bluetooth rf technology - national chung cheng universityhccc.ee.ccu.edu.tw/courses/bt/vg/rf.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Bluetooth RF Technology
張 盛 富 副教授
國立中正大學電機工程系
(05)2720411-33218, Fax:(05)2720862
September 11, 2001 at NCCU-CTR
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Contents
I. RF Specifications
II. RF Transceiver Chipsets
III. RF Transceiver Circuit Design
IV. Coverage Calculation, Simulation, and Measurement
V. Conclusions
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(1) Integrated Technologies on
1. Low-Cost--- Single-Chip RF and Baseband IC
LTCC for passive Components
2. Compact--- BGA package
3. Ease of use--- Protocol Stacks
I. RF Specifications
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Radio Module Hardware
Radio Baseband
Link ControlRF+Mod/Demod
CPU
Link Manager
SRAM
Flash
Host interface
OS-Independent Software Stack
Ericsson ROK101007 Bluetooth Module
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Ref: H. Arfwedson and R. Sneddon, “Ericsson’s Bluetooth Module,” Ericsson Review, No. 4, 1999
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
• Low power consumption(Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery, power will vary with implementation)
– Standby current < 0.3 mA
• 3 months – Voice mode 10 mA
• 60 hours
– Data mode average 6 mA (20% utilization)
• 100 hours
• Low Power Architecture– Hold and Park modes 60 µA
• Devices connected but not participating
• Device can participate within 2 ms
• 1 year battery life time
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(2) Frequency Band: operations in unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHz
Country Frequency Range RF Channels
Europe* & USA
Japan
Spain
France
2400 – 2483.5MHz
2471 – 2497 MHz
2445 – 2475 MHz
2446.5 – 2483 MHz
f = 2402 + k MHz
f = 2473 + k MHz
f = 2449 + k MHz
f = 2454 + k MHz
k = 0, … ,78
k = 0, … ,22
k = 0, … ,22
k = 0, … ,22
* Except Spain and France
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
2402 2480Frequency (MHz)
USA, Europe
2400 2483.5
1 2 79
2454 2483.5
France
2446.5 2476
1 2 23
Frequency (MHz)2449 2475
Spain
2445 2471
1 2 23
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
2402 2480Frequency (MHz)
USA, Europe
2400 2483.5
1 2 79
timeslave
master
4 76 1 5 79 10 25 40
§ Frequency Hopping• 1600 hops/s (nominal connection mode) (625 us)• 3200 hops/s (page and inquiry modes)• Same hopping sequence for all devices in a piconet.
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
§ TDMA / TDD
625 µs
t
t
f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
• Fast frequency hopping for high interference protection
– Other applications use the same frequence range: microwave ovens, baby monitors, garage door openers, ...
– Pseudo random hopping sequence
– Collisions with adjacent Bluetooth links are possible
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
A B B CX
Z Z
F G H
NAK ACK
Auto Retransmission
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
§ Modulation and Bit Rate
• GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
Gaussian LPF
FMModulator(e.g. VCO)
BT=0.5s(t)
Tune fc
id 1= ±data
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
[ ]0
BT = 0.5 (B=3dB bandwidth of Gaussian transmit filter)
Modulation Index 0.28 < h < 0.35
( ) 2 cos 2 ( )
: Transmit power
: Symbol period (1 ), =1Mpbs
: Carrier frequecy
( )
c
b
c
ii
s t P f t t
P
T us R
f
t d
π θ θ
θ
= + +
=
g
g
g
{ }
( )
1
( ) : The impulse respone of the Gaussian filter.
t
w
i
h g d
d
g t
π τ τ−
∈ ±
∑ ∫
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
fd = 140 kHz to 175 kHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(3) Transmitter Characteristics
Transmitted Power
2402 2480Frequency (MHz)2400 2483.5
M
0 dBm (1 mW)Class 3
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
2402 2480Frequency (MHz)2400 2483.5
0 dBm (1mW) ,minimum Class 1
20 dBm (100 mW), maximum
2402 2480Frequency (MHz)2400 2483.5
0 dBm (1 mW) nomimalClass 2
-6 dBm (0.25 mW),minimum
4 dBm (2.5 mW), maximum
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Spurious Emissions: USA-FCC parts 15.247, 15.249, 15.205, 15.209
Japan-RCR STD-33
Europe-ETSI 300 328
In-Band Spurious Emissions:
Frequency (MHz)
24002483.5
M
PTX PTX-20 dB
-20 dBm
-40 dBm
M+2
M±0.55M+3
-20 dBm
-40 dBm
M−3
M-2
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Out-of-Band Spurious Emissions:
Frequency (Hz)
30M
-47 dBm
-30 dBm-30 dBm-36 dBm
1.8-1.9G
1G
5.15-5.30G
12.75G
-47 dBm
-57 dBm
operation mode
idle mode
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(4) Receiver Characteristics
Sensitivity= -70 dBm for 0.001 BER
Maximal Usable power= -20 dBm for 0.001 BER
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Interference Resistance(BER=0.001)
Frequency (MHz)2400
2483.5M
-60 dBm
M+1
-60 dBm
M-1
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Frequency (MHz)2400
2483.5M
-30 dBm
M+1
-60 dBm
M-1 M+2
Frequency (MHz)2400
2483.5M
-37dBm
M+1
-67 dBm
M-1 M+2 M+3
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Frequency (MHz)
24002483.5M
-58dBm
M+1
-67 dBm
M-1 M+2 M+3 Image frequency
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Out-of-Band Blocking (BER<=0.001)
Frequency (Hz)30M
-10 dBm-10 dBm
2000-2399M, 2498-3000M
1G 12.75G
-27 dBm
-67 dBm
Out-of-band CW
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Intermodulation Resistance (BER<=0.001)
Due to RF module internal nonlinearity
Frequency (MHz)2400
2483.5M
-39 dBm(CW)
M+3
-64 dBm
-39 dBm(GFSK)
M+6M+4 M+8M+5 M+10
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Frequency (Hz)
30M
-47 dBm
1G 12.75G
-57 dBm
Spurious Emissions
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(I) RF Transceiver Architecture
II. RF Transceiver Chipsets
Zero-IF Low-IF High-IF
Open-LoopMod/Freq DiscDemod
Ericsson PBA313 01/2,IF=3MHz
Philips UAA3558, IF=1 MHz
OKI ML7050
NS, LMX3162,IF=110MHz
Temic T2901 IF=111MHz
IQ Mod/DemodSilicon Wave SiW
1502
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Ericsson:
•PBA313 01/2 Bluetooth Radio(1.0B compliant)
•PBA313 01/3 Bluetooth Radio(1.1 compliant)
form a complete RF transceiver with an antenna and a 13 MHz reference frequency
BGA package + LTCC
•PBA313 04 Bluetooth Radio(1.1 compliant)
form a complete RF transceiver with an antenna and a reference frequency of 12.0 MHz, 19.2 MHz, 19.68 MHz, or 19.8 MHz
BGA package + LTCC
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Receiver: 2.4 GHz → 3 MHz → hard-limiter demodulation, analog baseband signal
Transmitter: analog baseband signal directly modulate on VCO
RF channel selection/hopping: PLL frequency synthesized at 1.3 GHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
ROK101007 Bluetooth Module
•Class 2 Radio Module
•Bluetooth 1.0B compliant
• HCI firmware included
• Multipoint operation
• include baseband controller, flash memory, and
a radio
• UART, PCM, and USB, IIC
•32.9x16.8x2.75 mm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
ROK101007
PBA313 01/2
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
ROK101007 Inverted F antenna
Developers Kit
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Reference: M. Ali and G.J. Hayes, “Analysis of Itegrated Inverted-F Antennas for Bluetooth Applications,” Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications, 2000 IEEE APS Conference, pp. 21-24, 2000.
Inverted F Antenna
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
UAA3558 Bluetooth RF Transceiver
• BiCMOS, evolution from DECT technology
• one-chip low-IF architecture-1 MHz
• integrated low noise VCO
• 4 dBm programmable TX preamplifier
• a reference clock-12, 13, 16, or 26 MHz
• Synthesizer controlled 3-wire serial bus
• no SAW and crystal filters
• 3 V supply voltage
• supply current- during RX guard space 25 mA during demodulation 60 mA
during TX guard space 36 mA during transmission 30 mA
in power-down 10 µA
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
UAA3558
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
BGB100 TrueBlue Bluetooth Radio Module
•Class 2 Radio Module
•Bluetooth 1.1 compliant
•needs only an external antenna and
a reference clock(12, 13, 16, or 26 MHz)
•LGA package + LTCC
• simple interfacing to baseband controller,
controlled 3-wire serial bus
•12.23x9.8x1.9 mm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Block Diagram
BGB100BGB100
UAA3558
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
PCF87750 Bluetooth Baseband Controller
•nickname ‘Blueberry’
•Bluetooth 1.1 compliant
•embedded softwares:
Link Controller, Link Manager, HCI firmware
• ARM7TDMI RISC microprocessor with 384 kbytes Flash Memory and 64 kbytes SRAM
•I/O interfaces: USB, UART, I2Cbus, SPI and general purpose I/Os
• Voice: voice CODECs, CVSD, PCM
•RF/BB interface: mixed analog and digital interfaces
• Power management unit
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
BByK Blueberry Developers Kit
•Bluetooth 1.1 compliant HW and SW
•embedded softwares:
Link Controller, Link Manager, HCI firmware
• ARM7TDMI RISC microprocessor with 384 kbytes Flash Memory and 64 kbytes SRAM
•I/O interfaces: USB, UART, I2Cbus, SPI and general purpose I/Os
• Voice: voice CODECs, CVSD, PCM
•RF/BB interface: mixed analog and digital interfaces
• Power management unit
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
LMX3162 Radio Transceiver
Receiver: 2.4 GHz → 111 MHz → hard-limiter demodulation, analog baseband signal
Transmitter: analog baseband signal directly modulate on VCO
RF channel selection/hopping: PLL frequency synthesized at 1.3 GHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
LMX5001 Link Controller
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
NS Bluetooth Solution
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
SiW 1502 Radio Modem IC
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
•Bluetooth 1.1 compliant
•Radio and modem with combined RF analog and digital CMOS circuits on a single integrated silicon chip
• Deirect conversion Receiver: 2.4 GHz → Baseband IQ
• Integrated GFSK modem with digital modulaton, channel filtering, AFC, symbol timing recovery, and bit slicer
• RF channel selection/hopping: PLL frequency synthesized at 2.4 GHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
SiW 1602 Link Controller IC
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Taiyo Yuden Bluetooth Module
Use Silicon Wave SiW1502 and SiW1602
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
BT-SDK Bluetooth Development Kit
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
III. RF Transceiver Circuit Design
NS LM3162 Example
LMX3162
LNA
TR switch
Power Amplifier
VCO
RF-BB Interface Connector
Antenna
IF SAW
Baseband DC Compen.
Selection Filter
Image Filter
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
1. Transmitter
(1) Link Budget
×2
LMX3162DriverAmp
2-stagePower Amp
T/R SwitchDR Filter
2402~2479MHz
Output Power : 19 dBm 21 dBm 22 dBm 0 dBm -7.5 dBm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(2) Driver Amplifier
OutputInput
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 36
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Input return loss Output return lossAmplifier gain
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Driver AmplifierFrequrncy 2400 ~ 2480MHzDC bias 3.6V; 9mA
gain 13.2 dBInput return loss >16.5 dB
Output return loss > 15.5 dBOP1dB 6 dBmOIP3 16 dBm
P1dB
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(3) Power Amplifier
Input
Output
matchcircuit 2
BFG21W
BFG425W
matchcircuit 1
matchcircuit 3
• Match circuit 1: for input return loss
• Match circuit 2 & Match circuit 3 : for maximum output power
• two stage, Class AB
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Output power vs freqyency at Pin = 0 dBm
Input return loss
Measurement of harmonic
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Frequency 2400~2480 MHz
dBOP1 23.5dBm
3OIP 34.5dBm
Small signal gain 22dB
Input return loss >12.5dB
Output return loss >10dB
2nd harmonic -40dBc
3rd harmonic -33dBc
dBm22P@PAE out = 41%
DC bias 3.6V;98mA
CW measurement result
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Input signal : GFSK, 0dBm Output signal : 22dBm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(4) Dielectric Filter
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
•Antenna filter
•Image rejection filter
Insertion loss : 2.5dB
Return loss : 15dB
•TOKO TDFM1A-2450T-10
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(5) T/R Switch
51
.
.
. .
TX
Ant
RX
Vb
Vb high → transmit mode
Vb low → receive mode
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
Receive Mode Measurement
return loss
insertion loss
isolation
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Transmit Mode Measurement
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
return loss
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
insertion loss
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
isolation
RX portAnt port
TX to RXTX to Ant
Ant portTX port
Ant to RXTX to RX
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
2. Frequency Synthesizer
Loop Filter
×2 1.3GHz PLL
LMX3162
ModulationInput
3162Control
2402~2479MHz
VCO
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
•Requirement sensitivity : 50MHz/V
•common base Colppits type
C1
C2
MicrotripLine
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
電壓控制振盪器特性表
電源電壓 3.6V消耗電流 12mA控制電壓 0.4~2.4V頻率範圍 1080~1300MHz靈敏度 110MHz/V輸出功率 -6.67~ -2.5 dBm(1145~1240MHz)第二諧波 < -18 dBm相位雜訊 < -78 dBc/Hz@10kHz
< -108 dBc/Hz@100kHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Measurement of phase noise Measurement of 2nd harmonic
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.41.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
Vb (V)
freq
uenc
y (G
Hz)
1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
frequency (GHz)
Pow
er (d
Bm
)
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
R counter
VCO
A counter
B counter
Prescaler
PFDOutput
Reference
LPF
LMX3162
R2C1
C2
Charge pumpoutput
VCOR3
C3
Loop filter circuit
Phase-Locked Loop
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Lock Time Measurement:
2291MHz jump to 2480MHz (worst case)
Lock Time: 150 μsec
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
τ
+
-
Loop Filter
×2 1.3GHz PLL 3162Control
SAW RC
ActiveLPF
AnalongOutput
T/R SwitchDR Filter
2402~2479MHz
LNA
LC Tank
LMX3162
DR Filter
•Superheterodyne
•High IF at 111MHz
3. Receiver
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Link Budget Calculation
stage#DR FilterSwitchLNADR FilterMixerSAW IF AmpRC Filter
Gain(dB)-2.5-0.612.5-2.5 15 -10 10 -3
NF (dB)1.5 1.5 2 1.5 13 3 10 3
iP1dB(dBm)40 20 -11 40 -7.5-10 0 40
iIP3(dBm)60 40 0 60 2.5 10 11 60
cascaded gain(dB)-2.5-3.19.4 6.9 21.911.921.918.9
cascaded NF(dB)1.5 3.325.245.3 8.618.618.958.95
siganl output(dBm)-75.5-76.1-63.6-66.1-51.1-61.1-51.1-54.1
input signal(dBm)-73 dBm
system gain18.9 dB
system noise figure8.95 dB
system IP1dB-25.4dBm
System IIP3-13 dBm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(1) Low Noise Amplifier
.
.
.
OutputInput
10pF 0.1uF3.6V
.
.
.
.
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 310
12
14
16
18
20
Amplifier gainInput return loss Output return loss
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Measurement of P1dB
-17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
DC bias 3.6 V; 9mA
frequency 2400~2500MHzgain 12.7 ± 0.2 dB
input return loss > -16 dBoutput return loss > -18 dBNF (simulation) < 2.1 dB
OP1dB 1 dBmOIP3 10.75 dBm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(2) IF SAW Filter
330nH
39pF
330nH
39pF1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12
TFS 111A10 4Input
Output
101 103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
•Insertion loss : 8dB
•3dB bandwidth : 1MHz•12dB bandwidth : 2MHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(3) Frequency Discriminator
LT=68nH 3.9K
CT=6.5~30pF
0.1uF100pF
Vcc
from LimitOutput
LMX3162
FrequncyDiscriminator
111MHz±175KHz2.1 V±0.05V
f1 f2
freq
Analog output
GFSK input
Higher resonator Q
→ narrower bandwidth
→ better SNR
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(4) Active Lowpass Filter
3.3k2SC4095
3.3k
47pF
1k
22pF
100 3.6V
Input
Output
3dB cutoff frequency at 1.2 MHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
(5) Digital Output Circuit
+
-
1k
1k
5.1k
+
-
3k
LMX3162
2700pF
+
-1k
Input
DigitalOutput
Vcc
1.2V
OP1
OP2
Comparator
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Integration Measurement Facility At CCU
Vector signal generator
vector signal analyzer
NF Meter
Modulation Domain Analyzer
Vector Network Analyzer
Spcetrum Analyzer Probe
station
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Measurement : α=0.31 ~ 0.34
Bluetooth Spec. : α=0.28 ~ 0.35
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Frequency Drift
Type of Packet Bluetooth Spec. MeasurementOne-slot packet ±25kHz ±2.7kHzFive-slot packet ±40kHz ±5.3kHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
TX Measurement Result
Measurement Items Bluetooth Spec Measurement Note
Output Power(class 1) 20dBm-0dBm 18.2±1.2dBm No Power Controll
Modulation Index 0.28-0.35 0.31-0.34 pass
±550kHz -20dBc -21.3dBc pass
±2MHz -20dBm -35dBm passIn-of-band
Spurious>±3MHz -40dBm -35dBm
Out-of-band Spurious -57dBm -60dBm pass
One-slot ±25kHz 2.7kHz passFrequency
Drift Five-Slot ±40kHz 5.3kHz pass
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Receiver TestReceiver Test
Sensitivity
3784A
Bluetooth A (RX)
ESG-4000
Trasmit Data
DemodulateData
BluetoothSignal
-76 -74 -72 -70 -68 -66 -6410
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
Bluetooth Spec : -70 dBm
Measurement : -72 dBm
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Adjacent Interference Measurement
3784A
Bluetooth B (TX)
Bluetooth A (RX)
ESG-4000
Trasmit Data
Attenuator
InterferingSignal
DemodulateData
BluetoothSignal
Signal
Interference
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
Adjacent 1 MHz
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Intermodulation Measurement
3784A
Bluetooth A (RX)
ESG-4000
Trasmit Data
CW Signal@f1
DemodulateData
BluetoothSignal @f0
8648C
Bluetooth B (TX)
Attenuator
BluetoothSignal @f2
Signal:f0
Receive Signal CW Signal GFSK Signal BER
-64dBm 2400MHz -39dBm 2403MHz -39dBm 2406MHz 31.810 −g
-64dBm 2400MHz -39dBm 2404MHz -39dBm 2408MHz 41.610 −g
-64dBm 2400MHz -39dBm 2405MHz -39dBm 2410MHz 58.210−g
Signal:f0
CW:f1
GFSK:f2
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
RSSI Range
Out
put a
t RSS
I pi
n(V
)
Receiver Signal (-dBm)
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -200.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Measurement Item Bluetooth Spec
Sensitivity -70dBm
C/Ico-channel 11dB
C/I1MHz 0dB
C/I2MHz -30dB
C/I3MHz -40dB
C/Iimage -9dB
Interference
C/Iimage±1MHz -20dB
Power : -10dBm30-2000MHz
3-12.75GHzOut-of-Band Blocking
Power : -27dBm2000-2399MHz
2498-3000MHz
Intermodulation ( 0 1 2 2 1f =2f - f a n d f -f =n 1MHz× ) n=3,4,5
Maximum input -20dBm
30MHz-1GHz -57dBmSpurious
1GHz-12.75GHz -47dBm
RSSI -40dBm~-60dBm
RX Measurement Result
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
−91 dBm system and thermal noise
−70 dBm signal sensitivity
d −2
d −n
do = 1 m d = 10 m
0 dBm
−114 dBm thermal noise
C/I=21 dB
NF=23 dB
IV. Coverage Calculation and Simulation, and Measurement
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Indoor Wave Propagation
• Direct propagation(line of sight)
• Reflection,
• Diffraction,
• Scattering Laptop computer
Laptop computer
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Direct propagation
Lfs (dB) = 147.6 + GT (dB) + GR(dB) − 20log f − 20log d
2( , ) ( , )( )4
Rfs T R
T
PL G G
P dλ
θ φ θ φπ
≡ =
TXTX
PT
GT
RXRX
GR
d
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Reflection
Perpendicular(horizontal) polarization Parallel(vertical) polarization
Ei
Hi
Er
Hr
Ht
Et
Incident plane
EiHi
Er
Hr
HtEt
Incident plane
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Reflection coefficient depends on polarization, incident angel, frequency
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Diffraction
P
zo
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Scattering
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Induce signal fading
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Induce signal arrival time-delay spread
time
time
transmitted
received at 10 m away
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Ericsson Model
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
3D Electromagnetic Simulation
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
At Lab
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
On the 5th floor
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
Measurement setup
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
V. Conclusion
• Universal radio interface for wireless connectivity• short-range (10m) ad hoc networks using the license-free 2.45 GHz
(ISM) band
• Low-cost RF modules for mass mark
• Low power consumption
• Voice and data transmission
• Applications mainly for all portable device
• BiCMOS Multiple Chip towards Single Chip Solution
Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE
• Advantage Technology for Compact Size• Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic Multilayer (LTCC)• Ball-Grid-Array Package
• Frequency hopping to combat the hostile enviroment
• Zero-IF, Low-IF and High-IF chipsets available, varying from cost and circuit complexity
• Hybrid MIC or RFIC Circuit Design
• Circuit and Module measurement
• Coverage Calculation, EM simulation, and field Measurement