HISTOLOGY Blood

UNIVERSITATEA DE MEDICIN I FARMACIE CRAIOVA

Remember!!!!Generaldataonconnectivetissue

Composition: cells(fixed,free) groundsubstance(extracellularmatrix) fibers(collagen,reticular,elastic)

Remember!!!!

Dependingontheconsistencyofthegroundsubstance,connectivetissuescanbedividedinto: ConnectivetissueswithsoftGS(properConnectiveTissues)

ConnectivetissueswithsemisolidGS(cartilage) ConnectivetissueswithsolidGS(bone)

ConnectivetissuewithliquidGS(blood)

BLOOD

ItisavarietyofconnectivetissuewithliquidGS

Hasamesenchymatous origin Functions:transport,immunedefense,maintainshydroelectrolytic equilibrium;transfersheat

Represents1/131/14ofthebodymass(eg 56lfora70kgbody).

BLOOD Composition:

Plasma: Organiccomponents

Proteins(6.58.5g/100ml): Albumins(3.55.5g/100ml) Globulins(1.53.5g/100ml) Fibrinogen(0.20.4g/100ml)

Lipoproteins,glucose,fattyacids Inorganiccomponents(Water,Na,Cl,K,Ca,P)

Serum(0.9%NaCl) Theformedelements

erythrocytes (redbloodcells) leukocytes (whitebloodcells) platelets

BLOODThehematocrit isanestimateofthevolumeofpackederythrocytesperunitvolumeofblood.Thenormalvalueis4050%inmenand3545%inwomen.

StainingofBloodCells

Bloodcellsaregenerallystudiedinsmears Bloodsmearsareroutinelystainedwithspecialmixturesofred(acidic)andblue(basic)dyes

Thesemixturesalsocontainazures, dyesthatareusefulinstainingsomestructuresofbloodcellsknownasazurophilics (azure+Gr.philein, tolove)

Mostusedstainforbloodsmears:MayGrunwaldGiemsa (MGG)

StainingofBloodCells

http://www.microscopesblog.com/2012/08/differentialwhitebloodcellcount.html

Erythrocytes

Areformedinthebonemarrow(whereisthisfound?)

5,5millions/mm3 ofblood inchildren 4,55,5millions/mm3 ofblood inmales 45millions/mm3 ofblood infemales

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are anucleate, arepacked with the O2carrying proteinhemoglobin.

Most mammalian erythrocytes arebiconcave disks without nuclei

When suspended in an isotonicmedium, human erythrocytes are7.5 m in diameter, 2.6 m thick atthe rim, and 0.8 m thick in thecenter.

The biconcave shape provideserythrocytes with a large surfacetovolume ratio, thus facilitating gasexchange.

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes

Lifespan:120days.Whereistheircemetery? Functions? Structure

Cytoplasm Proteins(hemoglobin,etc) Lipids,Ions,Enzymes(ensureO2transport) Cytoskeleton

Membrane(GP,etc..)

Erythrocytes

Hb =Globin(96%)+Heme (4%)(protoporfirin +Fe)

Mass: 68 kDa

Hb in blood:1214g/ml in women1315g/ml in men

Adult globin A1 = 22

Erythrocytes

Hb+CO2

Oxyhemoglobin

+O2

Carbhemoglobin

+O2+oxidants

Methemoglobin Carboxihemoglobin+CO

Erythrocytes

Themembraneisalipoproteic structure ContainsGP,GL,enzymes SomeoftheGPareimportantastheydefinetheABCandRhsystems

Erythrocytes

http://www.1177.se/Tema/Kroppen/Immunforsvaret/Blodetochimmunforsvaret/

ABCsystem

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes

http://nursingcrib.com/wpcontent/uploads/rhesusfactorbloodtyping.jpg?9d7bd4

Rhsystem 85%ofthecaucasian populationhasantigenDontheRBC(Rh+)

Erythrocytes

MHC(HLAinhumans)membraneproteinsarefoundinallcellsofthebodyornot?

Erythrocytes Inpathologycanappers:

Deviationsinstainingintensity Hypochromia Hyperchromia Polycromatofilia

Deviationsinsize Microcitosis 1215m

Deviationsinshape Sicklecelldisease Hereditaryspherocytosis

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes

TheReticulocyte istheprecursorofRBC TheystillcontainbasophilicRNAremainsintheircytoplsm (bluish)

=89m No:23% noofRBC Whenrecoveringafteranemiatheirnoincreases(815%)andindicatesthefunctionofthebonemarrow

Erythrocytes

http://cmdi.medicine.dal.ca/Human_Histology/Lab7/61_lo10.html

Leukocytes Leukocytes(whitebloodcells)migratetothetissueswheretheybecomefunctionalandperformvariousactivities

No:1200020000/mm3 innewborns800012000/mm3 inchildren

Leukocytes

Generalrules Allleucocyteshaveunspecificgranulesintheircytoplasm

(originallystainedbluewithazurestain)=azurophilicgranules(lysosomes)

Allleucocyteshaveglycogenvesiclesinthecytoplasm(energystorage)

Ingranulocytesthecytoplasmislighteosinophilic;thefinalaspectbeinggivenbytheirspecificgranules

Inagranulocytes,thecytoplasmisbasophilic

Leukocytes

Proportionofdifferentleukocytesgivestheleukocyteformula(Arneths formula) Neutrophils:6070% Acidophils:13% Basophils:0.51% Lymphocytes:2030%Monocytes:48%

Neutrophils(PolymorphonuclearLeukocytes)

Neutrophils Constitute6070%ofcirculatingleukocytes Spherical,1215m indiameter Thenucleushastwotofivelobeslinkedbythinnuclearextensions(youngercellsarelesssegmented)

Heterochromatinpredominatesunderthenuclearmembrane

Infemales,theinactiveXchromosomemayappearasadrumsticklikeappendageononeofthelobesofthenucleus(Barrscorpuscle)

Neutrophils Cytoplasmcontains:

lowquantitiesoforganelles,lipiddroplets,glycogenvesicles,microtubules

Unspecificgranules(azurophiles) 20% =0.5m,representprimarylysosomes Contain:acidicphosphatase,betagalactosidase,betaglucuronidase,lipase,peroxidase

Specificgranules 80% =05.0.8 m,calledepsilongranules AppearvioletonMGG Specificgranulesundergoexocytosisduringandafterdiapedesis,releasingfactorswithvariousactivities,includingenzymestodigestECMcomponentsandbacteriostaticfactors:alkalinephosphatase,collagenase

Neutrophils

Neutrophils

Functions: Phagocytosis(itisconsideredamicrophage)

Theyarethefirstguardiansininfections Whenthelysosomesareovercamebythepathogenes(tuberculosisbacillus),theydyeaspiocytes (pusscells)

Theyreleaselysosomeenzymes Theyhavealifetimeof1012hinthebloodandof45daysextravasated

Neutrophylia occursin:pregnancy,acuteinfections Neutropeniaoccursin:irradiation,cachexia;cytostatics

Neutrophils

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeHiDg5bdBQ

Eosinophils

Eosinophils

13%ofleukocytesinnormalblood Spherical,1215m indiameter Haveacharacteristicbilobednucleus Heterochromatinpredominatesunderthenuclearmembrane

Eosinophils

Cytoplasmcontains: Organelles,lipiddroplets,glycogenvesicles Unspecificgranules(azurophiles),representprimarylysosomes

Specificgranules,=0.81 m,calledalphagranules(~Manciuria spawn) AppearredorangeonMGG Ultrastructurally theeosinophilicspecificgranulesareseentobeovalinshape,withmanyhavingaflattenedcrystallinecorecontainingmajorbasicprotein,anargininerichfactoraccountingforthegranule'sintenseacidophilia (cytotoxiceffectsonparasitessuchashelminthicwormsandprotozoa).

Eosinophils

Eosinophils

Functions: Phagocytosis(itisconsideredamicrophage) TheycandegradeAgAtb complexes,histamineandserotonin

Defenseagainstparasites Eosinophylia occursinallergicreactionsandhelminthic(parasitic)infections

Eosiniopenia isinducedbycorticosteroids;cytostatics

Basophils

Basophils

0.20.4%ofleukocytesinnormalblood Spherical,1012m indiameter Thenucleusisovalwithmorehomogenouschromatindisposition(overallitlookshypochromic)

Basophils

Cytoplasmcontains: Organelles,lipiddroplets,glycogenvesicles Unspecificgranules(azurophiles),representprimarylysosomes

Specificgranules,=0.11 m,calledbetagranules AppearblueonMGG Thegranulesarerichinhistamine,heparin,serotonin.Hystamine isaGAG,(sothegranulesarePAS+andmetachromaticundertoluidineblue)

ThemembranehasspecificreceptorsforIgE

Basophils

Basophils

Functions: Createtheenvironmentfortheinflammatoryprocess(vasodilatation,increasedvesselpermeability)

Lifetime:~1015days Precursorsofmastcells? Basophilia:Hodgkinsdisease,leucemia Basopenia isinducedbycorticosteroids;cytostatics

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

2030%ofleukocytesinnormalblood Spherical,618m indiameter Thenucleusislarge,nonsegmented,oval,intenselybasophil,itoccupiesalmostallthecellsvolume

Lymphocytes

Cytoplasmishighlybasophil,scant: Organelles,lipiddroplets,glycogenvesicles Unspecificgranules(azurophiles) Nospecificgranules

OnthemembraneshavereceptorsforIgG andIgM

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Functions: Typesoflymphocytes

http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=452602&extra=thumbnail_id392363156752

Lymphocytes

Functions: Typesoflymphocytes

Bcellssecreteantibodies(howmanyclassesofantibodiesarethere?)

Tcellssecretelymphokines Lymphocytosisappearsinnewborns,infections,leukemias

Lymphopeniaoccursafterirradiations,aftercorticosteroids;cytostatics

Monocytes

Monocytes

48%ofleukocytesinnormalblood Oval,2030m indiameter Thenucleusislarge,nonsegmented,oval,orkidneylike,withheterochromatinalternatingwitheuchromatin (resultsinachessboardappearance)

Monocytes

Cytoplasmisgrayblue,abundant: Organelles,lipiddroplets,glycogenvesicles Unspecificgranules(azurophiles):acidicphosphatase,alcaline phosphatase,lipase,catepsins

Nospecificgranules

OnthemembraneshavereceptorsforIgG,IgM andcomplement

Monocytes

Monocytes

Functions: Phagocytosis

Immunemediated(bacteria,viruses) Nonimmune:carbon,Si

Lifetimeincirculation:~12100h Precursorsofmacrophages(histiocytes)? Synthesisandsecretion:enzymes,IF,growthfactors Monocytosys:bacterialinfections,neoplasia Monocytopenia inirradiation,cytostatics

Monocytes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spQnopJVUXo

Platelets

Bloodplatelets(thrombocytes)arenonnucleated,disklike cellfragments24m indiameter

Plateletsoriginatebyfragmentationofthecytoplasmicprocessesextendingfromgiantpolyploid cellscalledmegakaryocytes inthebonemarrow

Plateletcountsrangefrom200.000to400.000/mm3.Plateletshavealifespanofabout10days

Platelets Eachplatelethasalightlystainedperipheralzone,the

hyalomere, andacentralzonecontainingdarkerstaininggranules,calledthegranulomere Thehyalomere containsGAGsandglycoproteins,microtubules,

microfilamentsandanopencanalicular system;densetubularsystem (storesCa2+).Togetherthesetwomembranoussystemsfacilitatetheextremelyrapidexocytosisofproteinsfromplatelets(degranulation)uponadhesiontocollagenorothersubstratesoutsidethevascularendothelium.

Thecentralgranulomere possessesavarietyofmembraneboundgranulesandasparsepopulationofmitochondriaandglycogenparticles.Theycontain:fibrinogen,PDGF(alphagranules),ATP,ADP,Ca2+(deltagranules),lysosomal enzymes(lambdagranules)

Platelets

Platelets

Functions: Primaryaggregation. Disruptionsinthemicrovascular endothelium,allow

plateletaggregationtocollagenviacollagenbindingproteinintheplateletmembrane(aplateletplug)

Secondaryaggregation. PlateletsintheplugreleaseanadhesiveglycoproteinandADP,bothofwhicharepotentinducersofplateletaggregation.

Bloodcoagulation. Duringplateletaggregation,fibrinogen fromplasma,vonWillebrand factor promotethesequentialinteraction(cascade)ofplasmaproteins,givingrisetoafibrin polymerthattrapps redbloodcellsandmoreplateletstoformabloodclot, orthrombus

Clotretraction(plateletcontainactinandmyosin) Clotremoval. Protectedbytheclot,thevesselwallisrestoredbynewtissue,

andtheclotisthenremovedbytheproteolytic enzymeplasmin, formedcontinuouslythroughthelocalactionofplasminogenactivators fromtheendotheliumonplasminogen fromplasma.

Alltogether

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/adaptive.html