Blood SystemBlood System

The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood in a lifetime.

Blood

What is Blood?Blood is a fluid tissue containing many suspended cells and can be found flowing through the circulatory system transporting substances.

History of Blood - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWrg51W7dIc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU

The Transport System

O2 from the lungs to the body cells CO2 from body cells to the lungs Nutrients from digestive tract to body cells Metabolic & Waste Products from body cells to the organs

of excretion Heat produced by various body parts Hormones from endocrine glands to body organs

Apart from the transportation of substances, blood also serves to protect the body against pathogens.

Blood Composition

Blood CompositionThe average human being has 5 liters (4-6 Quarts) of blood in the body.

Composed ofRED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLSPLATELETS

BloodBloodThe Blood (Hem/o or hemat/o)

Blood is composed of 55% liquid plasma & 45% formed

elements. Formed elements are:

Erythrocytes also known as red blood cells (RBC),Leukcocytes also known as white blood cells (WBC),Platelets

BloodBlood

PlasmaLiquid part of blood; contains nutrients, wastes andhormones91% water, 9% proteins Fibrinogen & prothrombin are clotting proteins to help blood clot and control bleeding

ErythrocytesErythrocytesErythrocytes (erythr/o = red + -cyte = cell) Also called red blood cells (RBC’s) Contains hemoglobin (hem/o = blood + -globin =

protein) which is iron containing portion of erythrocyte

Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body

Live about 120 days

Erythrocytes

LeukocytesLeukocytes

Leukocytes (leuk/o = white + -cyte = cell)

Also called white blood cells (WBC’s)Protect body against infectionNatural Killer cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=HNP1EAYLhOs&feature=fvwp&NR=1

LeukocytesLeukocytes

There are five types of leukocytes:• Neutrophils Think: Never• Lymphocytes Let• Monocytes Monkeys• Eosinophils Eat• Basophils Bananas

LeukocytesLeukocytes

1. Neutrophils – majority of WBC’s, fight infection by phagocytosis (engulfing & swallowing germs). Elevated count indicates a bacterial infection (strep, staph, etc..)

video

LeukocytesLeukocytes

2.Lymphocytes – formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen; protect body against disease.

Provide immunity to the body by developing ANTIBODIES.

Target TUMOR cells.

Monocytes – Also formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. Help protect against disease, an elevated count usually indicates a chronic (long-term) condition

Phagocytize bacteria and foreign material.

Produce ANTIHISTAMINES.

MONOCYTES

Eosinophils – formed in red bone marrow, increase in response to allergic conditions (ex - allergic reaction, asthma, etc…)

Increase in response to ALLERGIC conditions.

Attack TOXINS.

EOSINOPHILS

LeukocytesLeukocytes

Basophils – promote inflammatory (IMMUNE) response, elevated basophils count may indicate an allergic condition (ex. -allergic reaction, asthma, etc…)

ThrombocytesThrombocytesThrombocytes (thromb/o = clot + -cyte = cell)

Also known as platelets Smallest formed elements in the blood When blood vessel is damaged, platelets

become sticky and clump together to form a clot

http://sacs.vetmed.ufl.edu/histo/29b_sm.gif

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Blood TypesBlood Types

Blood Types

Four major types: A, B, AB, and O Groups are based on whether A and/or B antigens

are present on red blood cells In type O, both A & B antigens are absent In type AB, both A & B antigens are present

Blood Types Cont‘d.Blood Types Cont‘d.

Blood Type Can Donate ToCan Receive

From

A A, AB A, O

B B, AB B, O

AB(universal recipient)

AB A, B, AB, O

O(universal donor)

A, B, AB, O O (only)

Rh FactorRh FactorThe Rh Factor

People are either Rh positive or Rh negative If you are Rh positive, you have the Rh antigen If you are Rh negative, you do not have the Rh

antigen

It is important to know Blood Type and Rh factor if a patient is going to receive blood

The ABO System What is the ABO system?

The ABO system consists of people with blood groups A, B, AB or O.

A mix-up in the blood types during transfusion could be fatal to the receiver as the blood would agglutinate within him forming numerous blood clots eventually leading to death.

What is the Rhesus Factor? Irregardless of our blood type, we all have a pair of rhesus genes. Depending on whether we are rhesus positive or negative, the rhesus factor will affect our heredity line.  

Blood System DisordersBlood System DisordersAneurysm weak spot in the wall of an artery, causes it

to balloon out and some- times rupture (usually fatal due to blood loss)

http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/cardiovascular_health/aneurysm/what_is_an_aneurysm_video

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18072.jpg

Arteriosclerosis (arteri/o = artery + -sclerosis = hardening)

Hardening of the arteries which reduces blood flow through the artery

Blood System Disorders Cont’dBlood System Disorders Cont’d

Varicose Veins Abnormally swollen veins usually

occurring in the legshttp://www.vascularweb.org/graphics/northpoint_graphics_jpg/

graphics_miscellaneous/VV.jpg

Thrombus blood clot attached to inside wall of vein or artery

Embolus blood, air, fat or other substance circulating in the

bloodstream. An embolism would be the blockage of the blood vessel by the embolus.

Blood Disorders Cont.

LeukemiaLeukemia is a form of cancer affecting White Blood Cells (leukocytes), which have a main role in the body's protection from disease.

Malignant disease of bone marrow or lymph tissue resulting in large numbers of immature WBCs

Different types of Leukemia (Acute and Chronic types) Symptoms: fever, pallor, swelling of lymph tissue, fatigue,

anemia, excessive bruising, bleeding gums, joint pain Treatments: (varies with type) can include chemotherapy,

radiation, and bone marrow transplants

Blood Disorders

AnemiaAnemia is the most common disorder of red blood cells. It decreases the count of the red blood cells or the number of red blood cells per unit blood.

Inadequate number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin or both. Common symptoms of anemia are dizzy spells, weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia depression and pallor (paleness).

Blood System Disorders Cont’dBlood System Disorders Cont’d

Sickle Cell anemia genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin abnormally shaped red blood cells (sickled instead

of round) interferes with normal blood flow through the body

http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img0234.jpg

Blood Disorders Cont.

HemophiliaHaemophilia is a heredity disease that tends to only affect males. There are many types of haemophilia. Some individuals experience life-threatening bleeding due to simple surgeries such as a tooth extraction or circumcision.

If left untreated, it could prove life-threatening to the individual and a small bump on the head could cause bleeding in the skull and cause brain damage. Diagnosis for haemophilia can be done through laboratory tests to confirm the extremely slow coagulation of blood.

Treatment involves transfusing whole blood or plasma, and

administering the missing protein factor.

Blood Disorders Cont.

Septicemia –Septic (Blood Poisoning)Septicemia is usually a complication of an infection where the foreign particle involved escapes into the bloodstream.

Blood System Disorders Cont’dBlood System Disorders Cont’d

Cholesterol fatty substances (lipids) that travel in the blood. Certain levels of cholesterol are normal and

important for good health An abnormal condition exists when the cholesterol

levels are above normal levels.

Three kinds of cholesterol – LDL, HDL, Triglycerides Low density lipoprotein (bad kind) – contribute to

plaque buildup in the arteries causing a narrowing for blood flow

Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic TestsPulse Oximeter External monitor that is applied to the finger to

measure oxygen in blood saturated with oxygen Normal is above 96% (blood saturated with oxygen)

Arterial Blood Gases Measurement of other gases in blood (in addition to

oxygen) The gas dissolved in liquid part of blood Blood gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide and

nitrogen

Treatments / ProceduresTreatments / ProceduresMedications Statins

Used to lower bad cholesterol and raise good cholesterol Examples – Lipitor, Vytorin, Zocor, Pravachol (have you

seen commercials??)

Anticoagulants Slows blood clotting and prevents new clots from forming Examples – aspirin, coumadin, heparin, plavix (have you

seen these commercials?? Such as Ty Pennington promoting aspirin?)

Treatments / ProceduresTreatments / ProceduresBlood Transfusion Transfusing whole blood or blood components

(packed cells, etc..) into a patient. The blood must be carefully matched (A, B, AB, or O

as well as Rh+ or Rh-) or the patient may suffer a severe reaction.

Blood is tested for diseases like HIV and Hepatitis before transfusion so the disease is not spread to the recipient of the blood.

Treatments / ProceduresTreatments / ProceduresMedications Cont’d. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

Clot dissolving enzyme used for immediate treatment of heart attack and stroke victims.

Breaks down the clot which reduces the damage to the heart (in heart attacks) and the brain (in stroke patients)

Many billboards and commercials relating to prompt treatment for heart attacks and strokes. Aimed at encouraging patients to seek treatment quickly so drugs can be effective.

Blood System AbbreviationsBlood System Abbreviations

P – pulseBP – blood pressureRBC – red blood cellsWBC – white blood cellsLDL – low density lipoproteinHDL – high density lipoproteinABG – arterial blood gastPA – tissue plasminogen activator

Career OpportunitiesCareer Opportunities Hematologist (hemat/o = blood + -ologist = specialist)

specializes and treats disorders of the blood

Phlebotomist Takes patient blood samples and prepares

them for testing in the lab

http://healthcare.maricopa.edu/images/PHLEB.jpg

Medical Laboratory Technologist (MT) Works under the supervision of pathologist to study tissues, fluids,

and cells in the human body

Medical Laboratory Assistant Prepares specimens for testing and helps clean and maintain

laboratory equipment.

Additional Activity

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/

Blood Trivia

http://www.givelife2.org/games/trivia.asp