BLOOD

• Blood Drive – North Gym

• Th. March 24th

• 8 AM – 2 PM

• Make appt. w/ Ms. Harrell

Must be 17 and at least 110 lbs – no tattoos

BLOOD INTRO GUIDE

1. RBC, WBC and platlets

2. 47% for males, 42% for females

3. Plasma

4a. Glucose, amino acids, lipids

4b. CO2 O2,

4c. Calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, carbonic acid

4d. Urea, creatine, uric acid, bilirubin

4e. FSH, cortisol – any endocrine hormone

4f. Albumin and globulins

5. Soluble because plasma is a liquid

6a. Gamma globulins

6b. Fibrinogen

6c. Albumin

6d. Alpha and beta globulins

11.21. Bone marrow, erythopoietin2. Low3. Inhibits4. Liver, spleen5. Hemoglobin6. Globular proteins, heme7a. Amino acid components recycled to make

new proteins7b. Recycled to make new blood cells 7c. Converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile

C. White Blood Cells

1. Granulocytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

2. Agranulocytes = monocytes and lymphocytes

3. Granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow when stimulated by colony stimulating factors

4. Lymphocytes from bone marrow are

• T Cells

• B Cells

• NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)

4. Name the lymphocytes that:

• Finish development in thymus = T cells

• Immune response when foreign antigen is present = T cells and B cells

• Function without previous exposure = NK Cells

5. T cells develop into 4 functionally different cells that look the same.

6. CHARTa. Neutrophils

b. Eosinophils

c. Basophils

d. Monocytes

e. Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

f. Natural Killer Cells

Cardiovascular System

Answer on notes - use text pages304-305

• What is “blood loading”?

• Why should expectant mothers (or mothers hoping to get pregnant) take folic acid?

• What’s your blood type?

I. Components of the Cardiovascular System

A. Blood

B. Heart

C. Blood Vessels

Blood Intro Movie

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

I. Functions of blood

3 General functions: Transportation, Regulation, protection

A. Transportation

1.Oxygen (From where to where)

2.Carbon dioxide (From where to where)

3.Nutrients (From where to where)

4.liquid wastes (From where to where)

5.Hormones (From where to where)

6.Enzymes

7.Heat (From where to where)

B. Regulation

1. pH levels How?a) Maintained by the use of buffers, amino

acids and proteins.

b) pH range should be 7.35-7.45Why must pH be regulated? narrow pH range to accommodate enzyme

actions.

B. Regulation

2. Body Temperature How?a) By controlling blood flow to the surface of the

skin as well as to & from the extremities.

b) Normal temperature range 98.6°F and 100.4°F in the blood stream.» maximum 112-114°F

» minimum 70-75°F

c) If temperature gets too high the enzymes start to break down therefore body chemistry slows or stops and you die.

B. Regulation

3. Water content in your cells (viscosity) a) Cells are usually 99.1% water.

C. Protection

1.Against toxins, foreign microbes and substances.

2.Fluid loss from broken blood vessels blood clotting (coagulation.)

II. Blood Volume

A. Males = 5-6 liters (10-12 pints)

B. Females = 4-5 liters(8-10 pints)

III. Blood Composition

A. 55% Plasma

B. 45% Formed elements (cells or solids)

IV. Plasma

A. 90% water

B. 7% Proteins1. Albumins (60%) - give viscosity and

regulates osmotic pressure.

2. Globulins (36%) - includes antibody proteins.

3. Fibrinogen (4%) - inactive clotting protein.

C. 2% Other solutes (trace)

1.Nonprotein nitrogen substances: urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and salts

2.Food substances: amino acids, fatty acids and sugars

3.Regulatory substances: Enzymes and hormones

4.Respiratory gases - dissolved oxygen and CO2

a)77% of CO2 is carried this wayCO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 ⇔ H+ + HCO3

-

a)Electrolytes - inorganic salts of plasma. (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, PO4

-, SO4-, HCO3

-)a)Maintains osmotic pressure, & pH.

Blood SolidsBlood Solids

Hemopoiesis CHAPTER 12

A. Hematocrit

1. Percentage of blood occupied by cellsa) female normal range

38 - 46% (average of 42%)

b) male normal range 40 - 54% (average of 46%)

2. Anemia a) not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

3. Polycythemiaa) too many RBCs (over 65%)

b) dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

B. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells;

RBCs)1. Function - transport oxygen (98%) and CO2 (23%)

2. Structure

a) Biconcave disks to maximize surface area

b) RBC is 7.7 microns in diameter

c) 280 million molecules of hemoglobin per RBC.

i. Each hemoglobin is composed of 4 protein subunits, each with one heme group located in the center

ii. Iron, of the heme group, is binding site for CO2 and O2

Hemoglobin

RBC Structure (con’t)

4. RBCs have no nucleus and lack most cellular organelles» RBCs can’t reproduce, only live for 100-120 days

5. RBCs are made in the bone marrow at a rate of 2 million/sec.

6. Dead RBCs are recycled in liver and spleen.7. The average male has 5.4 million

RBCs/mm3, and the average female has 4.8 million RBCs/mm3.

C. Erythropoeisis

1. Negative feedback system of RBC production

2. Prolonged oxygen deficiency stimulates kidney and liver to release erythropoietin.

3. Hormone circulates to red bone marrow which is stimulated to make more RBC’s.

What do you notice about this baby’s appearance?

Recycling of Hemoglobin Components

OVERVIEW OF BLOOD CELLS

• Quick Video

• RBC vs WBC

C. White Blood Cells

1. Granulocytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

2. Agranulocytes = monocytes and lymphocytes

3. Granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow when stimulated by colony stimulating factors

4. Lymphocytes from bone marrow are

• T Cells

• B Cells

• NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)

4. Name the lymphocytes that:

• Finish development in thymus = T cells

• Immune response when foreign antigen is present = T cells and B cells

• Function without previous exposure = NK Cells

5. T cells develop into 4 functionally different cells that look the same.

6. CHARTa. Neutrophils

b. Eosinophils

c. Basophils

d. Monocytes

e. Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

f. Natural Killer Cells

D. Leucocytes (WBCs)

1. Function - protection by phagocytosis or antibody production and chemical warfare.

2. Structurea) They have nuclei and don’t contain

hemoglobin.b) 5-9 thousand WBCs/mm3

c) @ 10-19 microns in diameter depending on type.

3. Two basic groups of leucocytes:

a) Granular leucocytesi. finish development in the bone

marrowii. Contain small granules and have

encapsulated nuclei (see chapter 12)

iii. Phagocytic & release digestive enzymes.

iv. 3 kinds of granular leucocytes:

a) Neutrophils- 60-70% of all WBC-high neutrophil count indicates an acute infection, especially bacterial.

b) Eosinophils- 2-4% of all WBCs-produces antihistamine so a high eosinophil count indicates an allergic reaction.

c) Basophils- 1% of all WBCs produces heparin, histamine, and serotonin so it is also involved in the allergic reaction.

b. Agranular leucocytes

i. Finish development in the lymphatic system.

ii. Produce antibodies and are phagocytic.

iii. 2 kinds of Agranular leucocytes

Lymphocytes account for 20-25% of all WBCs B lymphocytes produces antibodies these cells (T-4 helper and T-lymphocyte)

are targeted by HIV. Monocytes (macrophages)

high monocyte counts are seen during chronic infections.

E. Thrombocytes (Platelets)

1.250-500 thousand platelets/mm3.

2.2-4 microns in diameter.

3.Function: initiate blood coagulation (a blood clot).

4.MOVIE

PHYSIOLOGY FOCUS

• Blood Typing – RBC

• Blood Clotting/ Coagulation – platlets

• Immune Response - WBC

Blood TypesBlood Types

Blood Type Movie

1. What are the four distinct blood groups discovered by Karl Landsteiner?

2. How often are blood transfusions performed?

General Info

A.Blood type is genetically determined.B.There are many surface proteins on

RBCs, but there are three commonly used for blood typing: “A”, “B” and Rhesus surface proteins.1.Surface proteins are called agglutinogens.2.Antibodies for these surface proteins are

called agglutinins.

Blood Type Proteinsgo to F. ABO Blood Groups

3. Fill in chart

Blood Group Antigens Present

Antibodies Present

AB

A

B

O

Rh factor

A. First discovered in Rhesus monkeys.

B. It was another RBC surface protein.

C. What does Rh+ mean?1. Rh protein (antigens) present on RBCs.

2. No antibodies for Rh antigens.

D. What does Rh- mean?1. Rh protein absent on RBCs.

2. Has the capacity to produce Rh antibodies

Add Rh drawings

• Rh+

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Blood lab quiz

1. anti-A serum contains antibodies that will clump type ______ blood.

2. Which was discovered first? ABO blood type or Rh type

3. The number of RBCs is closely related to the blood’s ______ capacity.

4. Is it possible for type A and type O parents to have a type O baby?

Blood Typing

• Focus on RBC – using HW guide

ABO blood groups - HW

1. Proteins on the surface of RBC are called ANTIGENS.

2. The body makes ANTIBODIES that react with foreign antigens.

4. a.Donor’s antibodies amount = dilute, Recipient’s antibodies amount = concentrated

b. Therefore, the antibodies of the recipient react with the RBCs of the donor.

c.What will happen?

Agglutination, clogging of vessels and perhaps death

5. Predict the outcome:

a. B gives to A

b. B gives to AB

c. O gives to A

Blood Transfusions

A. What blood type can “A” person receive?B. What blood type can “B” person receive?C. What blood type can “AB” person receive?D. What blood type can “O” person receive?E. What blood type is a universal donor?F. What blood type is a universal recipient?G. Agglutination (clumping) does not appear

when the blood sample is mixed with both anti-serums. What is the blood type?

Rh factor

A. First discovered in Rhesus monkeys.

B. It was another RBC surface protein.

C. What does Rh+ mean?1. Rh protein (antigens) present on RBCs.

2. No antibodies for Rh antigens.

D. What does Rh- mean?1. Rh protein absent on RBCs.

2. Has the capacity to produce Rh antibodies

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Add Rh drawings

• Rh+

Exercise 11.7 – Rh and pregnancy (erythroblastosis

fetalis)1. Antigen D 1a. Rh+ 1b. Rh-

2. Rh+ cells 2a. Foreign to 2b.antibodies

3. Can 3a. Agglutinate 3b. Does not

4. Can

5. Agglutination of blood (possible death of fetus)

The Problem w/Rh factor & Pregnancy (erythroblastosis fetalis)

A. Occurs in women that are Rh- and have Rh+ baby.

B. During pregnancy some of the fetal blood cells migrate back into the mother’s circulation.

1. Usually the RBCs and other large blood components are too large to pass through the placenta.

C. When the fetal blood mixes with the mothers, the mother starts to make agglutinins for the Rh agglutinogen.

D. However, the baby is born before enough agglutinins migrate back into the fetus, so baby is unaffected.

The Problem with Rh factor and Pregnancy

E. If the next baby is Rh+, the mother will start producing large numbers of agglutinins and these will attack the fetal blood, destroying RBCs.

1. If the baby is Rh- it has no proteins to react with the mothers antibodies.

F. To prevent the problem, when a Rh- mother has a Rh+ baby, they give her a RHO GAM (anti-Rh gamma 2-globulin agglutinin) shot.

1. This shot ties up the agglutinogens so they cannot be recognized by the mothers immune system, therefore she does not produce the anti-Rh agglutinins.

CoagulationCoagulation12.4 –Hemostasis12.4 –Hemostasis

CoagulationCoagulation12.4 –Hemostasis12.4 –Hemostasis

Page 316 Genetic Page 316 Genetic ConnectionsConnections

1. What causes hemophilia?1. What causes hemophilia?2. Explain why there is a high rate of 2. Explain why there is a high rate of AIDS in hemophiliacs.AIDS in hemophiliacs.

3. Explain von Willebrand disease?3. Explain von Willebrand disease?

Answers to clotting HW

1. Collagen

2. Platlets

3. A. constriction, decrease , 3B. Intrinsic, 3C. Platelet plug

4. A. constriction, B. extrinsic

5. Inactive

6. yes

7. X, common

8. Fibrin

9. Stabalizes it

10.Soluble

11.Yes

12.Clot retracts (brings edges closer together)

13.Plasmin, plasminogen

14.Extrinsic, common

15. A. Inhibits it B. Inhiibits it

General Info:

A.Coagulation time is usually between 5-15 minutes.

B.Vasospasm occurs to constrict diameter of damaged blood vessels.

C.Serotonin released by platelets causes further vasoconstriction.

The coagulation pathway (takes several minutes)

A. The blood vessel lining is damaged.B. The endothelial cells of the vessel

lining and damaged tissue surrounding the blood vessel release thromboplastin.

C. In addition, platelets rupture and release phospholipids.

D. Thromboplastin activates Factor VII.

Coagulation pathway (con’t)E. Factor VII, Ca2+ and platelet phospholipids combine

to form prothrombin activator (prothrombinase) 1. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce prothrombin

and other clotting factors.

F. Prothrombin activator combines with and Ca2+ converts the inactive protein, Prothrombin, into its active form, Thrombin.

1. Thrombin causes an increase in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. What kind of feedback system is this?

G. Thrombin then combines with Ca2+ to catalyze the assembly small inactive, soluble proteins subunits of fibrinogen into the sticky thread-like protein (Fibrin) that forms the clot.

Overview of the Clotting Cascade

Prothrombinase is formed by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway

Final common pathway produces fibrin threads

Blood Clotting Movie

QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Retraction

A. After the fibrin threads form, they retract or shorten, closing off the injured blood vessel.

B. Fibrinolysis1. As soon as the fibrin threads form, the presence

of fibrin stimulates the production of Plasmin.

2. Plasmin is a substance that dissolves clots.

Anticoagulants

A. Used to prevent blood clotting.

B. Examples: Heparin and Dicumoral.

Hemophilia

A. Sex linked disease, i.e. gene for disease is located on the “X” sex chromosome.

B. Several kinds of hemophilia; depending on which plasma coagulation factor is missing.

The Immune Response

There are two types of resistance

I. Nonspecific resistance

A. This is a non-specific or general response.

B. Several types of non specific resistance:1. Mechanical- this includes the skin, mucus

membranes, hair, cilia, lacrimal fluid (tears), saliva, and urine flow.

2. Chemical - sebum, perspiration, lysozyme, hyaluronic acid, and gastric juices.

Nonspecific (con’t)

3. Antimicrobial proteins (a type of chemical defense)

a) Interferon-3 kinds; stimulates the body cells to produce antiviral proteins.

b) Complement - forms holes in plasma membranes of microbes, stimulates the release of histamine, and promotes phagocytosis.

4. Phagocytosis - Primarily by neutrophils and monocytes.

5. Inflammation -confines & removes microbes at point of damage and repairs tissue.

6. Fever - slows microbial growth & speeds repair.

Immunity or Specific Resistance

A. General Info1. Targets specific microbes and proteins

(antigens).a) An antigen is any substance that stimulates an

immune response.

2. This has a genetic component but develops during your life.

3. Two kinds: Cell-mediated and Humoral.

B. Cell Mediated Immunity

1. T-lymphocytes are called T cells because they finish their development in the thymus gland.

2. These cells are specialized for attacking and destroying fungi, parasites, cancer cells, intracellular viral infections, and foreign tissue transplants.

C. Cellular Immunity Process

1.The process begins when a wandering macrophage engulfs an antigen.

2.The macrophage presents, on its surface, the partially digested antigen fragments along with its own MHC proteins.a)MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

proteins are specific for each person and are used to identify tissues.

C. Cellular Immunity (con’t)

3. Specific helper T cells interact with both proteins on the surface of the macrophage.

a) Your body’s T cells and B cells have hundreds of different antigens on their surfaces so they can recognize many different antigens out there.

4. Those activated Tcells are now called sensitized T cells.

a) Meanwhile, the macrophage produces interleukin I and interferons, which stimulate the cloning of these specific helper T cells.

Cellular Immunity (con’t)5. These cloned T-cells now differentiate into

several forms all with different functions:a) Memory T cells: remain in circulation and can

recognize the original invader if it returns again.

b) Helper T cells: Induce antibody production by B cell descendants. Also secrete interleukin II, which stimulates proliferation of cytotoxic T cells.

c) Cytotoxic (killer) T cells: destroy antigens directly and indirectly. In addition, killer T cells also secrete interferon which prevents viral replication. These cells effective against cancer and transplanted tissue.

Cellular Immunity Overview

Cellular Immunity Movie

ANSWER THE QUESTson NOTES AS YOU WATCH

Cell Mediated Review1. What is the black object at the

top of the screen?2. The process of moving the

item to the MHC proteins can be called:

3. What best describes #2 and #3?

4. The object moving into the cell during #4 can be described as being a(n):

5. What type of cell does the object invade during #4?

6. What type of cell attaches itself to the sick cell in #5?

7. The event at #6 can best be described as:

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Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity

A. General Info:1. B cells are called B cells because in birds

they finish their development in the bursa of Fabricus, a small pouch of lymphoid tissue found attached to the intestine.

2. These cells do not leave the lymphoid tissue.

Antibody-Mediated Process:

1. The antigen binds to antibodies on the surface of the B cell.

2. The B cell ingests, processes, and presents the processed antigen (along with its MHC antigens).

3. Specific helper T cells recognize and bind to the processed antigen and HLA antigens

Antibody-Mediated Process (con’t):

4. The helper T cells produce a factor that stimulates B cells to enlarge, divide and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells.

5. Plasma cells then secrete specific antibodies (at a rate of 2000/sec per cell) that enter circulation and bind to the surface proteins of the specific antigen.

6. The remaining B cells that don’t change into plasma cells remain as memory B cells

Section 40-2Humoral Immunity

Antibody-Mediated Overview:

Humoral Review1. What is the black object at

the top of the screen in #1?2. The cell that presents the

object in #2 could possibly be a(n)...

3. The process during #3 can be described as:

4. The cell at the top of the screen in 5 can best be described as a(n):

5. The cell that binds with the top cell in #6 is a(n):

6. #7 can be described as:7. What type of cells are

produced in #8?8. What best describes #8?

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Summary Immune Response

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Vaccine & WBC

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VII. VaccinesA. Large numbers of virulent forms are

collected and then heat or chemically treated to denature their nucleic acids. Why?1. Care must be taken to keep some of the surface

proteins intact. Why?

B. Now this mixture (the vaccine) is injected into the person.

C. The person initiates an immune response.D. Next time we are exposed to same virus we

mount an immune response a lot quicker. Why?