red
byob
viou
sly
dang
erou
spa
role
esw
hoha
vebe
enre
leas
edth
roug
hgr
oss
negl
igen
ce.
Anu
mbe
rof
law
suit
sha
veal
read
yat
tem
pted
tout
iliz
e
this
rela
tive
lyne
wth
eory
of
liab
ilit
y,w
ith
vary
ing
re
sult
s.2
1T
hepr
inci
pal
barr
ier
toth
isli
tiga
tion
has
been
that
the
doct
rine
ofso
vere
ign
imm
unit
yha
sno
tbe
enw
aive
din
acti
ons
chal
leng
ing
“dis
cret
iona
ryfu
nc
tion
s”of
gove
rnm
ent
offi
cial
s.22
Itha
sbe
enpr
opos
ed
that
sove
reig
nim
mun
ity
bere
stri
cted
toal
low
for
chal
leng
ing
the
disc
reti
onar
yde
cisi
ons
ofpa
role
boar
dsif
they
are
gros
sly
negl
igen
t.H
owev
er,
impor
tant
ques
tion
sre
mai
n;th
efi
scal
effe
ctof
such
acti
on
54
sary
tore
stor
esa
fety
toth
een
viro
nmen
tin
whi
ch
chil
dren
spen
dso
man
yho
urs
dail
y.
Fed
eral
Exe
cuti
vean
dL
egis
lati
veR
ecom
men
dati
on6:
The
Tas
kF
orce
endo
rses
the
prin
cipl
eof
acco
unta
bili
ty
for
gros
sne
glig
ence
ofpa
role
boar
dof
fici
als
in
rele
asin
gin
toth
eco
mm
unit
yda
nger
ous
crim
inal
sw
ho
then
inju
reot
hers
.A
stud
ysh
ould
beco
mm
issi
oned
at
the
fede
ral
leve
lto
dete
rmin
eho
w,
and
unde
rw
hat
circ
umst
ance
s,th
ispr
inci
ple
ofac
coun
tabi
lity
shou
ldbe
impl
emen
ted.
The
Paro
leB
oard
that
let
him
out
did
anaw
ful,
igno
rant
,fo
olis
hth
ing.
They
just
turn
edth
eir
back
onso
ciet
y,th
eyju
stdi
dn’t
care
abou
tth
epu
blic
.T
hey
knew
abou
thi
man
dw
hat
hem
ight
doan
dth
eyle
thi
mou
tan
yway
.—a
vict
im
Eve
ryda
y,in
divi
dual
sw
ith
long
reco
rds
ofvi
olen
ce
are
rele
ased
from
pris
ons
onpa
role
.A
ltho
ugh
paro
le
boar
dsar
ege
nera
lly
requ
ired
toco
nsid
erth
ede
gree
ofda
nger
that
apr
ospe
ctiv
epa
role
ere
pres
ents
befo
re
orde
ring
his
retu
rnto
the
com
mun
ity,
ther
ear
em
any
case
sin
whi
chob
viou
sly
dang
erou
spr
ison
ers
are
pre
cipi
tous
lyre
leas
ed.
The
secr
imin
als
are
then
free
toco
mm
itne
wcr
imes
.T
hein
noce
ntvi
ctim
sof
thes
e
crim
es,
and
thei
rfa
mili
es,
soon
lear
nth
atpa
role
boar
dsop
erat
ein
secr
ecy
and
are
not
acco
unta
ble
toan
yone
for
thei
rde
cisi
ons.
Bec
ause
ofth
isla
ckof
acco
unta
bili
tyan
dm
any
othe
rpr
oble
ms
iden
tifi
edby
this
Tas
kF
orce
,w
eha
ve
reco
mm
ende
dth
atth
ecu
rren
tpa
role
syst
embe
abol
ishe
d(s
eeE
xecu
tive
and
Leg
isla
tive
Rec
omm
enda
tion
7).
Unt
ilsu
chab
olit
ion
take
spl
ace,
this
Tas
kF
orc
e
endo
rses
the
prin
cipl
eth
atpa
role
boar
dof
fici
als
shou
ldbe
held
acco
unta
ble
for
acts
ofgr
oss
neg
li
55is
not
clea
r,no
ris
the
like
liho
odth
atsu
chac
tion
wil
lde
ter
futu
regr
oss
negl
igen
ceby
paro
leof
fici
als.
Als
oun
cert
ain
isho
wth
eF
eder
alT
ort
Cla
ims
Act
orsi
mi
lar
stat
epr
ovis
ions
shou
ldbe
amen
ded
tope
rmit
such
suits
.A
noth
erw
ayto
hold
paro
lebo
ards
acco
unta
ble
isto
crea
tean
effe
ctiv
em
etho
dof
disc
ipli
nary
acti
onfo
rpa
role
boar
dm
embe
rs.
Alt
houg
hth
ism
etho
ddo
esno
tof
fer
any
fina
ncia
las
sist
ance
toin
jure
dvi
ctim
s,it
shou
ldse
rve
asan
effe
ctiv
ede
terr
ent
togr
ossl
yneg
lige
ntre
leas
es,
and
ther
efor
eob
viat
eth
ene
edfo
rfi
nanc
ial
assi
stan
ceto
vict
ims
ofvi
olen
tpa
role
es.
Whe
ther
the
dete
rren
tef
fect
wil
lbe
suff
icie
ntto
ac
com
plis
hth
isgo
alis
open
tode
bate
.A
thor
ough
stud
yof
thes
ean
dot
her
poss
ible
imple
men
tati
onst
rate
gies
shou
ldbe
unde
rtak
en.
Car
eful
cons
ider
atio
nsh
ould
begi
ven
toth
equ
esti
ons
rais
edab
ove
asw
ell
asan
yot
her
rela
ted
issu
es.
56
Pro
pose
dA
ctio
nfo
rC
rim
inal
Just
ice
Sys
tem
Age
ncie
s
The
acti
ons
ofce
rtai
nel
emen
tsof
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em—
the
poli
ce,
pros
ecut
ors,
the
judi
ciar
y,an
dpa
role
boar
ds—
are
guid
edno
ton
lyby
law
but
also
byru
les,
regu
lati
ons,
and
proc
edur
alco
des.
The
fol
low
ing
reco
mm
enda
tion
sof
this
Tas
kF
orce
are
pro
posa
lsfo
rch
ange
atth
isle
vel.
odic
ally
info
rmed
ofth
est
atus
and
clos
ing
ofin
vest
igat
ions
.4.
Pol
ice
offi
cers
shou
ldgi
vea
high
prio
rity
toin
vest
igat
ing
witn
esse
s’re
port
sof
thre
ats
orin
tim
idat
ion
and
shou
ldfo
rwar
dth
ese
repo
rts
toth
epr
osec
utor
.
Com
men
tary
Pol
ice
Rec
omm
enda
tion
1:P
olic
ede
part
men
tssh
ould
deve
lop
and
impl
emen
ttr
aini
ngpr
ogra
ms
toen
sure
that
polic
eof
fice
rsar
e:a.
Sen
siti
veto
the
need
sof
vict
ims;
and
b.In
form
ed,
know
ledg
eabl
e,an
dsu
ppor
tive
ofth
eex
isti
nglo
cal
serv
ices
and
prog
ram
sfo
rvi
ctim
s.
57
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rP
olic
e
The
poli
cear
eof
ten
the
firs
ton
the
scen
e;it
isto
them
,th
efi
rst
sour
ceof
prot
ecti
on,
that
the
vict
imfi
rst
turn
s.T
hey
shou
ldbe
min
dful
that
,in
fulf
illi
ngth
eir
obli
gati
onto
solv
eth
ecr
ime
and
appr
ehen
dth
ecr
imin
al,
they
mus
tal
sotr
eat
vict
ims
wit
hth
eat
ten
tion
due
them
.T
hem
anne
rin
whi
chpo
lice
offi
cers
trea
ta
vict
imaf
fect
sno
ton
lyhi
sim
med
iate
and
long
-te
rmab
ilit
yto
deal
wit
hth
eev
ent
but
also
his
wil
lin
gnes
sto
assi
stin
apr
osec
utio
n.T
hefo
unda
tion
ofal
lin
tera
ctio
nsbe
twee
npo
lice
and
vict
ims
shou
ldbe
the
know
ledg
eth
atit
isth
ese
citi
zens
who
mth
eoff
ice
rha
ssw
orn
the
serv
e.T
hese
reco
mm
enda
tion
sar
em
eant
toen
sure
bett
ertr
eatm
ent
ofvi
ctim
sby
poli
ce.
1.P
olic
ede
part
men
tssh
ould
deve
lop
and
imp
lem
ent
trai
ning
prog
ram
sto
ensu
reth
atpo
lice
offi
cers
are:
a.S
ensi
tive
toth
ene
eds
ofvi
ctim
s;an
db.
Info
rmed
,kn
owle
dgea
ble,
and
supp
orti
veof
the
exis
ting
loca
lse
rvic
esan
dpr
ogra
ms
for
vict
ims.
2.P
olic
ede
part
men
tssh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
for
the
prom
ptph
otog
raph
ing
and
retu
rnof
prop
erty
tovi
ctim
s(w
ithth
epr
osec
utor
’sap
prov
al).
3.P
olic
ede
part
men
tssh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
toen
sure
that
vict
ims
ofvi
olen
tcr
ime
are
per
i
The
ydi
dn’t
arri
vefo
rm
ore
than
anho
ur,
and
whe
nth
eydi
dar
rive
,th
eyw
ere
very
rude
and
inse
nsiti
ve.
Des
pite
my
brui
ses
and
my
exci
ted
cond
ition
,th
efi
rst
poli
ceof
fice
rw
hoar
rive
d,as
ked
me
“Lad
y,w
hat
mak
esyo
uth
ink
you
wer
era
ped?
”—a
vict
im
are
toev
ery
pro
per
ly.
Pol
ice
offi
cers
need
spec
ial
trai
ning
in“p
sych
olo
gica
lfi
rst
aid”
23to
help
min
imiz
evi
ctim
s’st
ress
.V
icti
ms
may
expe
rien
cede
pres
sion
,de
pend
ence
,an
ger,
afe
elin
gof
loss
ofco
ntro
l,gu
ilt,
orunco
ntr
ol
labl
efe
ar,
eith
eral
one
orin
com
bina
tion
,an
dth
ere
spon
seby
the
poli
cem
ust
bebo
thap
prop
riat
ean
dse
nsit
ive.
Pol
ice
offi
cers
also
need
spec
ial
trai
ning
tohe
lpth
emde
alw
ith
crim
evi
ctim
s.V
icti
ms
beco
me
very
frus
trat
edw
hen
offi
cers
are
not
sens
itiv
eto
thei
rsp
ecia
lci
rcum
stan
ces.
Pol
ice
offi
cers
shou
ldno
tsh
owsk
epti
cism
beca
use
ara
pevi
ctim
isno
tba
dly
brui
sed
and
blee
ding
ora
chil
ddi
dno
tim
med
iate
lyre
port
am
oles
tati
on.
Off
icer
ssh
ould
beta
ught
that
elde
rly
pers
ons
wit
hse
nsor
yim
pair
men
tsar
eno
tne
cess
aril
y
58 The
arre
stin
gof
fice
rw
asw
onde
rful
—he
mad
eal
lth
ed
ifir
ence
inth
ew
orld
. —a
vict
im
Aft
erI
man
aged
tolo
osen
the
rope
sw
ithw
hich
Iw
asti
edup
,I
wen
tto
my
neig
hbor
van
dim
med
iate
lyca
lled
for
the
polic
e.
The
Tas
kF
orc
ew
ishe
sto
note
that
man
yvi
ctim
ssp
oke
very
high
lyof
the
offi
cers
wit
hw
hom
they
had
cont
act.
As
agr
oup,
poli
cem
enw
ere
the
mos
tw
arm
lypr
aise
dof
any
prof
essi
onal
sin
the
syst
em.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly,
how
ever
,so
me
vict
ims
wer
etr
eate
din
am
anne
rth
atw
asin
sens
itiv
e,un
cari
ng,
and
even
ho
stil
e.T
rain
ing
can
help
elim
inat
eth
isla
tter
expe
rien
ce.
Vic
tim
s’re
spon
ses
and
need
sva
ry,
espe
cial
lyif
the
crim
ew
asvi
olen
t.S
ome
vict
ims
may
suff
era
seve
rere
acti
onim
med
iate
lyfo
llow
ing
the
crim
inal
offe
nse;
othe
rsm
ayex
peri
ence
ade
laye
dre
acti
on,
hour
sor
even
days
afte
rth
eof
fens
e.In
eith
erca
se,
the
sev
erity
ofth
ein
divi
dual
vict
im’s
reac
tion
will
bepro
por
tion
alto
his
sens
eof
viol
atio
nor
loss
.P
olic
eof
fice
rssh
ould
unde
rsta
ndw
hat
trig
gers
cris
isre
acti
ons
invi
ctim
sin
orde
rto
assi
stth
em.
Off
icer
ssh
ould
know
that
abu
rgla
ryvi
ctim
mig
htha
vea
very
seve
rere
acti
on,
alth
ough
hene
ver
saw
the
perp
etra
tor,
whi
lean
arm
edro
bber
yvi
ctim
who
was
actu
ally
conf
ront
edby
the
assa
ilan
tm
ight
have
ale
sser
reac
tion
.P
olic
eof
fice
rsge
nera
lly
see
vict
ims
and
thei
rfa
mi
lies
imm
edia
tely
afte
rth
ecr
ime,
whe
nth
eyar
em
ost
inne
edof
help
.T
heof
fice
rs’
resp
onse
toth
ese
per
sons
ofte
nha
sa
maj
oref
fect
onho
wsw
iftl
yan
dho
ww
ell
the
vict
imre
cove
rs.
Pol
ice
offi
cers
who
resp
ond
quic
kly
afte
rth
ere
port
ism
ade,
who
list
enat
tenti
ve
ly,
and
who
show
conc
ern
for
the
vict
im’s
plig
htw
ill
grea
tly
reas
sure
the
vict
iman
dhe
lphi
mov
erco
me
his
sens
eof
fear
and
help
less
ness
.B
utgo
odin
tent
ions
onth
epa
rtof
poli
ceof
fice
rsno
tsu
ffic
ient
assi
stcr
ime
vict
im
impo
rtan
tpa
rtof
ever
ypo
lice
offi
cer’
sre
gula
rper
form
ance
eval
uati
on.
Apo
lice
depa
rtm
ent
that
rew
ards
offi
cers
who
assi
stcr
ime
vict
ims
eith
erdi
rect
lyor
thro
ugh
refe
rral
toa
vict
imse
rvic
espr
ogra
mw
ill
grea
tly
assi
stth
ose
who
have
been
vict
imiz
ed.
Inad
diti
on,
itca
nal
sohe
lpto
rein
forc
eth
epo
lice
offi
cer’
sno
rmal
incl
inat
ion
toas
sist
thos
evi
ctim
sw
hoar
ein
need
ofhe
lp.
Pol
ice
Rec
omm
enda
tion
2:P
olic
ede
part
men
tssh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
for
the
prom
ptph
otog
raph
ing
and
retu
rnof
prop
erty
tovi
ctim
s,w
ith
pros
ecut
orap
prov
al.
59se
nile
and
that
blin
dpe
rson
sca
nsu
cces
sful
lyas
sist
the
pros
ecut
ion
incr
imin
alca
ses.
The
ym
ust
beta
ught
that
fam
ily
mem
bers
ofho
mic
ide
vict
ims
need
very
muc
hto
beco
nsul
ted
and
kept
info
rmed
duri
ngth
ein
ves
tiga
tion
,re
gard
less
ofth
eir
abil
ity
topr
ovid
edi
rect
info
rmat
ion.
Pol
ice
offi
cers
mus
tal
sole
arn
toco
pew
ith
thei
row
njo
b-re
late
dst
ress
,so
that
they
can
effe
ctiv
ely
inte
ract
wit
hv
icti
ms.
24
Pol
ice
offi
cers
are
expo
sed
tohu
man
mis
ery
dail
y,an
dm
aybe
com
eve
ryfr
ustr
ated
byth
eir
inab
ilit
yto
reso
lve
itfu
lly.
Inor
der
toco
mpen
sate
,so
me
offi
cers
tend
tom
inim
ize
the
prob
lem
sof
crim
evi
ctim
s.T
his
met
hod
of
copi
ngm
ayhe
lpth
eof
fice
rin
the
shor
tte
rm,
but
itdo
esa
prof
ound
dis
serv
ice
tovi
ctim
san
dw
ill
ulti
mat
ely
mak
eth
eof
fice
ra
less
effe
ctiv
ein
vest
igat
or.
The
indi
vidu
alof
fice
rca
nnot
beex
pect
edto
mee
tea
chvi
ctim
’sne
eds
pers
onal
lyan
dim
med
iate
ly,
but
heca
nse
rve
asth
ees
sent
ial
link
betw
een
the
vict
iman
dth
ese
rvic
esth
atar
eav
aila
ble.
Thi
sca
paci
tyis
part
icul
arly
impo
rtan
tbe
caus
eof
fice
rsse
em
ost
vict
ims,
not
just
thos
ew
hose
case
sre
sult
inar
rest
and
pros
ecut
ion.
Som
ede
part
men
tsha
veco
oper
ated
wit
hlo
cal
chur
ches
orot
her
volu
ntee
rgr
oups
who
are
avai
labl
eon
call
for
coun
seli
ng,
deat
hno
tifi
cati
on,
and
vict
imre
ferr
al.
Inso
me
depa
rtm
ents
,th
epo
lice
chap
lain
has
been
the
mot
ivat
ing
forc
ebe
hind
this
coop
erat
ion.
25
Res
pons
iven
ess
toth
ene
eds
ofcr
ime
vict
ims
mus
tbe
ade
part
men
tal
prio
rity
;as
such
,it
shou
ldbe
an
Fo
rto
olo
ngw
eha
vevi
ewed
the
vict
imas
evid
enti
ary
bagg
age
tobe
carr
ied
toco
urt
alon
gw
ithbl
ood
sam
ples
and
late
ntfi
nger
prin
ts.
Itis
abou
tti
me
that
we
aspo
lice
begi
nto
view
crim
evi
ctim
sas
our
clie
nts,
asth
eag
grie
ved
part
yin
need
of
repr
esen
tati
on,
repa
rati
on,
and
reco
gniti
on.—
Chi
efR
ober
tP.
Ow
ens
Thi
sis
one
expe
rien
ceth
aton
edo
esno
rpl
anfo
r,is
notp
repa
red
for,
has
nokn
owle
dge
of
who
orw
here
totu
rn.—
avi
ctim
Nev
eron
cedi
dlo
cal
poli
cedi
rect
me
tow
ard
any
mea
nso
fas
sist
ance
—no
,nat
ter
how
loud
Icr
ied
for
help
!I
was
even
told
itw
asno
neo
fm
ybu
sine
ssw
hen
Ias
ked
the
whe
reab
outs
of
the
defe
ndan
tsan
dth
eda
tes
of
the
hear
ings
.T
hede
fend
ants
have
“rig
hts
topr
ivac
y”ac
cord
ing
tom
ypo
lice
depa
rtm
ent.
—a
vict
im
Am
ajor
com
plai
ntvo
iced
byvi
ctim
sis
that
they
neve
rhe
aran
ythi
ngab
out
the
case
afte
rth
ein
itia
lre
port
.F
urth
er,
whe
nth
eyat
tem
ptto
acqu
ire
info
rm
atio
nby
cont
acti
ngth
epo
lice
,th
eyar
eno
tab
leto
give
the
nam
esor
num
bers
requ
ired
for
the
poli
ceto
loca
teth
eap
prop
riat
efi
le.
Eve
nw
hen
anin
ves
tiga
tion
iscl
osed
wit
hout
anar
rest
,th
evi
ctim
shou
ldbe
soin
form
ed.
Vic
tim
sw
ill
appr
ecia
tepo
lice
cand
orev
enw
hen
the
case
isun
reso
lved
.E
very
vict
imof
viol
ent
crim
esh
ould
bepr
ovid
edw
ith
cert
ain
basi
cin
form
atio
nsh
ortl
yaf
ter
the
crim
eis
repo
rted
,ei
ther
bym
ail
orot
her
sati
sfac
tory
pro
cess
.T
hey
shou
ldbe
told
the
nam
ean
dba
dge
num
ber
orde
part
men
tse
rial
num
ber
ofth
ein
vest
igat
orin
char
geof
the
case
and
how
tore
ach
him
,th
eca
se
60 My
son
cef
fect
sw
ere
neve
rre
turn
ed.
My
daug
hter
wro
tese
vera
lle
tters
,bu
tto
noav
aiL
Ipr
esum
eth
eyar
elo
stto
usfo
reve
r.Y
ouca
nim
agin
eho
wm
uch
the
retu
rno
fa
gold
chai
nm
yda
ught
erhad
give
nhi
mon
his
17th
birt
hday
wou
ldha
vem
eant
tohe
ran
dho
wm
uch
the
retu
rnof
his
wal
let
wou
ldha
vem
eant
tom
e.T
hefa
ctth
atno
one
was
resp
onsi
ble
for
gett
ing
thos
eit
ems
back
tous
hurt
agr
eat
deal
.—a
Vic
tim
’Sm
othe
r
The
vict
im’s
prop
erty
belo
ngs
toth
evi
ctim
,no
tth
esy
stem
.V
icti
ms
repe
ated
lyte
llof
prop
erty
rang
ing
from
fam
ily
heir
loom
sto
anin
vali
d’s
tele
visi
onse
tbe
ing
held
for
mon
ths
orye
ars
whi
leth
eca
sem
oves
slow
lyth
roug
hth
eco
urts
;in
som
eca
ses,
prop
erty
has
been
mis
laid
orlo
st.
Vic
tim
ssh
ould
have
thei
rpr
oper
tyre
stor
edto
them
atth
eea
rlie
stda
tepo
ssib
lew
itho
utco
mpr
omis
ing
the
pros
ecut
ion
of
the
case
.
Pol
ice
shou
ldco
oper
ate
wit
hlo
cal
pros
ecut
ors
tode
velo
ppr
oced
ures
inw
hich
the
pros
ecut
orev
alua
tes
the
evid
enti
ary
valu
eof
the
prop
erty
,no
tifi
esth
ed
efe
nse,
arra
nges
insp
ecti
onif
nece
ssar
y,th
enre
leas
esth
ese
item
sto
thei
row
ners
asex
pedi
tiou
sly
asposs
ibl
e(s
eeP
rose
cuto
rR
ecom
men
dati
on6.
Judi
cial
resp
onsi
bili
tyis
disc
usse
din
Judi
ciar
yR
ecom
men
dati
on9)
. Dep
artm
ents
mus
tde
vise
asy
stem
that
wil
lno
tify
the
vict
imor
the
vict
im’s
fam
ily
whe
npr
oper
tyha
sbe
enre
cove
red,
whe
reit
isbe
ing
held
,w
hen
itca
nbe
recl
aim
ed,
and
wha
tdo
cum
ents
mus
tbe
pres
ente
dw
hen
acl
aim
ism
ade.
Bef
ore
item
sar
ere
turn
edth
eysh
ould
beph
otog
raph
edin
am
anne
rth
atcl
earl
yid
entif
ies
the
prop
erty
and
wil
lal
low
subs
titu
tion
ofth
eph
otog
raph
for
the
item
itse
lfas
anex
hibi
tin
cour
t.
Pol
ice
Rec
omm
enda
tion
3:P
olic
ede
part
men
tssh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
toen
sure
that
vict
ims
ofvi
olen
tcr
ime
are
peri
odic
ally
info
rmed
ofth
est
atus
and
clos
ing
ofin
vest
igat
ions
.
pers
onto
area
.H
owev
er,
vict
ims
shou
ldno
tsi
mpl
ybe
told
that
noth
ing
can
bedo
ne;
offi
cers
shou
ldre
spon
dto
and
inve
stig
ate
thes
ere
port
s.In
addi
tion
,so
me
affi
rmat
ive
step
sca
nbe
take
nto
prot
ect
thos
ew
hoar
eha
rass
edan
dto
give
them
the
sens
eth
atth
esy
stem
isre
spon
sive
toth
eir
prob
lem
s(s
eeal
soP
rose
cuto
rsR
ecom
men
dati
on3)
.F
or
exam
ple,
trac
esor
reco
rdin
gsca
nbe
arra
nged
;th
elo
cal
prec
inct
orbe
atsu
perv
isor
sca
nbe
aler
ted
and
the
of
fice
rsre
spon
sibl
efo
rth
evi
ctim
’sne
ighb
orho
odca
nin
crea
seth
efr
eque
ncy
wit
hw
hich
they
patr
olne
arth
evi
ctim
’sho
me.
Off
icer
sca
nin
spec
tlo
cks
and
inst
ruct
vict
ims
onho
wto
impr
ove
thei
rse
curi
tym
eas
ures
.If
vict
ims
deci
deto
mov
e,of
fice
rsca
nen
sure
that
they
are
not
hara
ssed
orfo
llow
edto
thei
rne
w
my
new
cont
inue
dto
carr
ya
wea
pon.
Eve
nth
ough
Iha
ddo
neal
lof
this
,I
stil
lliv
edin
fear
.—a
vict
im
61
num
ber
orot
her
depa
rtm
ent
data
retr
ieva
lin
form
ati
on,
and
whe
nth
eca
seha
sbe
enre
assi
gned
toa
dif
fere
ntin
vest
igat
oror
bran
chw
ithi
nth
ede
part
men
t.M
any
vict
ims
live
ina
stat
eof
fear
,be
liev
ing
thei
ras
sail
ant
isst
illat
larg
e.W
hen
asu
spec
tis
appre
hen
ded
,vi
ctim
ssh
ould
bein
form
edat
the
earl
iest
poss
ible
time.
Thi
sin
form
atio
nca
nre
duce
thei
ran
xiet
ysu
bst
anti
ally
.H
owev
er,
offi
cers
mus
tta
keca
reno
tto
com
prom
ise
the
reli
abil
ity
ofa
line
upor
othe
rin
ves
tiga
tory
phas
eby
prov
idin
gth
isin
form
atio
nto
oso
on;
whe
nin
doub
t,of
fice
rssh
ould
cons
ult
wit
hth
ep
ros
ecut
or.
Pol
ice
Rec
omm
enda
tion
4:P
olic
eof
fice
rssh
ould
give
ahi
ghpri
ori
tyto
inve
stig
atio
nof
repo
rts
byw
itne
sses
ofth
reat
sor
inti
mid
atio
nan
dfo
rwar
dth
ese
report
sto
the
pros
ecut
ion.
Man
yvi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
are
thre
aten
edor
inti
mi
date
dby
defe
ndan
tsan
dot
hers
.F
eari
ngfo
rth
emse
lves
and
thei
rfa
mili
es,
thes
eci
tize
nsm
aym
ove,
begi
nto
carr
yw
eapo
ns,
beco
me
pris
oner
sin
thei
rho
mes
,or
deci
deno
tto
foll
owth
roug
hw
ith
the
pro
sec
utio
n.A
ltho
ugh
itm
aybe
diff
icul
tto
asce
rtai
nw
hois
resp
onsi
ble
for
thes
eat
tem
pts
atin
tim
idat
ion,
offi
cers
mus
ttr
eat
such
thre
ats
and
the
citi
zens
who
are
thei
rta
rget
sw
ith
sens
itiv
ity
and
conc
ern.
Itca
nbe
alm
ost
asfr
ustr
atin
gfo
rth
eof
fice
ras
for
the
thre
aten
edre
aliz
eth
eli
mit
atio
nsin
here
ntin
this
Iw
asfo
rced
tota
keso
me
dras
tic
step
sto
prot
ect
mys
elf.
Atf
irst
Ibl
ocka
ded
mys
elf
inm
yap
artm
ent
and
bega
nto
carr
ya
pist
ol.
Lat
erI
mov
edto
anot
her
city
,go
tan
unli
sted
phon
enu
mbe
r,us
eda
post
offi
cebo
xra
ther
than
addr
ess,
and
62
resi
denc
es.
Inju
risd
icti
ons
inw
hich
inve
stig
atin
go
ffi
cers
mak
ere
com
men
dati
ons
asto
bail,
thes
eat
tem
pts
atin
tim
idat
ion
shou
ldbe
brou
ght
toth
eat
tent
ion
ofth
eco
urt.
Afo
rmal
repo
rtsh
ould
bem
ade
ever
yti
me
acit
ize
nco
mpl
ains
ofin
tim
idat
ion,
and
the
vict
imsh
ould
bere
ferr
edto
avi
ctim
/wit
ness
serv
ice
prov
ider
.T
hefi
ling
ofa
form
alre
port
isim
port
ant;
iten
cour
ages
the
vict
imto
rem
ain
inco
ntac
tw
ith
law
enfo
rcem
ent,
and
itdo
cum
ents
apa
tter
nof
inti
mid
atio
nth
atca
nbe
prov
edat
tria
l.If
pros
ecut
ors
are
tosu
ccee
din
op
posi
ngm
otio
nsfo
rre
leas
eor
redu
ctio
nof
bond
,or
ifre
port
sof
hara
ssm
ent
are
tobe
reli
edon
inse
nte
nc
ing,
each
thre
aten
ing
cont
act
mus
tbe
repo
rted
byth
evi
ctim
and
docu
men
ted
ina
form
alre
port
.
4.P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
stro
ngly
disc
oura
geca
seco
nti
nuan
ces.
Whe
nsu
chde
lays
are
nece
ssar
y,p
roce
dure
ssh
ould
bees
tabl
ishe
dto
ensu
reth
atca
ses
are
cont
inue
dto
date
sag
reea
ble
tovi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
,th
atth
ose
date
sar
ese
cure
din
adva
nce
whe
neve
rpo
ssib
le,
and
that
the
reas
ons
for
the
cont
inua
nces
are
adeq
uate
lyex
plai
ned.
5.P
rose
cuto
rs’
offi
ces
shou
ldus
ea
vict
iman
dw
itne
sson
-cal
lsy
stem
.6.
Pro
secu
tors
’of
fice
ssh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
toen
sure
the
prom
ptre
turn
ofvi
ctim
s’pr
oper
ty,
abse
nta
need
for
the
actu
alev
iden
cein
cour
t.7.
Pro
secu
tors
’of
fice
ssh
ould
esta
blis
han
dm
ain
tain
dire
ctli
aiso
nw
ithvi
ctim
/wit
ness
unit
san
dot
her
vict
imse
rvic
eag
enci
es.
63
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rP
rose
cuto
rs
The
prim
ary
obli
gati
onof
pros
ecut
ors
isto
see
that
trut
han
dju
stic
ear
ese
rved
.T
hepo
wer
ofth
ep
ros
ecut
oran
dth
eco
urt
syst
emas
aw
hole
deri
ves
from
the
peop
le’s
wil
ling
ness
toen
trus
tto
them
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
ofju
stic
e.P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
keep
thei
rpri
mar
yob
liga
tion
inm
ind
asth
eym
ake
deci
sion
s.In
doin
gso
they
unde
rtak
eth
ese
riou
sre
spon
sibi
lity
ofse
rvin
gth
ein
tere
sts
and
conc
erns
ofci
tize
nsv
icti
miz
edby
crim
e.T
hese
reco
mm
enda
tion
sar
em
eant
tohe
lppr
osec
utor
sin
this
effo
rt.
1.P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
assu
me
ulti
mat
ere
spon
sibi
lity
for
info
rmin
gvi
ctim
sof
the
stat
usof
aca
sefr
omth
eti
me
ofth
ein
itia
lch
argi
ngde
cisi
onto
dete
rmin
atio
nsof
paro
le.
2.P
rose
cuto
rsha
vean
obli
gati
onto
brin
gto
the
atte
ntio
nof
the
cour
tth
evi
ews
ofvi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
eon
bail
deci
sion
s,co
ntin
uanc
es,
plea
barg
ains
,di
smis
sals
,se
nten
cing
,an
dre
stit
uti
on.
The
ysh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
toen
sure
that
such
vict
ims
are
give
nth
eop
port
unit
yto
mak
eth
eir
view
son
thes
em
atte
rskn
own.
3.P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
char
gean
dpu
rsue
toth
efu
lle
stex
tent
ofth
ela
wde
fend
ants
who
hara
ss,
thre
aten
,in
jure
,or
othe
rwis
eat
tem
ptto
inti
mi
date
orre
tali
ate
agai
nst
vict
ims
orw
itne
sses
.
Fina
lly,
my
case
was
assi
gned
toan
othe
rdi
stri
ctat
torn
eyw
hosp
ent
agr
eat
deal
oftim
eex
plai
ning
tom
ew
hat
was
happ
enin
gin
the
case
.Ju
stbe
ing
info
rmed
ofal
lth
efa
cts
redu
ced
my
anxi
ety
grea
tly.—
avic
tim
The
pros
ecut
or’s
duty
toke
epa
vict
imof
viol
ent
crim
ead
vise
dex
tend
sfr
omth
ech
argi
ngde
cisi
onth
roug
hse
nten
cing
and
any
subs
eque
ntpa
role
hea
rin
gs.
The
advi
sem
ent
of
paro
lehe
arin
gda
tes
ispar
ticu
larl
yim
port
ant.
Oft
envi
ctim
sdo
not
real
ize
that
paro
leis
even
avai
labl
eto
thei
ras
sail
ant.
Whe
nth
eyar
eaw
are,
they
are
ofte
nm
ost
inte
rest
edin
the
out
com
eof
paro
lehe
arin
gsno
ton
lybe
caus
eof
thei
rde
sire
for
the
serv
ice
ofa
just
sent
ence
but
also
be
caus
eof
thei
rle
giti
mat
efe
arof
revi
ctim
izat
ion
once
the
defe
ndan
tis
rele
ased
.
Bet
ter
trea
tmen
tof
vict
ims
shou
ldbe
ahi
ghpri
or
ity
for
pros
ecut
ors.
Ens
urin
gth
atvi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
esar
ead
vise
dof
the
prog
ress
ofth
eir
case
ison
lya
begi
nnin
gin
the
reco
gnit
ion
ofth
isre
spon
sibi
lity
.
64
8.P
rose
cuto
rsm
ust
reco
gniz
eth
epr
ofou
ndim
pact
that
crim
esof
sexu
alvi
olen
ceha
veon
both
chil
dan
dad
ult
vict
ims
and
thei
rfa
mil
ies.
Com
men
tary
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
1:
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldas
sum
eul
tim
ate
resp
onsi
bili
tyfo
rin
form
ing
vict
ims
ofth
est
atus
ofa
case
from
the
tim
eof
the
init
ial
char
ging
deci
sion
tode
term
inat
ions
ofpa
role
.
Idi
dn’t
hear
anyt
hing
abou
tth
eca
sefo
ral
mos
ta
year
.T
hen
all
ofa
sudd
enth
eyca
lled
me
upat
wor
kan
dsa
id,
“com
edo
wn
toco
urt
righ
taw
ay,
the
tria
lis
goin
gto
take
plac
e.“—
avi
ctim
Th
evi
ctim
,no
tth
est
ate,
isdi
rect
lyag
grie
ved
byv
iole
ntcr
ime,
and
has
anun
ques
tion
ably
vali
din
tere
stin
the
pros
ecut
ion
his
com
plai
ntin
itia
tes.
Onc
ea
case
isch
arge
d,th
epr
osec
utor
isin
form
edof
all
cour
tda
tes,
plea
barg
ains
,an
dru
ling
son
pre-
tria
lm
otio
ns.
The
pros
ecut
oris
also
inth
ebe
stpo
siti
onto
expl
ain
tovi
ctim
sth
ele
gal
sign
ific
ance
ofva
riou
sm
otio
nsan
dpr
ocee
ding
s.
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldke
epvi
ctim
sin
form
edab
out
the
stat
usof
the
case
from
the
init
ial
deci
sion
toch
arge
orto
decl
ine
pros
ecut
ion.
The
only
tim
ea
vict
imsh
ould
not
bein
form
edof
anas
pect
ofa
case
isw
hen
the
shar
ing
ofsu
chin
form
atio
nm
ight
impr
oper
lyin
flue
nce
the
vict
im’s
test
imon
yor
expo
sehi
mto
un
nece
ssar
yat
tack
oncr
oss-
exam
inat
ion.
from
the
defe
ndan
t’s
coun
sel,
who
wil
lpr
esen
thi
min
the
best
poss
ible
ligh
t,an
dfr
oma
pros
ecut
orw
hodo
esno
tkn
owof
the
basi
sfo
rth
evi
ctim
’sfe
ar.
Als
o,it
isno
tun
com
mon
for
asu
spec
tto
tell
the
vict
imof
his
inte
ntio
nto
flee
shou
ldhe
bere
leas
ed.
The
pers
onbe
stab
leto
info
rmth
eco
urt
ofst
atem
ents
that
may
have
been
mad
eby
the
defe
ndan
tan
dth
eth
reat
hepo
ses
isof
ten
the
pers
onhe
vict
imiz
ed.
As
isdi
scus
sed
else
whe
re(s
eeP
rose
cuto
rsR
eco
mm
enda
tion
4an
dJu
dici
ary
Rec
omm
enda
tion
4),
con
tinu
ance
sim
pose
asu
bsta
ntia
lha
rdsh
ipon
vict
ims
and
ofte
nun
derm
ine
the
pros
ecut
ion’
sca
se.
Post
pone
men
tssh
ould
beop
pose
dw
hene
ver
poss
ible
.If
aco
nti
nuan
ceis
gran
ted,
the
pros
ecut
orsh
ould
info
rmth
eco
urt
ofan
yco
nfli
cts
wit
hth
evi
ctim
’ssc
hedu
le.
With
the
cour
tpr
oces
sth
ere
isno
guar
ante
eof
ali
ght
atth
een
d.of
atu
nnel
.L
ife
plan
sar
eput
onho
ldin
defi
nite
lyan
dth
evi
ctim
mer
ely
trea
dsw
ater
.—G
ail
Pis
arci
k65P
rose
cuto
rsR
ecom
men
dati
on2:
Pro
secu
tors
have
anob
liga
tion
tobr
ing
toth
eat
tenti
on
ofth
eco
urt
the
view
sof
vict
ims
ofvi
olen
tcr
imes
onba
ilde
cisi
ons,
cont
inua
nces
,pl
eaba
rgai
ns,
dism
issa
ls,
sent
enci
ng,
and
rest
itut
ion.
The
ysh
ould
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ures
toen
sure
that
such
vict
ims
are
give
nth
eop
port
unit
yto
mak
eth
eir
view
son
thes
em
atte
rskn
own.
Pro
secu
tors
mus
tch
ampi
onth
epu
blic
inte
rest
whi
lere
spec
ting
the
righ
tsof
the
accu
sed.
The
ym
ust
also
serv
evi
ctim
sby
ensu
ring
that
they
wil
lno
tbe
vic
tim
ized
agai
n,ei
ther
byth
ecr
imin
alor
the
syst
emth
atw
asde
sign
edto
prot
ect
the
inno
cent
.O
rdin
aril
y,vic
tims
are
unaw
are
ofho
wth
esy
stem
oper
ates
;th
eydo
not
unde
rsta
ndits
com
plex
proc
esse
san
dar
etr
oubl
edby
thei
rap
pare
ntex
clus
ion
from
part
icip
atio
nin
the
adju
dica
tion
ofa
case
that
sodi
rect
lyaf
fect
sth
em.
Not
only
mus
tth
esy
stem
beex
plai
ned
toth
em,
but
they
mus
tal
sobe
allo
wed
toco
nvey
the
info
rmat
ion
that
they
poss
ess
toth
ose
mak
ing
the
deci
sion
sth
atw
ill
dete
rmin
eth
eou
tcom
eof
the
case
.T
hep
rose
cuto
rno
ton
lyha
sdi
rect
vict
imco
ntac
t,bu
the
isal
soin
the
best
posi
tion
tose
eth
atth
evi
ctim
isac
cord
eda
prop
erro
lein
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
Pro
secu
tors
are
ofte
nun
awar
e,at
the
tim
eof
the
bail
hear
ing,
that
thre
ats
ofre
pris
alha
vebe
enm
ade
tovi
ctim
s,ei
ther
beca
use
the
poli
cedi
dno
tob
tain
this
info
rmat
ion
orbe
caus
eth
eth
reat
sw
ere
mad
eaf
ter
the
inve
stig
atio
nw
asco
mpl
eted
.It
isdi
ffic
ult
for
aju
dge
toev
alua
teth
eda
nger
that
ade
fend
ant
pres
ents
toth
eco
mm
unit
yif
the
judg
ehe
ars
only
Vic
tims
resp
onde
dth
atth
eyw
ante
dto
bein
clud
ed,
cons
ulte
d.an
din
form
ed,
rega
rdle
ssof
thei
rus
eful
ness
toth
epr
osec
utio
n,re
gard
less
ofw
heth
erth
eir
case
was
plea
barg
aine
d,di
smis
sed,
orbr
ough
tto
tria
l.—
Deb
orah
Kel
ly
vict
ims
ofth
eav
aila
bili
tyof
rest
itut
ion
asa
sente
nc
ing
opti
onfo
rth
eco
urt,
assi
stvi
ctim
sin
outl
inin
gth
eir
fina
ncia
llo
sses
toth
eco
mpi
lers
ofth
epre
-sen
tenc
ere
port
,an
den
sure
that
the
cour
tis
mad
eaw
are
ofth
evi
ctim
’slo
sses
soth
ata
rest
itut
ion
orde
ris
ac
cura
tean
din
clus
ive.
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldco
nsid
erth
eis
sue
ofre
stit
utio
nfo
rth
evi
ctim
inch
argi
ngan
dpl
eaba
rgai
ning
deci
sion
s,w
hich
may
affe
ctth
eam
ount
ofre
stit
utio
nth
eco
urt
can
orde
r.
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
3:
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldch
arge
and
purs
ueto
the
full
est
exte
ntof
the
law
defe
ndan
tsw
hoha
rass
,th
reat
en,
inju
re,
orot
herw
ise
atte
mpt
toin
tim
idat
eor
reta
liat
eag
ains
tvi
ctim
sor
wit
ness
es.
66 Wha
tot
hers
see
asan
inco
nven
ienc
eis
for
the
vict
iman
endl
ess
nigh
tnar
e.—
avi
ctim
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldco
nsul
tw
ith
ever
yvi
ctim
of
viol
ent
crim
e,ex
plai
ning
how
the
plea
barg
aini
ng
syst
emop
erat
es,
wha
tne
goti
atin
gpo
stur
eth
epro
s
ecut
ion
has
adop
ted,
and
why
that
post
ure
was
chos
en.
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldal
way
sta
kein
toac
coun
t
the
vict
im’s
view
sbe
fore
reac
hing
afi
nal
deci
sion
.
Alt
houg
hla
wye
rsan
dju
dges
rely
onpl
eaba
rgai
ning
asa
tool
ofca
lend
arm
anag
emen
t,vi
ctim
sle
giti
mat
ely
view
the
reso
luti
onof
and
sent
enci
ngin
aca
seas
an
eval
uati
onof
the
harm
done
toth
em.
Whe
neve
rth
epr
osec
utor
cons
ider
sth
edi
smis
sal
of
aca
sein
volv
ing
viol
ent
crim
e,th
evi
ctim
shou
ldbe
cons
ulte
din
adva
nce
and
told
the
reas
ons
for
the
pros
ecut
or’s
deci
sion
.
Tw
oli
ves—
the
defe
ndan
t’s
and
the
vict
im’s
—ar
e
prof
ound
lyaf
fect
edby
acr
imin
alse
nten
ce.
The
cour
t
cann
otm
ake
anin
form
edde
cisi
onon
aju
stpunis
h
men
tif
ithe
ars
from
only
one
side
.Ju
stic
ede
man
ds
that
vict
ims
beal
low
edto
info
rmth
eco
urt
inw
riti
ng
and
inpe
rson
of
the
natu
reof
the
crim
ean
dth
efu
llef
fect
that
itha
sha
don
them
and
thei
rfa
mili
es.
Pro
sec
utor
sha
vea
resp
onsi
bili
tyto
ensu
reth
atvi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
ear
ein
form
edof
the
pre-
sent
enci
ng
repo
rtpr
oces
s,th
atvi
ctim
sha
veth
eop
port
unit
yto
have
thei
rvi
ews
refl
ecte
din
thos
ere
port
s,an
dth
atvi
ctim
sha
veth
eop
port
unit
yto
appe
aran
dbe
hear
d
atth
eti
me
ofse
nten
cing
.
Res
titu
tion
shou
ldbe
orde
red
inev
ery
case
inw
hich
the
vict
imha
ssu
ffer
edm
onet
ary
loss
(see
Judi
ciar
yR
ecom
men
dati
on7)
,P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
info
rm
cont
inua
nces
are
adeq
uate
lyex
plai
ned.
Con
tinu
ance
sin
crim
inal
proc
eedi
ngs
can
byth
eir
very
natu
repr
olon
gan
din
tens
ify
the
init
ial
vic
tim
iza
tion
.T
heef
fect
onvi
ctim
s’sc
hedu
les,
obli
gati
ons,
and
live
sca
nbe
both
bew
ilde
ring
and
prof
ound
.C
on
tin
uan
ces
are
used
togo
odad
vant
age
byth
ede
fens
e;th
eyca
nre
sult
inth
eul
tim
ate
unav
aila
bili
tyof
som
ew
itne
sses
and
the
fadi
ngm
emor
yof
othe
rs.
Pro
secu
tors
can
beas
irre
spon
sibl
eas
any
othe
rpa
rtic
ipan
tin
the
syst
emin
seek
ing
cont
inua
nces
for
thei
row
nco
nven
ienc
ew
itho
utco
nsid
erin
gth
eef
fect
thes
ede
lays
have
onth
evi
ctim
ized
.V
icti
ms
mus
tbe
allo
wed
topu
tth
eir
expe
rien
cebe
hind
them
asso
onas
poss
ible
.T
hey
also
shou
ldno
tbe
requ
ired
toin
cur
Eac
hti
me
afte
ra
cont
inua
nce,
Iw
ould
sink
back
dow
nin
the
hole
.I
spen
ttw
oye
ars
not
know
ing
wha
tw
asgo
ing
toha
ppen
tom
e.—
avi
ctim
67V
icti
ms
and
wit
ness
esar
eth
reat
ened
orha
rass
edfa
rm
ore
freq
uent
lyth
anpr
osec
utor
sar
eaw
are
(see
also
Pol
ice
Rec
omm
enda
tion
4).
26
Thi
sac
tivi
tyco
ntin
ues
the
proc
ess
ofvi
ctim
izat
ion
and
conf
irm
son
eof
the
vict
im’s
wor
stfe
ars,
that
the
syst
emca
nnot
prot
ect
him
;he
may
feel
that
the
only
way
toes
cape
repr
isal
isto
refu
seto
test
ify.
The
Tas
kF
orc
ere
cogn
izes
that
itm
ayof
ten
bedi
ffic
ult
tofi
lech
arge
sof
wit
ness
inti
mid
atio
n.T
here
may
beno
iden
tifi
able
per
pet
rato
rfo
rth
ean
onym
ous
call
inth
eni
ght
orfo
rse
emin
gly
rand
omvi
olen
cean
dva
ndal
ism
dire
cted
ata
vict
imor
wit
ness
.B
utw
hen
asu
spec
tis
iden
tifi
ed,
pro
secu
tors
mus
tch
arge
and
pros
ecut
evi
goro
usly
.H
aras
sm
ent
and
inti
mid
atio
nst
rike
atth
eve
ryhe
art
ofth
etr
uth-
find
ing
proc
ess.
By
fail
ing
topr
osec
ute,
dism
iss
ing
case
sor
not
requ
esti
ngth
atte
rms
for
inti
mid
atio
nbe
serv
edco
nsec
utiv
ely,
pros
ecut
ors,
perh
aps
inad
ver
ten
tly,
conv
eym
any
mes
sage
s.C
rim
inal
sm
aype
rcei
veth
atin
tim
idat
ion
isw
ort
ha
try—
itm
aysu
ccee
d,an
dth
ere
isno
risk
offu
rthe
rpu
nish
men
t.In
addi
tion
,vi
ctim
san
dw
itne
sses
may
perc
eive
that
they
are
onth
eir
own,
that
they
wil
lno
tbe
prot
ecte
dby
the
syst
emth
atal
read
yas
ksso
muc
hof
them
.
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
4:P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
stro
ngly
disc
oura
geca
seco
ntin
uanc
es.
Whe
nsu
chde
lays
are
nece
ssar
y,pr
oced
ures
shou
ldbe
esta
blis
hed
toen
sure
that
case
sar
eco
ntin
ued
toda
tes
agre
eabl
eto
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
es,
that
thos
eda
tes
are
secu
red
inad
vanc
ew
hene
ver
poss
ible
,an
dth
atth
ere
ason
sfo
rth
e
Aft
erth
eas
saul
t,1
spen
ton
lyon
eni
ght
inth
ere
side
nce
we
had
shar
edfo
rm
ost
of
our
48ye
ars
of
mar
ried
life.
Iw
aspe
rsua
ded
tom
ove
whe
nm
yyo
unge
stda
ught
eran
swer
edth
eph
one
and
was
advi
sed
byth
eca
ller
tow
ithd
raw
the
char
ges.
—a
vict
im
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
6:P
rose
cuto
rs’
offi
ces
shou
ldes
tabl
ish
proc
edur
esto
ensu
reth
epr
ompt
retu
rnof
vict
ims’
prop
erty
,ab
sent
ane
edfo
rth
eac
tual
evid
ence
inco
urt.
Whe
na
crim
inal
take
sth
eir
prop
erty
,vi
ctim
ssh
ould
not
have
toba
ttle
the
just
ice
syst
emto
get
itba
ckor
wai
tfo
rm
onth
sor
year
sfo
rits
retu
rn(s
eeal
soP
olic
e
Rec
omm
enda
tion
2an
dJu
dici
ary
Rec
omm
enda
tion
9).
Nat
ural
lyth
ere
wil
lbe
som
eit
ems
that
wil
lha
ve
part
icul
arev
iden
tiar
ysi
gnif
ican
ce,
whe
ther
seiz
ed
from
the
defe
ndan
tor
take
nfr
omth
evi
ctim
orcr
ime
scen
e,be
caus
eof
thei
rch
arac
ter
orco
ndit
ion.
The
se
mus
tbe
reta
ined
for
adm
issi
onat
tria
l.O
ther
item
s,
how
ever
,ca
nbe
pres
ente
dto
the
jury
just
asef
fec
68
the
cost
and
inco
nven
ienc
eof
arra
ngin
gfo
rch
ild
care
,ta
king
tim
eof
ffr
omw
ork,
and
mis
sing
vac
a
tion
san
dbr
eaki
ngap
poin
tmen
tson
lyto
disc
over
that
the
case
wil
lno
tbe
hear
d.
Pro
secu
tors
shou
ldvi
goro
usly
oppo
seco
ntin
uanc
es
exce
ptw
hen
they
are
nece
ssar
yfo
rth
eac
com
pli
sh
men
tof
legi
tim
ate
inve
stig
ator
ypr
oced
ures
orto
ac
com
mod
ate
the
sche
duli
ngne
eds
ofvi
ctim
s.(S
eeal
so
Judi
ciar
yR
ecom
men
dati
on4
and
The
Bar
Rec
om
men
dati
on1)
.W
hene
ver
poss
ible
itsh
ould
bedet
er
min
edin
adva
nce
ifa
cont
inua
nce
isto
begr
ante
d
and
the
vict
imsh
ould
bein
form
ed.
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
5:
Pro
secu
tors
’of
fice
ssh
ould
use
anon
-cal
lsy
stem
for
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
es.
Iw
orke
dse
cond
shif
tan
dth
ism
eant
Iha
dto
goto
cour
tal
lda
yfr
omm
orni
ngto
afte
rnoo
n,th
engo
from
cour
tto
wor
kal
lev
enin
g.I
coul
dno
taf
ford
tolo
seth
eti
me
from
wor
k.It
was
like
wor
king
two
jobs
,an
dw
asve
rydf
JIcu
ltfo
rm
ean
dm
yfa
mil
y—
avi
ctim
Pro
secu
tors
and
cour
tssh
ould
coop
erat
ein
imple
men
ting
anef
fect
ive
on-c
all
and
noti
fica
tion
syst
em
(see
also
Judi
ciar
yR
ecom
men
dati
on2)
.It
isse
ldom
excu
sabl
eor
nece
ssar
yfo
rw
itne
sses
toap
pear
,re
ady
toco
oper
ate,
only
tobe
told
tole
ave
and
retu
rnan
othe
rda
y.B
yal
low
ing
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
esto
fulf
ill
thei
rre
gula
rob
liga
tion
sw
hile
onca
ll,
the
syst
emca
n
min
imiz
ein
conv
enie
nce,
wag
elo
ss,
and
othe
rhar
d
ship
s.In
addi
tion
,su
cha
syst
emca
nsa
vere
venu
es
and
incr
ease
the
effi
cien
cyof
gove
rnm
ent
serv
ices
byre
duci
ngw
itne
ssfe
esan
dpo
lice
offi
cer
over
tim
epa
y,
whi
lein
crea
sing
the
tim
eof
fice
rssp
end
atot
her
duti
es.
side
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
emw
how
ork
dire
ctly
wit
hcr
ime
vict
ims
todi
scus
svi
ctim
s’ne
eds
and
thei
rpe
rcep
tion
sof
how
the
pros
ecut
oris
oris
not
mee
ting
thes
ene
eds
wit
hhi
sst
aff.
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
8:P
rose
cuto
rsm
ust
reco
gniz
eth
epr
ofou
ndim
pact
that
crim
esof
sexu
alvi
olen
ceha
veon
both
chil
dan
dad
ult
vict
ims
and
thei
rfa
mil
ies.
Inre
cent
year
sso
me
pros
ecut
ors
have
impr
oved
grea
tly
inth
em
anne
rin
whi
chth
eytr
eat
sexu
alas
saul
tvi
ctim
s(s
eeal
soJu
dici
ary
Rec
omm
enda
tion
10).
Unf
ortu
nate
ly,
how
ever
,su
bsta
ntia
lpr
ogre
ssre
mai
nsto
bem
ade.
Myt
hs,
supe
rsti
tion
s,an
dpr
ejud
ices
are
69
tive
lyby
phot
ogra
ph.
Ifth
ech
ain
of
cust
ody
isno
tan
issu
e,su
chit
ems
can
beke
ptan
dus
edby
vict
ims
whi
leth
eca
sepr
ocee
ds,
rath
erth
anbe
ing
kept
ina
poli
ceor
cour
tcl
erk’
spr
oper
tyro
om.
Ear
lyre
turn
isal
soco
stef
fect
ive,
reli
evin
ggo
vern
men
tof
the
ex
pens
eof
stor
age.
Pro
secu
tors
mus
tof
cour
sew
eigh
evid
enti
ary
co
nsi
dera
tion
san
dal
low
the
defe
nse
anop
port
unit
yto
view
and
exam
ine
vict
ims’
prop
erty
.In
taki
ngth
ese
step
s,th
epr
osec
utor
shou
ldre
cogn
ize
his
resp
onsi
bil
ity
tore
leas
epr
oper
tyas
expe
diti
ousl
yas
poss
ible
,to
take
the
init
iati
vein
doin
gso
,an
dto
esta
blis
hth
epr
oced
ures
nece
ssar
yto
brin
gab
out
the
expe
diti
ous
rest
orat
ion
ofpr
oper
tyto
itsla
wfu
low
ner.
Pro
secu
tors
Rec
omm
enda
tion
7:P
rose
cuto
rs’
offi
ces
shou
ldes
tabl
ish
and
mai
ntai
ndi
rect
liai
son
with
vict
im/w
itne
ssun
its
and
othe
rvi
ctim
serv
ice
agen
cies
.
Vic
tim
sca
nnot
rely
onse
rvic
esth
eykn
owno
thin
gab
out.
Pro
secu
tors
mus
tm
ake
them
selv
esaw
are
ofth
evi
ctim
/wit
ness
serv
ices
that
are
avai
labl
ean
den
sure
that
vict
ims
are
info
rmed
ofth
em.
The
pro
sec
utor
shou
ldex
tend
this
info
rmat
ion
beca
use
heis
apu
blic
serv
ant;
inad
diti
on,
the
pros
ecut
ion
wil
lpr
ofit
from
the
bett
erco
oper
atio
nof
avi
ctim
who
feel
she
has
been
prot
ecte
dan
das
sist
ed.
The
pros
ecut
orsh
ould
cons
ider
offe
ring
trai
ning
toar
eavi
ctim
serv
ice
prov
ider
son
the
wor
king
sof
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
He
shou
ldal
soco
nsid
erin
viti
ngpe
ople
out
Ike
pttr
ying
toge
tm
ypr
oper
tyba
ck,
the
prop
erty
that
they
had
for
cour
tev
iden
ce.
But
noon
eco
uld
tell
me
whe
reit
was
.I
was
sent
tow
areh
ouse
s,go
vern
men
tof
fices
,an
dm
ade
phon
eca
llaf
ter
phon
eca
llbe
fore
Ifi
nall
ygo
tba
ckso
me
ofth
eth
ings
the
auth
oriti
esha
dal
lal
ong.
—a
vict
im
not
asa
witn
esc.
The
yre
fuse
do
sit
dow
nan
dsp
eak
‘om
yda
ughe
rab
out
‘he
fact
so
fth
eca
se.
The
dete
ctiv
esw
hont
ervi
ew
edhe
rth
ough
tth
atsh
ew
uld
qual
ify
asa
witn
ess
attr
ial
and
loan
exce
llen
tjob
.—2
vict
nn
lest
ers
have
abe
tter
chan
ceth
anm
ost
crim
inal
sof
es
capi
ngde
tect
ion
and
succ
essf
ulpr
osec
utio
n.C
hild
ren
ofte
nfa
ilto
repo
rtth
ese
occu
rren
ces
toth
eir
pare
nts
beca
use
ofth
eat
tack
er’s
thre
ats,
beca
use
they
are
emba
rras
sed,
orbe
caus
eth
eyfe
arth
eir
pare
nts
wil
lbe
angr
y.If
thei
rpa
rent
sar
eto
ld,
they
may
elec
tno
tto
info
rmau
thor
itie
sbe
caus
eth
eyar
eem
barr
asse
d,con
fuse
d,w
ish
tode
nyth
epr
oble
m,
orth
ink
they
shou
ldpr
otec
tth
eir
chil
dren
from
the
effe
cts
ofin
volv
emen
tin
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em.
Whe
npr
osec
utor
sdo
get
such
case
s,th
eym
aybe
hesi
tant
toch
arge
oran
xiou
sto
plea
barg
ain
beca
use
thes
eca
ses
are
ofte
ndi
ffic
ult
totr
y.T
hepr
osec
utor
wil
lof
ten
seiz
eon
pare
ntal
reti
cenc
eas
anex
cuse
not
topr
ocee
dw
ith
the
case
inst
ead
ofw
orki
ngw
ith
the
70 Ife
elth
atw
ea/
lto
lera
tese
xual
abus
eof
chil
dren
aslo
ngas
we
acce
pta
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
emth
atvi
ctim
izes
chil
dren
inst
ead
of
mak
ing
chan
ges
tohe
lpth
ech
ild
who
mus
ten
dure
this
orde
aL—
Lor
naB
ernh
ard
The
prob
lem
sbe
gan
whe
nth
epr
osec
utor
sta
idth
atan
ych
ild
ind
erth
eag
eof
seve
no
uld
qual
ify
bein
ger
adic
ated
muc
hto
osl
owly
.S
exua
las
saul
tv
icti
ms
mus
tbe
trea
ted
wit
hth
esa
me
resp
ect
and
com
pass
ion
due
anyo
nevi
ctim
ized
bycr
ime.
Fur
ther
,th
eem
otio
nal
dim
ensi
onof
thei
rvi
ctim
izat
ion
requ
ires
that
they
betr
eate
dw
ith
part
icul
arca
re.
Pra
ctic
esth
atre
flec
tdi
stru
stof
thes
evi
ctim
s,su
chas
po
lygr
aph
test
ing
ofra
pevi
ctim
sor
the
impl
emen
tati
onof
sepa
rate
char
ging
proc
edur
esin
the
eval
uati
onof
thei
rca
ses,
mus
tst
op.
Inte
rms
ofca
sedi
spos
itio
n,pl
eaba
rgai
ning
,an
dse
nten
cere
com
men
dati
ons,
the
pros
ecut
or’s
atti
tude
mus
tre
flec
ta
conc
ern
for
the
viol
ent
natu
reof
any
sexu
alas
saul
tan
dth
eda
nger
pose
dby
anyo
new
how
ould
enga
gein
such
cond
uct.
Man
ypr
osec
utor
sfa
ilto
trea
tch
ild
mol
esta
tion
case
sw
ith
the
seri
ousn
ess
they
dese
rve.
The
prof
ound
trau
ma
infl
icte
don
youn
gvi
ctim
san
dth
eaf
ter
effe
cts
that
may
mar
them
for
life
are
sim
ply
imm
easu
rabl
e.T
hose
who
impo
seth
isac
tivi
tyon
chil
dren
are
dan
gero
usan
dw
ill
cont
inue
tobe
so.
Wit
ness
esw
hoar
eex
peri
ence
din
this
fiel
dha
vein
form
edth
eT
ask
For
ceth
atth
ose
who
enga
gein
sex
wit
hch
ildr
endo
soby
choi
ce,
not
asth
eun
cont
roll
able
by-p
rodu
ctof
som
edi
seas
e.B
ecau
seth
eir
cond
uct
ispu
rpos
eful
and
ther
eis
litt
lem
otiv
atio
nfo
rch
ange
,tr
eatm
ent
isusu
ally
unsu
cces
sful
.T
hem
ost
rece
ntda
tasu
gges
tth
atth
isco
nduc
tw
ill
cont
inue
thro
ugho
utth
em
oles
ter’
slif
ean
dw
ill
esca
late
ashe
ages
.27
The
sein
divi
dual
sre
pres
ent
aco
ntin
uing
thre
atto
chil
dren
.P
rose
cuto
rssh
ould
beta
king
the
lead
inm
akin
gth
emac
coun
tabl
efo
rth
eir
cond
uct.
Yet
mo
pare
nts
tode
term
ine
wha
tco
urse
isbe
stfo
rth
ech
ild
and
for
the
prot
ecti
onof
futu
revi
ctim
s.P
rose
cuto
rsm
ust
take
the
tim
eto
expl
ain
the
cour
tpr
oces
sto
chil
dren
and
topr
epar
eth
emfo
rit.
Inth
ese
case
s,co
ntin
uanc
essh
ould
beke
ptto
the
abso
lute
min
imum
beca
use
the
dela
yis
part
icul
arly
dif
ficu
ltfo
rch
ildr
enan
dbe
caus
ede
lay
wea
kens
the
pro
sec
utio
n’s
case
asyo
ung
mem
orie
sfa
de.
Itis
esse
ntia
lth
atpr
osec
utor
sur
gein
plea
bar
gai
nin
gor
inpo
st-c
onvi
ctio
nse
nten
cehe
arin
gsth
atth
ese
offe
nder
sbe
sequ
este
red
from
the
publ
ic.
Tre
atm
ent
can
alw
ays
betr
ied,
but
itsh
ould
,ra
rely
ifev
er,
beth
eso
lere
med
y.
71
A19
-yea
r-ol
dm
oles
ted
my
daug
hter
ina
day-
care
cent
er.
He
had
apr
ior
conv
ictio
nfo
rsi
mil
arbe
havi
or.
The
pros
ecut
oras
ked
for
8ye
ars
inpr
ison
.Th
eju
dge
gave
him
90da
ys,
sayi
nghe
mig
htbe
hara
ssed
incu
stod
y.—
avi
ctim
5.Ju
dges
shou
ldbe
arth
eir
shar
eof
resp
onsi
bili
tyfo
rre
duci
ngco
urt
cong
esti
onby
ensu
ring
that
all
part
icip
ants
fully
and
resp
onsi
bly
util
ize
cour
tti
me.
6.Ju
dges
shou
ldal
low
for,
and
give
appr
opri
ate
wei
ght
to,
inpu
tat
sent
enci
ngfr
omvi
ctim
sof
viol
ent
crim
e.7.
Judg
essh
ould
orde
rre
stit
utio
nto
the
vict
imin
all
case
sin
whi
chth
evi
ctim
has
suff
ered
finan
cial
loss
,un
less
they
stat
eco
mpe
llin
gre
ason
sfo
ra
cont
rary
ruli
ngon
the
reco
rd.
8.Ju
dges
shou
ldal
low
the
vict
iman
da
mem
ber
ofth
evi
ctim
’sfa
mil
yto
atte
ndth
etr
ial,
even
ifid
enti
fied
asw
itne
sses
,ab
sent
aco
mpe
llin
gne
edto
the
cont
rary
.
72
Rec
omm
enda
tion
sfo
rth
eJu
dici
ary
The
ulti
mat
ere
spon
sibi
lity
for
how
the
syst
emoper
ates
rest
sw
ith
judg
es,
who
mus
tre
conf
irm
thei
rded
ica
tion
tobe
fair
tobo
thsi
des
ofa
crim
inal
pro
secu
tion
.If
they
fail
todo
this
,th
eydo
not
serv
eth
epu
blic
from
who
mth
eir
auth
orit
yis
deri
ved.
Inpas
sin
gju
dgm
ent,
from
init
ial
bail
hear
ing
toth
eim
po
siti
onof
ase
nten
ceth
atpr
oper
lyre
flec
tsth
ese
rious
ness
of
the
offe
nse,
toap
pell
ate
revi
ewof
conv
icti
ons
and
sent
ence
s,ea
chju
rist
mus
tac
tw
ith
the
goal
ofeq
ual
just
ice
clea
rly
inm
ind.
The
sere
com
men
dati
ons
are
mea
ntto
help
keep
that
goal
clea
r.
1.It
shou
ldbe
man
dato
ryth
atju
dges
atbo
thth
etr
ial
and
appe
llat
ele
vel
part
icip
ate
ina
trai
ning
prog
ram
addr
essi
ngth
ene
eds
and
lega
lin
tere
sts
ofcr
ime
vict
ims.
2.Ju
dges
shou
ldal
low
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
esto
beon
call
for
cour
tpr
ocee
ding
s.3.
Judg
esor
thei
rco
urt
adm
inis
trat
ors
shou
ldes
tabl
ish
sepa
rate
wai
ting
room
sfo
rpr
osec
utio
nan
dde
fens
ew
itne
sses
.4.
Whe
nru
ling
onre
ques
tsfo
rco
ntin
uanc
es,
judg
essh
ould
give
the
sam
ew
eigh
tto
the
inte
res
tsof
vict
ims
and
wit
ness
esas
that
give
nto
the
inte
rest
sof
defe
ndan
ts.
Fur
ther
,ju
dges
shou
ldex
plai
nth
eba
sis
for
such
ruli
ngs
onth
ere
cord
.
even
and
co-w
orke
rs,
but
heex
pect
sth
atfi
nall
yth
eju
dge
wil
lac
cord
him
just
trea
tmen
t.O
ften
judg
esar
eno
tpr
epar
edto
mee
tth
isex
pec
tati
on.
Tho
sew
hoco
me
toth
ebe
nch
from
aci
vil
pra
cti
ce,
orev
enth
ose
who
have
been
advo
cate
sfo
ron
esi
deor
the
othe
rin
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em,
may
lack
the
expe
rien
cean
din
sigh
tre
quir
edto
unde
rsta
ndth
evi
ctim
’svi
ew.
On
abr
oade
rle
vel,
aju
dge
isno
long
eran
advo
cate
,ye
thi
spr
evio
usex
peri
ence
may
resu
ltin
ana
tura
lin
clin
atio
nto
appr
oach
the
issu
esfr
oma
part
icul
arpe
rspe
ctiv
e.Ju
stic
ere
quir
esan
info
rmed
impa
rtia
lity
.F
air
eval
uati
onof
cour
troo
mar
gum
ents
requ
ires
that
the
judg
eha
veso
me
insi
ght
into
the
hum
anex
peri
ence
thos
ear
gum
ents
addr
ess.
asth
eyar
ew
ithin
conv
enie
nces
toat
torn
eys.
Too
ofte
nth
esy
stem
appe
ars
toop
erat
efo
rth
ebe
nefi
tof
the
cour
tan
dat
torn
eys.
—Ju
dge
Mar
ilyn
Hal
lP
ate!
73
9.Ju
dges
shou
ldgi
vesu
bsta
ntia
lw
eigh
tto
the
vic
tim
’sin
tere
stin
spee
dyre
turn
ofpr
oper
tybe
fore
tria
lin
ruli
ngon
the
adm
issi
bili
tyof
photo
grap
hsof
that
prop
erty
.
10.
Judg
essh
ould
reco
gniz
eth
epr
ofou
ndim
pact
that
sexu
alm
oles
tati
onof
chil
dren
has
onvic
tim
san
dth
eir
fam
ilie
san
dtr
eat
itas
acr
ime
that
shou
ldre
sult
inpu
nish
men
t,w
ith
trea
tmen
tav
aila
ble
whe
nap
prop
riat
e.
Com
men
tary
Judic
iary
Rec
omm
enda
tion
1:
Itsh
ould
bem
anda
tory
that
judg
esat
both
the
tria
lan
dap
pell
ate
leve
lpa
rtic
ipat
ein
atr
aini
ngpr
ogra
mad
dres
sing
the
need
san
dle
gal
inte
rest
sof
crim
evi
ctim
s.
The
court
roo
mis
the
foca
lpo
int
ofth
een
tire
crim
ina
lju
stic
esy
stem
.T
hew
ork
ofpo
lice
,pr
osec
utor
s,an
dde
fens
eat
torn
eys
isal
lin
prep
arat
ion
for
the
pres
enta
tion
ofth
eca
sein
cour
t.M
ost
tria
lsar
econ
duct
edw
ith
cons
ider
atio
ngi
ven
toan
yap
peal
that
may
ensu
e.T
heju
dge
who
pres
ides
over
aco
urt
be
com
esno
ton
lyth
efi
nal
arbi
ter
ofea
chev
iden
tiar
yan
dpr
oced
ural
issu
e,bu
the
also
esta
blis
hes
the
tone
,th
epa
ce,
and
the
very
natu
reof
the
proc
eedi
ngs.
Par
ticu
larl
yfo
rth
evi
ctim
,th
eju
dge
isth
ep
erso
nif
ica
tion
ofju
stic
e.T
hevi
ctim
may
have
been
badl
ytr
eat
edby
poli
ce,
doct
ors,
law
yers
,ne
ighb
ors
Judg
esm
ust
take
ast
rong
erha
ndin
con
trol
ling
thei
rca
lend
ars.
They
mus
tbe
asco
ncer
ned
with
inco
nven
ienc
esto
vict
ims
and
witn
esse
s
74TheJudicial
College
shoulddevelop
acourse
ofinstruction,
tobe
incorporatedinto
thecourse
designedfor
newand
experiencedjudges,
which
focuseson
victims
ofcrim
e.—
JudgeR
eggieW
alton
To
thisend,
judgesfrom
them
agistrateto
appellateand
Suprem
eC
ourtlevels
shouldbe
requiredto
un
dergoa
programof
trainingbefore
theyassum
ethe
bench.T
oavoid
atendency
tobecom
einsular
intheir
thinking,judges
shouldreceive
periodictraining
duringtheir
tenure.Justice
requiresextraordinary
vigilancelest
itbecom
etoo
removed
fromthose
who
dependon
theequity
ofits
processes.A
practicalcourse
ofin
struc
tionduring
which
judgesride
alongw
ithpolice,
seevictim
sat
thescene,
viewlocal
line-upprocedures,
inspect
interviewfacilities
andjail
andprison
con
di
tions,and
takecourses
thataddress
theparticular
needsand
legalinterests
ofvictim
sw
illenable
judgesto
attainm
oreclosely
thelevel
ofjustice
tow
hich
We
foundthat
ouron-callprogram
savedenough
inw
agesalone
inone
yearto
haveeasily
paidfor
fivevictim
/witness
unitsin
thiscity.
Thetim
espent
bya
policeofficer
sittingin
thecorridors
ofthe
Hall
ofJustice,before
we
hadour
victim/
witness
on-callprogram
,w
asw
orthsom
ethinglike
$300,000in
overtime
payalone;
todaythat
figurein
overtime
payis
$25,000. —Susan
McD
aniels
theyaspire.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation2:
Judgesshould
allowvictim
sand
witnesses
tobe
oncall
forcourt
proceedings.
To
avoidan
occasionalbrief
delayin
courtp
roceed
ings,m
anyjudges
requireall
victims
andw
itnessesto
bepresent
beforethey
will
beginlitigation.
This
requirem
entis
bothunnecessary
andburdensom
e.A
llw
itnessesneed
notattend
theentire
proceeding;they
needappear
onlyw
hentheir
testimony
iscalled
for.It
iscertainly
unfairand
inefficientto
havethem
allassem
ble,only
tobe
toldthat
thecase
will
beco
ntin
ued,or
tosit
andw
aitfor
hoursor
daysw
hilea
jury
isselected
andpre-trial
legalissues
areresolved.
Inthis
eraof
instantcom
munication
andrapid
transit,it
ism
oreequitable,
more
efficient,and
lessburdensom
eto
allowvictim
sand
witnesses
torem
ainat
theirjobs
orin
theirhom
esuntil
theactual
needfor
theirpar
ticipationis
reasonablyim
minent.
Judgesand
pro
secutors
shouldcooperate
indeterm
iningthe
needfor
vic
tims’
andw
itnesses’presence
incourt
(seeP
rosecutorsR
ecomm
endation5).
An
additionalbenefit
derivedis
thesavings
inpaym
entof
witness
feesand
thecost
ofpolice
overtime.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation3:
Judgesor
theircourt
administrators
shouldestablish
separatew
aitingroom
sfor
prosecutionand
defensew
itnesses.
75
There
isa
naturalantipathy
between
thevictim
andthe
defendant,his
family,
andfriends.
The
victimm
aybe
fearful;he
was
brutalizedduring
thecrim
e,often
was
threatenedafterw
ard,and
nowm
uststand
aloneand
identifythe
personw
hocom
mitted
theoffense.
This
requirement
isdifficult
enoughin
therelative
protectionof
thecourtroom
.V
ictims
andw
itnessesshould
notbe
requiredto
sitand
wait
with
thed
efendant
andhis
supporters.A
tthe
veryleast,
thisis
anaw
kward
anddisturbing
human
encounter;at
thew
orst,it
becomes
thebreeding
groundfor
threats,in
timidation
andviolence.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation4:
When
rulingon
requestsfor
continuances,judges
We
hadto
Sit
outsidethe
courtroom,
where
therew
asonly
onechair,
Sometim
esifl
thepresence
of
them
anw
how
ascharged
with
doingthis
and
hisfam
ily.T
herew
asno
separateplace
for
victims
and
witnesses.—
avictim
shouldgive
thesam
ew
eightto
theinterests
ofvictim
sand
witnesses
asthat
givento
theinterests
ofdefendants.
Further,
judgesshould
explainthe
basisfor
suchrulings
onthe
record.
Parties
seekcontinuances
fora
varietyof
reasons.S
ome
arejustified,
many
arenot.
Itis
theresponsibili
tyof
thejudge
toensure
thatcrim
inalcases
arere
solvedas
expeditiouslyas
possiblebecause
victims
areprofoundly
affectedby
casedelays.
The
defendanthas
aright
toa
speedytrial,
notonly
becausehe
may
beincarcerated
while
itis
pending,but
alsobecause
ofthe
hardshipinherent
inhaving
criminal
chargesu
nre
solved.V
ictims
likewise
areburdened
byirresolution
andthe
realizationthat
theyw
illbe
calledupon
tore
lievetheir
victimization
when
thecase
isfinally
tried.T
hehealing
processcannot
trulybegin
untilthe
casecan
beput
behindthem
.T
hisis
especiallyso
forch
ildren
andvictim
sof
sexualassault
orany
othercase
involvingviolence.
Inrecognition
ofthese
factors,continuances
shouldbe
grantedsparingly
andonly
forgood
cause.L
aw
yersm
ustbe
requiredto
conducttheir
practiceseffi
ciently,and
courtsm
ustem
ploysound
calendarm
anagem
entprocedures.
Judgesm
ustbe
aware
thatla
wyers
onboth
sidestry
tom
anipulatethe
continuancesystem
fortheir
own
ends,ends
thatserve
neitherthe
victimnor
theinterests
ofjustice
(seealso
Prosecutors
Recom
mendation
4and
theB
arR
ecomm
endation1).
Only
thecourt
canensure
thatsuch
improper
man
ipu
lationis
avoided.B
ecausethis
Task
Force
recognizes
Peoplehave
torealize
thatem
otionalscabs
areconstantly
beingscraped
off
asyou
appeartim
eafter
time
inco
urt—
avictim
Judgesshould
takeresponsibility
for
explainingto
thevictim
sthe
reasonsfo
rthe
continuance.I
suggestthat
where
ajudge
isrequired
toexplain
thosereasons
toa
waiting
victimthe
reasonsw
illoften
appearless
persuasive.—Judge
Marilyn
Hall
Pate!
76
theim
portanceof
thisissue
andthe
manner
inw
hichit
soseverely
affectsvictim
s,and
becausew
ereco
gnize
theinherent
human
tendencyto
postponem
atters,
oftenfor
insufficientreason,
we
urgethat
thereasons
forany
grantedcontinuance
andthe
iden
tification
ofthe
partyrequesting
itbe
clearlystated
onthe
record.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation5:
Judgesshould
beartheir
shareof
responsibilityfor
reducingcourt
congestionby
ensuringthat
allparticipants
fullyand
responsiblyutilize
courttim
e.
Crim
inalcases
may
takea
longtim
eto
try.S
ome
ofThen
we
were
toldthis
delaycannot
beavoided;
thefair
determination
ofthat
thetrial
must
must
anbe
truthcannot
berushed.
How
ever,judges
setrescheduled
forappropriate
paceand
requirethat
participantskeep
toA
ugustbecause
theit.
Proceedings
must
starton
time,
andco
urt
hoursjudge
couldnot
hearm
ustbe
effectivelyused.
Both
witnesses
andad
vo
a5-day
trialand
stillcates
havehad
experiencew
ithcourts
thatdo
notkeep
anim
portantconvene
untilm
idmorning
orthat
recessin
mid
afterspeaking
noon.O
ccasionallysuch
measures
arenecessary
toengagem
ent.—a
victimcoordinate
schedulesor
toallow
theinform
edarg
um
entof
legalissues.
But
suchpractices
cannotbe
al
lowed
tobecom
ethe
normto
accomm
odatejudges’
personalschedules.
Judgesm
ustbegin
theirdays
ontim
eand
expectthose
who
appearbefore
themto
arriveprom
ptlyand
tobe
prepared.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation6:
Judgesshould
allowfor,
andgive
appropriatew
eightto,
inputat
sentencingfrom
victims
ofviolent
crime.
The
imposition
ofa
criminal
penaltym
aybe
them
ostdifficult
kindof
decisiona
judgeis
calledon
tom
ake.B
alancingcom
petingIn
additionto
affectingthe
defendant,the
sentenceis
interestsand
equitiesa
barometer
ofthe
seriousnessw
ithw
hichthe
crimi
indeciding
asentence
nalconduct
isview
ed.It
isalso
astatem
entof
socialcan
requirea
disapprobation,a
warning
tothose
tempted
toem
uSolom
on-likelate
theoffender’s
actions,and
astep
thatm
ustbe
wisdom
—and
even.
..
takenfor
theprotection
ofsociety.
Finally,
itis
aSolom
onheard
from.
.
statement
ofsocietal
concernto
thevictim
forw
hatboth
sides.—a
victimhe
hasendured.
Victim
s,no
lessthan
defendants,are
entitledto
theirday
incourt.
Victim
s,no
lessthan
defendants,are
entitledto
havetheir
views
considered.A
judge
77
cannotevaluate
theseriousness
ofa
defendant’scon
ductw
ithoutknow
inghow
thecrim
ehas
burdenedthe
victim.
Ajudge
cannotreach
aninform
eddeter
mination
ofthe
dangerposed
bya
defendantw
ithouthearing
fromthe
personhe
hasvictim
ized(see
Execu
tiveand
Legislative
Recom
mendation
10,w
hichw
ouldrequire
thefiling
ofvictim
impact
statements).
Victim
sof
violentcrim
eshould
beallow
edto
pro
videinform
ationat
two
levels.O
ne,the
victimshould
beperm
ittedto
informthe
personpreparing
thepre
sentencereport
ofthe
circumstances
andco
nse
quencesof
thecrim
e.A
nyrecom
mendation
onsen
tencingthat
doesnot
considersuch
information
issim
plyone-sided
andinadequate.
Tw
o,every
victimm
ustbe
allowed
tospeak
atthe
time
ofsentencing.
Ipersonally
feelthat
itis
am
iscarriageof
justiceto
sentencea
defendantw
hohas
beencon
victedof
comm
ittinga
crime
againstanotherperson
withoutfirst
hearingT
hevictim
,no
lessthan
thedefendant,
comes
tocourt
seekingjustice.
When
thecourt
hears,as
itm
ay,from
thedefendant,
hislaw
yer,his
family
andfriends,
hism
inister,and
others,sim
plefairness
dictatesthat
theperson
who
hasborne
thebrunt
ofthe
defendant’scrim
ebe
allowed
tospeak.
The
ideathat
thevictim
shouldspeak
atsentencing
hasbeen
met
with
resistance.T
hat
oppositionand
theforce
with
which
ithas
beenprojected
byjudges
andlaw
yersis
onem
easureof
theirlack
ofconcern
forvictim
s.It
isalso
anindication
ofhow
much
isw
rongw
iththe
sentencingsystem
.T
heT
askF
orcehas
foundthat
inseeking
todefend
what
is,in
thefinal
analysis,the
indefensibleview
thatvictim
shave
noright
toparticipate
inthe
sentencing
oftheir
victimizers,
lawyers
andjudges
oftenrely
ontw
oprim
aryargum
ents.F
irst,they
assertthat
victimparticipation
will
taketoo
much
time—
butfrom
thecharging
processthrough
thetrial
andthe
entirepost-sentence
process,trem
endousam
ountsof
time
andeffort
areexpended
tosafeguard
therights
ofthe
defendant.T
hepre-sentence
reportprocess
isalm
ostexclusively
aimed
atevaluating
eachnuance
ofthe
defendant’sbackground
andcurrent
position.D
efendantsspeak
andare
spokenfor
oftenat
greatlength,
beforesentence
isim
posed.It
isoutrageous
thatthe
systemshould
contendit
istoo
busyto
hearfrom
thevictim
.O
thersm
ayspeculate
aboutthe
defendant’spoten
tialfor
violence;it
isthe
victimw
holooked
down
thebarrel
ofthe
gun,or
felthis
blows,
orknew
howseri
fromthe
victimand
takinginto
accountthe
effectsthe
crime
hashad
onthe
victimv
life.—Judge
Reggie
Walton
78
ousw
erethe
threatsof
deaththat
thedefendant
con
veyed.F
riendsor
relativesm
ayspeak
ofthe
defen
dant’s
newfound
remorse;
itis
thevictim
who
cantell
ofthe
defendant’sresponse
tohis
pleasto
bespared,
tobe
hurtno
further.It
isthe
victimw
hoknow
show
thedefendant
saidhe
would
avoidcapture
ordupe
thejudge
ifhe
were
caught.T
hedefendant
comes
tocourt
toconvince
thejudge
heis
lovedand
supportedby
family
andfriends.
What
ofthe
family
andfriends
ofthe
murder
victim,
who
was
noless
lovedand
sup
ported,no
lessneeded,
andw
hois
noless
deadat
thedefendant’s
hand?T
hevictim
was
therew
henthe
crime
was
com
mit
ted;at
thevery
least,he
andhis
family
havehad
torebuild
theirlives
inits
aftermath.
Afew
minutes
to
Inputting
the,nan
who
robbed,ne
onprobation,
thejudge
saidhe
hadsuffered
enoughby
beingtried
andlosing
hisjob.
Iw
asput
throughthe
system,
too.I
lostm
yjob.
The
bigdifference
between
usis
hechose
torob
me;
Ididn’t
chooseto
bea
victim. —
avictim
helpthe
courtunderstand
thepersonal
effectof
thedefendant’s
lawlessness
seems
littleto
ask.T
heim
pactof
thecrim
eon
thevictim
’sphysical,
financial,and
psychologicalw
ell-beingm
ustbe
explained.
The
secondargum
entis
thatparticipation
byvic
tims
atsentencing
will
placeim
properpressure
onjudges.
The
dutyof
ajudge
isto
dispensejustice,
andthe
passingof
judgment
isa
difficulttask.
The
diffi
cultyof
thetask
shouldnot
berelieved,
however,
bydischarging
itunfairly.
Hearing
fromthe
defendantand
hisfam
ilyand
lookinginto
thefaces
ofhis
chil
drenw
hilepassing
sentenceis
noteasy,
butno
onecould
responsiblysuggest
thatthe
defendantbe
deniedhis
rightto
heheard
orsuffer
asentence
imposed
insecret
inorder
tospare
thejudge.
The
victim,
noless
thanthe
defendant,has
areal
andper
sonalinterest
inseeing
theim
positionof
ajust
pen
alty.
The
goalof
victimparticipation
isnot
topressure
justice,but
toaid
inits
attainment.
The
judgecannot
takea
balancedview
ifhis
information
isacquired
fromonly
oneside.
The
prosecutorcan
beginto
presentthe
otherside,
buthe
was
notpersonally
af
fectedby
thecrim
eor
itsafterm
ath,and
may
notbe
fullyaw
areof
theprice
thevictim
haspaid.
Itis
asunfair
torequire
thatthe
victimdepend
solelyon
theintercession
ofthe
prosecutoras
itw
ouldbe
tore
quirethat
thedefendant
relysolely
onhis
counsel.
Judiciary
Recom
mendation
7:
Judgesshould
orderrestitu
tion
tothe
victimin
allcases
inw
hichthe
victimhas
sufferedfinancial
loss,
79unless
theystate
compelling
reasonsfor
acontrary
rulingon
therecord.
Crim
eexacts
atrem
endouseconom
iccost.
Inthe
vastm
ajorityof
casesit
isthe
victim,
notthe
offender,w
hoeventually
shouldersthis
burden.T
hisis
unjust.T
heconcept
ofpersonal
accountabilityfor
theco
nse
quencesof
one’sconduct,
andthe
alliednotion
thatthe
personw
hocauses
thedam
ageshould
bearthe
cost,are
atthe
heartof
civillaw
.It
shouldbe
noless
truein
criminal
law.
Itis
simply
unfairthat
victims
shouldhave
toliq
ui
datetheir
assets,m
ortgagetheir
homes,
orsacrifice
theirhealth
oreducation
orthat
of
theirchildren
while
theoffender
escapesresponsibility
forthe
finan
Ithink
ifthe
criminals
who
dothese
thingsare
caughtthey
shouldhave
topay
for
thedam
agethey
do,even
ifit
takesthem
years.M
yfam
ilyan
dI
will
betrying
torecover
fromthis
for
therest
of
ourlives.—
avictim
cialhardship
hehas
imposed.
Itis
unjustthat
avictim
shouldhave
tosell
hiscar
topay
billsw
hilethe
of
fenderdrives
tohis
probationappointm
ents.T
hevictim
may
beplaced
ina
financialcrisis
thatw
illlast
alifetim
e.If
oneof
thetw
om
ustgo
intodebt,
theoffender
shoulddo
so.In
addition,the
courtshould
acceptresponsibility
forenforcing
itsrestitution
orders.C
ourtsshould
require
meaningful
progressreports
onw
hetherthe
de
fendantis
meeting
hisobligations.
Ifthe
offenderm
issespaym
ents,this
factshould
bebrought
tothe
at
tentionof
thecourt
ina
timely
fashion.A
courtshould
rarelyfind
itselfconfronting
asituation
inw
hichthe
probationof
anoffender
who
isdelinquent
inhis
restitutionpaym
entsis
aboutto
expire.P
roba
tionor
paroleshould
seldombe
terminated
untilthe
restitutionobligation
hasbeen
met.
Arestitution
ordershould
beim
posedin
everycase
inw
hicha
financialloss
issuffered,
whether
ornot
thedefendant
isincarcerated.
Neither
victims
norcourts
shouldbe
forcedto
choosebetw
eenrestraining
aviolent
anddangerous
offenderor
making
thevictim
economically
whole.
Ifpaym
entcannot
beginbefore
theoffender’s
release,such
delayis
stillp
referable
tono
payment
atall.
Many
offendersreceive
financial
benefitsw
hilein
custody;som
estates
allowprisoners
tobe
paidw
agesfor
work
while
servinga
sentence,and
othersare
consideringadopting
sucha
polic
y.
28
Inthe
rareinstances
inw
hichrestitution
is
The
man
who
murdered
my
husbandis
inprison,
thankfully.W
eas
taxpayersare
payingfo
rhis
room,
board,an
dm
edicaland
psychiatrichelp.
My
husbandw
as.‘ny
onlym
eansof
support.i’m
nowdestitute,
veryill,
andhave
nofin
ancial
means.
Mean
while,
them
urdererhas
600acres
of
valuableproperty.
Why
shouldthe
man
who
ruinedm
ylife
beable
tokeep
and
returnin
afew
yearsto
that,w
hileI
havenothing?—
avictim
80Iw
asnot
allowed
tow
atchthe
trialbecause
thedefense
attorneysubpoenaed
me
asa
witness.
notordered,
judgesshould
stateclearly
andsp
ecifically,
onthe
record,the
reasonsw
hythey
didnot
soorder.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation8:
Judgesshould
allowthe
victimand
am
ember
ofthe
victim’s
family
toattend
thetrial,
evenif
identifiedas
witnesses,
absenta
compelling
needto
thecontrary.
Judgesare
responsiblefor
maintaining
theintegrity
ofthe
truth-findingprocess.
One
way
thishas
beendone
isby
excludingw
itnessesfrom
thecourtroom
sothat
theirtestim
onycould
notbe
influencedby
theirob
servations.H
owever,
thisprocedure
canbe
abusedby
advocatesand
canim
posean
improper
hardshipon
victims
andtheir
relatives.T
ime
andagain,
we
heardT
herew
asno
realreason
form
eto
besubpoenaed
otherthan
tokeep
me
outof
thetrial.
His
intentionsw
erealso
made
apparentby
thefact
thathe
gavem
ethe
subpoenaeven
thoughhe
hadnever
interviewed
me
and
would
nothave
known
what
Im
ighthave
saidif
hecalled
me
totestify.
As
was
expected,I
neverw
ascalled
totestify
bythe
defenseat
thetrial.—
avictim
fromvictim
sor
theirfam
iliesthat
theyw
ereu
nrea
sonablyexcluded
fromthe
trialat
which
responsibility
fortheir
victimization
was
assigned.T
hisis
espe
ciallydifficult
forthe
families
of
murder
victims
andfor
witnesses
who
aredenied
thesupportive
presenceof
parentsor
spousesduring
theirtestim
ony.T
hecrim
eis
oftenone
of
them
ostsignificant
eventsin
thelives
ofvictim
sand
theirfam
ilies.T
hey,no
lessthan
thedefendant,
havea
legitimate
interestin
thefair
adjudicationof
thecase,
andshould
there
fore,as
anexception
tothe
generalrule
providingfor
theexclusion
ofw
itnesses,be
permitted
tobe
presentfor
theentire
trial.T
estifyingcan
bea
harrowing
experience,esp
ecial
lyfor
children,those
subjectedto
violentor
terrifyingordeals,
orthose
whose
lovedones
havebeen
mu
rdered.
These
witnesses
oftenneed
thesupport
pro
videdby
thepresence
ofa
family
mem
beror
lovedone,
butthese
personsare
oftenexcluded
ifthe
de
fensehas
designatedthem
asw
itnesses.S
ometim
esthose
designationsare
legitimate;
onother
occasionsthey
areonly
made
toconfuse
ordisturb
theo
ppo
sition.
We
suggestthat
thefairest
balancebetw
eenthe
needto
supportboth
witnesses
anddefendants
andthe
needto
preventthe
undueinfluence
oftestim
onylies
inallow
inga
designatedindividual
tobe
presentregardless
ofhis
statusas
aw
itness.If
thisindividual
doesfinally
testify,his
presencethroughout
thetrial
isa
validsubject
forcom
ment
bythe
oppositionand
may
bea
subjectthat
thecourt
addressesduring
jury
instructions.
81Judiciary
Recom
mendation
9:Judges
shouldgive
substantialw
eightto
thevictim
’sinterest
inspeedy
returnof
propertybefore
trialin
rulingon
theadm
issibilityof
photographsof
thatproperty.
We
haverecom
mended
elsewhere
(seeP
oliceR
ecom
mendation
2and
Prosecutors
Recom
mendation
6)that,
whenever
possible,property
shouldbe
photo
graphedand
returnedto
victims
expeditiously.T
hiscan
happenonly
ifcourts
will
allowthe
substitutionof
photographs,properly
identifiedthrough
testimo
ny,for
thetelevision
sets,silver
services,and
otheritem
sthat
would
otherwise
bew
itheldfrom
victims
untilthe
caseis
triedand
theappellate
processco
mpleted.
There
will
be’instances
inw
hichthe
propertyitself
must
beadm
ittedbecause
ofits
character,co
ndi
tion,or
questionsabout
thechain
of
custody;how
ever,
inm
anycases
theadm
issionof
aphoto
grap
his
justas
satisfactoryas
theadm
issionof
theactual
object.In
fact,not
onlyis
thevictim
well
servedby
returnof
hisproperty,
butthe
systemis
alsospared
thecost
ofits
storage.
JudiciaryR
ecomm
endation10:
Judgesshould
recognizethe
profoundim
pactthat
sexualm
olestationof
childrenhas
onvictim
sand
theirfam
iliesand
treatit
asa
crime
thatshould
resultin
punishment,
with
treatment
availablew
henappropriate.
Perhaps
nocrim
eis
more
misunderstood
andless
ade
quatelytreated
bythe
criminal
justicesystem
thanthe
sexualm
olestationof
children(see
alsoP
rosecutorR
ecomm
endation8).
Everyone
who
confrontsthese
casesfinds
themdifficult.
There
isalm
osta
needto
findthat
theconduct
isthe
resultof
mistake,
misin
terpretation,
orpsychological
aberration.Y
etdenial
onlyexacerbates
aproblem
thathas
reachedalm
ostepi
demic
proportionsin
thiscountry.
29
Thousands
ofin
nocentchildren
everyyear
paythe
pricefor
thisdenial.
Children
who
arevictim
izedin
thisw
ay,even
ifthey
arenot
physicallyinjured,
may
beharm
edse
verely,perhaps
more
severelythan
anyother
victim.
The
effectson
themand
ontheir
families
arepro
found.Y
etthe
sentencesim
posedfor
thisconduct
are
You
can’tsay
pedophiliais
anillness
anym
orethan
youcan
saybank
robberyis
anillness.
Treatm
enthas
beenused
asan
escapefrom
responsibility.—R
olandSum
mit,
Ph.D
.
82Them
an
who
molested
my
littlegirl
shatteredour
lives.She
may
nevertruly
recover.H
eonly
served10
daysin
thecounty
jail, —a
generallyinappropriate
andare
significantlylow
er
thanterm
sim
posedfor
adultrape.
30
Itis
appallingto
readof
ajudge
who
saysa
5-yearold
was
sexually
promiscuous.
“It
isunconscionable
thatsom
eonew
ho
molested
achild
ina
day-carecenter
was
sentenced
toa
month
ortw
oin
thecounty
jail.
The
bestpsychiatric
findingsindicate
thatthese
de
fendantsare
responsiblefor
theirconduct,
andthat
treatment
inthis
areais
rarelysu
ccessful.
32
Those
who
engagein
sexw
ithchildren
doso
becausethey
chooseto,
andthey
will
continueto
make
thatchoice
aslong
asthey
arefree
todo
sow
ithim
punity.T
hose
who
preyon
childrenm
ustbe
sequesteredfrom
them.
They
may
beincarcerated
inhospitals,
treatment
cen
victims
mother
ters,or
prisons;but
wherever
theyare
held,they
must
notbe
releaseduntil
theyhave
serveda
sentence
thatis
comm
ensuratew
iththe
harmthey
haveinflicted.
83
Recom
mendations
forP
aroleB
oards
Parole
boardsshould
beabolished.
They
operatein
secretand
without
accountability;they
releasethe
dangerous,w
hoprey
uponthe
innocent.(S
eealso
Executive
andL
egislativerecom
mendations
6and
7.)P
ost-releasesupervision
isboth
inadequateand
tremen
douslycostly.
Until
suchtim
eas
thissystem
isre
placed,the
recomm
endationsbelow
may
helpco
rrectthe
more
dangerousabuses.
1.P
aroleboards
shouldnotify
victims
ofcrim
eand
theirfam
iliesin
advanceof
parolehearings,
ifnam
esand
addresseshave
beenpreviously
pro
videdby
theseindividuals.
2.P
aroleboards
shouldallow
victims
ofcrim
e,their
families,
ortheir
representativesto
attendparole
hearingsand
make
known
theeffect
ofthe
offender’scrim
eon
them.
3.P
aroleboards
shouldtake
whatever
stepsare
necessaryto
ensurethat
paroleescharged
with
acrim
ew
hileon
paroleare
imm
ediatelyreturned
tocustody
andkept
thereuntil
thecase
isad
judicated.
4.P
aroleboards
shouldnot
applythe
exclusionaryrule
toparole
revocationhearings.
Com
mentary
Parole
Board
Recom
endations1
and2:
(1)P
aroleboards
shouldnotify
victims
ofcrim
eand
theirfam
iliesin
advanceof
parolehearings,
ifnam
esand
addresseshave
beenpreviously
providedby
theseindividuals;
(2)P
aroleboards
shouldallow
victims
ofcrim
e,their
families,
ortheir
representativesto
attendparole
hearingsand
make
known
theeffect
ofthe
offender’scrim
eon
them.
The
essenceof
responsibilityis
accountability.M
anyparole
boardabuses
stemfrom
thefact
thattheir
deci
sionsare
arrivedat
behindclosed
doors.P
aroledeci
84Ia/so
feelthat
Ishould
beallow
edat
theparole
hearingsor
beal/ow
edto
senda
representative.I
thinkit
would
bevery
dfJlcult form
eto
attendthem
;but
Ifeel
thatit
shouldbe
my
rightto
havethe
option.—a
victim
sionsin
recentyears
seemto
bebased
onthe
suppo
si
tionthat
onlythe
prisoneris
affected.N
othingcould
bem
oreerroneous.
Although
aprisoner’s
behavior
while
incarceratedshould
beconsidered
inparole
de
cisions,the
natureof
hisconduct
while
atlarge
is
vital.N
oone
knows
betterthan
thevictim
howdan
gerousand
ruthlessthe
candidatew
asbefore
hew
as
subjectedto
thescrutiny
ofthe
paroleboard.
Society
hastaken
onitself
theresponsibility
for
protectingthe
innocentand
punishingthe
guilty.T
his
responsibilitym
ustbe
fairlydischarged.
Victim
shave
alegitim
ateinterest
inseeing
notonly
thattheir
at
tackersare
appropriatelypunished
butalso
thatthey
arenot
releasedprem
aturelyto
harmothers.
shouldbe
no
Thelocal parole
boardhas
resistedour
legitimate
attempts
tovoice
ourposition
atinitial parole
hearingsinvolving
dangerousand
repeatoffenders.
Undoubtedly,
ifthe
paroleboard
were
more
concernedw
iththe
plightof crim
evictim
s,the
streetsw
ouldbe
saferand
theneed
forw
itnessprotection
would
bereduced.—
Stan/eyS.
Harris,
United
StatesA
ttorney
Ifa
prisoneris
tobe
released,victim
s
tifiedin
advance.T
hevictim
may
havebeen
threat
enedduring
orafter
thecrim
e,or
may
beseen
bythe
prisoneras
theone
responsiblefor
theprisoner’s
in
carceration.V
ictims’
fearof
retaliationis
deepand
real.T
heyshould
beallow
edto
takeprecautions
orat
thevery
leastprepare
themselves
mentally
forthe
re
leaseof
theirvictim
izers.
Parole
Board
Recom
mendation
3:
Parole
boardsshould
takew
hateversteps
arenecessary
toensure
thatparolees
chargedw
itha
crime
while
on
paroleare
imm
ediatelyreturned
tocustody
andkept
thereuntil
thecase
isadjudicated.
The
releaseof
aprisoner
onparole
involvesa
judg
ment
bythe
releasingauthority
thatthe
convictdoes
notpose
acrim
inalthreat
andthat
hehas
knowingly
agreedto
abideby
thelaw
.T
heparolee’s
comm
ission
ofa
newcrim
erequires
thatresponsible
actionbe
takenby
theparole
boardto
restorethe
safetyof
the
comm
unity.A
lthoughthe
legalpresum
ptionof
inn
o
cencestill
applies,the
rearrestof
theprisoner,
fol
lowed
bya
judicialfinding
ofprobable
cause,should
raisegrave
doubtsabout
thew
isdomof
allowing
the
paroleeto
remain
inthe
comm
unity.It
shouldalw
ays
beborne
inm
indthat
anew
victimhas
paidthe
price
forthe
parolee’srelease.
Paroled
prisonersw
hoare
rearrestedshould
beheld
incustody
untilculpability
forthe
newcrim
eis
resolvedat
eithera
trialor
parolerevocation
hearing.
85P
aroleB
oardR
ecomm
endation4:
Parole
boardsshould
notapply
theexclusionary
ruleto
parolerevocation
hearings.
We
havealready
discussedelsew
herein
thisreport
ourcom
pletedissatisfaction
with
theexclusionary
ruleand
haverecom
mended
thatit
beabolished
(seeE
xecutive
andL
egislativeR
ecomm
endation7).
Until
thatis
accomplished,
however,
theexclusionary
ruleshould
notbe
usedby
anyparole
boardsin
parolerevocation
hearings.P
aroleboards
thathave
adoptedthe
exclusionaryrule
refuseto
considerclear
violationsof
parolesim
plybecause
ofa
policeofficer’s
mistake.
These
paroleboards
havetaken
thisposition
inspite
ofnu
merous
courtdecisions
thathave
made
itclear
thatthe
exclusionaryrule
isnot
legallyrequired
inparole
hearings.T
heiruse
of
theexclusionary
ruleis
there
forea
matter
ofchoice
andnot
alegal
requirement.
Our
recomm
endationw
asreached
bybalancing
competing
interests:the
innocentvictim
’sneed
forprotection
andthe
interestsof
aperson
who
hasbeen
convictedof
anoffense,
imprisoned,
andgranted
theprivilege
ofearly
conditionalrelease,
which
hehas
clearlyviolated.
The
strengthof
ourconclusion
isap
parent.P
aroleboards
havean
obligationto
protectthe
comm
unity.T
heycan
nolonger
ingood
con
sciencegrant
earlyrelease
toa
paroleeand
thenclose
theireyes
toobvious
violationsof
theparole
priv
ilege.
To
dootherw
iseshow
sflagrant
disregardof
theneeds
ofvictim
sand
thecom
munity.
Accordingly,
paroleboards
must
considerrev
oca
tionof
parolew
henthe
factsshow
clearlythat
parolehas
beenviolated.
Recom
mendations
forO
therO
rganizations
88
Recom
mendations
forO
therO
rganizations
Itis
obviousthat
thecrim
inaljustice
systemand
the
actionsof
itsagents
directlyaffect
victims.
Less
evi
dent,perhaps,
arethe
effectsof
agenciesoutside
that
systemw
ithw
hichvictim
sm
ustalso
deal,particularly
hospitals,the
ministry,
thebar,
andthe
schoolsystem
.
These
recomm
endationsare
meant
tohelp
thoseag
en
ciesassist
victims
ofcrim
em
oreeffectively.
89
Recom
mendations
forH
ospitals
Finding
oneselfin
needof
medical
treatment
isalw
aysunsettling.
When
crime
victims
needm
edicaltre
at
ment,
theybring
with
themproblem
sthat
may
exceedtheir
injuries.In
additionto
theirphysical
condition,they
areoften
fearfuland
insecure.H
ospitalstaff
mem
bersw
hoare
indifferentand
treatthe
patientw
ithinsensitivity
increaserather
thandim
inishthe
pa
tient’straum
a,and
may
ultimately
impede
theoverall
healingprocess.
The
following
recomm
endationsare
meant
toensure
thathospitals
areas
helpfulas
possi
bleto
victims
ofcrim
e.
1.H
ospitalsshould
establishand
implem
enttrain
ingprogram
sfor
hospitalpersonnel
tosensitize
themto
theneeds
ofvictim
sof
violentcrim
es,especially
theelderly
andthose
who
havebeen
sexuallyassaulted.
2.H
ospitalsshould
provideem
ergencym
edicalas
sistanceto
victims
ofviolent
crime
without
regardto
theirability
topay,
andcollect
pay
ments
fromstate
victimcom
pensationprogram
s.3.
Hospitals
shouldprovide
emergency
roomcrisis
counselingto
victims
ofcrim
eand
theirfam
ilies.4.
Hospitals
shouldencourage
anddevelop
directliaison
with
allvictim
assistanceand
socialserv
iceagencies.
5.H
ospitalsshould
develop,in
consultationw
ithprosecuting
agencies,a
standardizedrape
kitfor
propercollection
ofphysical
evidence,and
de
velopa
procedureto
ensureproper
storageand
maintenance
ofsuch
evidenceuntil
itis
releasedto
theappropriate
agency.
Com
mentary
Hospitals
Recom
mendation
1:H
ospitalsshould
establishand
implem
enttraining
programs
forhospital
personnelto
sensitizethem
tothe
needsof
victims
ofviolent
crime,
especiallythe
elderlyand
thosew
hohave
beensexually
assaulted.
90
Ifblood
is freeflowing
youget
attentionquickly
andit
isseen
asa
seriousproblem
.A
ttendingto
emotional
wounds
isa
much
more
difficultprocess.—
Em
ilyC
handler
Em
ergencyroom
s,especially
inurban
areas,are
oftenovercrow
ded,understaffed,
andhectic.
For
thevictim
ofviolence,
sittingfor
hoursin
ahospital
waiting
roomcan
magnify
thealready
substantialtraum
aof
thecrim
e.It
isunderstandable
andnecessary
thath
os
pitalsgive
priorityto
treatment
oflife-threatening
injury.H
owever,
violentcrim
eoften
imposes
seriouspsychological
trauma
evenw
henthe
attendantphy
sical
injuriesare
superficial.T
estimony
beforethis
Task
Force
demonstrated
convincinglythat
ignoringthose
emotional
wounds
canrender
almost
meaningfuless
anyrestoration
ofphysical
healthand
may
evenin
hib
itthe
healingprocess.
Hospitals
must
trainand
requiretheir
staffsto
respond
sensitivelyto
theneeds
ofcrim
evictim
s.T
hose
Iw
astaken
tocity
hospitalw
hereI
waited
approximately
threehours
beforeI
was
treated.I
was
angryan
dit
seemed
asif!
were
thecrim
inaland
notthe
victim.
The
examination,
initself
atraum
aticexperience,
was
made
evenm
oretraum
aticby
theinsensitive
way
Iw
astreated. —
avictim
The
emergency
ward
was
full
of
controlledcom
motion.—
avictim
responsiblefor
notifyinga
victim’s
family
ofdeath
orinjury
must
bem
adeaw
areof
thedelicacy
ofthis
task.U
nfortunately,the
two
victimexperiences
de
scribedbelow
were
disturbinglyrepresentative.
My
mother
asnotified
bythe
hospitalthat
my
66-year-oldfather
was
there,having
met
with
anunfortunate
accident,and
was
incritical
condition.T
hehospital
refusedto
tellher
anydetails
of
howseriously
injuredhe
was
..
..
What
theydid
questionher
atlength
aboutw
astheir
financialstatus,
ho
spi
talization,the
amount
ofhis
pension,and
howm
uchsocial
securityhe
received.W
hatI
want
toknow
isdid
theyknow
thathe
was
goingto
die[from
hisgunshot
wounds]
when
theyw
eresaying
allthis
toher?
Late
thatnight
we
were
calledby
[thepolice]
andtold
ourdaughter
hadbeen
shotin
thehead,
butthat
anyother
detailsw
ouldhave
tocom
efrom
thehospital.
After
many
callsto
thehospital
andthe
police,a
doctorcam
eon
theline
andannounced,
“She’s
dead.”T
hat’show
we
learnedof
ourd
aug
hter’s
murder.
Training
shouldbe
largelydirected
atem
ergencyroom
doctors,nurses,
andother
personnelbecause
theyfrequently
seevictim
sand
theirfam
iliesduring
periodsof
acuteem
otionalstress.
Because
turn
over
in
emergency
roomstaff
isusually
high,this
trainingshould
berepeated
periodically.R
apevictim
spresent
emergency
roomstaffs
with
anenorm
ouschallenge.
Som
ehospitals,
orindividuals
within
them,
respondm
agnificen
tly;
34
othersrem
ainm
iredin
practicesand
attitudesthat
borderon
theunconscionable.
Proper
treatment
ofa
rapevictim
oftenrequires
professionalstrained
innursing,
gyne
cology,psychiatry,
andsocial
work.
Asupportive,
nonjudgmental,
nonthreateningattitude
isoften
asim
portantas
technicalproficiency.
Hospitals
simply
must
recognizeand
respondaffirm
ativelyto
theiro
bligation
torelieve
suffering,not
exacerbateit.
The
elderlyalso
presentunique
problems.
What
shouldotherw
isebe
minor
injuriescan
produceseri
Older
peopleare
more
likelyto
breakbones
anddislocate
hipsand
theseinjuries
arevery
disabling.A
nd
ousconsequences
inan
olderperson.
Inaddition,
el
derlyvictim
shave
beenschooled
inanother
ageand
bringw
iththem
more
traditionalconcepts
ofpro
pri
etyand
privacy.T
hesevictim
sm
aybe
overwhelm
ednot
onlyby
thecrim
ebut
alsoby
thepace
andpro
cedures
ofa
busyem
ergencyroom
.T
hisw
illbe
espe
ciallyso
forthose
olderpersons
whose
experiencehas
wrenched
themfrom
anotherw
isesecure
patternof
lifeestablished
intheir
lateryears,
asw
ellas
forthose
who
haveno
imm
ediateaccess
toclose
friendsor
family.
Again,
hospitalstaffs
must
actw
ithtolerance
andunderstanding
andtake
thetim
eto
treatthe
whole
patient.
Hospitals
Recom
mendation
2:H
ospitalsshould
provideem
ergencym
edicalassistance
tovictim
sof
violentcrim
ew
ithoutregard
totheir
abilityto
pay,and
collectpaym
entsfrom
statevictim
compensation
programs.
The
Task
Force
isw
ellaw
arethat
privatehospitals
arenot
charitableorganizations
andthat
theycannot
beexpected
toprovide
freem
edicalassistance
toall
who
arein
need.M
anym
unicipalhospitals
arecharged
with
servingeveryone
who
appearsat
theirdoor,
regardless
oftheir
abilityto
pay.H
owever,
seriouslyin
juredvictim
sm
ustbe
takento
theclosest
hospital,w
hetherit
isprivate
orpublic.
These
victims,
inex
treme
physicaland
emotional
stress,should
notbe
turnedaw
aybecause
itis
suspectedthey
cannotpay
forneeded
services.
when
theyare
injured,there
aren‘t
anyhospitals
thatspecialize
inthe
problems
of seniorcitizens.
We
havechildren
chospitals
andm
aternityhospitals—
avictim
92Thefirst
personw
ecom
pensatedw
asthe
rapevictim
.The
rapevictim
doesn‘t even
haveto
fillout
aform
.They
do
nt
haveto
gothrough
thathorrifying
thingagain,
oftelling
what
happened.The
hospitaldirectly
sends
Many
victims
who
were
questionedat
lengthabout
theirfinancial
historyprior
toreceiving
treatment
laterdiscovered
thatthe
criminal
who
hadinjured
themreceived
freem
edicalcare
fromthe
state.It
isnecessary
thatprisoners
begiven
medical
attentionw
hileunder
thestate’s
care;how
ever,it
may
betim
eto
reconsiderw
hethersociety
canignore
theinnocent
victims
who
donot
themselves
havethe
means
tore
ceivethe
carethey
need.
Instates
thathave
victimcom
pensationprogram
s(see
Federal
Executive
andL
egislativeR
ecomm
endation1),
hospitalcouncils
andvictim
compensation
boards
shouldagree
onpolicies
underw
hichhospitals
would
bereim
bursedfor
them
edicalassistance
providedto
victims
ofcrim
e.T
hereare
nowpolicies
inseveral
abill
toour
Crim
eC
omm
issionand,
feverything
isin
regularorder,
we
payit,
upto
$500.—A
ttorneyG
eneralR
ufusE
dmisten.
Iw
aslater
takento
ahospitalfor
anexam
inationand
treatment,
andthere
Iw
asm
etby
am
ember
ofthe
rapecrisis
team.
This
wom
anprovided
greathelp
andcom
fortto
me
andvery
much
aidedm
ein
my
distress.—a
victim
statesw
hereinstate
compensation
boardsnegotiate
with
hospitalsan
acceptablecom
pensationsettlem
ent
thatsatisfies
aportion
ofa
victim’s
totalm
edicalin
debtedness.
Hospitals
Recom
mendation
3:
Hospitals
shouldprovide
emergency
roomcrisis
counselingto
victims
ofcrim
eand
theirfam
ilies.
Attention
tothe
psychologicalinjuries
ofcrim
evic
tims
canbe
justas
important
asthe
suturingof
physi
calw
ounds.M
ostvictim
sof
violentcrim
eare
underem
otionalstress;
ifthey
alsoreceive
attentionad
dressedto
thisaspect
oftheir
experience,they
will
recover
more
quicklyand
more
completely.
Most
modern
hospitalsare
complete
healthcare
facilitiesw
ithm
ultidisciplinarystaffs.
Because
ofthis,
andbecause
thehospital
isoften
thefirst
safehaven
away
fromthe
crime
scene,it
isa
logicaland
appro
priatesetting
forinitial
crisisintervention.
Insom
ehospitals,
psychiatric,social
service,and
chaplaincy
staffsalready
providecrisis
interventionin
theem
er
gencyro
om
.35
This
shouldbe
availableon
a24-hour
basisfor
crime
victims
andtheir
families
(seeA
pp
en
dix2).
Health
carecenters
haveat
theirdisposal
theex
per
tiseand
thetrained
anddedicated
professionalsto
providethis
vitalservice.
Ifthey
trulyare
tobe
cen
tersof
healingthey
must
recognizetheir
obligationto
thosevictim
sw
honeed
theircare.
93H
ospitalsR
ecomm
endation4:
Hospitals
shouldencourage
anddevelop
directliaison
with
allvictim
assistanceand
socialservice
agencies.
No
hospitalcan
meet
allthe
diverseneeds
thatcrim
evictim
ssuddenly
present.H
owever,
becausehospital
staffsare
among
thefirst
toencounter
victims
ofvio
lentcrim
e,they
arein
aunique
positionto
helpm
akethese
victims
aware
ofother
servicesavailable
toth
em
.36
Inattem
ptingto
copew
iththe
stressescaused
bycrim
e,even
victims
themselves
may
notrecognize
some
oftheir
needs.H
ealthcare
professionalscan
providean
important
serviceby
identifyingindividual
victim’s
needsand
directingthe
victimto
appropriateassistance.
Such
servicepresupposes
aninform
edstaff.
Hosp
ital
administrators
shouldencourage
theirsocial
service
orother
departments
bothto
seekout
anddissem
inate
thisinform
ationand
tocooperate
with
otherservice
providersin
thecom
munity.
By
suchco
op
eration,
thehospital
canm
eetthose
needsit
isbest
quali
fiedto
addressand
yetavoid
duplicatingservices
thatare
offeredelsew
here.
Hospitals
Recom
mendation
5:H
ospitalsshould
develop,in
consultationw
ithprosecuting
agencies,a
standardizedrape
kitfor
propercollection
ofphysical
evidence,and
developa
procedureto
ensureproper
storageand
maintenance
ofsuch
evidenceuntil
itis
releasedto
theappropriate
agency.
Rape
isboth
am
edicaland
alegal
issue.T
hephysical
evidencethat
offersthe
most
convincingpro
of
of
theidentity
andguilt
ofthe
attackeris
oftenrecovered
duringthe
post-rapeexam
ination.D
octorsand
nursesIt
seems
unfairthat
who
performsuch
examinations
must
askthe
pro
per
afterassault
evidencequestions
andacquire
necessarysam
plesin
am
anneris
collected,the
thatis
laterverifiable
andam
enableto
productivelab-
survivorm
ustkeep
thisorato
ryanalysis.
Likew
ise,m
edicalpersonnel
must
beevidence.—
Marilyn
E.aw
areof
what
inquiriesshould
bem
adeand
must
Nessel
haveat
theirdisposal
materials
forevidence
collectionthat
areeasily
storedand
readilyavailable.
The
bestm
ethodto
ensurethat
bothm
edicaland
forensicgoals
areproperly
servedis
toprovide
anin
clusiveand
easilyused
rapekit
thatcontains
aform
forinform
ationgathering
andm
aterialsfor
exam
ina
94
tionand
collectionof
samples.
Such
akit
isbest
as
sembled
afterconsultation
among
professionalsfrom
hospitals,police
departments,
prosecutors’offices,
and
forensiclaboratories.
Inaddition
tothe
composition
ofthe
kit,such
agroup
shouldagree
onw
how
ill
providefor
suchkits,
howhospitals
will
acquire
them,
what
will
bedone
with
thekit
afterthe
exam
i
nation,and
what
agencyw
illbe
responsiblefor
the
kit’sproper
storage.A
sforensic
analysesadvance
in
sophistication,proper
storagebecom
esincreasingly
important.
As
important
asthe
availabilityof
aw
ell-designed
kitis
thew
illingnessof
doctorsand
nursesto
useit.
A
lackof
suchw
illingnessin
thepast
hasusually
been
toa
lackaw
arenessm
edicalperso
nattributable
ofby
nelof
theim
portanceof
suchevidence
coupledw
ith
negativeexperiences
onthose
occasionsin
which
theseprofessionals
were
calledto
court.P
rosecutors
shouldw
orkclosely
with
hospitalstaffs
tohelp
them
understandthe
necessityof
goodevidence
collection
andstorage
proceduresand
ofthe
substantialco
ntri
butionthat
attentionto
theseprocedures
canm
aketow
arda
successfulprosecution.
Attorneys
must
alsostrive
toaccom
modate
thescheduling
constraintsof
theseprofessionals
ifit
shouldbe
necessaryto
callthem
asw
itnesses.
95
Recom
mendations
forthe
Ministry
Inhearing
afterhearing
acrossthe
country,victim
sidentified
thereligious
comm
unityas
avital
andlargely
untappedsource
ofsupport
forcrim
evictim
s.T
heG
overnment
may
compensate
foreconom
icloss;
thestate
may
punish;doctors
may
physicallyheal;
butthe
lastingscars
tospirit
andfaith
arenot
soeasily
treated.M
anyvictim
squestion
thefaith
theythought
secure,or
haveno
faithon
which
torely.
Frequently,
ministers
andtheir
congregationscan
bea
sourceof
solacethat
noother
sectorof
societycan
provide.It
isin
recognitionof
theunique
roleof
them
inistrythat
we
offerthe
following
recomm
endations.
1.T
hem
inistryshould
recognizeand
addressthe
needsof
crime
victims.
2.T
hem
inistryshould
developboth
seminary
andin-service
trainingon
thecrim
inalju
sticesystem
,the
needsof
victims,
andw
aysto
restorevictim
s’spiritual
andm
aterialhealth.
Com
mentary
Min
istryR
ecomm
endations1
and2:
(1)T
hem
inistryshould
recognizeand
minister
tothe
needsof
victims
ofcrim
e;(2)
The
ministry
shoulddevelop
seminary
andin-service
trainingon
thecrim
inalju
sticesystem
,the
needsof
victims,
andw
aysto
restore
their
spiritualand
material
health.
All
toooften,
representativesfrom
thereligious
com
munity
come
tocourt
onlyto
givecom
fort,support,
andassistance
tothe
accused.T
hisis
indeeda
nobleendeavor,
andthis
Task
Force
would
notseek
todis
courageit.
How
ever,w
hatw
edo
seek,here
aselse
where,
isa
balance,a
recognitionthat
thevictim
cer
tainlyno
lessthan
thevictim
izeris
inneed
ofaid,
comfort,
andspiritual
ministry.
There
isas
greata
needfor
am
inistryto
victims
asthere
isfor
am
inis
tryto
prisoners.T
healm
osttotal
lackof
churchinvolvem
entin
thisarea
isnot
dueto
anyfailure
ofcharity
orco
mpas
?vlanytim
espeople
will
trusta
clergyman
when
theyw
ouldnot
trusta
policeofficer,
and
theyw
illlisten
tous,
relativeto
howthey
canbe
protected. —R
ev.H
.A
.H
underup
96We
were
leftalone
tobury
ourdaughter.
More
than2,000
peopleattended
herfu
neral
butafter
theservices
everyoneseem
edto
disappear.People
don’tknow
what
todo
orsay
sothey
stayaw
ay.E
venthe
religiousstayed
away.
Tothis
day,they
visitthe
killerand
hisfam
ilyw
eekly,but fo
rthe
sion.T
heclergy
operateunder
thesam
em
isconcep
tionsand
lackof
information
thatcontribute
tosecu
larinsensitivity.
Most
peoplefail
tom
eetthe
needsof
crime
victims
becausethey
donot
appreciatethe
de
mands
thatthe
crime,
thesystem
,and
theco
nse
quencesof
victimization
impose.
Sem
inaryand
in-
servicetraining
thataddresses
thevictim
’sneeds
isas
necessaryfor
them
inisteras
itis
forthe
doctor,the
lawyer,
orthe
psychologist.
There
ism
uchthat
canbe
donein
additionto
ex
tendinga
willingness
tolisten
andpray
andgive
counsel;m
inistersand
theircongregations
canhelp
meet
important
needs.In
some
countiesthe
victim
!
witness
assistanceprogram
isoperated
byinterfaith
Inothers,
churcheshave
undertakenextensive
victim‘v fam
ilythere
doesnt
seemto
beany
time.—
avictim
1fo
un
dm
yselfquestioning
some
of
thedeep
basicbeliefs
thatI
hadgrow
nup
with.
At
onetim
ethey
comforted
me.—
avictim
groups.volunteer
projectsthat
provide24-hour
crisisco
unsel
ingand
courtescort
servicesin
additionto
emergency
housing,food,
andclothing.
Insom
ecities,
ministers,
priests,and
rabbishave
formed
anin
terden
om
inatio
n
alchaplaincy
corpsthat
ison
24-hourcall
togo
to
thescene
of
acrim
e,to
thehospital,
orto
thehom
es
ofvictim
s’fam
iliesto
ensurethat
thistragic
info
rma
tionis
imparted
with
care,and
toprovide
thecounsel
andsolace
thatthey
areso
uniquelyqualified
to
bring.37
Inm
ostof
theseprogram
s,the
laityas
well
asthe
clergyare
deeplyin
volv
ed.
38
Even
ifthere
arepro
grams
offeredby
seculargroups,
orif
thechurch
is
unableto
cooperatein
anextensive
undertaking,each
congregationshould
bem
indfulthat
everyyear,
everycongregation
will
havem
embers
who
arev
ic
timized.
Itis
hopedthat
thesevictim
scould
turnto
theircom
munity
offaith
tofind
understandingand
support.In
addition,those
without
faithalso
need
help.C
hurchesthat
minister
onlyto
theirow
nm
eet
buta
small
partof
theproblem
andm
aydischarge
onlya
measure
of
theirobligation.
97
Recom
mendations
forthe
Bar
Attorneys
havean
obligationto
theirclients,
totheir
profession,and
tojustice
itself.T
heyare
obligatedto
usetheir
expertiseto
guaranteethat
thesystem
doesnot
strayfrom
theprinciple
thatlies
atthe
heartof
thelaw
:justice
forall
who
seekit.
1.A
llattorneys
shouldrecognize
thatthey
havean
obligation,as
officersof
thecourt,
tom
akecer
tainthat
thejustice
systemdeals
fairlyw
ithall
participantsin
criminal
litigation.2.
Prosecutors
inparticular
shouldrecognize
theirobligation
tobe
activem
embers
ofthe
barat
thelocal,
state,and
nationallevels
andto
representthe
oftenunspoken
needsand
interestsof
vic
tims.
3.T
hosew
hoorganize
formal
barcom
mittees
todeal
with
issuesarising
inthe
criminal
justicesystem
shouldensure
thatthe
mem
bersof
suchgroups
representa
balancebetw
eenthe
opposingparties
incrim
inallitigation.
Com
mentary
The
Bar
Recom
mendation
1:A
llattorneys
shouldrecognize
thatthey
havean
obligation,as
officersof
thecourt,
tom
akecertain
thatthe
justicesystem
dealsfairly
with
allparticipants
incrim
inallitigation.
Advocates
forboth
sidesof
criminal
litigationhave
aduty
togive
theirclients
thebest
andm
osteffective
representationpossible
within
ethicalbounds;
winning
atany
costis
notthe
standardof
conduct.A
dvocatesfor
bothsides
must
beconstantly
vigilantto
protectthe
systemfrom
abuse.In
thecourse
ofthe
Task
Force’s
nationwide
hearings,victim
saddressed
fiveareas
inw
hichabuses
occurred:plea
bargaining,pre
liminary
hearings,investigation
techniques,restitution,
andcontinuances.
Many
aspectsof
pleabargaining,
includingthe
manner
inw
hichit
isconducted,
disturbvictim
s.A
lthough
prosecutorsm
ustrealistically
evaluatecases,
98
theyshould
notagree
toim
properlylenient
disp
osi
tionssolely
todispose
ofcases
thatw
illbe
difficult,inconvenient,
orunpopular
totry.
Defense
attorneysshould
dealdirectly
with
theprosecutor.
Itis
inap
pro
priateto
engagein
unsolicitedcx
partediscussions
with
victims
tourge
themto
agreeto
aproposed
pleabargain.
Neither
sideshould
conversew
iththe
courtabout
aplea
bargainw
ithoutthe
presenceof
itso
ppo
nent.
Ifeel
thereshould
be
Advocates
forboth
sidesm
ustavoid
usingp
relimi
naryhearings
inw
aysthat
improperly
affectvictim
sw
hilefailing
toserve
theends
ofjustice.
Itis
impro
per
forthe
defenseto
usesuch
ahearing
tointim
idateor
embarrass
avictim
inthe
hopethat
hew
illrefuse
toparticipate
further.W
henalternative
proceduresan
enforceablecode
of
behaviorw
ithregard
tothe
conductofinvesrigaiorsfro,nthe
publicdefender’s
office.A
ninvestigator
misrepresented
who
hew
asan
dw
hathis
rolein
thecase
was.
He
saidhe
was
with
CB
I(C
oloradoB
ureauof
Investigation)an
dhe
toldm
yfath
eran
dm
ethat
ifw
etold
himour
story,I
wouldn’t
haveto
goto
court.T
hisis
notright.—
avictim
areavailable
orthe
defenseis
willing
tow
aivea
pre
liminary
hearing,prosecutors
shouldnot
unnecessarilysubject
victims
tosuch
aprocess
simply
totest
howthey
will
performas
witnesses.
Attorneys
must
bearthe
responsibilityof
ensuringthat
theagents
theyem
ploybehave
ethically.T
heT
askF
orceheard
repeatedlyof
instancesin
which
investigators
forthe
defendantsought
tohide
theiridentity
bytelling
victims
“theyw
orkedfor
thecounty”
orw
ere“investigating
theircase,”
thuslead
ingvictim
sto
believethese
individualsw
eregathering
evidenceto
beused
against,not
for,their
victimizer.
Such
deceptiveconduct
shouldnot
betolerated.
Although
restitutionfor
thelosses
sufferedby
vic
tims
shouldbe
activelypursued,
victims
shouldnot
befaced
with
achoice
between
recoupingtheir
lossesand
seeinga
dangerousfelon
punished.C
omprom
isesthat
resultin
thedism
issalof
criminal
chargesafter
monetary
payment
shouldbe
approachedw
ithex
treme
cautionand
may
notbe
appropriateat
allin
casesinvolving
injuryor
large-scalefraud.
No
oneshould
begiven
theim
pressionthat
hecan
breakthe
criminal
laww
ithim
punityif
hehas
resourcesto
bar
gainw
ithshould
hebe
arrested.N
otonly
dosuch
proceduresgive
theim
pressionthat
thereis
aseparate
systemof
justicefor
thew
ealthy,they
alsoreduce
substantiallythe
deterrentvalue
oflegal
sanctions.S
uchan
approachsuggests
thatcrim
inalsm
ightjust
asw
ellsteal,
becausethe
worst
thatw
illhappen
isthey
will
haveto
returntheir
gainsif
apprehended.
99W
ehave
addressedthe
issueof
continuancesat
length(see
Prosecutor
Recom
mendation
4and
Judici
aryR
ecomm
endation4)
becausevictim
sfind
themes
peciallyvexing.
Prosecutors
shouldnot
seekco
ntin
uances
thatw
illinconvenience
thevictim
andjeo
pard
izethe
successof
prosecutionto
accomm
odatetheir
own
schedulesor
toavoid
adifficult
case.L
ikewise,
itis
nota
legitimate
defensetactic
todelay
thead
jud
ication
ofa
caserepeatedly
inthe
hopethat
witnesses
will
beunavailable
orthat
theirm
emories
will
fade.
The
Bar
Recom
mendations
2and
3:(2)
Prosecutors
inparticular
must
attendto
theirobligation
tobe
activem
embers
ofthe
barat
thelocal,
state,and
nationallevels
andrepresent
theoften
Over
oneyear
sincethe
murder—
stillnot
intriaL
Feelings
emerge
thatthe
longerit
takesto
goto
trial,the
ultimate
decisionbegins
tofavor
thedefendant. —
avictim
unspokenneeds
andinterests
ofvictim
s;(3)
Those
who
organizeform
albar
comm
itteesto
dealw
ithissues
arisingin
thecrim
inaljustice
systemshould
ensurethat
them
embers
ofsuch
groupsrepresent
abalance
between
theopposing
partiesin
criminal
litigation.
Inm
anyparts
ofthe
country,prosecutors
simply
donot
fulfilltheir
responsibilityto
beactive
mem
bersof
barassociations
onbehalf
ofcrim
evictim
s.A
sa
result,bar
comm
itteesthat
dealw
ithissues
ofcrim
inalprocedures,
rulesof
court,legislation,
jury
instru
ctions,
sentencing,and
thelike
arecom
posedprim
arilyor
evenexclusively
ofdefense
practitioners.It
isd
ifficult
forany
comm
itteeso
composed
toreturn
recom
mendations
ortake
actionthat
givesequitable
attention
tothe
needsof
victims.
Yet
barcom
mittee
actionon
jury
instructions,rules
ofevidence,
codesof
ethics,and
proposedsubstantive
lawoften
influencesor
determines
theoutcom
eof
acase;
certainlyit
af
fectsthe
way
thevictim
istreated
inthe
system.
Vic
tims
areentitled
toa
voicein
thesedecisions,
andprosecutors
must
seethat
thatvoice
isheard.
When
barcom
mittees
thatpurport
torepresent
thecrim
inaljustice
comm
unitygenerally
areorganized,
itis
essentialthat
theirleaders
ensurea
balanceof
rep
resentativeview
points.L
awyers
aretrained
asad
vo
catesand,
likeother
human
beings,often
operateon
theprinciple
ofenlightened
self-interest.B
arco
mm
ittees
aresom
etimes
criticized,justly,
asserving
orad
vocatingonly
oneside
of
anissue.
Justicem
ustnot
The
Am
ericanB
arA
ssociationm
ustrepresent
thosew
hoare
itsm
embers,
ifit
operatesas
adem
ocraticorganization.
When
prosecutorspull
out,you
leavedefense
counsel. —Judge
SylviaB
acon
100only
bedone,
itm
ustalso
beseen
tobe
done.T
he
bar
must
takecare
thatlaw
yers
areperceiv
edto
serve
justice,
notthem
selves.
101
Recom
mendations
forS
chools
Educators
carrya
publictrust
inthe
instructionof
children.T
histrust
means
thateducators
areobliged
toteach
sharedcultural
valuesin
anenvironm
entthat
isboth
scholarlyand
safe.W
hensafety
isnot
sought,w
hencrim
esgo
unreported,victim
sare
unprotectedand
victimizers
concludethat
theycan
escaperesp
on
sibilityby
manipulating
thesystem
.T
hesereco
mm
endations
arem
eantto
helpeducators
tolessen
crime’s
impact
andreduce
thenum
berof
victims.
1.School
authoritiesshould
developand
requirecom
pliancew
ithguidelines
forprom
ptreporting
ofviolent
crimes
comm
ittedin
schools,crim
escom
mitted
againstschool
personnel,and
thep
os
sessionof
weapons
ornarcotics.
2.School
authoritiesshould
checkthe
arrestand
convictionrecords
forsexual
assault,child
mo
lestation,or
pornographyoffenses
ofanyone
ap
plyingfor
work
ina
school,including
anyonedoing
contractw
orkinvolving
regularproxim
ityto
students,and
make
submission
tosuch
acheck
aprecondition
forem
ployment.
3.E
ducatorsshould
developand
providecourses
onthe
problems,
needs,and
legalinterests
ofvic
tims
ofcrim
e.4.
Schoolauthorities
shouldbe
mindful
oftheir
responsibilityto
make
studentsaw
areof
howthey
canavoid
beingvictim
izedby
crime.
Com
mentary
Schools
Recom
mendation
1:School
authoritiesshould
developand
requirecom
pliancew
ithguidelines
forprom
ptreporting
ofviolent
crimes
comm
ittedin
schools,crim
escom
mitted
againstschool
personnel,and
thepossession
ofw
eaponsor
narcotics.
School
authoritiesm
ustbe
ableto
respondflexibly
toviolations
ofschool
regulations.H
owever,
robbery,violent
assaults,and
thepossession
of
dangerousdrugs
orw
eaponsare
more
thanm
eretransgressions
of
de
102
corum.
School
boardsshould
setforth
guidelinesthat
make
clearto
administrators,
teachers,students,
and
parentsexactly
which
kindsof
misconduct
will
be
handledw
ithinthe
schooland
which
will
bereported
tothe
police.S
choolboards
shouldalso
requirethat
eachschool
keeprecords
ofthe
frequencyof
criminal
offenses.
Without
suchrecords,
boardshave
fewer
ways
of
evaluatingtheir
administrators
andcannot
effectively
designand
directcrim
eprevention
policies.A
lltoo
frequently,authorities
become
aware
of
dangerin
the
schoolsonly
afteran
outburstof
violenceor
afterthe
problemhas
become
soserious
andpervasive
thatit
simply
cannotbe
hiddenany
longer.
Schools
Recom
mendation
2:
Schoolauthorities
shouldcheck
thearrest
and
convictionrecords
forsexual
assault,child
molestation,
orpornography
offensesof
anyoneapplying
forw
orkin
aschool,
includinganyone
doingcontract
work
involvingregular
proximity
tostudents,
andm
ake
submission
tosuch
acheck
aprecondition
forem
ployment.
This
anguishw
aseven
greaterbecause
thism
anw
asa
schoolbus
driverw
ho,w
e foundout,
hada
recordof
molestation.
Either
thebus
company
didn’thave
accessto
thoseprison
recordsor
didn’tbother
checkingthese
records,or
elsethey
justdidn
‘t care. —a
victims
mother
Adm
inistratorsm
usttake
responsibilityfor
employees
who
come
intocontact
with
students.A
lthoughthe
vastm
ajorityof
thosew
how
orkw
ithchildren
doso
fromthe
desireto
helpand
educateyoungsters,
adan
gerousfew
seekthese
positionsso
theyw
illhave
readyaccess
toa
poolof
victims.
The
Task
Force
hasrecom
mended
elsewhere
that
arrestrecords
involvingsexual
assault,child
molesta
tion,or
pornographybe
made
available,w
ithoutthe
necessityof
waiver,
foranyone
applyingfor
emplo
ym
entthat
would
bringthem
intoregular
contactw
ith
children(see
Executive
andL
egislativeR
ecom
men
da
tion9).
Until
suchlegislation
ispassed,
educators
shouldtake
theinitiative.
Itis
plainlyirresponsible
for
schoolsto
hireindividuals
andtake
therisk
thatthey
may
beaccepting
employm
entin
orderto
victimize
children.A
written
waiver
shouldbe
requiredof
anyoneseeking
employm
entthat
would
putthem
in
regularand
closecontact
with
students.T
hisreq
uire
ment
would
applyto
teachers,counselors,
adm
inistra
tors,coaches,
busdrivers,
janitors,and
cafeteriastaff.
Ifthese
positionsare
filledon
acontractual
basis
103through
privateenterprise,
thecontractors
shouldre
quiresim
ilarw
aiversand
filew
rittenassurances
thatan
appropriateinvestigation
hadbeen
completed.
Waivers
would
notbe
requiredof
privatelyem
ployedindividuals
performing
serviceson
anirregular
andshort-term
basissuch
asschoolyard
paving,building
repair,and
spotm
aintenance.T
hew
aiverw
ouldauthorize
employers
toobtain
fromlocal
andstate
police,as
well
asfrom
theF
eder
alB
ureauof
Investigation,any
recordof
arrestfor
sexualassault,
childm
olestation,or
pornography.T
hisrecom
mendation
specificallyauthorizes
disco
very
ofarrest
andconviction
records,in
recognitionof
thefactors
thatm
ilitateagainst
successfulprosecution
forthese
crimes
(seeP
rosecutorsR
ecomm
endation8).
The
Task
Force
recognizesthat
theseprocedures
will
placea
burdenon
bothschools
andlaw
enfo
rcem
entagencies.
How
ever,the
potentialfor
victim
ization
ofschool
childrenand
therisk
ofserious
harmto
themis
substantial;this
burdenis,
simply,
onethat
theschools
andother
agenciesm
ustbear.
SchoolsR
ecomm
endation3:
Educators
shoulddevelop
andprovide
courseson
theproblem
s,needs,
andlegal
interestsof
victims
ofcrim
e.
One-third
ofA
merican
householdsare
affectedby
crime
eachyear
39
—th
at
is,a
greatm
anycitizens
become
victims
eachyear.
Yet
verylittle
hasactually
beendone
tounderstand
victims’
reactionsto
crime,
thelong-term
effectsof
crime
onvictim
sand
thoseclose
tothem
,how
victims’
problems
canbest
bead
dressed,and
howsocial
agenciescan
actto
meet
andm
itigatethe
impact
ofcrim
e.A
fewpioneering
studieshave
beenconducted,
butIt
ISshocking
thatthe
studyof
victims’
comparatively
littleresearch
hasbeen
undertakenin
reactions,recovery.
thisfield.
Graduate
schoolsdo
notteach
medical,
and
needsis
almost
legal,psychiatric,
psychological,sociological,
lawen-
completely
ignoredin
forcement,
educational,or
theologicalprofessionals
oureducational
anythingabout
theneeds
ofthe
crime
victims
whom
system,
particularlyat
theyw
illsurely
encounterin
theircareers.
This
theprofessional
levelshould
berem
edied,for
many,
ifnot
most,
ofthe
of
education.—problem
sarticulated
inthis
reportstem
froman
insen-P
atriciaR
esick,sitivity
thatis
bornof
ignorance.G
reatcare
istaken
Ph.D
.to
ensurethat
citizensare
informed
aboutthe
rightsand
concernsof
theaccused.
This
isvalid
andneces
104
sary,but
itprovides
onlyhalf
ofthe
education
needed.S
choolsshould
alsohelp
allstudents
un
der
standand
appreciatethe
needsand
legalinterests
of
victims
ofcrim
es.
40
Such
educationw
illproduce
betterinform
edand
educatedcitizens
who
will
be
more
ableto
understandthe
needsof
employees,
neighbors,co-w
orkers,clients,
andothers,
including
themselves,
who
may
bevictim
izedby
crime.
Schools
Recom
mendation
4:
Schoolauthorities
shouldbe
mindful
oftheir
responsibilityto
make
studentsaw
areof
howthey
can
avoidbeing
victimized
bycrim
e.
toA
llcitizens,
especiallychildren,
shouldlearn
how
minim
izetheir
riskof
victimization.
Som
eeducators
havebeen
hesitantto
providesuch
information
for
fearof
alarming
youngsters.T
hisapproach
simply
failsto
recognizethe
seriousnessof
thethreat
posed
bycrim
e;it
alsofails
totake
intoaccount
theex
po
surethat
eventhe
veryyoung
haveto
crime
throughtelevision
andother
media.
Schools
shouldreevaluate
theirefforts
toalert
studentsto
thedangers
of
crime;
abrief
lectureadvising
studentsnot
totalk
tostran
g
ersis
notenough.
Anticrim
eeducation
onthis
subjectshould
beas
sophisticatedas
thecrim
ethat
posesthe
threat.
105
Recom
mendations
forthe
Mental
Health
Com
munity
Property
damage
andphysical
injuryare
readilyap
parent,easily
understoodconsequences
of
violentcrim
e.T
hepsychological
wounds
sustainedby
vic
tims
ofcrim
e,and
thebest
means
oftreating
suchin
juries,are
lessw
ellunderstood.
Ifthis
severesuffering
isto
berelieved,
mental
healthprofessionals
must
leadthe
way.
1.T
hem
entalhealth
comm
unityshould
developand
provideim
mediate
andlong-term
psychological
treatment
programs
for
Ithought people
would
understandm
yanger,
my
rage,but
theydidn’t.
Ifound
insteadthat
theanger
feltby
aparent
ofam
urderedchild
istoo
strongan
emotion
for
oursociety.
Itis
toovictim
sof
crime
andtheir
families.
2.T
hem
entalhealth
comm
unityshould
establishtraining
programs
thatw
illenable
practitionersto
treatcrim
evictim
sand
theirfam
ilies.3.
The
mental
healthcom
munity
shouldstudy
theim
mediate
andlong-term
psychologicaleffects
ofcrim
inalvictim
ization.4.
The
mental
healthcom
munity
shouldw
orkw
ithpublic
agencies,victim
compensation
boards,and
privateinsurers
tom
akepsychological
treatment
readilyavailable
tocrim
evictim
sand
theirfam
ilies.
5.T
hem
entalhealth
comm
unityshould
establishand
maintain
directliaison
with
othervictim
serviceagencies.
Com
mentary
Mental
Health
Com
munity
Recom
mendations
1,2,
and3:
(1)T
hem
entalhealth
comm
unityshould
developand
provideim
mediate
andlong-term
psychologicaltreatm
entprogram
sfor
victims
ofcrim
eand
theirfam
ilies;(2)
The
mental
healthcom
munity
shouldestablish
trainingprogram
sthat
will
enablepractitioners
totreat
crime
victims
andtheir
families;
(3)T
hem
entalhealth
comm
unityshould
studythe
imm
ediateand
long-termpsychological
effectsof
criminal
victimization.
threateningto
most
people,and
yetif
thisanger
isnot
worked
through,is
notchanneled
andis
notdissipated,
itw
illfester forever.—
avictim
’sm
other
106
My
refugefrom
thisisolation
hasbeen
my
therapist’soffice.
initially1
returnedto
atherapist
whom
Ihad
worked
with
inthe
pastand
who
hadbeen
quitehelpful.
Ifound,
however,
thatw
orkingw
ithhim
nowfelt
upsettingand
harmful.
1learned
thatnot
alltherapists
cando
goodw
orkw
ithvictim
sof
Crim
evictim
izationhas
beenview
edas
atem
porary
experienceof
physicalinjury
thatis
followed
byrelief
andrecovery.
With
thehelp
of
mental
healthpro
fes
sionals,society
isbeginning
torecognize
thatthis
sim
plisticcharacterization
isinaccurate.
Those
who
work
with
victims
havehad
theopportunity
tosee
thatp
sy
chologicaleffects
may
beprofound
andlong-lasting.
There
hasbeen
agreat
dealof
emphasis
onthe
evaluationand
treatment
ofthe
offender;little
isknow
nof
thepsychological
responseto
victimization.
The
applicationto
crime
victims
ofpost-traum
aticstress
syndrome,
articulatedin
theA
merican
Psy
chiat
ricA
ssociation’sD
iagnosticand
Statistical
Manual
of
Men
talD
isorder,41
isan
important
firststep.
Much
rem
ainsto
bedone,
however,
andcertainly
more
reviolence.—
avictim
searchin
thefield
isnecessary.
Those
who
undertakesuch
inquiriesm
ustbe
informed
notonly
aboutthe
kindsof
crime
thatvictim
sface,
butalso
theprocesses
ofsecondary
victimization
sustainedduring
thein
ves
tigatoryand
judicialprocess
andeven
atthe
handsof
well-m
eaningdoctors,
friends,counselors,
andclergy.
42
Mental
Health
Com
munity
Recom
mendation
4:
The
mental
healthcom
munity
shouldw
orkw
ithpublic
agencies,victim
compensation
boards,and
privateinsurers
tom
akepsychological
treatment
readilyavailable
tocrim
evictim
sand
theirfam
ilies.
The
treatment
of
psychologicalinjury
isas
important
asthe
bindingof
aw
oundor
thesetting
of
abroken
bone.T
heattitude
thatem
otionaltherapy
isan
ind
ul
genceis
notonly
uninformed
butis
alsodam
aging.
Crim
evictim
soften
facefears
andpressures
thatm
ay
developinto
seriousand
prolongedem
otionald
istur
bances.T
heseindividuals
must
beable
toget
thehelp
theyso
desperatelyneed.
All
toooften
professionalcare
isnot
obtainedbe
causethe
victimis
unableto
payfor
it.P
rofessionals
inthis
fieldshould
work
closelyw
ithpublic
agencies,
asw
ellas
privateindustry,
toensure
thatneeded
psy
chologicalcare
isas
readilyavailable
forvictim
sas
emergency
medical
care.
107M
entalH
ealthC
omm
unityR
ecomm
endation5:
The
mental
healthcom
munity
shouldestablish
andm
aintaindirect
liaisonw
ithother
victimservice
agencies.
Victim
sface
anum
berof
bewildering
experiencesbe
ginningw
iththe
crime
andextending
throughthe
Thesense
of securitycourt
process;they
shouldnot
alsobe
bewildered
tothe
family
was
when
theyseek
psychologicalhelp.
Professionals
who
shatteredsom
ehow.
seekto
assistvictim
sshould
work
closelyw
ithvictim
Sincethe
incident,fam
ilyfunctioning
serviceagencies
intheir
area.C
ooperationbetw
eenand
relationshipsthe
mental
healthcom
munity
andvictim
serviceagen-
deteriorated,cies
will
resultin
mutual
benefit:agencies
will
profitcontributing
tothe
fromthe
mental
healthcom
munity’s
experienceand
need,even
later,Jbr
professionalinsight
andw
illbe
aware
of
theprofes-
additionalpsychiatricsional’s
availabilityfor
victimreferral;
andm
entalservices.
We
felthealth
professionalsm
ayw
ellbenefit
fromthe
experi-isolated
inour
enceand
expertiseof
victimservice
practitioners,par-
anguishand
ourfear.—
avictim
ticularlythose
inthe
criminal
Justicesystem
.
108
Recom
mendations
forthe
Private
Sector
Crim
eis
costly,not
onlyto
victims
butalso
tob
usi
nessesand
tosociety
asa
whole.
The
privatesector
canhelp
easethe
burdencarried
byvictim
sand
reducethe
costof
crime
inseveral
ways.
Those
who
arevictim
izedw
antto
beproductive
intheir
work
andresponsible
totheir
creditors;how
ever,co
nvales
cenceand
courtappearances
may,
fora
time,
reducetheir
abilityto
doso.
Ifem
ployerscan
beflexible
inallow
ingabsences
forcourt
appearancesand
medical
treatment,
ifcreditors
canbe
more
understandingin
ifcitizens’
cansetting
payment
schedules,groups
helptheir
victimized
neighbors,all
will
findthat
suchfo
rbearance
will
producetangible
rewards.
The
follo
wing
recomm
endationsoffer
specificsuggestions
forprivate
sectoraction.
1.B
usinessesshould
authorizepaid
administrative
leavefor
employees
who
must
miss
work
becauseof
injuriessustained
ina
violentcrim
e,and
forem
ployeesw
hom
ustattend
courthearings.
2.B
usinessesshould
establishem
ployeeassistance
programs
forvictim
sof
crime.
3.C
reditorsshould
make
liberalallow
ancesfor
personsw
hoare
unableto
make
timely
pay
ments
becauseof
recentvictim
ization.4.
The
privatesector
shouldencourage
privateco
ntributions
ofm
oneyand
othersupport
tovictim
serviceagencies,
whether
publicor
private.
Com
mentary
Private
Sector
Recom
mendation
1:B
usinessesshould
authorizepaid
administrative
leavefor
employees
who
must
miss
work
becauseof
injuriessustained
ina
violentcrim
e,and
forem
ployeesw
hom
ustattend
courthearings.
The
effectsof
victimization
canfor
atim
eco
mp
rom
isean
employee’s
abilityto
meet
allhis
work-related
obligations.V
ictims
aretaken
away
fromtheir
jobsprincipally
form
edicalcare
andto
attendcourt.
109C
rime
imposes
anxietyand
afeeling
of
powerlessness;
most
often,victim
stry
strenuouslyto
puttheir
livesback
together,to
getback
ontheir
feetand
returnto
normal.
The
stabilizingfactor
of
employm
entis
oftenan
important
aidin
thisprocess.
Conversely,
ifa
victimfears
theloss
of
ajob
andthe
economic
hard
shipthat
will
result,his
recoverym
aybe
substantiallyim
peded.E
mployers
shouldbe
atleast
asu
nderstan
ding
andaccom
modating
ingiving
time
offfor
medical
treatment
of
injuriessustained
ina
violentcrim
eas
theyw
ouldbe
incase
of
seriousillness
oraccidents.
Ifcrim
inalsare
tobe
heldaccountable,
ifcrim
eand
thecost
itim
poseson
businessand
consumer
alikeare
tobe
reduced,the
courtsystem
must
havethe
coo
peration
ofvictim
sand
witnesses
who
will
takethe
time
andrun
therisk
of
coming
forward
totestify.
Testifying
requiresthat
victims
andw
itnessesleave
theirplace
ofem
ployment,
ortheir
homes,
forv
arying
lengthsof
time.
Acooperative
effortis
neededhere.
The
courtsystem
must
bem
adem
oreefficient;
thenum
berof
requiredappearances
must
bereduced.
On-call
systems
thatw
ouldallow
witnesses
torem
ainat
theirjobs
untilthey
areactually
neededto
testifyshould
beim
plemented
(seeP
rosecutorR
ecom
men
da
tion5
andJudiciary
Recom
mendation
2).W
itnessfees
couldbe
paiddirectly
toem
ployersw
hosubsidize
time
off.B
etterscheduling
oftrials
isalso
needed.N
om
atterhow
efficientthe
courtsystem
becomes,
some
sacrificesby
individualsand
theirem
ployersw
illalw
aysbe
necessary.U
ltimately,
thepatience
andunderstanding
of
employers
will
producebenefits.
Hiring
anew
employee
isexpensive;
training,reduced
efficiency,record-keeping,
andother
costsm
akethe
decisionto
replacean
employee
aneconom
icas
well
asa
humanitarian
one.T
heT
askF
orce
suggeststhat
theem
ployerw
hois
ableto
bearw
iththe
transitoryim
positionsthat
absencescause
may
ultimately
profitfrom
thew
orkof
anem
ployeew
hois
experiencedand
loyalas
aresult
of
hisconsiderate
treatment.
Private
Sector
Recom
mendation
2:B
usinessesshould
establishem
ployeeassistance
programs
forvictim
sof
crime.
Every
employer
hasto
dealw
ithpersonnel
difficultiesfrom
time
totim
e.In
asm
allbusiness,
attentionis
usu
110
allygiven
ona
personalbasis.
Larger
organizations,
however,
oftenhave
employee
assistanceprogram
sto
helptheir
workers
faceproblem
ssuch
asillness,
alco
holor
drugabuse,
andfam
ilydifficulties
(seeE
xecu
tiveand
Legislative
Recom
mendation
11for
ad
iscus
sionof
suchprogram
sin
thegovernm
ent).M
anybu
si
nesseshave
crime
preventionprogram
sfor
theirem
ployees,and
some
haveprogram
sspecifically
de
signedto
assistem
ployeesw
hohave
beenvictim
sof
crime.
Both
largeand
small
businessescan
profitby
helpingem
ployeesw
hohave
beenvictim
ized.
Private
Sector
Recom
mendation
3:
Creditors
shouldm
akeliberal
allowances
forpersons
who
areunable
tom
aketim
elypaym
entsbecause
of
recentvictim
ization.
Iw
asin
collegew
henI
gotshot.
Icouldn’t
finishthe
semester
andI
lostm
y$500
tuition.I
was
neverreim
bursed.The
schoolw
ouldn‘t
extendtheir
tuitiondeadline
for
me
thissem
estereven
afterI
explainedm
ysituation.—
avictim
Ifa
victimincurs
largem
edicalexpenses
orloses
his
job,his
abilityto
meet
hisordinary
financialob
liga
tionsw
illbe
affected.T
heT
askF
orce
urgesthat
this
impairm
entbe
recognizedas
transitory,that
itbe
re
mem
beredthat
victims
donot
seekor
contributeto
theirsituation.
We
recognizethat
human
patienceis
notinfinite,
butw
eurge
thatbusinesses
beresponsive
tovictim
/witness
professsionalsw
hoseek
extensions
forthe
creditpaym
entsof
victims.
Private
Sector
Recom
mendation
4:
The
privatesector
shouldencourage
privatecontributions
ofm
oneyand
othersupport
tovictim
serviceagencies,
whether
publicor
private.
The
needsof
victims
andthe
restrictedbudgets
of
programs
thatserve
themhave
beendiscussed
exten
sivelyelsew
herein
thisreport.
Business,
labor,and
privatecitizens
canoffer
practicalhelp
inthis
areain
much
thesam
ew
aythat
theyhelp
meet
theneeds
of
othercharitable
andphilanthropic
comm
unityen
ter
prises.C
ontributionsof
money,
goodsand
services,
clothing,food,
andshelter
producenot
onlya
tax
benefitbut
alsothe
reward
ofpublic
goodw
ill.
Business,
labor,and
privatecitizens
canm
akedirect
contributionsto
existingprogram
sor
supplyseed
money
forservice
programs
where
nonecurrently
exist,either
throughnational
organizationsor
locally.
Private
sectorsupport
cantake
theform
ofin-kind
contributions,such
asdonations
of
clothingor
shelterfor
victims
who
havebeen
devastatedby
crime;
traveland
hotelaccom
modations
forvictim
sw
hom
ustreturn
toa
comm
unityfor
prosecution;donation
oftransportation
ortelephone
equipment
tofacilitate
24-houron-call
servicesfor
victims;
anddonation
ofservices,
suchas
budgetingor
accountinghelp,
prin
ting
ofpublic
educationbrochures,
medical
treatment,
andcounseling.
Citizens’
groupscan
become
activelyinvolved
byvolunteering
toansw
er24-hour
hotlines,providing
transportationand
accompanim
entto
court,or
help
inga
victimservice
agencyget
neededresources
andaccess
toreferral
servicesfor
victims
with
specialneeds.
Finally,
theprivate
sectorcan
doa
greatdeal
toassist
localvictim
serviceagencies
byinitiating
publiceducation
campaigns
designedto
informpeople
aboutthe
needsof
crime
victims
andm
akethem
aware
ofthe
availabilityof
services.
AP
roposedC
onstitutional Am
endment
114
AP
roposedA
mendm
entto
theC
onstitution
Inapplying
andinterpreting
thevital
guaranteesthat
protectall
citizens,the
criminal
justicesystem
haslost
anessential
balance.It
shouldbe
clearlyunderstood
thatthis
Task
Forcew
ishesin
now
ayto
vitiatethe
safeguardsthat
shelteranyone
accusedof
crime;
butit
must
beurged
with
equalvigor
thatthe
systemhas
de
privedthe
innocent,the
honest,and
thehelpless
ofits
Theyexplained
thedefen
dan
tconstitutional
rightsto
thenth
degree.T
heycouldn’t
dothis
andthey
couldn’tdo
thatbecause
of
hisconstitutional
rights.A
ndI
wondered
what
mine
were.
And
theytold
me,
Ihaven’t
gotany.—
avictim
protection.T
heguiding
principlethat
providesthe
focusfor
con
stitutionalliberties
isthat
government
must
bere
strainedfrom
trampling
therights
of
theindividual
citizen.T
hevictim
sof
crime
havebeen
transformed
intoa
groupoppressively
burdenedby
asystem
de
signedto
protectthem
.T
hisoppression
must
bere
dressed.T
othat
endit
isthe
recomm
endationof
this
Task
Force
thatthe
Sixth
Am
endment
tothe
Consti
tutionof
theU
nitedS
tatesbe
augmented.
We
proposethat
theA
mendm
entbe
modified
toread
asfollow
s:
Inall
criminal
prosecutionsthe
accusedshall
enjoythe
rightto
aspeedy
andpublic
trial,by
anim
partialju
ryof
theS
tateand
districtw
hereinthe
crime
shallhave
beenco
mm
itted,
which
districtshall
havebeen
previouslyascertained
bylaw
,and
tobe
informed
of
thenature
andcause
ofthe
accusation;to
beconfronted
with
thew
itnessesagainst
him;
tohave
compulsory
processfor
obtainingw
itnesses
inhis
favorand
tohave
theA
ssistance
ofC
ounselfor
hisdefense.
Likew
ise,the
victim,
inevery
criminal
prosecutionshall
havethe
rightto
bepresent
and
tobe
heardat
allcritical
stageso
f jud
icialproceedings.
We
donot
make
thisrecom
mendation
lightly.T
heC
onstitutionis
thefoundation
of
nationalfreedom
,the
sourceof
nationalspirit.
But
thecom
binedexperience
broughtto
thisinquiry
andeverything
learnedduring
itsprogress
affirmthat
anessential
changem
ustbe
undertaken;the
fundamental
rightsof
innocentciti
zenscannot
adequatelybe
preservedby
anyless
deci
siveaction.
Inthis
we
followT
homas
Jefferson,w
hosaid:
“Iam
notan
advocatefor
frequentchanges
inlaw
sand
constitutions,but
laws
andinstitutions
must
gohand
inhand
with
theprogress
ofthe
human
mind.
As
thatbecom
esm
oredeveloped,
more
enlig
ht
ened,as
newdiscoveries
arem
ade,new
truthsd
iscov
eredand
manners
andopinions
change,w
iththe
changeof
circumstances,
institutionsm
ustadvance
alsoto
keeppace
with
thetim
es.”
Appendices
118
Appendix
1:M
ethodology
The
combined
experienceof
them
embers
of
thisT
askF
orce
inthe
victimand
criminal
justicefields
isex
tensive.W
hileour
studyw
asinform
edby
ourex
peri
ence,w
ew
antedto
ensurethat
ourconclusions
were
notthe
productof
aninsular
orpreconceived
attitude.W
econtacted
professionalsin
thoseareas
thattouch
onthe
victimexperience,
includingpolice
offi
cers,hospital
personnel,victim
serviceproviders,
nurses,doctors,
prosecutors,judges,
privateattorneys,
probationand
paroleofficers,
prisonand
paroleo
fficials,
universityand
lawprofessors,
researchers,m
entalhealth
professionals,school
teachersand
ad
ministrators,
mem
bersof
thepress,
representativesfrom
privateindustry,
andgovernors,
mayors,
andlegislators.
We
compiled
andanalyzed
asm
uchprinted
materi
alas
we
couldacquire
fromgovernm
ental,academ
ic,professional,
andprivate
sources.T
hesynthesis
ofthese
dataaugm
entsheavily
theother
aspectsof
ourinvestigation.
Crucial
toour
approach,how
ever,w
asthe
conceptthat
itw
asnecessary
tohear
directlyfrom
thosew
hoselives
havebeen
touchedby
crime.
Therefore,
we
spokeat
lengthand
ingreat
numbers
with
innocentpeople
who
havebeen
victimized.
We
alsow
antedto
gainas
accuratea
perceptionas
possibleof
what
isnow
beingdone
tohelp
victims,
asw
ellas
what
hasbeen
triedw
ithboth
successfuland
unsuccessfulresults.
We
foundgood
programs
insom
ejurisdictions
andsom
efine
firstefforts
inothers.
But
onecaveat
must
beborne
inm
ind.V
ictims’
pro
blem
sare
multifaceted,
with
components
inalm
ostall
sectorsof
society.T
hereare
problems
with
attitudesand
perceptionsas
well
asproblem
sw
ithprogram
s.E
venw
heresound
victim/w
itnessassistance
pro
grams
arein
place,those
victimized
bycrim
estill
sufferhardship
andill
treatment.
Well-conceived
andoperated
programs,
asim
portantas
theyare,
will
notprovide
thecom
pletesolution.
We
wanted
tom
akecertain
thatthis
would
notbe
aparochial
scrutiny;to
thatend,
we
conductedhear-
119
ingsaround
thecountry.
We
decidednot
tohold
sessions
incities
thathad
beenvisited
recentlyby
othertask
forcesor
comm
issionsdealing
with
criminal
jus
ticeissues,
becausew
efelt
we
couldprofit
bystu
dy
ingthe
information
theygathered
andbecause
we
wanted
togive
citizensfrom
otherareas
theopportu
nityto
speakto
theseissues.
Our
hearingsw
erecon
venedin
Boston,
SanF
rancisco,D
enver,St.
Louis,
Houston.
andthe
District
ofC
olumbia.
Inaddition,
agreat
many
citizensfrom
aroundthe
nationco
ntrib
ut
edto
theinquiry
inpersonal
interviews,
byw
rittensubm
issions,by
letter,and
bytelephone
com
mu
nica
tion.We
wish
tostate
asforcefully
aspossible
thatthis
Task
Force
doesnot
seekto
undermine
inany
way
theessential
safeguardsthat
protectevery
citizen,in
cludingthose
accusedof
crime.
The
issuesw
eaddress
andthe
concernsw
evoice
arenot
theproduct
ofany
suchm
otivation.O
nthe
contrary,it
isour
firmbelief
thatevery
citizenm
ustbe
ableto
expectfair
treat
ment
byhis
government
andthe
systemof
justicethat
thatgovernm
entguarantees.
What
we
havefound
isthat
theU
.S.crim
inaljustice
systemnow
operatesin
am
annerthat
doesnot
extendthat
requisiteequity
toall.
Our
soledesire
isto
restorea
balanceto
thescales
ofjustice.T
hisreport
isintended
asa
synthesisof
info
rma
tion;it
isnot
aresearch
treatise.R
esearchw
orkhas
beenundertaken
byothers,
andtheir
conclusionshave
beentaken
intoaccount.
Neither
isthis
reportan
en
cyclopedicpresentation
ofall
thatw
ehave
learned.W
econcluded
thatoverw
helming
thereader
with
material
would
undermine
theim
pactof
ourreco
mm
endations.In
making
theserecom
mendations
we
haveattem
ptedto
articulatedirect
andw
orkableso
lutions.
This
reportand
recomm
endationsare
made
tothe
President
andthe
Attorney
General.
How
ever,the
solutionsto
theproblem
sof
victims
will
befound
infederal,
state,and
localgovernm
entalaction
byex
ecutives,legislators,
andjudges,
asw
ellas
inthe
ac
tionsof
concernedprofessionals
andprivate
citizens.W
ehave
organizedour
reportto
highlightthose
areasof
responsibility.W
erecognize
thatthe
implem
enta
tionof
thesesolutions
must
beapproached
with
flexi
bilityto
allowfor
variationsin
localconditions.
For
120
thisreason,
we
haveintentionally
refrainedfrom
man
datinga
singleapproach
toim
plementation.
Som
em
attersof
presentationshould
beclarified.
First,
thosecitizens
who
arenot
directvictim
sof
crime
butw
hoare
inevitablyaffected
byit,
suchas
witnesses
orsurviving
family
mem
bersof
homicide
victims,
sharem
anyof
thesam
eproblem
sas
victims,
particularlyw
ithregard
totheir
treatment
bythe
ju
dicialsystem
.H
owever,
constantreference
to“v
ic
tims
andw
itnesses”is
stylisticallycum
bersome.
We
hopethe
readerw
illappreciate
thatthe
absenceof
re
peatedreferences
tow
itnessesper
sein
additionto
victims
shouldnot
beread
toim
plythat
witnesses
are
notentitled
tothe
same
appropriatetreatm
ent.S
imi
lawyers,
andlarly,
bothm
enand
wom
enare
judges,
doctors,as
bothare
victims
ofcrim
e;the
traditional
useof
them
asculinepronoun
asinclusive
of
bothg
en
dersis
notm
eantto
imply
thecontrary.
Finally,
we
havetried
tocapture
thetone
ofw
hatw
eheard
duringour
studyby
quotingvictim
sdirectly;
how
ev
er,for
thesake
oftheir
privacyand
security,w
ehave
notidentified
victims
bynam
eif
theyrequested
ano
nymity.
121
Appendix
2:M
odelV
ictim/W
itnessU
nits
Experience
hasshow
nthat
theonly
way
of
ensuringthat
theneeds
ofvictim
sand
witnesses
arem
etis
tohave
aseparate
unitsolely
dedicatedto
theirassist
ance.P
rosecutors,police,
courtpersonnel,
andothers
inthe
criminal
justicesystem
arealready
overworked;
moreover,
theseprofessionals
may
haveto
directtheir
primary
effortsin
ways
notalw
aysconsistent
with
response
tovictim
needs.
Whether
thevictim
/witness
assistanceunit
isplaced
within
some
component
ofthe
criminal
justicesystem
oroutside
thesystem
ina
socialservice
organizationis
bestleft
tolocal
determination.
Excellent
unitsare
operatingin
policedepartm
ents,prosecutors’
offices,probation
departments,
andsocial
serviceagencies.
Som
eareas
haveexcellent
volunteervictim
/witness
assistanceunits.
What
isim
portantis
thatthe
unitbe
well
organizedand
staffedby
dedicatedpersonnel,
thatit
befunded
generouslyenough
toprovide
com
prehensiveservices,
andthat
itsactions
beco
ord
inat
edw
iththose
of
agenciesw
ithinthe
criminal
justicesystem
,private
servicegroups,
andbusiness
org
aniza
tions.
The
successof
suchunits
ism
easuredby
howsw
iftlyand
well
theym
eetthe
needsof
victims
andw
itnesses.W
ehave
identifiedthe
needsthat
we
co
nsider
most
important,
theones
thatevery
victimw
itness
unitshould
meet.
Am
odelvictim
/witness
assistance
unitshould:
1.A
ssistevery
victimw
horeports
acrim
e,w
hetheror
notan
arrestis
made.
2.R
espondto
thescene
ofthe
crime
tom
akecrisis
counselingavailable.
Program
sthat
offersuch
servicesinclude
thefollow
ing:V
ictim/
Witness
Unit,
Alam
edaC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/
Witness
Unit,
Sacram
entoC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,V
enturaC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictimInform
ationP
rogram,
Louisville,
Ky.;
Crim
eV
ictims
Center,
Minneapolis/S
t.P
aul,
122M
inn.;V
ictimA
ssistanceP
rogram,
Glendale,
Ariz.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Greenville,
S.C.;
Victim
Services
Agency,
New
York,
N.Y
.,
andV
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,L
incolnP
oliceD
e
partment,
Lincoln,
Neb.
3.P
rovide24-hour
telephonehotline
serviceto
victims
andw
itnessesfor
assistance,particu
lar
lyif
threatsor
intimidation
occur.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Victim
/Witness
Advocate
Program
,P
ima
County,
Ariz.;
Crim
eV
ictims
Center,
Min
ne
apolis/St.
Paul,
Minn.;
Victim
Services
Div
i
sion,C
oloradoS
pringsP
oliceD
epartment,
Colorado
Springs,
Cob.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Indianapolis,m
d.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,E
van
ston,Ill.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Scottsdale,
Ariz.;
andV
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,F
t.L
auder
dale,F
la.
4.M
akeem
ergencym
onetaryaid
availableto
helpneedy
victims
make
theirhom
essecure,
replacesuch
thingsas
glassesand
hearingaids,
andbuy
foodand
othernecessities.
Program
sthat
offersuch
servicesinclude
thefollow
ing:V
ictim/W
itnessA
dvocateP
rogram,
Pim
aC
ounty,A
riz.;C
rime
Victim
sC
enter,M
inne
apolis/St.
Paul,
Minn.;
Victim
Services
Agency,
New
York,
N.Y
.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,C
hester,Pa.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Dade
County,
Fla.;
andV
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,F
t.L
auderdale,F
la.
5.R
efervictim
sto
appropriatesocial
serviceand
victimcom
pensationprogram
sand
assistin
filling
outform
sfor
compensation.
Program
sthat
offersuch
servicesinclude
thefollow
ing:
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Unit,
Boulder,
Cob
.;V
ictim/W
itnessA
ssistanceC
enter,C
larkC
ounty,N
ev.;V
ictimA
ssistanceP
roject,M
ultnomah
County,
Ore.;
Victim
/Witness
As
sistanceU
nit,St.
Louis,
Mo.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Sacram
entoC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itness
Unit,
Ventura
County,
Calif.;
Victim
/Wit
nessU
nit,H
onolulu,H
i.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,K
ingC
ounty,W
ash.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,D
enver,C
ob
.;and
Crim
eV
ictims
Center,
Minneapolis/S
t.P
aul,M
inn.
123
6.E
ducatethe
publicabout
theoperation
of
thecrim
inaljustice
systemand
thew
ayit
treatsvictim
s.P
ubliceducation
isa
major
focusof
theB
ostonarea
Victim
/Witness
programs.
7.A
ssistin
prompt
returnof
victim’s
property.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Pro
jectT
urnaround,M
ilwaukee,
Wisc.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Alam
edaC
ounty,C
alif.;and
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Sacram
entoC
ounty,C
alif.
8.N
otifythe
victimof
progressof
thein
vestig
ation,
thedefendant’s
arrest,subsequent
baild
eterm
inationand
statusof
thecase
asit
pro
ceedsthrough
thesystem
.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Victim
/W
itnessA
ssistanceU
nit,B
oulder,C
ob.;
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Center,
Clark
County,
Nev.;
Victim
Assistance
Project,
Multnom
ahC
ounty,O
re.;V
ictim/W
itnessA
ssistance
Unit,
St.L
ouis,M
o.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,S
acramento
County,
Calif.;
Victim
/Wit
nessU
nit,V
enturaC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itness
Unit,
Honolulu,
Hi.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
King
County,
Wash.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Denver,
Co
b.;
andC
rime
Victim
sC
enter,M
inneapolis/St.
Paul,
Minn.
9.A
ssistvictim
sin
making
appropriateinputon
thefollow
ing:bail
determinations,continuances,
pleabargaining,
dismissals,
sentencing,restitutionand
parolehearings.
Program
sthat
offersuch
as
suranceon
baildeterm
inationsinclude:
Victim
/W
itnessU
nit,C
hicago,Ill.,
andV
ictim/W
itness
Assistance
Unit,
St.L
ouis,M
o.;on
senten
cing,
Victim
Information
Unit,
Louisville,
KY
.;and
onparole,
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Muskogee,
Okla.
10.C
onsultw
ithvictim
sand
witnesses
tofacilitate
thesetting
ofconvenient
hearingdates.
Pro
grams
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
fol
lowing:
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Unit,
Bo
ul
der,C
ob.;
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Center,
Clark
County,
Nev.;
Victim
Assistance
Project,
Multnom
ahC
ounty,O
re.;V
ictim/W
itnessA
ssistance
Unit,
St.L
ouis,M
o.;V
ictim/W
itness
124
Unit,
Sacram
entoC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itness
Unit,
Ventura
County,
Calif.;
Victim
/Wit
nessU
nit,H
onolulu,H
i.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,K
ingC
ounty,W
ash.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,D
enver,C
ob.;
andC
rime
Victim
sC
enter,M
inneapolis/St.
Paul,
Minn.
11.Im
plement
avictim
/witness
on-callsystem
.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Denver,
Co
b.;
Project
Turnaround,
Milw
aukee,W
isc.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,P
eoria,Ill.;
Victim
Info
rm
ationU
nit,L
ouisville,K
Y.;
Victim
Services
Agency,
New
York,
N.Y
.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,V
enturaC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,G
reenville,S.C
.;and
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Adam
sC
ounty,C
ob.
12.Intercede
with
theem
ployersor
creditorsof
victims
orw
itnesses.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Greenville,
S.C.;
Victim
Assistance
Pro
ject,M
ultnomah
County,
Ore.;
andV
ictim/
Witness
Unit,
Peoria,
Ill.13.
Assist
theelderly
andhandicapped
inarran
ging
transportationto
andfrom
court.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Jamaica
Service
Program
forO
lderA
dults,Ja
maica,
N.Y
.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,C
larkC
ounty,N
ev,,and
Victim
Assistance
Project,
Multnom
ahC
ounty,O
re.
14.P
rovidea
translatorservice.
Program
sthat
offersuch
servicesinclude
thefollow
ing:V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,E
ssexC
ounty,M
ass.;V
ictimS
ervicesA
gency,N
ewY
ork,N
.Y.,
andV
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,D
adeC
ounty,F
la.
15.C
oordinateefforts
toensure
thatvictim
shave
asecure
placeto
wait
beforetestifying.
Program
sthat
offersuch
servicesinclude
thefollow
ing:V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,V
enturaC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,P
ortsmouth,
Va.;
Victim
Services
Agency,
New
York,
N.Y
.,and
Pro
jectT
urnaround,M
ilwaukee,
Wisc.
16.P
rovidecounseling
orcom
panionshipduring
courtappearances
when
appropriate.P
rograms
thatoffer
suchservices
includethe
following:
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Unit,
Boulder,
Co
b.;
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Center,
Clark
County,
Nev.;
Victim
Assistance
Project,
Multnom
ahC
ounty,O
re.;V
ictim/W
itnessA
ssistance
Unit,
St.L
ouis,M
o.;V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,S
acramento
County,
Calif.;
Victim
/Wit
nessU
nit,V
enturaC
ounty,C
alif.;V
ictim/W
itness
Unit,
Honolulu,
Hi.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
King
County,
Wash.;
Victim
/Witness
Unit,
Denver,
Co
b.;
andC
rime
Victim
sC
enter,M
inneapolis/St.
Paul,
Minn.
125
126
Appendix
3:W
itnessesB
eforethe
President’s
Task
Force
onV
ictims
ofC
rime
Witnesses
ateach
hearingare
listedaccording
tothe
orderin
which
theyappeared
beforethe
Task
Force.
inH
earing W
ashington, D.C
., S
eptember 14—
15, 1982
William
French S
mith, A
ttorney General of the
United S
tates John H
einz, U.S. S
enator, State of P
ennsylvania E
velyn Blackw
ell, crime victim
M
arlene A. Y
oung, Executive D
irector, National
Organization for V
ictim A
ssistance D
. Low
ell Jensen, Assistant A
ttorney General,
Crim
inal Division, U
.S. Departm
ent of Justice
George S
underland, Senior C
oordinator, Am
erican A
ssociation of Retired P
ersons E
dwin C
. Meese, counselor to the P
resident R
ufus L. E
dmisten, A
ttorney General, S
tate of N
orth C
arolina L
ynn A. M
arks, Executive D
irector, Wom
en O
rganized Against R
ape, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dorothea M
orefield, crime victim
M
orton Bard, P
rofessor of Psychology, C
ity College
of New
York
Crim
e victim (nam
e withheld on request)
Crim
e victim (nam
e withheld on request)
Deborah P
. Kelly, A
ssistant Professor, U
niversity of M
aryland H
oward S
afir, Assistant D
irector for O
perations, U.S
. M
arshal’s Service
David L
. Arm
strong, Com
monw
ealth’s Attorney, 30th
Judicial District, L
ouisville, Ky.
Reggie W
alton, Judge of the Superior C
ourt of the D
istrict of Colum
bia
127
Stanley
S.H
arris,U
.S.A
ttorn
eyfor
theD
istrictof
Colum
biaR
ev.H
.A
.H
underup,P
ortsmouth,
Va.,
Police
Departm
entC
haplaincyC
orps
Lieut.
R.
K.
Gaddis,
Portsm
outh,V
a.,P
oliceD
epartment
Kathy
Musser,
crime
victim
Ann
W.
Burgess,
D.N
.Sc.,
Associate
Directo
rof
Nu
rsing
Research,
Boston
City
Hospital
Kenneth
Lanning,
Special
Agent,
Behavioral
Science
Unit,
Federal
Bureau
ofInvestigation
Michael
Watson,
Special
Agent,
Federal
Bureau
ofInvestigation
Daniel
J.P
opeo,G
eneralC
ounsel,W
ashingtonL
egalF
oundationS
ylviaB
acon,Judge
ofthe
Superior
Court
of
theD
istrictof
Colum
bia,and
Imm
ediateP
astC
hairperson,A
merican
Bar
Association
Section
onC
riminal
JusticeL
aurie0.
Robinson,
Director,
Am
ericanB
arA
ssociationS
ectionon
Crim
inalJustice
Susan
W.
Hillenbrand,
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Project,
Am
ericanB
arA
ssociationS
ectionon
Crim
inalJustice
JohnW
alsh,crim
evictim
JoyceT
homas,
R.N
.,D
irector,C
hildP
rotectionU
nit,C
hildren’sH
ospitalN
ationalM
edicalC
enter,W
ashington,D
.C.
David
Lloyd,
Attorney-at-L
aw,
Child
Protection
Unit,
Children’s
Hospital
National
Medical
Center,
Washington,
D.C
.G
aryD
.G
ottfredson,D
irector,P
rogramin
Delinquency
andS
choolE
nvironments,
JohnsH
opkinsU
niversityC
hiquitaB
ass,crim
evictim
James
Ahrens,
Law
Enforcem
entS
pecialistS
usanS
alasin,C
hairperson,C
omm
itteeon
theM
entalH
ealthS
ervicesN
eedsof
Victim
sof
Violence,
World
Federation
forM
entalH
ealthR
ev.H
erman
Head,
Prison
Fellow
ship
128
Hearing
inB
oston,M
ass.,S
eptember
21—22,
1982:
William
F.W
eld,U
.S.A
ttorney,B
oston,M
ass.K
evinM
.B
urke,D
istrictA
ttorney,E
ssexC
ounty,M
ass.M
argaretG
rogan,crim
evictim
Barbara
F.
Gray,
Massachusetts
State
Representative
Mary
J0Z
ingarelli,crim
evictim
Lucy
N.
Friedm
an,P
h.D.,
Director,
Victim
Service
Agency,
New
York
City
Rev.
Neal
J.D
eStefano,
S.J.,
Chaplain,
Quincy,
Mass.,
Police
Departm
ent;C
haplain,B
ostonC
ityH
ospitalR
onaldC
.N
ationalA
ssociationof
Zw
eibel,P
resident,C
rime
Victim
Com
pensationB
oardsD
anielM
cGillis,
Ph.D
.,C
enterfor
Crim
inalJustice,
Harvard
Law
School;
Consultant,
Abt
Associates
Inc.P
atriciaS
mith,
Abt
Associates
Inc.S
allyB
owie,
Lic.S
.W.,
Director,
Rape
Crisis
InterventionP
rogram,
Beth
IsraelH
ospital,B
oston,M
ass.R
obertD
umond,
Director,
District
Attorney’s
Victim
/W
itnessA
ssistance,N
orthernE
ssexC
ounty,M
ass.G
eorgeC
arroll,crim
evictim
JulioV
argus,crim
evictim
Mrs.
Alan
Dixon,
crime
victimD
avidL
owenberg,
Director,
Victim
/Witness
Program
,P
ima
County,
Ariz.
Lorna
Bernhard,
R.N
.,B
.S.,
Head
Nurse,
Pediatric
Em
ergencyR
oom,
Boston
City
Hospital
Susan
J.K
elley,R
.N.,
M.S
.,N
urseC
oordinator,M
assachusettsS
tateO
fficeof
Em
ergencyM
edicalS
ervicesW
illiamG
.R
obinson,M
assachusettsS
tateR
epresentativeB
arbaraK
aplan,crim
evictim
Karen
McL
aughlin,D
irector,V
ictimA
ssistanceP
rogram,
Essex
County,
Massachusetts
District
Attorney’s
Office
Richard
M.
Cook,
crime
victimC
harlesA
ustin,R
eporter,W
BZ
Television
New
sD
avidJ.
Millet,
Lieutenant,
Police
Departm
ent,M
arblehead,M
ass.M
ichaelL
evitt,R
eporter,W
NE
VT
elevisionN
ews
129
Em
ilyC
handler,R
.N.,
M.S
.,D
irector
ofP
sychiatricS
ervices,B
ostonD
epartment
ofH
ealthand
Hospitals
Maureen
Ellis,
R.N
.,M
.S.,
Psychiatric
Clinical
Specialist
forP
ediatricN
ursing,B
ostonC
ityH
ospital
Martin
A.
Walsh,
Cochairperson,
Greater
Boston
Civil
Rights
Coalition
JosephF
easter,Jr.,
Cochairperson,
Greater
Boston
Civil
Rights
Coalition
Dennis
J.R
obertsII,
Attorney
General,
State
ofR
hodeIsland
Sister
Annunciata
Bethell,
Director,
Bedford
Park
Multi-S
erviceC
enterfor
Senior
Citizens
Inc.,B
ronx,N
.Y.
Crim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest)
Am
yS
inger,D
irector,V
ictim/W
itnessP
rogram,
Middlesex
County,
Massachusetts
District
Attorney’s
Office
Crim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest)
Robert
Grayson,
crime
victim;
Chairm
an,N
ewJersey
Council
onC
rime
victims
Gail
Pisarcik,
R.N
.,M
.S.,
C.S.,
Coordinator,
Em
ergencyS
ervicesfor
Rape
Victim
s,M
assachusettsG
eneralH
ospitalJan
etY
assen,M
.S.W
.,L
ic.S.W
.,C
linician,C
ambridge-S
omerville,
Massachusetts
Mental
Health
&R
etardationC
enter;M
ember,
Boston
Area
Rape
Crisis
Center
Margaret
Kelly,
crime
victimR
oseC
ropper,crim
evictim
Rosem
aryK
elly,C
oordinator,V
ictim/W
itnessA
ssistance,S
uffolkC
ounty,M
assachusettsD
istrictA
ttorney’sO
fficeN
ewm
anF
lanagan,D
istrictA
ttorney,S
uffolkC
ounty,M
ass.
Hearing
inS
anF
rancisco,C
alif.,S
eptember
30—O
ctober1,
1982
Dianne
Feinstein,
Mayor,
City
of
SanF
ranciscoM
ichaelS
alerno,crim
evictim
Harriet
Salerno,
crime
victim
130
Marilyn
Hall
Patel,
U.S
.D
istrictJudge,
SanF
rancisco,C
alif.A
nnetteC
arison,crim
evictim
Elizabeth
Stew
artC
arison,crim
evictim
George
Nicholson,
Coauthor,
California
Victim
Bill
ofR
ightsD
onaldM
cGrath,
II,A
ttorney-at-Law
Merrill
J.S
chwartz,
Attorney-at-L
awT
homas
Peters,
Ph.D
.,D
irector,O
fficeof
Forensic
Services,
San
Francisco
Departm
entof
Public
Health
Margaret
Reiss,
M.S
.W,
Center
forS
pecialP
roblems,
SanF
rancisco,D
epartment
ofP
ublicH
ealthL
indaE
berth,M
.S.W
,S
exualT
rauma
Services,
San
Francisco
Departm
entof
Public
Health
Marge
Harrer,
Ph.D
.,C
hild
/Adolescen
tS
exualA
ssaultR
esourceC
enter,San
Francisco
General
Hospital
Nancy
J.B
owm
an,crim
evictim
Robert
P.
Ow
ens,C
hiefof
Police,
Oxnard,
Calif.
Robert
L.
Buhrig,
Corporate
Security
Manager,
Southland
Corporation
Beth
P.
Doolittle,
Program
Coordinator,
Rape
Crisis
Center,
Mann
County,
Calif.
JohnJ.
Meehan,
District
Attorney,
Alam
edaC
ounty,C
alif.G
eorgeB
ush,V
iceP
residentof
theU
nitedS
tatesD
aphneD
.M
oore,crim
evictim
Anna
Foy,crim
evictim
Mary
Nordby,
crime
victimC
arolC
orrigan,P
rofessorof
Law
James
Row
land,C
hiefP
robationO
fficer,F
resnoC
ounty,C
alif.L
ucyB
erliner,M
.S.W
.,H
arborviewM
edicalC
enter,S
eattle,W
ash.D
ouglasC
unningham,
Executive
Director,
California
Office
ofC
riminal
JusticeP
lanningM
aryM
iller,crim
evictim
Veronica
C.
Zecchini,
Program
Coordinator,
Victim
/W
itnessP
rogram,
District
Attorney’s
Office,
Sacram
entoC
ounty,C
alif.H
arold0.
Boscovich,
Director,
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Bureau,
District
Attorney’s
office,A
lameda
County,
Calif.
JosephY
omtov,
Director,
Santa
Clara,
California
Victim
/Witness
Program
131
Anne
Daley,
Director,
Victim
/Witness
Assistance
Program
,S
anF
rancisco,C
aliforniaD
istrictA
ttorney’sO
fficeF
rankJordan,
Lieutenant,
Crim
eP
reventionD
ivision,San
Francisco
Police
Departm
entM
arkF
orrester,D
irector,S
eniorE
scortO
utreachP
rogram,
SanF
ranciscoP
oliceD
epartment
Gw
endolynD
illworth-B
attle,E
xecutiveD
irector,San
Francisco
SA
FE
Crim
eP
reventionP
rojectE
lvisR
egalia,crim
evictim
Edith
Benay,
crime
victim
Hearing
inD
enver,C
ob
.,
Atto
rney
the D
istrict of
Robert
Colorado
District A
ttorney, Denver,
Mary
Taitt,
Taitt,
victim
Barbara
victim
Director, V
ictim/W
itness A
dams C
ounty, H
orst, B
arbara D
irector, Victim
/Witness
Boulder C
ounty,
withheld
request) w
ithheld request)
withheld
McP
herson, Director,
League A
gainst (S
LA
M), L
ittleton, P
rager, L
aVerne C
ollege of L
aw,
crime
Priscilla
Director, V
ictim/W
itness D
enver, N
ew
Victim
Reparations
President,
Organization
withheld
Boulder C
ountyC
enter,
October
5—6,
1982
Miller, U
.S.
forR
obert N.
Hedges, crim
e victim
Tooley,
Cob
.D
ale E
. crim
e victim
Eugene
crime
Chaffee, crim
e B
ette H. N
orth, U
nit,C
ob.
Roy T
er crim
e victim
Kendall,
Unit,
Cob.
Kathleen S
kelton, crime victim
C
rime victim
C
rime victim
C
rime victim
(name
(name
(name
ononon request) B
ea S
ociety’s M
olestersC
ob.
IrvingC
alif. P
rofessor, victimD
orothy Minkle,
Conrad,
Unit,
Cob.
Edith S
urgan, crime victim
; Chairm
an, M
exico C
rime
Crim
e Victim
s Assistance
Board and
Crim
e victim (nam
e on request)
Rape C
risisA
nne Com
pton,B
oulder,C
ob.
132
Phyllis
Wisse,
crime
victimSue
Conley,
crime
victimR
ichardD
.L
amm
,G
overnor,S
tateof
Colorado
Pat
Wyka,
Coordinator,
Victim
Services
Division,
Colorado
Springs
Police
Departm
ent,C
ob.
Crim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest)
Crim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest)
Dr.
Lenore
Walker,
psychologistM
ebodyeF
eldman,
Colorado
Dom
esticV
iolenceC
oalitionJerry
William
s,C
hiefof
Police,
Arvada,
Cob.
Roberta
Conw
ay,crim
evictim
Hearing
inS
t.L
ouis,M
o.,O
ctober13—
14,1982
Hym
anE
isenberg,crim
evictim
Crim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest)
Carol
Vittert,
comm
unityvolunteer
Harold
Tuthill,
crime
victimF
ernY
.F
erguson,M
.S.W
.,D
irector,S
ocialS
ervicesD
epartment,
St.M
ary’sH
ospital,E
.St.
Louis,
Ill.B
.D
avidB
rooks,P
h.D.,
Director,
Safe
Schools—
SafeS
treetsP
roject,T
homas
JeffersonR
esearchC
enter,L
osA
ngeles,C
alif.F
rankM
.O
chberg,M
.D.,
Mental
Health
Center,
St.L
awrence
Hospital,
Lansing,
Mich.
JusticeW
illiamC
allow,
Suprem
eC
ourt,S
tateof
Wisconsin
Linda
Jackson,crim
evictim
Thom
asA
mberg,
Staff
Writer—
St.
Louis
Globe-
Dem
ocrat,St.
Louis,
Mo.
Pam
elaK
lein,D
irector,R
apeand
Sexual
Abuse
Care
Center,
Southern
IllinoisU
niversityB
ettyJane
Spencer,
crime
victimE
rnestA
llen,E
xecutiveD
irector,C
riminal
JusticeC
omm
ission,L
ouisville-JeffersonC
ounty,K
y.B
uzzW
estfall,P
rosecutingA
ttorney,St.
Louis
County,
Mo.
Betsy
Munro,
Executive
Director,
Victim
Service
Council,
St.L
ouisC
ounty,M
o.M
arjorieS
usman,
comm
unityvolunteer
Louise
Ann
Bauschard,
A.C
.S.W
.,E
xecutiveD
irector,W
omen’s
Self
Help
Center,
St.L
ouis,M
o.G
innyD
avis,crim
evictim
133
Ed
Stout,
Executive
Director,
Aid
forV
ictims
of
Crim
e,Inc.,
St.L
ouis,M
o.R
oseF
lynn,crim
evictim
Suzanne
F.V
aldez,crim
evictim
JudyM
iller,crim
evictim
Patricia
A.
Resick,
Ph.D
.,D
epartment
ofP
sychology,U
niversityof
Missouri—
St.
Louis
JudyK
.R
aker,A
ssistantC
ircuitA
ttorney,C
ityof
St.L
ouisR
obertL
.T
oms,
Board
Mem
ber,H
ollywood,
California
Presbyterian
Medical
Center
Diane
S.K
erckhoff,com
munity
volunteerM
arilynL
ane,V
ictim/W
itnessU
nit,C
ircuitA
ttorney’sO
ffice,St.
Louis,
Mo.
Crim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest)
Ricky
Sm
ith,crim
evictim
Linda
Riekes,
Director,
Law
andE
ducationP
roject,St.
Louis
Public
Schools,
Mo.
Deiphine
McC
lellan,P
artnersA
gainstC
rime
Together,
St.L
ouis,M
o.A
nnS
laughter,P
artnersA
gainstC
rime
Together,
St.L
ouis,M
o.
Hearing
inH
ouston,T
ex.,O
ctober19,
1982
Ann
Keith,
crime
victimM
arilynN
essel,H
oustonA
reaW
omen’s
Center
Nancy
Ow
en,crim
evictim
Maureen
McG
rath,social
worker,
The
Methodist
Hospital,
Houston,
Tex.
Ted
Poe,
Judge,D
istrictC
ourtof
Harris
County,
Houston,
Tex.
Suzanne
McD
aniel,D
irector,T
heW
itnessO
ffice,H
arrisC
ountyD
istrictA
ttorney’sO
ffice,H
ouston,T
ex.R
obertD
elong,A
ttorney-at-Law
Robert
J.R
ubel,P
h.D.,
Center
forIm
provedL
earningE
nvironments,
SanM
arcos,T
ex.R
aymond
H.
C.
Teske,
Professor,
Crim
inalJustice
Center,
Sam
Houston
State
University
Robert
Reiff,
psychologistT
homas
Taitt,
administrative
assistant,C
larkC
ounty,N
ev.D
istrictA
ttorney’sO
fficeD
eborahE
mm
,crim
evictim
134
Notes
1.T
heS
tateof
Pennsylvania
hascodified
thispriv
ilege
in42
Pa.C
.S.A
.§
5945.1,“C
onfidentialcom
munications
tosexual
assaultcounselors.”
2.U
.S.D
epartment
ofJustice,
National
Instituteof
Justice,P
retrialR
elease.A
National
Evaluation
of
Practices
andO
utcomes
(Washington,
D.C
.:U
.S.G
overnment
Printing
Office,
1981);John
S.G
oldcamp,
Two
Classes
of
Accused
(Cam
bridge:B
allingerP
ublishingC
o.,1979);
U.S.
Departm
entof
Justice,N
ationalInstitute
ofC
orrections,B
ailD
ecision-making:
AS
tudyof
PolicyG
uidelines.(W
ashington,D
.C.
U.S
.G
overnment
Printing
Office,
1981).
3.E
lizabethG
aynes,“T
ypologyof
statelaw
sw
hichperm
itthe
considerationof
dangerin
thepretrial
releasedecision.”
Paper
availablefrom
theP
retrialS
ervicesR
esourceC
enter,W
ashin
gton,
D.C
.(M
ay1982).
4.P
eoplev.
De
Fore,
242N
.Y.
13,150
N.E
.,585,
587(1926).
5.U
nitedS
tatesv.
Janis,428
U.S
.433,
449n.
21(1976);
Malcolm
Richard
Wilkey,
“The
constitu
tionalalternatives
tothe
exclusionaryrule,”
South
Texas
Law
Journal,vol.
23,no.
3,p.
5(D
ecember
1982).
6.U
.S.D
epartment
of
Health,
Education
andW
elfare,
National
Instituteof
Education,
Violent
Schools—Safe
Schools:T
heS
afeSchool
Study
Report
tothe
Congress
(Washington,
D.C
.:U
.S.
Governm
entP
rintingO
ffice,1978).
7.W
eare
well
aware
thatthis
recomm
endationm
ayconflict
with
existingstate
andfederal
laws
concerningthe
maintenance
anddissem
inationof
arresthistories
asthese
laws
arepresently
dra
fted.
We
firmly
believe,how
ever,that
itis
neces
saryto
createexceptions
inthese
statutesto
pro
videfor
thisinform
ationto
becollected
andd
is
135
seminated
toprivate
organizationsor
govern
men
talentities
thatw
illbe
hiringadults
tosupervise
orw
orknear
children.T
hisis
avery
narrowexception
andpotential
employees
who
feard
isclosure
oftheir
recordsalw
ayshave
theoption
ofnot
applyingfor
jobsin
child-relatedfields.
The
safetyof
childrenis
paramount;
everyre
asonable
stepto
protectthem
must
betaken.
8.A
merican
Bar
Association,
Section
of
Crim
inalJustice,
Victim
/ Witness
Legislation:
Considerations
for
Policym
akers(U
.S.D
epartment
of
Justice,L
awE
nforcement
Assistance
Adm
inistrationG
rant#80—
CJ—
AX
—0099).
Seeespecially
chapter2.
9.T
itleII
ofP
ublicL
aw9
1—616,
“Com
prehensiveA
lcoholA
buseand
Alcohol
Prevention,
Tre
at
ment
andR
ehabilitationA
ctof
1970,”as
amen
ded
byP
ublicL
aw93—
282;T
itleIV
ofP
ublicL
aw92—
255,“D
rug
Abuse
Office
andT
reatment
Act
of1972,”
asam
endedby
Public
Law
93—282.
10.W
eare
indebtedto
theA
ttorneyG
eneral’sT
askF
orceon
Violent
Crim
efor
recomm
endingthat
athorough
updateof
Am
ericancrim
evictim
com
pensationprogram
sbe
conducted.T
hecom
pletedstudy
hasserved
asthe
cornerstoneof
ourin
quiryin
thisarea.
(U.S
.D
epartment
ofJustice,
National
Instituteof
Justice,C
ompensating
Vic
tims
of
Crim
e:A
nA
nalysiso
fA
merican
Program
s,report
preparedby
Abt
Associates
Inc.,O
ctober1982).
11.R
onaldZ
weibel,
President
ofthe
National
Asso
ciationof
Crim
eV
ictimC
ompensation
Program
s,testified
that“virtually
allstate
crime
victimcom
pensationprogram
shave
financialpro
blem
s(B
ostonhearing,
Septem
ber21,
1982).
12.C
ompensating
Victim
sof
Crim
e,p.
92.
136
13.Ibid.,
p.86.
14.T
estimony
ofA
my
Singer,
Boston
hearing,S
eptem
ber22,
1982.
15.C
ompensating
Victim
sof
Crim
e,pp.
135—136.
16.Ibid.,
p.136.
17.T
estimony
of
acrim
evictim
(name
withheld
onrequest),
San
Francisco
hearing,S
eptember
30,1982.
18.C
ompensating
Victim
sof
Crim
e,p.
87
19.D
avidA
.L
owenberg,
“An
integratedvictim
servicesm
odel,”in
Perspectiveson
Crim
eV
ictims,
Burt
Galaw
ayand
JoeH
udson,eds.
(St.L
ouis,M
issouri:T
heC
.V.
Mosby
Com
pany,1981).
20.T
heU
nitedS
tatesA
ttorney’sO
fficesin
Wash
ing
ton,D
.C.,
andC
oloradocurrently
havevictim
/w
itnessassistance
programs.
The
D.C
.program
,how
ever,is
basedin
theD
istrictof
Colum
biaS
uperiorC
ourt,w
hichhandles
local,not
federal,prosecutions.
21.P
aytonv.
United
States,
—F
.2d
_(5th
Cir.
July1,
1982)(en
banc),51
U.S
.L.W
.2028
(July13,
1982);R
ieserv.
District
ofC
olumbia,
563F
.2d462
(D.C
.C
ir.1977),
afJ’den
banc,580
F.2d
647(1978);
Sem
lerv.
Psychiatric
Inst.,538
F.2d
121(4th
Cir.
1976);G
rimm
v.A
rizonaB
d.of
Pardons
&P
aroles,115
Ariz.
260,267,
564P
.2d1227,
1234(1977)
(enbanc);
Martinez
v.C
alifornia,444
U.S.
277(1980);
Pate
v.A
labama
Bd.
of
Pardons
&P
aroles,409
F.S
upp.478
(M.D
.A
la.1976);
Thom
psonv.
County
ofA
lameda,
27C
al.3d
741,614
P.2d
728,167
Cal.
Rptr.
70(1980);
Lloyd
v.S
tate,251
N.W
.2d
551(Iow
a1977).
13722.
Payton
v.U
nitedS
tates,supra.
23.M
artinS
ymonds,
“The
‘Second
Injury’to
Vic
tims,”
Evaluation
andC
hange,S
pecialIssue
1980.D
r.S
ymonds
developedtraining
programs
forpolice
entitled,“P
sychologicalfirst-aid
forvic
tims
ofcrim
e.”
24.S
everallaw
enforcement
agenciesacross
thecountry
havealready
institutedtraining
programs
emphasizing
stressm
anagement
andcrisis
inter
vention.T
heseprogram
snot
onlyassist
theoffi
cerin
developingm
oresensitive
treatment
ofvic
tims,
theyalso
areintended
tohelp
theofficer
developm
orecooperative
andsatisfied
witnesses
who
areable
togive
more
complete
andaccurate
information.
(Testim
onyby
James
Ahrens,
Wash
ingtonhearing,
Septem
ber15,
1982,and
byR
obertO
wens,
San
Francisco
hearing,S
eptember
30,1982).
25.T
estimony
byR
ev.H
.A
.H
ud
erup
,W
ashingtonhearing,
Septem
ber15,
1982.
26.A
merican
Bar
Association,
Section
ofC
riminal
Justice,R
educingV
ictim/ W
itnessIntim
idation:A
Package
and“H
owto
doit”
Suggestionsfo
rIm
ple
menting
theA
BA
Victim
/witness
Intimidation
Rec
omm
endations(W
ashington,D
.C.,
1981);R
obertC
.D
avis,V
ictorR
ussell,and
Frances
Ku
nreuther,
The
Role
of
theC
omplaining
Witness
inan
Urban
Crim
inalC
ourt(N
ewY
ork:V
ictimS
ervicesA
gency,1980);
Elizabeth
Connick,
Wit
nessIntim
idation:A
nE
xamination
of
theC
riminal
JusticeSystem
‘cR
esponseto
theP
roblem(N
ewY
ork:V
ictimS
ervicesA
gency,1982).
27.T
estimony
byB
eaM
cPherson
andIrving
Prager,
Denver
hearing,O
ctober5,
1982.E
scalationof
behavioroccurs
asm
olesterslearn
thatthey
canvictim
izechildren
with
impunity,
becauseofficial
sanctionsare
imposed
soinfrequently.
28.“P
risonIndustry:
No
longerO
nlySo
Much
Soft
Soap,”
Corrections
Com
pendium,
Vol.
V.,
No.
6(D
ecember
1980).
138
29.T
estimony
byJoyce
Thom
as,W
ashingtonh
earing,
Septem
ber15,
1982.
30.T
estimony
byB
eaM
cPherson
andIrving
Prager,
Denver
hearing,O
ctober5,
1982,as
well
asnu
merous
discussionsw
ithother
expertsin
thisarea.
31.T
heS
tateof
Wisconsin
v.S
nodgrass,C
ircuitC
ourtof
Craw
fordC
ounty,W
isconsin,C
aseN
o.80C
F51.
32.T
estimony
byIrving
Prager
andB
eaM
cPherson,
Denver
hearing,O
ctober5,
1982.T
herapistsreport
thatone
ofthe
major
reasonsfor
therapy’sfailure
tom
odifythis
behavioris
anunw
illingnesson
thepart
ofm
olestersto
changetheir
conduct.
33.B
radleyv.
Fairfax,
634F
.2d1126
(8thC
ir.1980);
United
States
ex.rel.
Sperling
v.F
itzpatrick,426
F.2d
1161(2d
Cir.
1970);L
ewis
v.U
.S.P
aroleC
omm
ission,448
F.S
upp.1327
(E.D
.M
ich.1978);
J.C
ole,“T
heE
xclusionaryR
ulein
Pro
ba
tionand
Parole
Revocation
Proceedings:
Som
eO
bservationson
Deterrence
andthe
‘Imperative
ofJudicial
Integ
rity.’”
52C
hicago-Kent
L.
Rev.
21(1975).
34.B
ethIsrael
Hospital
inB
oston,for
example,
pro
videstraining
toem
ergencyroom
staffinterns,
andother
hospitalpersonnel
onthe
specialneeds
andappropriate
treatment
forrape
victims.
The
medical
internsspend
severalm
onthsproviding
counselingto
rapevictim
s.
35.F
orexam
ple,24-hour
crisisintervention
forcrim
evictim
sis
providedby
psychiatricnurses
atB
ostonC
ityH
ospital,B
oston,M
ass.
36.M
anycities
haveinitiated
multi-agency
coo
rdi
natingcom
mittees
toaddress
theneeds
ofvictim
s
139of
sexualviolence.
Hospital
personnelhave
beenactive
mem
bersof
thesecom
mittees.
Ano
tewo
rthy
achievement
of
suchcoordination
isthe
de
velopment
ofa
specializedtreatm
entcenter
forall
victims
ofsexual
assaultat
St.L
ouisC
ityH
ospital,St.
Louis,
Mo.
37.In
Portsm
outh,V
a.,for
example,
acorps
of15
areaclergy
work
with
thepolice
department
toassist
crime
victims.
They
areon
24-hourcall
andrespond
with
thepolice
tothe
crime
scene.T
hepolice
inturn
contributesom
efunds
anda
veh
icle
tothe
chaplaincycorps,
allowing
thecorps
toprovide
emergency
assistanceto
victims
inneed.
38.T
heB
edfordP
arkM
ulti-Service
Center
forS
eniorC
itizensin
theB
ronx,N
.Y.,
isrun
byS
isterA
nnunciataB
ethel!and
staffedby
vo
lun
teersfrom
thechurch
andfrom
thelocal
com
mu
nity.T
hecenter
combines
crime
preventionfor
seniorsw
ith24-hour
servicesfor
thosew
hohave
beenvictim
sof
crime.
39.U
.S.
Departm
entof
Justice,B
ureauof
JusticeS
tatistics,H
ouseholdsT
ouchedby
Crim
e,1981
(Washington,
D.C
.:U
.S.
Governm
entP
rintingO
ffice,1982).
40.T
heSt.
Louis,
Mo.,
publicschool
districtin
cludesinstruction
onthe
needsand
legalinterests
ofcrim
evictim
sas
partof
itslaw
-relateded
uca
tioncurriculum
.
41.A
merican
Psychiatric
Association;
Diagnostic
andS
tatisticalM
anualof
Mental
Disorders,
Third
Edition
(1980).
42.T
heSan
Francisco
Public
Health
Departm
entprovides
imm
ediateand
long-termpsychological
treatment
forcrim
evictim
s,staff
training,and
researchon
criminal
victimization.
140
43.A
merican
Society
forIndustrial
Security
reporton
privatesector
effortsto
assistvictim
sof
crime,
submitted
tothe
President’s
Task
Force
onV
ictims
ofC
rime,
Novem
ber1982.
44.V
ictim/w
itnessassistance
programs
arereceiving
supportfrom
theprivate
sectorin
many
areasthroughout
thecountry.
Fo
rexam
ple,the
circuitattorney
inthe
cityof
St.L
ouis,M
o.,sets
anannual
minim
umam
ountto
beraised
fromlocal
businessesto
payfor
serviceshe
providesthrough
hisvictim
/witness
assistanceunit.
The
businesscom
munity
hasresponded
positively.T
heD
adeC
ounty,F
la.,governm
entaccepts
pri
vatecontributions
forthe
localvictim
/witness
program.
InP
ima
County,
Ariz.,
thecountyw
idevictim
/witness
assistanceprogram
receivescon
tributionsfor
itspublic
educationm
aterials.F
or
example,
arecent
bookleton
theparticular
needsof
bankrobbery
victims
was
paidfor
bylocal
banks.In
Clark
County,
Nev.,
theC
itizensC
om
mittee
forV
ictimR
ightsis
made
upof
localbusinesses
andcom
munity
organizations.T
hiscom
mittee
raisesfunds
forvictim
/witness
services
andalso
makes
decisionson
howthe
money
shouldbe
spent.T
heV
ictim/W
itnessA
ssistanceS
erviceof
Chester
County,
Pa.,receives
almost
itsentire
budgetfrom
privatecontributions.
Som
enational
organizationshave
encouragedtheir
localm
embership
groupsto
usetheir
money
tosupport
existingvictim
/witness
programs
orto
developnew
programs.
These
organizationsin
cludethe
National
Council
ofJew
ishW
omen,
theG
eneralF
ederationof
Wom
en’sC
lubs,the
Kiw
anis,and
theA
ssociationof
JuniorL
eagues.
Many
victim/w
itnessprogram
srely
heavilyon
volunteersfrom
theprivate
sector.T
heC
oloradoS
pringsP
oliceD
epartment’s
Senior
Victim
As
sistanceteam
forelderly
crime
victims
isstaffed
byvolunteers,
many
ofw
homare
seniorcitizens
themselves;
theV
ictimS
ervicesC
ouncilin
St.L
ouisC
ounty,M
o.,relies
heavilyon
localv
olu
n
teers;and
inM
inneapolis/St.
Paul,
Minn.,
theC
rime
Victim
sC
enterrecruits
andtrains
vo
lun
teersto
answer
the24-hour
crisishotline
forcrim
evictim
sin
need.
141
142
Biographies
Lois
Haight
Herrington
isa
practicingattorney
who
hasserved
asa
deputydistrict
attorney,probation
officer,and
counselorin
JuvenileH
allin
California.
Ms.
Herrington
previouslym
aintaineda
privatelaw
practice.S
hehas
alsobeen
am
ember
ofthe
Alam
eda
County
Wom
en’sC
oalitionon
Dom
esticV
iolence,
theC
ontraC
ostaC
ountyC
hildD
evelopment
Coun
cil,the
California
Sexual
Assault
InvestigatorsC
on
ferenceand
JuvenileJustice
Conference.
Additionally,
Ms.
Herrington
hasserved
asa
coordinatorfor
Pro
bationand
Courts
forD
omestic
Violence
Diversion
programs
andan
instructorfor
Drug
Diversion
and
Education
Program
,and
avolunteer
vocationalco
un
selorat
aC
aliforniahigh
school.
Garfield
Bobo
isa
Court
Assistant
forthe
Suprem
e
Court
ofN
ewY
ork.H
ehas
alsoheld
positionsas
President
ofthe
Bedford-S
tuyvesantIm
provements
Association
andas
am
ember
of
theU
rbanL
eagueof
Greater
New
York.
Previously,
Mr.
Bobo
hasw
orkedw
iththe
Suprem
eC
ourtC
riminal
JusticeD
ivisionin
Kings
County,
N.Y
.,the
State
ofN
ewY
orkD
ivisionof
Housing
andC
omm
unityR
enewal,
andthe
Board
of
Elections
ofthe
City
ofN
ewY
ork.
Frank
Carrington
isE
xecutiveD
irector
of
theV
ictims
Assistance
Legal
Organization
(VA
LO
R)
inV
irginia.
An
attorneyand
author,M
r.C
arringtonalso
iscur
rentlychairm
anof
theV
ictimC
omm
itteeof
theA
merican
Bar
Association,
aD
irector
of
theN
ational
Organization
forV
ictims
Assistance,
am
ember
of
Cali
fornia’sA
ttorn
eyG
eneral’sC
omm
issionon
Victim
s.H
ealso
servedon
President
Reagan’s
transitionco
mm
itteeon
Law
Enforcem
ent,Justice,
andV
ictims,
andthe
Attorney
General’s
Task
Force
onV
iolentC
rime.
He
hasauthored
severalbooks,
includingT
heV
ictim.
James
P.
Dam
osis
theC
hiefof
Police
forU
niversityC
ity,M
o.H
eis
alsoP
residentof
theInternational
As
sociationof
Chiefs
of
Police.
Chief
Dam
os’other
ac
tivitieshave
included:V
iceC
hairman
of
theL
awE
n-
143forcem
entP
oliceC
omm
itteeof
theR
egionalJustice
Information
System
,the
Governor’s
Task
Force
onR
apeP
revention,the
National
Advisory
Board
Cru
sadeA
gainstC
rime,
andthe
Governor’s
Com
mission
onC
rime.
Doris
L.
Dolan
isthe
founderand
President
ofL
aws
atW
orkin
California.
She
isalso
Project
Directo
rfor
theN
ationalE
ducationInstitute
Som
eof
Ms
Dolan
sother
actitivieshave
includedappointm
entsto
theL
osA
ngelesG
reaterU
rbanC
oalition,L
awand
JusticeT
askF
orce,the
National
Council
onC
riminal
Justice,the
California
Arson
Task
Force,
andthe
President’s
Crim
eV
ictims
Advisory
Com
mittee.
Kenneth
0.
Elkenberry
was
electedA
ttorn
eyG
eneralof
theS
tateof
Washington
in1980.
Prior
toelection
tothis
office,M
r.E
ikenberryhas
servedas
anelected
representativeto
theW
ashingtonS
tateH
ouseof
Rep
resentatives,a
specialagent
with
theF
ederalB
ureauof
Investigation,and
adeputy
prosecutingattorney
forK
ingC
ounty,W
ashington.
Robert
J.M
illeris
theD
istrictA
ttorn
eyof
Clark
County,
Nev.
He
isalso
thefounder
of
theC
itizensC
omm
itteeon
Victim
sR
ights,and
Special
Advisor
tothe
National
Organization
forV
ictimA
ssistanceon
Victim
sR
ights.M
r.M
illerhas
servedas
Vice
Presi
dentof
theN
ationalD
istrictA
ttorneysA
ssociationand
was
Co-chairm
anof
Victim
sR
ightsW
eekin
1982.M
r.M
illerhas
alsoserved
asa
Clark
County
Justiceof
theP
eace(C
riminal
Magistrate
Court)
anda
deputysheriff
of
Las
Vegas,
Nev.
andL
osA
ngeles,C
alif.
Marion
G.
(Pat)
Robertson
isP
residentof
theC
hris
tianB
roadcastingN
etwork,
Inc.(C
BN
)of
Virginia
Beach,
Va.,
andhost
of
theN
etwork’s
televisionprogram
“The
700C
lub.”A
nattorney,
aclergym
an,and
anauthor
of
many
books,the
Reverend
Rob
ertson
isalso
founderand
chancellorof
CB
NU
niversity,and
adirector
of
National
Religious
Broadcasters
andthe
United
Bank
of
Virginia.
He
hasalso
produced“P
atR
obertson’sP
erspective,”—a
report
andanalysis
of
world
affairs.
Stanton
E.
Samenow
isP
residentof
theC
enterfor
Re
sponsibleL
ivingin
Alexandria,
Va.
He
alsoserves
as
144
anA
ssistantP
rofessorof
Psychiatry
atG
eorgeW
ash
ingtonU
niversityS
choolof
Medicine
inW
ashington,
D.C
.,as
am
ember
of
theP
resident’sL
awE
nfo
rce
ment
Task
Force,
andm
aintainsa
privatepractice
in
clinicalpsychology.
Inaddition,
Dr.
Sam
enowis
apsychological
consultantto
theF
ederalB
ureauof
In
vestigationand
many
otherpublic
andprivate
sectororganizations
throughoutthe
United
States.
He
isco
authorof
thethree-volum
eset,
The
Crim
inalP
ersonal
ity.
Terry
Russell
isan
Assistant
U.S
.A
ttorneyfor
the
District
of
Colum
bia,w
herehe
hasserved
asthe
Deputy
Directo
rof
Superior
Court
Operations.
He
was
theD
eputyD
irector
ofthe
Attorney
General’s
Task
Force
onV
iolentC
rime,
andis
am
ember
ofthe
Victim
sC
omm
itteeof
theC
riminal
JusticeS
ectionof
theA
merican
Bar
Association.
Mr.
Russell
initiated
thefirst
victim/w
itnessassistance
unitw
ithina
U.S
.
Attorney’s
Office.