blok h4 business abroad · country%analysis% % week1% companies$are$forced$to$cross$boundaries$$...

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Blok H4 Business Abroad European Law Content The Dutch membership of the European Union (EU) means that EULaw has become an integral part of the Dutch legal system. The process of European integration, economically, legally and politically, has a lot of consequences for The Netherlands. Basic knowledge of the EU and its system of law is therefore indispensable for a BKM student. From an even wider point of view we can see that Europe in general is a very important player in the international community. ‘Brussels’ influence in the world at large cannot be overestimated. Another reason for a BKMstudent be introduced in the basics of EU Law. Objectives Week 1/2: You are capable of using the Treaties, explain their content and write down articles correctly. Week 1/2: You are familiar (identify and explain) with the main concepts of EU Law; Week 3: You are capable of applying the rules of the internal Market to a complex case, make up solutions and argue with solution for the case is preferable from your point of view. Week 4:You are capable of applying the rules of European Competition Law to a complex case, make up solutions and argue with solution for the case is preferable from your point of view. Literature Karen Davies, Understanding European Law, 5th edition, Routledge:2013, New York, Cornwall Treaties Literature and sheets on BB Curriculum Art. 3 Exclusive competence (volle bevoegdheid) They can do anything they want Art. 4 Share competence (delen) Not only the EU but all the countries together are allowed to make rules on the topics mentioned. Art 5 The Member States shall coordinate THEIR economic polcies. They say they don’t have influence but the DO. Art. 6 Union has the competence ONLY to support, coordinate or supplement Member States are allowed to make rules on the topics mentioned and the EU have the competence to support, coordinate and supplement.

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Page 1: Blok H4 Business Abroad · Country%Analysis% % Week1% Companies$are$forced$to$cross$boundaries$$ 7$Because$of$economies$of$scale;$$ 7$Foreign$consumers.$$ 7$Maybeit’scheapertogoabroad

Blok  H4  Business  Abroad  European  Law    Content  The  Dutch  membership  of  the  European  Union  (EU)  means  that  EU-­‐Law  has  become  an  integral  part  of  the  Dutch  legal  system.  The  process  of  European  integration,  economically,  legally  and  politically,  has  a  lot  of  consequences  for  The  Netherlands.    Basic  knowledge  of  the  EU  and  its  system  of  law  is  therefore  indispensable  for  a  BKM-­‐student.    From  an  even  wider  point  of  view  we  can  see  that  Europe  in  general  is  a  very  important  player  in  the  international  community.  ‘Brussels’  influence  in  the  world  at  large  cannot  be  overestimated.  Another  reason  for  a  BKM-­‐student  be  introduced  in  the  basics  of  EU-­‐Law.    Objectives  • Week  1/2:  You  are  capable  of  using  the  Treaties,  explain  their  content  and  write    

down  articles  correctly.  • Week  1/2:  You  are  familiar  (identify  and  explain)  with  the  main  concepts  of  EU  

Law;  • Week  3:  You  are  capable  of  applying  the  rules  of  the  internal  Market  to  a  complex  

case,    make  up  solutions  and  argue  with  solution  for  the  case  is  preferable  from  your  point  of  view.    

• Week  4:You  are  capable  of  applying  the  rules  of  European  Competition  Law  to  a  complex  case,  make  up  solutions  and  argue  with  solution  for  the  case  is  preferable  from  your  point  of  view.    

 Literature  

• Karen  Davies,  Understanding  European  Law,  5th  edition,  Routledge:2013,  New  York,  Cornwall  

• Treaties  • Literature  and  sheets  on  BB  

 Curriculum    Art.  3  Exclusive  competence  (volle  bevoegdheid)  They  can  do  anything  they  want      Art.  4  Share  competence  (delen)  Not  only  the  EU  but  all  the  countries  together  are  allowed  to  make  rules  on  the  topics  mentioned.      Art  5  The  Member  States  shall  coordinate  THEIR  economic  polcies.  They  say  they  don’t  have  influence  but  the  DO.      Art.  6  Union  has  the  competence  ONLY  to  support,  coordinate  or  supplement  Member  States  are  allowed  to  make  rules  on  the  topics  mentioned  and  the  EU  have  the  competence  to  support,  coordinate  and  supplement.    

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Art.  288  TFEU  1  Regulation:  (verordering)  If  Brussel  makes  a  regulation  all  member  states  moeten  zich  hier  aan  houden!  It’s  just  the  Law!  STRONGEST  2  A  Directive:  (richtlijnen).  It  gives  a  direction  to  a  final  goal.  The  form  is  up  to  the  member  states.  Example:  make  sure  that  in  about  5  years  all  men  and  women  are  equal.  The  way  doesn’t  matter,  the  bar  needs  to  be  the  same  direction.  Goal  is  men  and  women  equal.  Member  states  are  allowed  to  choose  their  own  form  and  methods  to  achieve  the  result.  ALSO  TOUGH  BUT  STILL  SOME  FREEDOM  To  implement  a  directive  a  law  will  be  formed.    BV:  vrouwen  en  mannen  gelijk  op  de  werkvloer  binnen  5  jaar,  dan  zal  er  oer  5  jaar  een  wet  zijn  met  gelijkheid  van  mannen  en  vrouwen  op  de  werkvloer.    3  A  Decision:  Specific  law  for  a  specific  country  or  company.  But  is  Never  EU  wide.  TOUGH  BUT  SPECIFIC.  4  A  Recommendation:  (aanbeveling)  more  like  an  advice  to  someone.  I  advice  you  to….  (not  very  important  for  our  exam.)      Secundary  Law!!!    Institutions                                                        

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Free  movement  of  Goods    

1)  Non-­‐Financial:    -­‐  Quantitative  restriction:  art.  34  TFEU  -­‐  Measure  having  equivalent  effect:  art.  34  TFEU    MHEE:  Distinction  between:     -­‐  Selling  arrangements  (Marketing  stuff,  all  rules             related  to  advertising,  opening  hours  of  shops,               pricing,  remarks  on  packaging  of  cigarettes)             -­‐  ‘Product-­‐related  rules’    (Keck-­‐case)      Hence:  Selling  arrangements:  Not  forbidden  Product  related  rule:  Forbidden  (MHEE)        

   

MHEE  that  discriminates                                        MHEE  that  don’t  discriminate                                                                                                                   Justified  by  art.  36  TFEU  +                                                                                            proportionate                                                                                                                                                    art.  36  TFEU  :  its  still  allowed    Not  to  be  justified  Always  forbidden!       RULE  OF  REASON     (Protection  of  consumer  and  environment)  -­‐>  example      2)  Financial      -­‐  Duties  (heffing)  +  CHEE  Art.  30  TFEU  (charge  having  equivalent  effect)     Forbidden    -­‐  Taxes         Does  the  tax  of  the  product  Discriminate?       Yes:  Forbidden     No:  Not  forbidden              

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English    Week  1      Summary  Writing  Write  down  the  important  things  First  and  last  sentence  of  a  paragraph   Topic  sentence!  They  reveal  what  is  the                 paragraph  about    What  else  is  important?  A  title,  headers,  subtitles.    Thesis  statement  Indicates  the  thesis  (subject  and  the  message)  of  the  text.      If  you  don’t  have  much  time,  you  just  scan  the  text  and  write  a  short  summary.      Scamming  =  scanning  for  one  particular  word  in  a  text.    Close  reading  =  Het  goed  lezen  van  een  tekst    Privacy  and  mobile  phones  -­‐  Why  does  location  service  keeps  the  information  for  such  a  long  time?    -­‐  Why  do  we  have  to  accept  cookies?  -­‐  Why  aren’t  there  any  rules  for  taking  a  picture  of  someone  with  your  mobile  phone?  -­‐  Can  we  still  live  without  our  mobile  phone?    -­‐  Do  we  still  have  privacy  with  all  these  mobile  phones  around?      What’s  your  opinion  about  this  matter?  Could  you  elaborate  on  that?  I  totally  disagree  with  that!    I  would  like  to  ask  ….  point  of  view  about  this  question      50  words  summary    A  new  international  currency  appears:  frequent-­‐flyer  miles.  These  frequent-­‐flyer  miles  started  as  a  marketing  gimmick,  but  they  have  become  a  lucrative  business.  The  frequent-­‐flyer  miles  could  even  be  said  to  be  the  world’s  second-­‐biggest  currency  after  the  dollar.  But  the  only  issue  is  that  excessive  money  growth  can  lead  to  hyperinflation  and  devaluation.                          

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Week  2    Adjectives  and  Adverbs  Beautiful  –  beautifully    Good  –  Well    He  drives  very       Adverb  (bijwoord)  He  is  a        driver       Adjective  (bijvoeglijk  naamwoord)      Week  3    Portfolio  English    Put  the  first  version  of  your  summaries  in!  Do  both  tasks  fully  completely  and  comprehensively  (complete).    The  summary  is  around  75  words.  Make  a  very  good  structure      Title  –  Introduction  –  Main  part  (Body  to  explain  the  problems)  –  Conclusion  (can  be  1  sentence)    Gerund  =  make  a  verb  in  a  noun  (het  werkwoord  zelfstandig  maken)    Book  page  289  +  290  Also  see  Sheets      James  Nortan  who  is  a  CEO  of  an  international  company  was  accused  of  fraud.    Expanding  relative  clausile.      I  will  send  you  the  slides  which  you  need  for  the  presentation  as  soon  as  possible.    No  kommas    Last  night  I  met  my  old  college  professor  who  I  had  not  seen  for  years.    Expanding  relative  clausile  -­‐  Restricted  relative  clausile                              

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Country  Analysis    Week  1  Companies  are  forced  to  cross  boundaries    -­‐  Because  of  economies  of  scale;    -­‐  Foreign  consumers.    -­‐  Maybe  it’s  cheaper  to  go  abroad.    -­‐  Labour  can  be  cheaper.    -­‐  Lower  costs  in  foreign  countries.      The  world  has  globalized.  International  economics  are  important.      Learning  objectives  lecture  1:  After  this  lecture  you:  -­‐    Know  the  different  reasons  for  globalisation;  

- Know  how  the  filtermodel  works;  fill  in  a  simple  example  - Understand  the  different  parts  of  the  balance  of  payment  (movie);  - Can  interpreter  the  balance  of  payment.  

 Self-­‐study:    you:  

- Know  how  trade  pattern  can  be  explained  with  comparative  and  absolute          Cost  differences;  (movie  Black  board  and  exam  questions  BB)  -­‐    Know  how  protectionism  works.  (See  movie  BB)    Trade  off  =  balance  between  risk  and  potential  return    The  attractiveness  of  a  country  can  be  measured  with  a  filter  model      Import  tax  is  very  important  criteria  in  the  filter  model.  Because  if  these  costs  are  very  expensive,  the  particular  country  isn’t  attractive  any  more.      Example  Filter  model  SHEETS    Ranking  Filter  Model  Weight  x  Ranking  =  score    Score  +  Score  =  Sum  weighted  score    For  example  South  Africa  1,3  Nigeria  1,7    So  South  Africa  is  the  most  attractive  company.  How  closer  to  the  1  the  better.      Balance  of  payments  United  States  have  a  negative  saldo  on  the  balance  of  payments  because  of    For  almost  30  years.  US  have  a  big  dept.        They  consume  more  than  they  can  consume.  Americans  buy  everything  on  credit.    US  lend  money  from  china  en  japan.  And  china  and  japan  have  a  positive  saldo.          

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   Analysis  Balance  of  payments:  Surplus  on  current  account  (more  export  than  import)  :        NL  

- Positive  because  of  strong  competitive  position;  - Negative:  can  also  be  a  sign  of  weak  investment  

          and  consumption.      Deficit  on  current  account:       India,  China,  Brazil  

- Negative  because  of  weak  competitive  position;  -­‐      Strong  because  of  high  incoming  investments    

         (emerging  countries)    A  negative  current  account  can  be  very  positive.  You  need  to  spent  money  in  order  to  earn  money.  So  import  a  lot  and  then  make  your  own  money.        NL:  We  have  a  surplus  on  our  current  account.  We  have  a  positive  saldo.  So  in  certain  industries  we  are  the  best  and  we  export  products.  For  example  -­‐>  music,  tulips,  dike  builders.      Week  2  After  this  lecture  you:  -­‐Know  how  trade  patterns  are  determined  by  absolute  and      relative  cost  differences  between  countries.  

- Know  why  exporters  should  take  into  account  risk  and  return;  - Know  which  variables  determine  risk.  - Know  how  to  calculate  these  variables.    - Know  what’s  the  link  between  the  balance  of  payment  

      and  country  risk.  -­‐Know  what  variables  determine  potential  return  (self  study    And  home  work)    Risks  can  be  calculated  in  certain  ways  and  variables.      Assignment  balance  of  payment  Difference  between  Income  and  income  transfer:  Income  transfer  is  no  related  work  for  something;  you  don’t  have  to  do  anything  for  an  income  transfer,  for  example  money  for  charity  in  Nepal  (earthquake).  Income  transfer  is  used  for  consumer  goods:  food  and  water.  Capital  transfer  is  used  for  building  roads  and  buildings.    Direct  investment  is  not  negative,  it  is  indeed  an  outflow  but  on  the  long  period  money  will  return  to  NL.    Portfolio  balance:  obligations,  stock,  loans  etc.    International  reserves:  a  saldo  of  the  total  balance  of  payment    Comparative  costs      

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Export  risks  1. Currency  shortage  (=  country  risk)  2. Exchange  rate  risk  (lecture  3)  3. Cultural  risks  (for  instance,  payment  behavior:  in  every  country  people  do  have  

other  payment  behavior,  if  people  don’t  pay  their  bills  in  certain  countries)  4. Transport  risk  (often  large  distance)  

             5.  Liability  (law)    Country  risk  This  is  the  risk  that  a  government  blocks  payments  to  other  countries  because  of  a  currency  shortage  or  unwillingness.    

 Developing  countries  have  a  high  country  risk.      Country  risk:  an  exporter  runs  the  risk  that  a  foreign  client  can’t  pay:  Currency  generating  capacity  (how  many  euros  can  a  country  earn):  

• Degree  of  political  and  social  stability;  • Domestic  economic  situation  (unemployment.  inflation,  stable  or  instable,  export  

market)  • External  economic  situation:  à  

   How  can  we  calculate  the  country  risk?  

1. Import  cover  (=  international  reserves  /  import)  500/100  =  5    2. Debt  export  ratio  (=  foreign  debt/  export)  1500/500  =  3  (bad,  it  should  be  below  

1)  3. Debt-­‐service  ratio  (=  interest+principal/  export)  =  175  /  500  =  0.35  (good)  

                 buitenl.  schuld    

Country  risk  

Economic  Risk  =  currency  

shortage  

Political  risk  

External  economic  position  

Balance  of  payment  

Foreign  debt  

International  reserves  (=  international  currency)  

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Example:  International  reserves  and  high  import  is  a  safe  country!    Calculate  the  import  cover  and  the  debt-­‐ratio  for  this  country:  International  reserves     500  External  debt     1500  (interest  5%,  principal  100  per  year)  Import  (2013)     100  Export  (2013)     500  What  can  you  conclude  about  the  country  risk?    1500/500  =  3    Foreign  debt  compared  to  the  export  =  3  -­‐>    Why  is  it  not  sensible  to  export  to  countries  with  a  structural  deficit  on  the  Balance  of  Payment?  

- Shortage  international  reserves  (country  risk!)  - Government  devaluates  it’s  currency  (because  of  a  deposit/shortage  on  the  

balance  of  payment);  - Government  introduces  import  restrictions  (just  block  the  borders);  - Interest  may  rise!  (explain!)  

 These  countries  do  not  have  enough  reserves,    US  shows  a  trade  deficit  with  China….  year  after  year.  This  can  be  maintained  because  Chinese  companies  are  willing  to  lend  money  to  the  US;  that’s  the  only  way  the  US  economy  can  maintain  a  deficit  on  the  current  account.  

 How  can  the  US  maintain  a  deficit  on  the  current  account  for  so  many  years?      Week  3  Currency  shortage  =  country  doesn’t  earn  enough  money.    Political  risk  =  war,  natural  disasters  etc.  

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 For  SUP:  GDP,  Economic  Growth,  Inflation.  For  foods  these  variables  aren’t  important,  but  population  growth  is  more  important!      US  keep  on  lending  money  from  China  to  pay  al  the  import  from  China.  The  problem  is  this  cant  go  on  forever.      Why  can  US  maintain  deficit?  -­‐  China  is  wiling  to  lend  money  to  the  US  -­‐  US  is  selling  assets  (firms  or  other  things  like  obligations  etc.)  in  order  to  earn  money  to  finance  expenditures    Why  doesn’t  the  RMB  (Chinese  currency)  appreciate  against  the  dollar?    They  want  to  keep  the  RMB  low,  in  that  way  the  Chinese  export  industry  gets  a  boost.    The  spot  exchange  market:    Delivers  currencies  within  two  working  days.      (wisselkoersmarkt)  Spread:         The  difference  between  the  buying  and  selling  rates    Appreciation:       A  rise  in  the  rate  of  a  system  with  flexible  exchange  rates  Devaluation:       A  decision  to  decrease  the  value.  Than  your  currency  declines  in  a           fixed  exchange  rate  market.    Forward  market:       An  over  the  counter  marketplace  that  sets  the  price  of  a  financial           instrument  or  asset  for  future  delivery.  Transparent  market:     If  the  currency  traders  can  be  aware  of  the  prices  in  the  various           financial  centres  at  any  time  of  the  day.    Spot  rate:  rate  you  get  now,  current  rate.  Forward  rate:  if  you  need  dollars  two  months  later  you  can  buy  them  now.        If  the  Euro  becomes  more  worth  than  the  dollar  the  Euro  appreciates  against  the  dollar.    What  happens  with  the  deficits  on  current  account  of  Europe?  EU  import  more  than  they  export.  Eventually  the  euro  will  decrease  in  value.  This  will  lead  to  more  export.  The  Euro  becomes  more  attractive  for  Americans.      Inflation  EU  2,  US  4  Euro  decreases.  You  can  buy  more  in  EU  than  in  US.      A  Bad  investment  climate  in  Europe.  Euro  declines.    If  the  interest  rate  in  Europe  is  2%  and  in  USA  4%  Euro  will  decrease.  It  is  more  interesting  to  have  dollars  instead  of  euros.            

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Business  Economics    Summary  During  this  course  we  will  focus  on  three  important  reports  in  finance  :  the  balance  sheet,  the  profit  &  loss  statement  and  the  liquidity  forecast.  We  will  also  have  a  look  at  the  relation  between  these  statements.    We  will  start  repeating  what  was  offered  in  course  P4  and  will  insert  the  VAT  (value  added  tax)  into  the  figures  and  reports.  The  last  two  weeks  we  will  use  Excel  in  order  to  understand  how  complex  statements  can  easily  be  put  together.    Learning  objectives  At  the  end  of  the  course  the  student  is  able  to  :  • construct  a  balance  sheet,  a  P&L  and  a  liquidity  forecast  based  on  financial  data  • explain  the  relation  and  differences  between  these  reports  • insert  the  VAT  correctly  into  the  figures  • understand  and  explain  the  influence  of  VAT  on  the  figures  • create  well-­‐structured  financial  information  sheets  in  excel      Literature  There  is  no  specific  literature.  Some  background  information  will  be  available  through  blackboard.      Models    There  are  no  specific  models.                                            

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International  Marketing    Curriculum  Export  planning  is  the  whole  process  of  international  strategy  formulation,  detailed  internal  and  external  analysis,  international  marketing  planning  and  implementation.    To  realize  a  good  export  planning  the  so-­‐called  10-­‐step  plan  structure  can  be  used.  This  10-­‐step  plan  exists  of  four  different  phases:  export  policy,  export  audit,  export  plan  and  export  rollout.  These  four  phases  are  divided  into  ten  steps  .      The  first  step  provides  a  short  overview  of  the  company.  In  this  step  the  vision  and  mission  as  well  as  the  business  definition  and  objectives.  To  define  the  business  definition  the  model  of  Abell  (also  PMT  model)  can  be  used.  With  this  model  the  position  of  an  organisation  can  be  defined  using  three  dimensions:  product,  market  and  technology.  The  second  step  is  describing  the  internal  and  external  analysis.  The  internal  analysis  can  be  described  using  the  Business  Model  Canvas.  This  model  gives  a  clear  view  of  the  business  aspects  using  nine  segments.      The  external  analysis  can  be  done  using  the  filter  model  and  a  trend  analysis,  which  will  lead  to  a  TOWS  matrix.  The  filter  model  describes  several  environmental  factors:  political,  economic,  social,  climatic,  topographic  and  other  environmental  factors.    The  result  of  the  internal  analysis  combined  with  the  filter  model  analysis  is  the  trend  analysis.  This  can  be  turned  into  a  TOWS  matrix  describing  the  company’s  threats,  opportunities,  weaknesses  and  strengths  in  a  particular  country.    Step  three  of  the  export  plan  structure  shows  the  SWOT  matrix  with  the  different  business  strategy  options.  In  order  to  align  the  business  strategy  first  the  competitive  environment  needs  to  be  described  using  the  five  Forces  model  of  Porter.  This  model  analyses  industry  attractiveness  and  consists  of  five  factors:  entry  barriers,  substitutes,  customers/buyers,  suppliers  and  rivalry.  Second  the  growth  strategy  of  the  company  needs  to  be  described.  To  define  this  strategy  the  growth  model  of  Ansoff  with  four  product/market  combinations  can  be  used.  The  different  combinations  are  related  to  the  market  and  the  product  and  lead  to  four  different  strategies:  penetration  strategy,  product  innovation  strategy,  market  development  strategy  and  diversification  strategy.  Third  is  the  product  portfolio  analysis.  This  analysis  can  be  done  using  the  BCG  matrix,  a  tool  to  analyse  the  performance  of  the  individual  product  lines  or  strategic  business  units  within  a  company.  The  product  lines  are  clustered  in  two  dimensions:  market  growth  (high/low)  and  market  share  (large/small).  Using  these  two  dimensions  the  BCG  matrix  divides  a  companies  products  into  four  categories:  stars  (high/large),  question  marks  (high/small),  cash  cows  (low/large)  and  dogs  (low/small).  Fourth  in  aligning  the  business  strategy  is  the  competitive  strategy.  To  describe  this  strategy  Porter’s  generic  competitive  strategies  can  be  used.  This  model  is  based  on  two  dimensions:  competitive  scope  (broad/narrow)  and  competitive  advantage  (lower  cost/differentiation).  Using  these  two  dimensions  the  model  divides  the  companies  strategy  into  four  global  strategies:  cost  leadership  (broad/cost),  cost  focus  (narrow/cost),  differentiation  (broad/differentiation),  differentiation  focus  (narrow/differentiation).  An  advanced  version  of  this  model  is  the  value  disciplines  by  Treacy  &  Wiersema.  This  model  exists  of  three  strategies  based  on  the  company’s  key  values.  The  strategies  are  operational  excellence,  product  leadership  and  customer  intimacy.      

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Step  four  in  the  export  plan  is  the  selection  of  an  attractive  company  to.  To  make  this  selection  the  filter  model  can  be  used.  This  model  consists  of  three  filters  (pre-­‐filter,  filter  1  and  filter  3),  which  will  lead  to  the  possibility  to  make  a  well-­‐informed  choice.  After  you  selected  the  country  or  countries  it’s  important  to  create  an  overview  of  the  value  chain  and  supply  chain  for  the  new  selected  export  markets.  In  order  to  describe  the  value  chain  the  value  chain  model  of  porter  can  be  used.  This  model  is  a  tool  to  analyse  value  creation  trough  a  company’s  primary  activities  (inbound,  operations,  outbound,  marketing  &  sales  and  service)  and  secondary  activities  (infrastructure,  HRM,  R&D  and  procurement).      The  decision  of  a  company’s  export  market  entry  strategy  can  be  made  using  the  Export  Market  Entry  Framework  by  Solberg.  The  choice  depends  of  the  preparedness  for  internationalisation  (immature,  adolescent,  mature)  and  the  industry  globality  (local,  potentially  global,  global).  When  the  market  strategy  is  set  it’s  important  to  take  the  consumer  needs  into  account.  In  order  to  discover  the  consumer  needs  the  4P’s  and  4C’s  are  useful  methods.  The  four  P’s  consist  of:  product,  price,  place  and  promotion.  The  four  C’s  consist  of  customer,  cost,  convenience  and  communication.  The  4C’s  are  more  customer  driven  instead  of  company  driven.        Models  

   

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 BCG  Matrix    

 Ansoff  Growth  Strategies    

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 5  Forces  model  of  porter      

 SWOT  Analysis