Body is organized into four levels:

Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems

Your body contains around100 trillion cells. You have more than 100 different kinds of cells.

Muscle cells

Nerve cells

Blood cells

Human egg cell

CELLS

Stem CellsStem Cells

Any embryonic Any embryonic stem cell is stem cell is capable of capable of becoming any type becoming any type of tissue found in of tissue found in the adult body.the adult body.– There are adult There are adult

stem cells but they stem cells but they do not divide do not divide forever and they forever and they are also already are also already specialized.specialized.

TissuesTissues

1. 1. epithelial tissueepithelial tissue - - lines most body lines most body surfaces (skin, nails)surfaces (skin, nails)

2. 2. Nervous tissueNervous tissue - - nerve cellsnerve cells3. 3. Connective TissueConnective Tissue - - fat, cartilage, fat, cartilage,

bones, tendons, bloodbones, tendons, blood4. 4. Muscle tissueMuscle tissue - - skeletal (voluntary), skeletal (voluntary),

cardiac (involuntary)cardiac (involuntary)

Tissues are a group of specialized cells.

Organs

Tissues are organized into organs which have specialized functions.

ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMSOrgans are grouped into organ systems, in Organs are grouped into organ systems, in which several organs interact to perform a which several organs interact to perform a specific function, such as digestion.specific function, such as digestion.

1.1. CirculatoryCirculatory2.2. DigestiveDigestive3.3. NervousNervous4.4. EndocrineEndocrine5.5. ReproductiveReproductive6.6. IntegumentarIntegumentar

yy 7.7. Skeletal Skeletal8.8. Respiratory Respiratory9.9. Muscular Muscular10.10. Excretory Excretory1111. Immune. Immune

Many organs are a part of multiple organ systems.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Skeleton FunctionSkeleton Function

Supports the body, provides protection for Supports the body, provides protection for internal organs, and enables movement internal organs, and enables movement

The 206 bones of the skeleton are divided The 206 bones of the skeleton are divided into the axial skeleton and the into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton appendicular skeleton

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

the skull, spine, the skull, spine, ribs, and sternumribs, and sternum

Appendicular Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton

the appendages or the appendages or limbs: limbs:

the shoulders, arms, the shoulders, arms, hips, and legships, and legs

BONE STRUCTUREBONE STRUCTUREmade of hard compact bone surrounding made of hard compact bone surrounding porous spongy boneporous spongy bone– Compact bone provides supportCompact bone provides support– Some cavities of spongy bone contain Some cavities of spongy bone contain

soft tissue called bone marrow.soft tissue called bone marrow.

Bone GrowthBone GrowthEarly in development, skeleton isEarly in development, skeleton is mostly cartilagemostly cartilage

Bones harden as calcium and other Bones harden as calcium and other minerals build upminerals build up

Thicken and elongate as development Thicken and elongate as development continuescontinues

Severe bone loss can lead to a condition Severe bone loss can lead to a condition called osteoporosiscalled osteoporosis

JOINTSJOINTSWhere two bone meetWhere two bone meet

Bones of a joint are held together by strong Bones of a joint are held together by strong bands of connective tissue called ligamentsbands of connective tissue called ligaments

Types of Joints:Types of Joints:immovable joints-immovable joints- cranial bones in skullcranial bones in skullslightly movable slightly movable joints- joints- vertebrae, vertebrae, bones in rib cagebones in rib cagefreely movable joints- freely movable joints- elbow, knees, fingers, elbow, knees, fingers, etc.etc.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

The muscular system:

•Moves the limbs and trunk

• Moves substances through the body

• Provides structure and support for the body.

Three types of muscle tissue

Muscles and MovementMuscles and MovementMuscles are attached to bones by Muscles are attached to bones by tendonstendons

Muscle pairs move parts of the body by Muscle pairs move parts of the body by pulling on bonespulling on bones– Flexor muscle-Flexor muscle- causes a joint to bend causes a joint to bend– Extensor muscle-Extensor muscle- causes a joint to straighten causes a joint to straighten

Muscle tissue contains large amounts Muscle tissue contains large amounts of contractile protein filaments called of contractile protein filaments called actinactin and and myosinmyosin

Muscle ContractionMuscle Contraction

1.1. Energy is required for muscles to Energy is required for muscles to contract contract 

2. The 2. The ATPATP used is usually supplied by used is usually supplied by aerobic respirationaerobic respiration  

3. During exercise oxygen is consumed at a 3. During exercise oxygen is consumed at a sustainable, steady rate, and aerobic sustainable, steady rate, and aerobic respiration yields most of the respiration yields most of the ATPATP

4. Aerobic exercise makes the heart pump 4. Aerobic exercise makes the heart pump more efficiently and thus increases the more efficiently and thus increases the energy available to musclesenergy available to muscles

Integumentary Integumentary SystemSystem

2. Dermis2. Dermisbelow epidermal layer, consists of nerve cells , below epidermal layer, consists of nerve cells , blood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glandsblood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands

1. 1. EpidermisEpidermisOuter layer of skin composed of a Outer layer of skin composed of a proteinprotein called called KeratinKeratin that makes skin that makes skin tough and waterprooftough and waterproofInner layer contains Inner layer contains Melanin- a Melanin- a pigment that affects skin colorpigment that affects skin colorThese cells are damaged by the These cells are damaged by the environmentenvironment

Anchors skin to underlying organs. Anchors skin to underlying organs. Below dermis fat and connective Below dermis fat and connective tissue.tissue.

3. Subcutaneous tissue3. Subcutaneous tissue

Skin DisordersSkin Disorders

Most skin disorders are caused by Most skin disorders are caused by damage to the epidermisdamage to the epidermis

Acne Acne

Skin cancerSkin cancer caused by overexposure caused by overexposure to to UVUV radiation radiation

Heart

Blood (hemoglobin)

Blood Vessels

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

The circulatory system:

• Consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

• It transports nutrients, hormones and gasses and rids your body of wastes.

Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

• Consists of lymph nodes and vessels. (Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus, Bone marrow)

• Lymphatic system collects and recycles fluids that are leaked from the cardiovascular system.

• It also helps fight infections

Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system

Consists of blood vessels, blood and the Consists of blood vessels, blood and the heart.heart.

Transports materials, removes wastes, and Transports materials, removes wastes, and distributes heat.distributes heat.

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

Veins bring blood to the heart and arteries carries blood from the heart.

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that

allow the exchange of gas, nutrients, and

hormones.

Endothermy Endothermy

Enables the body to maintain Enables the body to maintain homeostasis at all timeshomeostasis at all times

Temperature is regulated by flow of Temperature is regulated by flow of blood through blood vessels just blood through blood vessels just under the skin.under the skin.

Your brainbrain uses chemical and electrical signals to communicate with the rest of your body.

Three major parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem.

Cerebrum

Brain stem

The spinal cord - links the brain to the peripheral nervous system (which branches throughout the body).

Central Nervous System – consist of brain and spinal cord

Nerve Cells

The nervous system contains a complex network of nerve cells (neurons).

Neurons structure allows it to conduct electrical signals (nerve impulses).

Neurons transmit info through the body. They enable functions such as movement, thought, emotion and learning.

Sensory SystemsSensory Systems

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

• We inhale Oxygen (O2) and exhale Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

• The reparatory system moves air into and out of the lungs

• Controls gas exchange between blood and the lungs.

The respiratory system:

• Consists of the lungs, nose, mouth and trachea

The lungs

The diaphragm – muscle that aids in respiration

After breathing, gases must be transported by the cardiovascular system and exchanged at the

cells.

Your bronchioles are some of the smallest airways in your lungs. They lead to tiny ducts that lead into elastic air sacs (alveoli), which diffuse oxygen to your bloodstream and receive carbon dioxide waste, which is then exhaled.

Digestive SystemDigestive System

Liver

Intestine

Stomach

Mouth

Gallbladder

Usable compounds from food are absorbed into capillaries in villi (in intestine). Compounds not absorbed are excreted.

The digestive system:

• Extracts nutrients from food and then absorbs them. It removes wastes and maintains water and chemical balances.

Nutrients•Organic nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins or amino acids, and vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds such as minerals; water and oxygen may also be considered nutrients.

•A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be synthesized by the organism in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from an external source

• Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus are elements that we consume in the largest quantities.

• Nutrients that are not needed in large quantities are called micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

• Nutrients are needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body.

The digestive system:

• Consists of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestine.

Digestive System

Stomach: Stores and mechanically breaks down food.

Small intestine: Where most chemical digestion occurs

Large intestine: No digestion takes place here, wastes are stored. Many bacteria live in the large intestine.

Nutrients are absorbed in both intestines.

Liver: releases bile, detoxifies poisons, and helps to maintain blood sugar levels.

Gall Bladder: Stores bile that helps digest food.

Pancreas: Secretes enzymes that aid in digestion

Excretory Excretory SystemSystem

Kidneys

Bladder

The excretory system:

• Consists of the bladder, kidneys, ureters, urethra, skin and lungs.

• It removes wastes from blood and regulates the concentration of bodily fluids.

Bladder - collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.

Kidneys – help maintain homeostasis by maintaining bodily fluids and filtering the blood.

Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Reproduction produces gametes and offspring

Gametes are sex cells: eggs and sperm

Fertilization

Sperm and egg cells both have a haploid number of chromosomes.

Embryonic stem cells differentiate into many different types of body

cells.

Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem

The endocrine system :

• Composed of the hypothalamus gland, pituitary gland, pancreas and many other endocrine glands.

• Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction.

• It also maintains homeostasis and regulates organ systems.

• Synthesizes and secretes hormones.

Pituitary gland – secretes hormones and regulates functions such as growth, blood pressure, and water and osmolarity regulation

Hypothalamus gland – synthesizes and secretes neurohormones. It regulates body temperature, blood sugar, water balance, sleep and emotions.

Adrenal Gland – synthesizes adrenaline. Maintains stress response.

Immune Immune SystemSystem

Adenoids

Tonsils

Spleen

Bone Marrow

Appendix

Large intestine

Immune system:Immune system:• Defends against pathogens. • Consists of cells and tissues throughout your body.

- White bloods cells - Vessels- Lymph nodes - Skin

• The immune system can recognize invading

bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

• Each system can quickly mobilize the best

defenders to search out and destroy these

invaders.

• Each system has a memory and learns from

every attack.

A white blood cell stalking a

bacterial cell

Antibodies – proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign invaders.

Antigen – a molecule that will stimulate an immune response. They are usually proteins and parts of viruses.

The body contains The body contains fourfour large fluid-filled large fluid-filled spaces. spaces. They house and protect the major internal They house and protect the major internal organs. organs.

1.Cranial cavity

2.Thoracic cavity

3.Abdominal cavity

4.Pelvic cavity