body language and u. s. presidential elections j. j. tecce boston college social science librarians...
TRANSCRIPT
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Body Language and U. S. Presidential Elections
J. J. TecceBoston College
Social Science Librarians Boot Camp
Tufts UniversityJune 1, 2012
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Outline•I. Body Language: Unspoken Communication
• A. What is body language?
• B. Why do we need body language?
•II. Functions of Body Language
• A. Indicator of thoughts and feelings
• B. Social Cue
•III. Eye Movements
• A. Eyeblinks
• B. Gaze aversion
•IV. U. S. Presidential Elections
•V. Demonstration DVD
•VI. Summary and Conclusions
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Body LanguageCommunication
without words
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Two Functions ofBody Language
Indicator
Social Cue
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Words are not enough in communication.
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Words can be weak and need enrichment.
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Words can be misleading (lying) and need correction.
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BODY INDICATORSposture
self-touching
body movements
smiles
eye movements
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Extremes in body language are red flags.
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Body Language of
Eye Movements
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A little philosophy
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When the eyes say one thing and the tongue another, the practiced person relies on the language of the first.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
1803-1882
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A little science
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Negative Hedonia and Increased Blink Rate
Variables Examples
Stress Probing interview, failure,
discussion of illness, embarrassment, listening
to a tragic story, noise
Effort Induced muscle tension
Fatigue Time on task, tryptophan
Pain Electric shock
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Positive Hedonia and Decreased Blink Rate
Variables Examples
Relaxation Post-hypnosis, self-initiated thoughts,
daydreaming, meditative trance
Pleasure Methadone
Contentment Discussion of positive feelings
(towards spouse)
Achievement Feeling of achievement in learning
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Summary of Research: Blink Rate and Hedonia
Variable Blink Rate
Negative Hedonia Increase
Positive Hedonia Decrease
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Blink-Hedonia Hypothesis
Eyeblink frequency is increased by unpleasant feelings and is decreased by pleasant feelings.
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Eye Movements
Indicators of stress
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Eye Movements
Eyeblinks
Gaze avoidance
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Blink Rates and Stress LevelsWhile Talking on Camera
Stress Level Rate (bpm)Low 10 - 30
Moderate 31 - 50High 51 - 70Very High 71 - 100
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Blink RatesU.S. Presidential Election
2008
Blink Rate
McCain 104 Obama 62
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Number of BlinksU.S. Presidential Election
2008
Blinks
McCain 10,037 Obama 6,244
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Video 1
Barack Obama
John McCain
Mitt Romney
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U. S. Presidential Candidates 2008
Blink Rate
McCain 140 Obama 60Romney 16
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Blink Frequency and U. S. Presidential Elections
Year Faster Blinker Loser
1960 Nixon Nixon1980 Carter Carter1984 Mondale Mondale1988 Dukakis Dukakis1992 Bush Bush1996 Dole Dole 2000 Bush Gore2004 Kerry Kerry2008 McCain McCain
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Conclusion
Blink frequency is an accurate predictor of U. S. Presidential
election outcomes.
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Social Cue Hypothesis
In social situations, blinking can influence how one person views the
other.
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Gaze Aversion
LIARClemens 18Obama 16
(1,630)
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Video 2
Roger Clemens
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Conclusions1. Blink frequency is increased by negative hedonic
states and is decreased by positive hedonic states.
2. The blink-hedonia hypothesis best explains research findings on blinking and psychological functions.
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Q & A
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Eyeblink Rates and Levels of StressJ. J. Tecce
February 5, 1996
Talking On Camera Stress Level Blink Rate*
No No Low 15 - 20
Yes No Low-Moderate 21 - 30
Yes Yes Moderate-High 31 - 50
Yes Yes High 51 - 70
Yes Yes Very High71 – 140
* Numerical values represent blinks per minute. According to the hedonia hypothesis, higher blink rates reflect negative feelings, such as those that occur during greater mental effort (as in talking) or during stress (as in talking to
a large audience, being on camera, or being asked an anxiety-producing question)
(Tecce, 1992, McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology).
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Body Language
ActiveInactive
Lyi
ng
Yes
No