body cavity screening for criminal justice: market survey ... · market survey (version 1.1)...
TRANSCRIPT
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Body Cavity Screening for Criminal Justice:
Market Survey (Version 1.1) Author(s): Chad Huffman, Ph.D., Lars Ericson, Ph.D. Document No.: 246710 Date Received: May 2014 Award Number: 2010-IJ-CX-K024 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-funded grant report available electronically.
Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect
the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
This project was supported by Award No. 2010-IJ-CX-K024, awarded by the National
Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.
Body Cavity Screening for Criminal Justice:
Market Survey (Version 1.1)
DOJ Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice Sensor, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies (SSBT)
Center of Excellence (CoE)
April 24, 2014
Prepared by
ManTech Advanced Systems International
1000 Technology Drive, Suite 3310
Fairmont, West Virginia 26554
Telephone: (304) 368-4120
Fax: (304) 366-8096
Dr. Chad Huffman, Senior Scientist
Dr. Lars Ericson, Director
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1
1.1 About the SSBT CoE .....................................................................................................1
1.2 Need for Contraband Scanners ......................................................................................1
1.3 BCS Information Sought................................................................................................2
2.0 DISCLAIMERS .........................................................................................................................4
3.0 TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR BODY SCANNING ...............................................................5
3.1 Metal Detection ..............................................................................................................5
3.2 Types of Imaging Technologies .....................................................................................7
3.2.1 X-Ray Screening Devices ...............................................................................8
3.2.1.1 Transmission X-Ray ........................................................................8
3.2.1.2 Backscatter X-Ray ...........................................................................9
3.2.2 Millimeter Wave (MMW).............................................................................10
3.2.3 Thermal Conductivity ...................................................................................10
4.0 CONTRABAND SCREENING SYSTEMS ...........................................................................11
4.1 Millimeter Wave (MMW) Systems .............................................................................11
4.1.1 ProVision Imaging ........................................................................................11
4.1.2 ProVision ATD .............................................................................................12
4.1.3 ProVision 2 ...................................................................................................13
4.2 Transmission X-Ray Systems ......................................................................................14
4.2.1 RadPro SecurPASS .......................................................................................14
4.3 Backscatter X-Ray .......................................................................................................15
4.3.1 Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP .............................................................................15
4.3.2 Rapiscan Secure 1000 SP ..............................................................................16
4.3.3 SmartCheck HT ............................................................................................17
4.3.4 SmartCheck ...................................................................................................18
4.4 Thermal Conductivity ..................................................................................................19
4.4.1 Iscon 1000D Portal .......................................................................................19
4.4.2 1000M Mini Portal ........................................................................................20
4.4.3 GameChangIR...............................................................................................21
4.5 Metal Detection ............................................................................................................22
4.5.1 BOSS Series (Xeku Corporation) .................................................................22
5.0 BCS TECHNICAL SUMMARY COMPARISON .................................................................23
6.0 CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................24
APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND REFERENCES ............................. A-1
A.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations................................................................................... A-2
A.2 References ................................................................................................................ A-4
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Magnetic fields produced by DC current in a loop of wire. ............................................ 6
Figure 2: Alternating magnetic field induces an opposing magnetic field in a conductor ............. 7
Figure 3: Transmission X-ray devices rely on X-rays passing through the subject ....................... 9
Figure 4: Backscatter X-ray devices rely on X-rays scattered from the subject ............................. 9
Figure 5: ProVision Imaging ........................................................................................................ 11
Figure 6: ProVision ATD.............................................................................................................. 12
Figure 7: ProVision 2 .................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8: RadPro SecurPASS ....................................................................................................... 14
Figure 9: Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 10: Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 11: SmartCheck HT ........................................................................................................... 17
Figure 12: SmartCheck ................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 13: Iscon 1000D ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 14: Mini Portal ................................................................................................................... 20
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Information Sought from Vendors .................................................................................... 2
Table 2: Examples of Radiation Dosages ....................................................................................... 8
Table 3: Technical Summary Comparison ................................................................................... 23
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Body scanners are used to screen for contraband in a variety of places. Airports, schools,
government buildings, and corrections facilities are examples of the types of places that have
employed body scanners. Different types of body scanners have different capabilities based on
the imaging technologies used and the sophistication of the internal system analysis. Metal
detection was one of the first technologies developed to identify metallic objects on a person, but
contraband can take many other forms, such as powders (e.g., drugs), paper (e.g., money), and
even ceramic or plastic weapons. Correctional facilities in particular are faced with various forms
of contraband, and with elaborate methods of evading detection employed by the local
population.[1]
Manufacturers have responded by producing scanners that are able to detect non-
metallic contraband, as well as systems that can detect contraband inside body cavities. This
report identifies commercially available body scanners and discusses the technologies used by
these products. Technological limitations pertaining to the type of materials detected and/or the
ability to detect contraband inside body cavities are discussed.
1.1 About the SSBT CoE
The NIJ SSBT CoE is a center within the National Law Enforcement and Corrections
Technology Center (NLECTC) System.[2]
The Center provides scientific and technical support to
NIJ’s research and development (R&D) efforts. The Center also provides technology assistance,
information, and support to criminal justice agencies. The Center supports the sensor and
surveillance portfolio and biometrics portfolio. The CoEs are the authoritative resource within
the NLECTC System for both practitioners and developers in their technology area(s) of focus.
The primary role of the CoEs is to assist in the transition of law enforcement technology from
the laboratory into practice by first adopters.
1.2 Need for Contraband Scanners
Body scanners have been in use for the detection of contraband in many different scenarios
where there is a heightened risk of individuals attempting to pass contraband materials into a
controlled environment. Environments such as airports, corrections facilities, government
buildings, and schools are some examples where contraband screening has been incorporated.
A large number of weapons are constructed (at least in part) out of metal. Metal detectors have
been used for this purpose for many years, but they do not detect non-metallic objects, such as
drugs, explosives, or plastic weapons. Pat-downs are effective at finding items concealed on a
person, but these are time consuming, and have heightened scrutiny with respect to privacy and
appropriate officer conduct. Body scanners may help reduce the burden of manually searching
for contraband, however there are technological limitations.
Ideally, a body scanner would be able to detect metallic as well as non-metallic contraband that
is hidden underneath clothing as well as detect contraband hidden inside body cavities. The ideal
scanner would also perform these tasks without the possibility of harmful effects (short or long
term) to the subject or the operator(s) of the scanner, and maintain the privacy of individuals to
the fullest extent possible.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
2
1.3 BCS Information Sought
In December 2013, the SSBT CoE (through NIJ) published a notice within the Federal Register
requesting information and comments from vendors in support of this market survey
(https://federalregister.gov/a/2013-30241).[3]
The following categories of information were
sought for the various systems contained herein. As needed, additional comments for the
categories are also included here. This report relies heavily on the information provided by the
manufacturers that responded to this Request For Information (RFI); however some information
was also obtained through literature review and online research of product information.
Table 1: Information Sought from Vendors
Information Categories
1. Model Number and Name of the screening system/device.
2. Technology used by the system/device for detection (e.g., transmission X-ray, active
millimeter wave).
3. Size Class of the system/device: Fixed, Portable, or Handheld.
4. Physical Dimensions of the system/device.
5. Weight of the system/device.
6. Whether the system/device Detects Metal objects.
If YES, whether there are any types of metals that are NOT detected by the system.
7. Whether the system/device Detects Non-Metal objects.
If YES, whether any of the following can be detected by the system/device: Liquids
(in a container or bag), Gels (in a container or bag), Plastic, Wood, Ceramic, Powder
(in a small packet), and/or Paper (e.g., folded currency).
8. Whether the system/device can detect objects Concealed within Body Cavities.
If YES, whether any screening limitations exist or if all body cavities are covered by
the system/device.
9. For object materials detected by the system/device (Question #6-7), the minimum
Detected Size of objects on a person and concealed within body cavities.
10. Scan Rate of the system/device.
11. Total Inspection Time per individual screened with the system/device (i.e.
Throughput).
12. Penetration Depth of the system/device’s scan when used on a clothed person.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
3
Information Categories
13. Whether the system/device scan penetrates concealed Body Armor. If so, what
classifications or types of armor can be imaged through.
14. Spatial Resolution of the system/device scan with respect to concealed object
dimensions/features (indicate Not Applicable for a system/device that only provides a
detection alarm and no image).
15. When scanning a person, the Information View displayed to the operator – Alarm
Only, Body Location Alarm, Anomaly Image, Body Region Image, or Full Body
Image.
16. Whether the system/device includes any Privacy safeguards or features (e.g., remote
viewing, body masking).
17. Image Visualization Time of the system/device – Alarm Only, Real-Time Dynamic
Imaging, Delayed Dynamic Imaging, or Static Imaging.
18. Data Management provided for images and alarms, with respect to saving,
archiving, retrieving, and printing subject scan information.
19. Power requirements of the system/device.
20. Regulatory & Compliance Safety requirements and/or standards that the
system/device adheres to.
21. Warranty that comes standard with the system/device.
22. Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP).
23. Extended Maintenance plans available.
24. Cost(s) of any Service Contracts.
25. Other information or notes that is relevant to the system/device.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
4
2.0 DISCLAIMERS
1. This project was supported by Award No. 2010-IJ-CX-K024, awarded by the National
Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The opinions,
findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.
2. Commercial products included herein do not constitute an endorsement by NIJ, DOJ,
NLECTC, or ManTech. NIJ, DOJ, NLECTC, and ManTech assume no liability for any use of
publication content. This publication is a reference for educational purposes only. Please
carefully consider the particular needs/requirements of your agency and any applicable laws
before developing policies or procedures governing the use of any technology.
3. All legal aspects regarding expectation of privacy issues, probable cause, warrants, and any
other operational law enforcement procedures should be researched by agencies and their
officers in accordance with local, state, and federal laws prior to the implementation of
technology described herein.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
5
3.0 TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR BODY SCANNING
Metal detectors have been used for a while at entrances and screening areas, but they are limited
to the detection of metals. X-ray devices and Millimeter Wave (MMW) devices are able to detect
metallic and non-metallic contraband. Backscatter X-ray devices are able to detect contraband
hidden beneath clothing, but do not image “through” a person. The imaging depth is typically a
few mm below the skin surface. Devices using MMW technology are also able to image beneath
typical clothing and to the surface of the skin. Neither of these techniques is able to detect
contraband hidden inside the human body (e.g. swallowing contraband or contraband hidden in
body cavities). Transmission X-ray based systems are able to image through the entire body, and
are able to detect contraband hidden on and inside a subject.
There are safety and privacy concerns associated with some of these technologies. The exposure
level of X-rays devices have been tested by several government agencies and found to be within
acceptable limits set by governing bodies.[4,5]
Even so, concerns regarding the safe use of X-rays
to scan individuals can be an issue.[6]
At a minimum, using X-rays is a public perception concern
that should be considered when comparing these devices. Privacy issues have also been a
concern, especially in public areas such as airports. Manufacturers responded to privacy concerns
by producing devices that use generic “mannequins” to indicate suspicious areas during
scanning. Once scanned, suspicious areas are highlighted on a generic mannequin and the subject
undergoes additional screening. No images are viewed, or even produced. Privacy issues in non-
public areas such as corrections facilities may not be as large a concern as compared to public
areas, such as airports and schools.
3.1 Metal Detection
Metal detection is based on the way metallic objects react to magnetic fields. Metal detectors are
designed such that it does not matter whether the object is magnetic or not, the main criterion for
detection is that the object be an electrical conductor. Magnetic fields can be created using a loop
of wire with an electrical current running through them. If current goes around the loop in only
one direction, the magnetic field will have a specific North/South directionality. If the current is
reversed and passed through the loop in the opposite direction then the directionality of the
magnetic field produced will be in the opposite direction. Current that only goes in one direction
through a wire is known as direct current, or DC. These single direction magnetic fields will
interact strongly with magnetic materials, but they do not interact strongly with non-magnetic
metals such as copper or certain stainless steel.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
6
Figure 1: Magnetic fields produced by DC current in a loop of wire.
Note that the current direction is opposite to the flow of electrons in conductive wires.
In order to detect both magnetic and non-magnetic metals, the directionality of the magnetic field
is switched very fast by quickly alternating the direction that the current passes through the loop.
This type of current is known as alternating current (AC). When the alternating magnetic field
interacts with a conductor (a metal), an opposing magnetic field is produced by the conductor. It
does not matter whether the conductor is magnetic or not, an opposing magnetic field is set up in
either case. The magnetic field that is produced by the loop is called the applied field, and the
opposing magnetic field set up by the conductor is known as an induced magnetic field. The
induced field can be detected directly by the use of a second loop of wire, or indirectly by the
effect it has on the applied magnetic field. Either way, the presence of an induced magnetic field
is strong evidence that a metallic object is close by. The magnetic field produced by the coils is
able to penetrate through the human body and therefore able to detect metallic contraband hidden
both underneath clothing and inside of body cavities as long as the metallic contraband can be
placed close enough to the applied magnetic field. These devices do not produce images. In
addition, they are unable to detect non-metallic contraband.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
7
Figure 2: Alternating magnetic field induces an opposing magnetic field in a conductor
Note that the current direction is opposite to the flow of electrons in conductive wires.
3.2 Types of Imaging Technologies
Other technologies have the ability to produce images that can then be examined to determine
the presence of hidden contraband. To produce the images, X-rays, MMW, and thermal imaging
devices can be used. If an image is produced, the image is typically inspected by security
personnel in order to identify the presence of contraband. Health concerns have been raised with
X-ray devices, and privacy concerns have been raised with devices that produce images with
anatomical detail.
In response to privacy issues, the US Congress has disallowed the use of imaging producing
devices during airport screening. Manufacturers responded by making devices that do not rely on
image analysis by security personnel, but instead use computer algorithms to analyze the data
without images being stored or even produced. If the algorithm detects something suspicious,
security personnel are alerted by highlighted areas on a generic mannequin computer graphic.
The subject then undergoes secondary screening by security personnel with a focus on the area(s)
indicated by the initial scan. Privacy issues may not be as large a concern for non-public areas
such as correctional facilities.
X-rays are known as ionizing radiation and are known to be a health risk under certain
circumstances. The risk increases with exposure time and exposure intensity. Manufacturers
attempt to minimize the intensities and the times that individuals must be exposed to X-rays
when undergoing screening. Government agencies have also set limits on devices that use
ionizing radiation for contraband detection.[4,5]
Approved devices are tested to operate within the
limits set by government agencies. However, the details and specifics of the tests are often
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
8
withheld because of security concerns. Even though these devices have been certified to operate
within limits set by the government, there are some critics still question the safety aspects of
devices that use ionizing radiation. Note that the European Union has also tested these devices
and has disallowed their use for airport screening of passengers.[7]
Table 2: Examples of Radiation Dosages
Dose Example
0.05 – 0.25 µSv Dose from scanners described in this report
0.25 µSv US limit on effective dose from a single airport security screening[8]
5 – 10 µSv One set of dental radiographs[9]
1 mSv US dose limit for members of the public per year[10]
1.5 – 1.7 mSv Annual dose for flight attendants[11]
15 – 30 mSv Single full-body CT scan[12]
500 mSv US occupational dose limit per year[13]
3.2.1 X-Ray Screening Devices
X-ray devices come in two types – Transmission X-ray devices and Backscatter X-ray devices.
Transmission X-ray devices use X-rays that pass through the body; these are the types of devices
that people are most familiar with for dental and medical purposes. Backscatter X-ray devices
use X-rays that are scattered off the subject and travel back toward the source of X-rays.
Backscatter devices expose the subject to less ionizing radiation than transmission devices, but
they do not image the interior of the body.
3.2.1.1 Transmission X-Ray
Devices that rely on transmission produce higher energy X-rays that penetrate through the
subject. Materials of different composition and density absorb or reflect X-rays differently.
Bones and metal objects are better able to block X-rays than soft tissue. This difference shows up
on an image produced by X-rays passing through the subject to a detector. The image produced
is then examined for contraband. Since transmission devices use X-rays that pass completely
through the body, metallic and non-metallic contraband material concealed either on or inside the
body have the potential of being detected.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
9
Figure 3: Transmission X-ray devices rely on X-rays passing through the subject
3.2.1.2 Backscatter X-Ray
Backscatter devices use X-rays to image through clothing, but do not image inside the human
body. This is because backscatter X-ray devices use lower energy radiation that reflects off of the
target to be detected from the same side as the emitter. Backscatter X-rays devices have the
potential to detect metallic and non-metallic contraband hidden on a person and underneath
clothing, but they would not be able to detect contraband hidden within body cavities.
Figure 4: Backscatter X-ray devices rely on X-rays scattered from the subject
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
10
3.2.2 Millimeter Wave (MMW)
MMW are high frequency electromagnetic radio waves that have much less energy than X-rays;
they are not considered ionizing radiation. The use of MMW devices is generally considered safe
to the subject and the operators. MMWs are able to pass through typical clothing and bounce off
of the skin’s surface and other objects beneath the clothing. While an image of the subject may
be produced, US Congress has disallowed the use of devices that produce images in US airports
because of privacy concerns.[14]
MMW devices have the potential to detect metallic and non-
metallic contraband beneath clothing, but would be unable to detect contraband hidden in body
cavities.
3.2.3 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity imagers does not use electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the body or
clothing, but instead use slight temperature differences on the surface of clothing to detect the
presence of foreign objects. Thermal conductivity relies on the ability of contraband hidden
under clothing to heat or cool the surface of the clothing faster than the skin surface. Warm air is
used to heat up the surface of the clothing. How fast the clothing cools is dependent, in part, on
what is beneath it. Items that cool the clothing faster or slower than the surface of the skin will be
identified by a thermal image of the clothing.
Images produces by this method are images of temperature variations on clothing. Privacy issues
should not be a concern for this technology, nor should safety issues that are associated with the
use of ionizing radiation. In principle, this technology is able to detect metallic and non-metallic
contraband hidden beneath clothing, but because it images the surface of clothing, contraband
hidden in body cavities would not be detected.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
11
4.0 CONTRABAND SCREENING SYSTEMS
4.1 Millimeter Wave (MMW) Systems
MMW devices produce images of contraband beneath clothing by using extremely high
frequency radio waves that are able to detect objects through typical clothing.
4.1.1 ProVision Imaging
Characteristic Details[15, 16, 17, 18]
Model and
Name ProVision Imaging
Figure 5: ProVision
Imaging
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
L-3 Security &
Detection Systems
http://www.sds.l-
3com.com/advancedimagi
ng/provision.htm
Technology Active Millimeter Wave
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 105 x 77 x 104 inches
Weight 1500 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects
―Detection is consistent with TSA and EU regulations
for Aviation threats‖
Scan Rate < 1.5 seconds
Inspection Time 10 – 30 seconds
Penetration
Depth 2 – 4 layers of typical clothing for indoor environment
Spatial
Resolution < 0.42” (10 mm)
Info View Full Body Image
Image
Visualization 3D image ~3 seconds after scanning
Power 100/240 VAC 50/60 Hz
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
UL-61010-1, CFR Title 47 15.107 and 15.109, IEC
61000-6-3, IEEE C95.1, Safety Code 6, RSS 102,
ICNIRP
Warranty 1+ Year
MSRP GSA Schedule: $148,362.72[18]
Other
The ProVision Imaging device is an active MMW device that is able to image metallic and non-
metallic contraband including liquids, gels, rubber, wood, ceramic, powder, and explosives (both
sheet and bulk). The scan can penetrate some body armor (contact vendor for specifics). It
generates a three dimensional (3D) image that can be inspected by security personnel. Saved
images include a scan ID, date and time stamp, and location of alarms identified. Privacy
safeguards include remote viewing and body masking (face, chest, crotch, and others). ProVision
Imaging systems can reveal threats smaller than the aviation regulations to an image analyst.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
12
4.1.2 ProVision ATD
Characteristic Details[16, 18, 19]
Model and
Name ProVision ATD
Figure 6: ProVision ATD
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
L-3 Security & Detection
Systems
http://www.sds.l-
3com.com/advancedimagi
ng/provision-at.htm
Technology Active Millimeter Wave
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 105 x 77 x 104 inches
Weight 1500 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects
―Detection is consistent with TSA and EU regulations
for Aviation threats‖
Scan Rate < 1.5 seconds
Inspection Time 12 – 15 seconds
Penetration
Depth
2 – 4 layers of typical clothing for indoor environment
within 6 seconds
Spatial
Resolution < 0.42” (10 mm)
Info View Body Location Alarm
Image
Visualization Alarm area marked on generic mannequin figure
Power 100/240 VAC 50/60 Hz
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
UL-61010-1, CFR Title 47 15.107 and 15.109, IEC
61000-6-3, IEEE C95.1, Safety Code 6, RSS 102,
ICNIRP
Warranty 1+ Year
MSRP GSA Schedule: $162,720.40[18]
Other
The ProVision ATD is an active MMW device that is able to detect metallic and non-metallic
contraband, including liquids, gels, rubber, wood, ceramic, powder, and explosives (both sheet
and bulk). The scan can penetrate some body armor (contact vendor for specifics). Potential
contraband is automatically identified by computer algorithms with no image produced. Scan ID,
date, time, and location of alarms produced can also be stored. The system is completely private
with contraband indications displayed on a generic mannequin figure.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
13
4.1.3 ProVision 2
Characteristic Details[16, 18, 20]
Model and
Name ProVision 2
Figure 7: ProVision 2
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
L-3 Security &
Detection Systems
http://www.sds.l-
3com.com/advancedima
ging/provision-2.htm
Technology Active Millimeter Wave
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 93 x 59 x 89 inches
Weight 1500 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects
―Detection is consistent with TSA and EU regulations
for Aviation threats‖
Scan Rate < 1.5 seconds
Inspection Time 12 – 15 seconds
Penetration
Depth
2 – 4 layers of typical clothing for indoor environment
within 6 seconds
Spatial
Resolution < 0.42” (10 mm)
Info View Body Location Alarm
Image
Visualization Alarm area marked on generic mannequin figure
Power 100/240 VAC 50/60 Hz
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
UL-61010-1, CFR Title 47 15.107 and 15.109, IEC
61000-6-3, IEEE C95.1, Safety Code 6, RSS 102,
ICNIRP
Warranty 1+ Year
MSRP GSA Schedule: $177,078.09[18]
Other
The ProVision 2 is a more compact version of the ProVision ATD, and is able to be deployed in
checkpoints with low (2.4 m / 8 ft) ceilings. It is an active MMW device that is able to detect
metallic and non-metallic contraband, including liquids, gels, rubber, wood, ceramic, powder,
and explosives (both sheet and bulk). The scan can penetrate some body armor (contact vendor
for specifics). Potential contraband is automatically identified by computer algorithms with no
image produced. Scan ID, date, time, and location of alarms produced can also be stored. The
system is completely private with contraband indications displayed on a generic mannequin
figure.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
14
4.2 Transmission X-Ray Systems
Transmission X-ray systems use X-rays that pass through a subject to reveal contraband hidden
under clothing or even inside the body of the subject.
4.2.1 RadPro SecurPASS
Characteristic Details[21, 22, 23]
Model and
Name RadPro SecurPASS
Figure 8: RadPro
SecurPASS
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
Virtual Imaging
Canon Security
http://www.virtualimagi
ng-fl.com/
Technology X-ray Transmission
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 101 x 86 x 89 inches
Weight 1433 lbs (650 kg)
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed Yes
Which Cavities All
Size of Detected
Objects Spatial Resolution: 0.25 mm
Scan Rate 7 seconds
Inspection Time 15 – 20 seconds (based on 4 – 5 people per min)
Penetration
Depth Through Body
Spatial
Resolution 0.25 mm
Info View Full Body Image
Image
Visualization Real Time Dynamic or Scroll Bar
Power 110V, 30A
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
ETL, UL, ANSI
Warranty 1+ year
MSRP $215,000
Other Dose per inspection = 0.25µSv (25µREM) / scan
The SecurPASS is a transmission X-ray system that is able to detect metallic and non-metallic
contraband hidden both on a person and inside the body. Example non-metallic materials that
can be detected include liquids, plastic, powders, paper, and wood. Scans can penetrate ceramic
body armor and steel armor up to 30 mm in thickness. Images can be stored on the device and
are stamped with the time, date, scan number, subject’s name, number and operator’s name. The
device has the ability to track the scan history of an individual or scans can be automatically
saved in a “Daily No ID Folder”. For privacy reasons, images can be masked and a remote
viewing station can also be incorporated.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
15
4.3 Backscatter X-Ray
Backscatter X-ray devices detect contraband beneath clothing by imaging the X-rays that scatter
off a subject and their surface clothing/objects.
4.3.1 Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP
Characteristic Details[24, 25, 26]
Model and
Name Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP
Figure 9: Rapiscan
Secure 1000 DP
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
Rapiscan Systems
http://www.rapiscansyst
ems.com/en/products/ite
m/productsrapiscan_sec
ure_1000_dual_pose/
Technology X-ray Backscatter
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 54 x 36 x 80 inches
Weight 1097 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects
~0.05” (1 mm) metallic; 0.25” (~6.35 mm) non-
metallic
Scan Rate 6.5 seconds
Inspection Time 24 – 30 seconds
Penetration
Depth 0.25 – 0.5 inches
Spatial
Resolution
~0.05” (1 mm) metallic; 0.25” (~6.35 mm) non-
metallic
Info View Full Body
Image
Visualization Static image reviewed in approximately ~15 seconds
Power 120/240 VAC @ 16/8 A
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
Safety Act Certified:
ISO 9001: 2008 Certified
Warranty 1+ year
MSRP $124,000
Other Dose per inspection < 0.05 µSv (5 µREM)
The Rapiscan DP is Backscatter X-ray system that is able image metallic and non-metallic
contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and paper. The device is
intended to image through clothing, but will not image through body armor. An image is
produced and requires ~15 seconds to analyze. Face masking and remote viewing options are
available for privacy concerns. Standard data records for each scan are available, including scan
time, decision time, and decision result (Clear/Search). All reports are in text and/or CSV format
for easy transport to standard PC programs for printing.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
16
4.3.2 Rapiscan Secure 1000 SP
Characteristic Details[24, 27, 26]
Model and
Name Rapiscan Secure 1000 SP
Figure 10: Rapiscan
Secure 1000 DP
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
Rapiscan Systems
http://www.rapiscansyst
ems.com/en/products/ps/
productsrapiscan_secure
_1000_single_pose/
Technology X-ray Backscatter
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 142 x 36 x 80 inches
Weight 2194 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities NA
Size of Detected
Objects
~0.05” (1 mm) metallic; 0.25” (~6.35 mm) non-
metallic
Scan Rate 6.5 seconds
Inspection Time 12 – 15 seconds
Penetration
Depth 0.25 – 0.5 inches
Spatial
Resolution
~0.05” (1 mm) metallic; 0.25” (~6.35 mm) non-
metallic
Info View Full Body
Image
Visualization Static image reviewed in ~15 seconds
Power 120/230 VAC at 12/6 Amps
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
Safety Act Certified:
ISO 9001: 2008 Certified
Warranty 1+ year
MSRP $220,000
Other Dose per inspection < 0.05 µSv (5 µREM)
The Rapiscan SP is a Backscatter X-ray system that is able to image metallic and non-metallic
contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and paper. The device is
intended to image through clothing, but will not image through body armor. An image is
produced and requires ~15 seconds to analyze. Face masking and remote viewing options are
available for privacy concerns. Standard data records for each scan are available including scan
time, decision time, and decision result (Clear/Search). All reports are in text and/or CSV format
for easy transport to standard PC programs for printing. The 1000 SP scans the front and back of
a subject at once. This reduces subject interaction and improves throughput as compared to the
1000 DP.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
17
4.3.3 SmartCheck HT
Characteristic Details[28, 29]
Model and
Name SmartCheck HT Inspection Module System
Figure 11: SmartCheck
HT
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
American Science &
Engineering (AS&E)
http://as-
e.com/products-
solutions/personnel-
screening/checkpoint-
lobby/product/smartchec
k-ht/
Technology X-ray Backscatter w/ Edge Transmission
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 90 x 64 x 97 inches
Weight 3,000 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects ~ 1" (metallic), ~ 1 – 2” (nonmetallic)
Scan Rate ~ 10 seconds
Inspection Time ~ 15 seconds
Penetration
Depth Proprietary
Spatial
Resolution ~ 0.08” (2 mm)
Info View Full Body Image
Image
Visualization Real-Time Dynamic Imaging
Power 120 VAC (2 20 amp circuits required)
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
ANSI N43.17-2009, 21 CFR 1020.40, ISO 9001:2000,
29 CFR 1910, UL 61010-1A, ISO 1600, 47 CFR 15
Warranty 1+ year
MSRP $195,000
Other Dose per scan < 0.1 µSv (10 µREM)
The SmartCheck HT system is a dual Backscatter X-ray system capable of taking three images
simultaneously: two backscatter images (front and back) and one transmission image used to
identify metallic threats on the edges of the subjects image. The system can detect non-metallic
objects, such as liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and paper. The device is able to
penetrate non-metallic body armor, and up to 0.25” thickness of steel armor. Photo-like images
are produced; the system has the capacity to store 15,000 images in non-volatile media. The
system can be configured with export to TIF and/or printing. Remote viewing and image
modification (production of an outline of the raw image) are available for privacy concerns.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
18
4.3.4 SmartCheck
Characteristic Details[28, 30]
Model and
Name SmartCheck Inspection Module System
Figure 12: SmartCheck
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
AS&E
http://as-
e.com/products-
solutions/personnel-
screening/checkpoint-
lobby/product/smartchec
k/
Technology X-ray Backscatter
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 90 x 64 x 34 inches
Weight 1,500 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects ~ 1" (metallic), ~1 – 2” (nonmetallic)
Scan Rate ~ 10 seconds
Inspection Time 30 – 45 seconds (two scans / person)
Penetration
Depth Proprietary
Spatial
Resolution ~0.08” (2 mm)
Info View Full Body Image
Image
Visualization Real-Time Dynamic Imaging
Power 110/220 VAC 50/60 Hz
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
ANSI N43.17-2009, 21 CFR 1020.40, ISO 9001:2000,
29 CFR 1910, UL 61010-1A, ISO 1600, 47 CFR 15
Warranty 1+ Year
MSRP $100,000
Other Dose per scan < 0.1 µSv (10 µREM)
The SmartCheck system is a Backscatter X-ray system able to detect metallic and non-metallic
contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and paper. The device is able
to detect contraband underneath non-metallic body armor. Photo-like images are produced; the
system has the capacity to store 15,000 images in non-volatile media. Remote viewing and image
modification (production of an outline of the raw image) are available for privacy concerns.
Unlike the SmartCheck HT model, the SmartCheck scans only one side of the subject at a time,
and does not have the option to check the edges of a subject using a transmission type mode.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
19
4.4 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity devices detect contraband underneath typical clothing by imaging slight
changes in temperature that occur on the surface of clothing from concealed objects.
4.4.1 Iscon 1000D Portal
Characteristic Details[31,32]
Model and
Name 1000D Portal
Figure 13: Iscon 1000D
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
Iscon Imaging
http://isconimaging.com
/iscon1000d.htm
Technology Thermo Conductive IR
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 97 x 51 x 45 inches
Weight 800 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of Detected
Objects Approximately the size of a single 500 mg pill
Scan Rate Varies
Inspection Time ~30 seconds
Penetration
Depth 2 – 3 layers of cotton clothing
Spatial
Resolution ~ 0.04 – 0.1” (1 – 3 mm)
Info View Region or Full Body Image
Image
Visualization Real Time Imaging
Power 208 VAC, 10KW
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
UL / CE Compliant
Warranty 1+ year
MSRP $110,000
Other
The Iscon 1000D Portal system is a thermal conductivity based system that is able to detect
metallic and non-metallic contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and
paper hidden underneath clothing. The device is not able to detect contraband underneath body
armor. Subtle temperature differences of the subjects clothing are imaged. Because clothing is
imaged, privacy issues are minimized. Streaming video and individual images can be saved
and/or printed.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
20
4.4.2 1000M Mini Portal
Characteristic Details[31, 33]
Model and
Name 1000M Mini Portal
Figure 14: Mini Portal
Image Reproduced with
Permission
Manufacturer:
Iscon Imaging
http://isconimaging.com
/miniportal.htm
Technology Thermo Conductive IR
Size Class Fixed
Dimensions 91 x 59 x 37 inches
Weight 300 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which Cavities N/A
Size of
Detected
Objects
Approximately the size of a single 500mg pill
Scan Rate Varies
Inspection
Time ~7 – 11 seconds
Penetration
Depth 2 – 3 layers of cotton clothing
Spatial
Resolution ~ 0.04 – 0.1” (1 – 3 mm)
Info View Region or Full body image
Image
Visualization Real Time Imaging
Power 208 VAC, 30 A
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
UL / CE Compliant
Warranty 1+ yr
MSRP $75,000
Other
The Iscon 1000M Mini Portal system is a thermal conductivity based system that is able to detect
metallic and non-metallic contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and
paper hidden underneath clothing. The device is not able to detect contraband underneath body
armor. Subtle temperature differences of the subjects clothing are imaged. Because clothing is
imaged, privacy issues are minimized. Streaming video and individual images can be saved
and/or printed.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
21
4.4.3 GameChangIR
Characteristic Details[31, 34]
Model and
Name GameChangeIR
No Image
Available
Manufacturer:
Iscon Imaging
http://isconimaging.com
/gamechangeir.htm
Technology Thermo Conductive IR
Size Class Portable
Dimensions 32 x 18 x 11 inches
Weight 80 lbs
Detect Metals Yes
Detect Non-
Metals Yes
Detect Cavity
Concealed No
Which
Cavities N/A
Size of
Detected
Objects
Approximately the size of a single 500mg pill
Scan Rate Varies
Inspection
Time Varies
Penetration
Depth 2 – 3 layers of cotton clothing
Spatial
Resolution ~ 0.04 – 0.1” (1 – 3 mm)
Info View Region or Full body image
Image
Visualization Real Time Imaging
Power 110/220 VAC 50-60Hz
Regulatory &
Compliance
Safety
UL / CE Compliant
Warranty 1+ yr
MSRP $25,000
Other
The Iscon GameChangeIR system is a thermal conductivity based system that is able to detect
metallic and non-metallic contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and
paper hidden underneath clothing. The device is not able to detect contraband underneath body
armor. Subtle temperature differences of the subjects clothing are imaged. Because clothing is
imaged, privacy issues are minimized. Streaming video and individual images can be saved
and/or printed. The entire system is portable and folds into its own compact suitcase for re-
location or other transportation
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
22
4.5 Metal Detection
No responses were received from the RFI by manufacturers of metal detection based systems.
Readers are encouraged to investigate other references on walk-through metal detectors prepared
for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) System Assessment and Validation for
Emergency Responders (SAVER) Program, such as:
Walk-Through Metal Detectors Markey Survey Report by National Urban Security
Technology Laboratory (NUSTL) (pending 2014)[35]
TechNote: Metal Detectors for Personnel Screening by Space and Naval Warfare Center
(SPAWAR) Atlantic (2009)[36]
Walk-Through Metal Detectors Market Survey Report by Naval Surface Warfare Center
Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) (2006)[37]
4.5.1 BOSS Series (Xeku Corporation)
The SSBT CoE identified one set of metal detection based screening devices that appears to be
specifically targeted for the detection of metallic contraband hidden inside body cavities. The
Body Orifice Security Scanners (BOSS) series of products from Xeku Corporation are chairs that
the subject interacts with in order to be scanned for metallic contraband.[38]
Four models are
currently listed on the website – Standard BOSS 2-Zone[39]
, BOSS III 3-Zone[40]
, Big BOSS 4-
Zone[41]
, and the BOSS II 5-Zone[42]
.
Presumably, these models have metal detection circuitry imbedded in the chairs at specific
locations that are capable of detecting metallic contraband hidden inside body cavities. The
different zones are able to check different body areas depending on the proximity of the subject.
The BOSS 2-Zone is able to scan the oral and the anal/vaginal areas, the BOSS III also scans the
oral and the anal/vaginal areas and adds the capability to scan the abdominal area; the Big BOSS
4-Zone includes the oral, anal/vaginal, and abdominal areas and adds the capability to scan a
subjects feet; finally the BOSS II 5-Zone can scan all the areas scanned by the Big BOSS4-Zone
model plus the area of the upper legs.
More information about the BOSS line of products and their capabilities can be found on the
Xeku website (http://xekucorp.com/welcome/products/b-o-s-s/).
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
23
5.0 BCS TECHNICAL SUMMARY COMPARISON
Table 3: Technical Summary Comparison
Device Detect
Metals
Detect
Non-
Metals
Detect
Cavity
Concealed
Total
Inspection
Time
Information
View Technology
ProVision
Imaging Yes Yes No
10 – 30
seconds Full Body Image Active MMW
ProVision ATD Yes Yes No 12 – 15
seconds
Body Location
Alarm Active MMW
ProVision 2 Yes Yes No 12 – 15
seconds
Body Location
Alarm Active MMW
RadPro
SecurPASS Yes Yes Yes
15 – 20
seconds Full Body Image
X-ray
Transmission
Rapiscan Secure
1000 DP Yes Yes No
24 – 30
seconds Full Body Image
X-ray
Backscatter
Rapiscan Secure
1000 SP Yes Yes No
12 – 15
seconds Full Body Image
X-ray
Backscatter
SmartCheck HT Yes Yes No 15 seconds Full Body Image X-ray
Backscatter
SmartCheck Yes Yes No 30 – 45
seconds Full Body Image
X-ray
Backscatter
1000D Portal Yes Yes No 30 seconds Region or Full
Body Image
Thermo
Conductive IR
1000M Mini
Portal Yes Yes No
7 – 11
seconds
Region or Full
Body Image
Thermo
Conductive IR
GameChangIR Yes Yes No Varies Region or Full
Body Image
Thermo
Conductive IR
Standard BOSS
2-Zone Yes No Yes
Not
Specified
Audible and
Visual Alarm
Metal
Detection
BOSS III 3-Zone Yes No Yes Not
Specified
Audible and
Visual Alarm
Metal
Detection
Big BOSS 4-
Zone Yes No Yes
Not
Specified
Audible and
Visual Alarm
Metal
Detection
BOSS II 5-Zone Yes No Yes Not
Specified
Audible and
Visual Alarm
Metal
Detection
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Body Screening Market Survey
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
24
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
Of all the technologies listed, only Transmission X-ray devices can detect metallic and non-
metallic contraband hidden underneath clothing as well as contraband hidden inside body
cavities. Metal detection has the capability to detect metallic objects hidden both on a person and
inside body cavities. However, metal detection based technologies do not have the ability to
detect non-metallic contraband. Backscatter X-ray, MMW, and thermal imaging devices are able
to detect metallic and non-metallic contraband hidden on a person (underneath clothing). They
would not be able to detect contraband hidden inside body cavities.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
A-1
APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND REFERENCES
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
A-2
A.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACRONYM DESCRIPTION
AC Alternating Current
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AS&E American Science & Engineering
BCS Body Cavity Screening
BOSS Body Orifice Security Scanner
CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health
CE Conformité Européenne
CoE Center of Excellence
CSV Comma Separated Variable
DC Direct Current
DOJ Department of Justice
DP Dual Pose
ETL Electrical Testing Laboratories
ETU Electrical Trade Union
EU European Union
FCC Federal Communications Commission
GSA General Services Administration
HT High Throughput
ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
ID Identification
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IR Infrared
ISO International Organization for Standardization
MMW Millimeter Wave
MSRP Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price
NA Not Applicable
NIJ National Institute of Justice
NLECTC National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NSWCDD Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
A-3
ACRONYM DESCRIPTION
NUSTL National Urban Security Technology Laboratory
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PC Personal Computer
REM Roentgen Equivalent Man
RFI Request for Information
RSS Radio Standards Specifications
SDS Security & Detection Systems
SP Single Pose
SPAWAR Space and Naval Warfare Center
SSBT Sensors, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies
Sv Sievert
TIF Tagged Image File
TSA Transportation Security Administration
TUV Technischer Überwachungsverein
UL Underwriters Laboratory
US United Stated
VAC Volts AC
RFI Request for Information
RSS Radio Standards Specifications
SDS Security & Detection Systems
SP Single Pose
SSBT Sensors, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies
TIF Tagged Image File
TSA Transportation Security Administration
TUV Technischer Überwachungsverein
UL Underwriters Laboratory
US United Stated
VAC Volts AC
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
A-4
A.2 References
1 NLECTC, An Introduction to Portal Contraband Detection Technology,
https://www.justnet.org/pdf/00-Portal%20Primer_web.pdf (June 2010). 2 NLECTC; Sensor, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies Center of Excellence;
https://www.justnet.org/our_centers/coes/sensor-tce.html (Accessed March 27, 2014). 3 Federal Register; “Contraband Screening for Criminal Justice Applications;” 78 FR 76860, p.
76860; https://federalregister.gov/a/2013-30241 (December 19, 2013). 4 FDA; Products for Security Screening of People; http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-
EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/SecuritySystems/ucm227201.ht
m (Accessed March 27, 2014). 5 FDA; Very Low Health Risks from Full-Body X-ray Scanners;
http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm231758.htm (Accessed March 27,
2014). 6 Scribd; UCSF Letter to Holden Concerning Health Risks of Full Body Scanner TSA Screenings
4-6-2012; http://www.scribd.com/doc/35498347/UCSF-letter-to-Holdren-concerning-health-
risks-of-full-body-scanner-TSA-screenings-4-6-2010 (Accessed March 27, 2014). 7 Scientific American; Europe Bans X-Ray Body Scanners Used at U.S. Airports;
www.scientificamerican.com/article/europe-bans-x-ray-body-scanners/ (Accessed March 27,
2014). 8 Health Physics Society, Use of Ionizing Radiation for Security Screening Individuals,
http://hps.org/documents/securityscreening_ps017-1.pdf (December 2009). 9 D. Hart and B.F. Wall, National Radiological Protection Board; Radiation Exposure of the UK
Population from Medical and Dental X-ray Examinations;
http://cloud.medicalphysicist.co.uk/nrpb_w4.pdf (March 2002). 10
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Subpart D—Radiation Dose Limits for Individual
Members of the Public, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-
1301.html (Accessed April 23, 2014). 11
Barbara Grajewski, et al.; “Radiation dose estimation for epidemiologic studies of flight
attendants,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 41, pp. 27-37 (January 2002). 12
David Brenner and Eric Hall; “Computed Tomography – An Increasing Source of Radiation
Exposure,” The New England Journal of Medicine 357, pp. 2277-2284 (November 29, 2007). 13
NRC, Subpart C—Occupational Dose Limits, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/cfr/part020/part020-1201.html (Accessed April 23, 2014). 14
Mike Ahlers, CNN; TSA removes body scanners criticized as too revealing;
http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/29/travel/tsa-backscatter (Accessed April 22, 2014). 15
Ronald Allman, L3 Security & Detection Systems; L-3 ProVision response to NIJ SSBT CoE
Contraband Screen RFI Worksheet v1.pdf (January 21, 2014). 16
L3 Security & Detection Systems; Advanced Personnel Screening; http://www.sds.l-
3com.com/products/advancedimagingtech.htm (Accessed March 27, 2014). 17
L3 Security & Detection Systems; Provision: Advanced People Screening; http://www.sds.l-
3com.com/advancedimaging/provision.htm (Accessed March 27, 2014). 18
General Services Administration (GSA) Federal Acquisition Service (FAS), Authorized
Federal Supply Schedule Price List, February 26, 2014; Available at
https://www.gsaadvantage.gov/ref_text/GS07F5377P/0MKTOQ.2S4H7L_GS07F5377P_GS-
07F-5377P-3-6-2014-402068.PDF (Accessed March 27, 2014).
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
A-5
19
L3 Security & Detection Systems; Provision ATD: Advanced Imaging Technology;
http://www.sds.l-3com.com/advancedimaging/provision-at.htm (Accessed March 27, 2014). 20
L3 Security & Detection Systems; Provision 2: Advanced Imaging Technology;
http://www.sds.l-3com.com/advancedimaging/provision-2.htm (Accessed March 27, 2014). 21
Dennis Wolfe, Virtual Imaging; NIJ SSBT CoE Contraband Screen RFI Worksheet v1 sl.docx
(January 21, 2014). 22
Virtual Imaging, Inc.; Virtual Imaging, Inc. A Canon U.S.A. Company – Interim Home Page;
http://www.virtualimaging-fl.com/ (Accessed March 27, 2014). 23
Virtual Imaging, Inc.; Digital Security Screening System: SecurPASS: Full Body Security
Screening System (2012); http://www.crescentcitysecurity.net/docs/SecurPASS.pdf
(Accessed March 27, 2014). 24
Sean Bullock, Rapiscan Systems; NIJ SSBT CoE Contraband Screen RFI Worksheet v1 S1K
version.docx (January 21, 2014). 25
Rapiscan Systems; Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP;
http://www.rapiscansystems.com/en/products/item/productsrapiscan_secure_1000_dual_pose
/ (Accessed March 27, 2014). 26
Rapiscan Systems, Rapiscan Secure 1000 Health and Safety Fact Sheet,
http://www.rapiscansystems.com/extranet/downloadFile/24_Rapiscan%20Secure%201000-
Health%20and%20Safety-Fact%20Sheet.pdf (May 2012). 27
Rapiscan Systems; Rapiscan Secure 1000 SP;
http://www.rapiscansystems.com/en/products/ps/productsrapiscan_secure_1000_single_pose/
(Accessed March 27, 2014). 28
Art Delgado, AS&E; SmartCheck Technical Proposal – RFI Response.pdf (March 12, 2014). 29
AS&E; SmartCheck HT – American Science & Engineering; http://as-e.com/products-
solutions/personnel-screening/checkpoint-lobby/product/smartcheck-ht/ (Accessed March
27, 2014). 30
AS&E; SmartCheck – American Science & Engineering; http://as-e.com/products-
solutions/personnel-screening/checkpoint-lobby/product/smartcheck/ (Accessed March 27,
2014). 31
Doug Branscombe, Iscon Imaging; NIJ SSBT CoE Contraband Screen RFI Worksheet v1
Iscon.docx (February 2, 2014). 32
Iscon Imaging, Iscon 1000D, http://isconimaging.com/iscon1000d.htm (Accessed April 4,
2014). 33
Iscon Imaging, Mini Portal Datasheet,
http://isconimaging.com/PDFs/Miniportal%20DS%204-2012.pdf (April 2012). 34
Iscon Imaging, GameChangeIR Datasheet,
http://isconimaging.com/PDFs/datasheet_gamechangeir_final.pdf (October 2010). 35
NUSTL, Walk-Through Metal Detectors Markey Survey Report, Prepared for the DHS
SAVER Program (pending 2014). 36
SPAWAR Atlantic, TechNote: Metal Detectors for Personnel Screening, Prepared for the
DHS SAVER Program,
http://www.firstresponder.gov/Saver/MetalDetectPersonScreen_TN.pdf (July 2009). 37
NSWCDD, Walk-Through Metal Detectors (WTMD) Market Survey Report, Prepared for the
DHS SAVER Program, http://www.firstresponder.gov/Saver/WalkThrMetalDetect_HLT.pdf
(July 2006).
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
A-6
38
Xeku; B.O.S.S. Models; http://www.bodyorificescanner.com/us/ (Accessed March 27, 2014). 39
Xeku; Standard BOSS 2-Zone; http://www.bodyorificescanner.com/us/b-o-s-s-
models/standard-boss-2-zone/ (Accessed March 27, 2014). 40
Xeku; BOSS III 3-Zone; http://www.bodyorificescanner.com/us/b-o-s-s-models/boss-iii-3-
zone/ (Accessed March 27, 2014). 41
Xeku; Big BOSS 4-Zone; http://www.bodyorificescanner.com/us/b-o-s-s-models/big-boss-4-
zone/ (Accessed March 27, 2014). 42
Xeku; BOSS II 5-Zone; http://www.bodyorificescanner.com/us/b-o-s-s-models/boss-ii-5-zone/
(Accessed March 27, 2014).
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.