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BLUE CARD!!!! . 1. Choose a species of animals that Darwin observed and EXPLAIN the adaptation. 2. I.D. and EXPLAIN someone or something that influenced Darwin in his beliefs. NOTE: Did I mention EXPLAIN……. Evolution. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Australopithecus 3.5 MYA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BLUE CARD!!!! 1. Choose a species of animals that
Darwin observed and EXPLAIN the adaptation.
2. I.D. and EXPLAIN someone or something that influenced Darwin in his beliefs.
NOTE: Did I mention EXPLAIN……
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Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
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Australopithecus 3.5 MYA
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Neanderthal Man 80-50 TYA
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Charles Darwin English Born 1809 HMS Beagle - 1831 Naturalist Very Religious
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Darwin’s Observations Animals and plants were well
adapted Diverse reproductive strategies Puzzled by location of animals
Rabbits in Argentina, not in Australia Fossils
similar, dissimilar, Extinction
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The Beagle’s Journey
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Pinta IslandIntermediate shell
Pinta
Isabela IslandDome-shaped shell
Hood IslandSaddle-backed shellHoodFloreana
Santa Fe
Santa Cruz
James
Marchena
Fernandina
Isabela
Tower
Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos IslandsSection 15-1
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The Galapagos Islands
DesertLarge rainfall
Intermediate Shell
Domed Shell
Saddle backed Shell
Climate variation throughout
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Tortoises of the Galapagos
Saddleback long neck,
curved shell, found on Hood Island, desert like
Dome Shaped shorter neck,
domed shell, lush vegetation, covers the ground, Isabela island
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Many different varieties in different locations
Finches
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Journey Home Animals and plants varied a great
deal from island to island
Did the organisms on different islands belong to the same species?
Was the ancestor from S. America?
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Influences on Darwin Fossil Record
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James Hutton - 1785 Earth - millions of years old, not
5700
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Charles Lyell - 1833 Past events are explained by the
processes that scientists can see today. Made observations of Niagara Falls
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - 1809 Proposes 1st theory of evolution
use vs. disuse acquired traits are passed on leads to changes in species
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Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
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Thomas Malthus - 1798 Economist - unchecked population
growth leads to a lack of space and food
Frog Eggs - What detemines survival?
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Artificial Selection
Farmers and breeders Selective Breeding
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On his return Marries Emma Wedgwood (1st
cousin) Has 10 children, 3 die before
adulthood, many have medical issues (why do you think?) 3 sons are knighted.
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1836-1859 Family Illness Atolls Barnacles Charles Lyell
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1858 1858 - On Charles
Lyell’s advice begins writing up his views for a book to be called Natural Selection.
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1858 (June) Receives letter
from Alfred Wallace
He is collecting specimens in Indonesia.
Shared with Lyell
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Darwin’s View - On the Origin of the Species - 1859
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The Origin of Species Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Struggle for Existence Descent with Modifications
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Darwin’s Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Record Distribution of Living Species Homologous Body Structures Embryo Development
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Fossil Record Information of past life, including
structure of organisms and the order in which they lived
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Fossils Provide Insight to the Past
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Natural Variation passed on to future
generations
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Struggle for Existence
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Survival of the Fittest - (Natural Selection)
Individuals that are best suited for their environment have high levels of fitness and therefore survive and reproduce
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Adaptations - physical characteristics or
behaviors
Camouflage
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Descent with Modification
Species change overtime All organisms share a common
ancestor (common descent)
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Reviewing Darwin’s Theory
Variation Large amounts of offspring Competition Struggle for Existence Survival of the Fittest Descent with Modification via
Natural Selection Common Decent
How does evolution really work?
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Distribution of Living Species - I
Unrelated organisms look similar because of common ecological conditions - Convergent Evolution
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Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Capybara SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Geographic Distribution of Living Species
Beaver
Muskrat
Beaver andMuskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Coypu andCapybara
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Distribution of Living Species - II
Finches - all share a common mainland ancestor, differences are due to the environment
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Homologous Structures - same basic design,
modifications
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Analogous StructuresSimilar Function/Looks different
Wing of insect, bird, bat, and pterosaur
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Vestigial Organs - traces of homologous
structures
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Embryo DevelopmentEmbryonic Cells develop in the same group and similar patterns
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BiochemistryEx. Blood proteins, DNA,
etc.
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Patterns of Evolution
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Divergent Evolution Adaptive Radiation
Process by which a single species or group evolves into several different forms that live in different ways
Darwin’s finches Hawaiian
honeycreepers
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Convergent Evolution Unrelated species become more and
more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same environment Desert plants
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Coevolution Two species evolve due to their
interactions Predators and their prey
Examples? Plants and pollinators
Examples?
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Speciation Influences
Gene pool Geographic isolation Physical separation of members of a
population
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Genetic Equilibrium Results in NO EVOLUTION A population in which allele
frequencies do not change from generation to generation
1. No mutations occur2. No migration occurs3. There is a large population4. Individuals mate randomly5. Natural selection does NOT
occur
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Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
1. Mutations Physical change in a gene or
chromosome “Variations” Produce new alleles for a trait
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Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
2. Migration Movement of individual organisms into
or out of a population Immigration vs. Emigration
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Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
3. Genetic Drift A shift in the allele frequencies in a
population due to random events or chance
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Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
4. Extinction Species die off Members trait did not allow them to
survive and pass genes on to the next generation
The population didn’t have proper adaptations to survive and reproduce
Species is lost forever
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Darwin’s notebooks