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The Body

The report proper of the study is divided

into separate chapters usually beginning with

Chapter 2. The whole text discusses the

topics of the outline, each chapter

representing one main topic.


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The Conclusion

The concluding chapter begins with a

brief statement of what the paper is all

about.

Then, in two or three sentences, the

findings or conclusions arrived at after a

research has been made.

In some cases, recommendations or

suggestions to improve present conditions

are also given.


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Footnote and Bibliographical References

Footnotes and bibliography are essentialparts of a research paper. Documenting sources

of ideas and information does not only make the

paper an honest work but also gives it validity.

Footnotes are citations placed at the bottomof a page acknowledging the source of an idea

or quotation or giving a brief explanation to a

word or phrase used in the text.

Footnotes are classified as eithersourceorexplanatory.


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Source Footnotes- specify the author(s) of

the reference, title, facts of publication,

and the page number where an idea or

quotation was taken.

When the reference was cited for the firsttime, the footnotes include all the information

indicated above. When the reference has been

previously cited, abbreviations of the Latin terms

ibidem, loco citato, and opere citato are

used.


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Source footnotes of second or succeeding reference

The abbreviations of Latin words for footnotes of

second or succeeding reference are used according tothe following instructions:

Ibid. from ibidem, which means in English, in the same place asthe one immediately preceding, is used if a footnote refers to the

same work as the one immediately preceding it.

Loc. cit. from loco citato, which means, in place cited, is usedwhen the footnote refers to the same work and the same page asthe one previously mentioned but not immediately preceding. Thisis placed after the authors surname.

Op. cit. from opere citato, which means, in the work cited, is usedwhen the footnotes refer to the same work but to different page(s)as the one previously mentioned but not immediately preceding.Like loc. cit., it is also placed after the authors surname.


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_______________

1Don M. Wolf, Language Arts and Language Patterns (New

York: The Odyssey Press, Inc., 1998), pp. 15-20.2Jane Miller, Teaching Term Paper Skills, English Teaching

Forum, Vol. XXV (April, 2000), pp. 20-22.3William Markowitz, Time, Measurement and Determination

of, Encyclopedia Americana, 1997, XXVI, 631-33.

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