blood chapter. hematology the study of blood and blood-forming organs includes study of blood...
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Blood
Chapter
Hematology
The Study of Blood and Blood-Forming Organs Includes study of blood disorders:
Red blood cell disorders White blood cell disorders Platelet disorders Coagulation problems
Components of Blood
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets and Plasma
Plasma
Plasma
Plasma Water
90–92% by volume
Proteins Albumins: thicken
the blood Globulins: antibodies Fibrinogen: clotting
factors
Serum – plasma minus its clotting factors, RBC’s, and WBC’s
Plasma
What does plasma do? Acts as the primary
means of transport Plays a role in clotting Acts a buffer Provides a source of
energy
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Red Blood Cells
Hemoglobin Oxygen affinity Circular shape with an
indention – helps make more surface area
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin (red pigment oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen
out to the cells of the body also carries a small portion of
carbon dioxide
White blood cells(leukocytes)
White Blood Cells
Provide defense-
White Blood Cells
White Blood Cell Catagories:
1. Granulocytes Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil
2. Lymphocytes
3. Monocytes
White Blood Cells
Immunity Subpopulation of lymphocytes known as T cells
and B cells T cells develop cellular immunity. B cells produce humoral immunity.
Immune Response
Platelets(thrombocyte)
Damaged cells release certain clotting factors into the plasma – forming prothrombin activator
Platelets become sticky at the point of injury and soon accumulate near the opening in the broken blood vessel, forming a soft, temporary platelet plug
Prothrombin converts to thrombin which reacts with fibrinogen to form a fibrous gel called fibrin – looks like a tangle of fine threads that catch RBC’s
Hemostasis
The combined 3 mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss.
Hemostasis
Controlling Blood Loss Vascular spasms Platelet plugs Stable fibrin blood clots
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Fibrinolysis Thrombosis
Fibrinolytics
In your squads, discuss how medications affect clot formation.
Lab Work
Blood Collection and Values
Lab Work
Purple Top
Used for Hematology: RBC: 3.8-5.6 M/uL WBC: 3.8-11 K/mm3
Neutrophils: 50-81% Bands: 1-5% Lymphocytes: 14-
44% Monocytes: 2-6% Eosinophils: 1-5% Basophils: 0-1%
CBC- Complete Blood Count
Purple Top
Hbg (hemaglobin): 11-18 g/dL Hct (hematocrit): 34-54% Platelets: 150-450x10-3/dL
CBC- Complete Blood Count
CBCs
In your squad, discuss what you have learned about CBCs.
Blood Typing
Blood Products and Blood Typing
Blood Types Antigens
A, B, AB, O Universal donors Universal recipients Rh factor
Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Anemias Sickle Cell Disease Polycythemia
Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Anemias
Anemia is a sign, not a separate disease process.
Signs and symptoms may not be present until the body is stressed.
Differentiate chronic anemia from acute episode.
Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell crises
Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Polycythemia
Overproduction of erythrocytes
Occurs in patients >50 years old or with secondary dehydration.
Results in bleeding abnormalities
Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukopenia/Neutropenia Leukocytosis Leukemia Lymphomas
Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukopenia/Neutropenia
Too few white blood cells or neutrophils. Leukocytosis
An increase in the number of circulating white blood cells, often due to infection.
Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukemia
Cancer of hematopoietic cells Initial presentation
Acutely ill, fatigued, febrile and weak, anemic Often have a secondary infection
Diseases of the White Blood Cells Lymphomas
Cancers of the lymphatic system Presentation
Swelling of the lymph nodes Fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss,
fatigue, and pururitis
Diseases of the Platelets
Thrombocytosis An abnormal increase
in the number of platelets
Thrombocytopenia An abnormal
decrease in the number of platelets
Blood Clotting Abnormalities
Hemophilia