bob blonski irr presentation crrc_ferro

CRRCFebruary 10, 2004

How Color Pigments Can Save EnergyHow Color Pigments Can Save Energy

Robert P. Blonski Ph.D.

Ferro CorporationPerformance Pigments and Colors

Cleveland, Ohio 44105

The Importance of a Pigments Properties Outside of the Visible


LBL


Top of Colorant Layer

Elementary Layer of Thickness dx

Backing of Reflectance Rg

x

Kubelka-Munk Formalism

K=Absorption CoefficientS=Scattering Coefficient

Change inUpward Flux: dj = -(S+K)jdx + Sidx

Downward Flux: di = -(S+K)idx + Sjdx


Kubelka-Munk FormalismK=Absorption CoefficientS=Scattering CoefficientR=Reflectance

For Opaque Sample

K (1-R)S 2R

2=


K=Absorption CoefficientS=Scattering CoefficientR=Reflectance

2K (1-R)S 2R

=


Kubelka-Munk FormalismK=Absorption CoefficientS=Scattering CoefficientC=Concentration

K KS

CC

i

i

i

i

Total

STotal= i

i

= (1-R)2R

2

For a Multi-Component System


Examples of Increasing Infrared Reflectance

By Modifying Scattering (S)

By Modifying Absorption (K)

Fire-Retardant White Paint

Infrared Reflecting Porcelain Enamel forHalogen Lamp Cooking


Bohren & Huffman, 1983

Mie Scattering Theory

Extinction Cross Sectionversus

Size Parameter =

2*pi*Radius/Wavelength


Rutile Scattering Cross-section


Reflectance of Rutile Pigments

Radiation from wood fire~ 1500º K black body


At RiskSubstrate

0.2 µm TiO2 Particle Pigment

1.5 µm TiO2 Particle Pigment

1500° KBlackbody

Flame

70% Absorbed30% Reflected

30% Absorbed70% Reflected

}

}

TypicalWhitePaint

Fire-RetardantWhite Paint

“Shedding Light on Firefighting”Photonics Spectra, Dec. 1995


Cooking with Light

Hybrid MicrowaveInfrared Ovens

Microwave +Tungsten Halogen

Lamps


0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ceTypical White Porcelain Enamel


Titanium Opacified Porcelain Enamel

Glass with a high titania concentration is smelted at a high temperature

The glass is ground to form a frit powder

The frit is applied to substrate and fired

Titania precipitates from frit during firing


For example: Fe+2 strongly absorbs infraredradiation while Fe+3 and Fe+4

do not

In general: oxidized = “lighter”reduced = “darker”


0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

High IR Reflecting

Infrared Reflecting Porcelain Enamel


0102030405060708090

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500Wavelength (nm)

Ener

gy

UV VIS IR3% 40% 57%

Solar Spectrum


White Porcelain Enamel

0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

High IR ReflectingNormal

Solar Reflectance = 80.4 Solar Reflectance = 89.9

Normal Infrared Reflecting


CamouflageWoodland

ArcticDesertUrban


Conventional Photographic Film


Infrared Film


Conventional Film Infrared Film


0

10

20

3040

50

60

70

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Buckeye Leaf


Conventional Cobalt Bearing SpinelCamouflage Pigment

0102030405060708090

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Conventional

CobaltAbsorption


0102030405060708090

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Conventional Cobalt FreeCamouflage Pigments

CobaltAbsorption

Solar Reflectance=43%

Solar Reflectance=26%


Ultralight Camouflage Netting System(ULCANS)


Arctic Camouflage


0102030405060708090

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Titania


0102030405060708090

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ceZirconia


0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Titania Zirconia


0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Normal High IR Reflecting

Infrared Reflecting Porcelain Enamel

0

20

40

60

80

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Titania Zirconia

Arctic Camouflage

Whites


Insect VisionSensitive to Blue and near-UV

“Dark”“Bright”


Zircon Praseodymium Yellow

0

20

40

60

80

100

250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450

Wavelength (nm)


0

10

20

30

40

50

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

IR Reflecting Normal IR Absorbing

Three Black Inorganic Pigments


0

20

40

60

80

100

250 750 1250 1750 2250

Wavelength (nm)

% R

efle

ctan

ce

IR Reflecting Normal IR Absorbing

Three Black Inorganic PigmentsSolar

Reflectance

25%

12%

5%


+b(Yellow)

+a (Red)-b

(Blue)

(Green) -a

L= 100= White

L= 0 = Black

ColorValues

CIELAB


0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

4 0 0 4 4 0 4 8 0 5 2 0 5 6 0 6 0 0 6 4 0 6 8 0

Wa v e l e n g t h ( n m )

x

EyeSensitivity

Curve

X X d=400nm

=700nm

Illuminant ReflectanceCurve

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

4 0 0 4 4 0 4 8 0 5 2 0 5 6 0 6 0 0 6 4 0 6 8 0

W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

4 0 0 4 4 0 4 8 0 5 2 0 5 6 0 6 0 0 6 4 0 6 8 0

W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )

A

Calculate Color CoordinatesY, x, z

For example: x =


Calculate Color ValuesCIE 1976 L*a*b*

a* = 500 [ (x/xN)1/3 – (y/yN)1/3 ]

b* = 200 [ (y/yN)1/3 – (z/zN)1/3 ]

L* = 116 [ (y/yN)1/3 - 16


Solar Reflectance of Gray ScalePVDF Coating: Titania + Black Pigment

0

20

40

60

80

100

20 40 60 80 100

L*

Sola

r Ref

lect

ance

Normal Black _____PB-28

IRR Black _____PG-17

Black White


Solar Reflectance=25% Solar Reflectance=40%

L* = 57 L* = 72

L* = 30 L* = 61

Normal BlackPB-28

IRR BlackPG-17


A solar reflectance specification effectivelyfixes how visibly “dark” a surface can be.

0102030405060708090

100

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500Wavelength (nm)

Ener

gy

UV3%

Vis40%

IR57%


“Cool Colors” Reflect SolarRadiation

Emit ThermalRadiation

Passive SolarHeating

Absorb SolarRadiation Emit Thermal

Radiation

Do Not


Optimization of Solar-Selective Paint Coatings

Final Report- June 1982M.A. McChesney, P. B. Zimmer, and R.J.H. Lin

NTIS DE83001278

The Solar Heating and Cooling Development BranchOffice of Conservation and Solar Applications

United States Department of Energy

Do You Remember “The Energy Crisis”?


Infrared Absorbing Pigment

Nanosized 30-200 nmCu, Mn, Fe containing Spinel

“C.I. Pigment Black 26”

100 nm


Thickness-Sensitive Selective Paint

Thickness-Insensitive Selective Paint

Metallic Base Coat

Pigmented CoatingOver Metallic Base

Pigment + Aluminum FlakeCoating Over Arbitrary Base

Arbitrary Base Coat

AluminumFlakes

Solar Absorption = 90%

Solar Absorption = 89%

Thermal Emmisivity = 7%

Thermal Emmisivity = 31%


Silver Coated HollowGlass Sphere

Infrared Reflective Visually ColoredMetallic Compositions

Spectro Dynamic Systems, LLCUS Patent 6,468,647

October 22, 2002

Same Nanosized InfraredAbsorbing Black Pigment CoatedOnto Silver Coated Hollow Glass

Spheres


ElectromagneticRadiation

CommercialPigments

MilitaryPigments

UV

Visible

Near-IR

Far-IR

200 nm

400 nm

700 nm

2,500 nm

15,000 nm

Weathering

Color

HeatBuild-up

HeatRadiation

FullSpectrum

Specifications



How Color Pigments Can Save EnergyHow Color Pigments Can Save Energy

Robert P. Blonski Ph.D.

Ferro CorporationPerformance Pigments and Colors

Cleveland, Ohio 44105


bob blonski irr presentation crrc_ferro

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