BODY

SYSTEMS

Body Systems

• Is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks

• Perform things that no other system does

• Keep you healthy & alive

• Some organs belong to more than 1 system

Cells

• Smallest living part of the body

• Many different kinds in our body

• Muscle is made of muscle cells

• Bones are made of bone cells

TissuesTissues

• A group of like cells that work together

• Tissue cells are shaped for the task they perform.

• Ex.- Skin cells are flat & thin. They make up skin which has a flat & thin appearance!

• Bone cells have a tough outer coating…. They form________________________

OrgansOrgans• A group of

tissues that work together

• There are many organs in the body that perform specific tasks

• What are some examples of organs?

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

• The body system for control & communication

• Includes the brain, spinal cord, & nerves that branch off the spinal cord

NeuronNeuron• Is a mass of nerve cells

• Basic building block of the nervous system

• Carry nerve impulses to and from the body to the brain…

• Cannot divide & multiply like other body cells

• When neurons die, they are not replaced

BrainBrain

• Organ that is the control center of the body

• Has several key parts!

• Brain cells die after 5 min. without oxygen

CerebrumCerebrum• Part of the brain

where thinking takes place

• Divided into 4 parts or ‘lobes’

• Forms the bulk of the brain

CerebellumCerebellum•Part of the

brain that helps muscles work together

•Balance

Brain StemBrain Stem• Lowest part of brain• Messages are sent

between brain & body through it

• Controls inner organs, heartbeat, etc.

• Controls other critical life functions!

Spinal CordSpinal Cord• Thick band of nerve

cells through which messages enter & leave the brain

• Soft

• Protected by spine (column of bones in the back)

• Only about 2 cm thick

Spinal CordSpinal Cord• Connects the brain

w/ nerves in the body

• Nerves send messages to the brain via the spinal cord

• Sometimes the spinal cord works without the brain’s help---- this is called a ___________________

*An adult spinal cord =17 cm !

*Stops growing at age 4-5!

REFLEX ACTION! Involuntary response to

dfdfdfdfd something; requires no thought

Ex.- Removing your hand from a hot stove!

-To speed up the response, neurons bypass the brain

-The message goes straight to the spinal cord which processes

it-Your brain ‘feels’ the pain

milliseconds later

How to take care of How to take care of your Nervous Systemyour Nervous System

• Wear a seatbelt

• Wear a safety helmet for sports

• Follow safety rules at all times

• Avoid alcohol, drugs, & poisons

• Get plenty of rest & sleep

The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System

• The system that transport oxygen, nutrients, & waste (CO2) through the body

• Includes our blood, blood vessels, & heart

The Circulatory System The Circulatory System Fact!Fact!

• You have about 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body!!!!–

that’s enough to stretch around the world twice!

BloodBlood• We have about _____

of blood in our bodies

• All tissues receive a blood supply---even bones!

• 4 main parts to our blood

*There are 4 main blood groups: A, B, AB, & O

*Oxygen binds w/ hemoglobin in red blood cells to make blood red

Platelets

Red Blood Cell

White Blood Cell

(1) Plasma(1) Plasma

• Liquid part of blood

• Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

(2) Red Blood Cells(2) Red Blood Cells

• Carry oxygen & nutrients to body cells & carbon dioxide away

• Are shaped to fit through the narrowest blood vessel– the capillary

RED BLOOD CELLS SORT OF WORK LIKE THIS BUS IN THE CITY!!

(3) White Blood Cells(3) White Blood Cells

• Fight germs that cause infection & illness

FACT: 8 MILLION BLOOD CELLS DIE EVERY

SECOND! The same # are born every second

too!

(4) Platelets(4) Platelets• Blood cells that

help blood clot

• A ______ is a dried clot

• A- Damaged tissue release a chemical to attract platelets

B- These platlets stick together & form a type of ‘web’

C- Red blood cells get trapped in this ‘web’ & form a clot

HeartHeart• Muscular organ

that pumps blood to the body

• The average person’s heart beats 30,000,000 times a year!

• Beats about 70 times per minute

*In 70 years, the average heart is at rest for 40 of those years!

*About the size of your fist

ArteryArtery• A blood vessel

that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart & toward body cells

• Typically carry bright red blood

Shown in the red is

your system of arteries carrying

oxygenated blood to

your body cells…

Shown in the blue is

your system of

veins carrying

de-oxygenated blood back

to your lungs

You should not use your thumb when looking for a

pulse because

__________!

IMPORTANT!

CAPILLARIESCAPILLARIES

……are narrower than a human hair!are narrower than a human hair!

VeinVein• A blood vessel that

returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart

• Typically carry blood back to the heart

• Typically carries deoxygenated blood which appears _______

*Carry blood under lower pressure than arties

*Have thinner walls than arteries

DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION

*Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters *Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters body cellsbody cells

*CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to *CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to be transported to the lungs to be exhaled!be transported to the lungs to be exhaled!

THE CORONARY ARTERIESTHE CORONARY ARTERIES

-The heart itself needs a blood supply.

L & R Coronary Arteries feed the heart w/ blood & branch into capillaries all over the surface of the heart

*Includes conditions affecting the heart such as:

-Coronary heart disease

-Heart attack

-Congestive heart failure

-Congenital heart disease.

What is Heart Disease?

*Maintain a healthy weight

*Do not smoke

*Avoid high blood pressure

*Exercise!

*Low Fat / Low Cholesterol Diet

Steps to Avoiding Heart Disease

Heart disease is

the #1 killer of

Americans

How to take care of How to take care of your Circulatory your Circulatory

SystemSystem

• Keep arteries clear by choosing fewer fatty foods

• Do not smoke to keep your heart from working too hard

• Maintain a healthful weight

• Exercise regularly

• Keep stress low to keep blood pressure normal

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

•Body system that allows us to use oxygen inhaled & get rid of carbon dioxide

TracheaTrachea• Windpipe through

which air travels to the lungs

• Divides into the 2 bronchial tubes

• Bronchial Tubes- Short tubes where air enters lungs

AlveoliAlveoli• Inside the lungs

the bronchial tubes branch into smaller tubes

• Small air sacs that allow oxygen to enter capillaries & CO2 to enter the lungs

*Then red blood cells carry the oxygen to body cells & pick up carbon dioxide

CiliaCilia

• The quality of the air you breathe is vital!

• The hairs in your nose help to trap particles

• Mucus in your nasal passages traps germs & particles

*Cilia= Tiny hairs that line the nasal passages

GAS EXCHANGEGAS EXCHANGE

*Oxygen enters through the alveoli to the blood stream

*CO2 exits the body from the bloodstream through the alveoli to be exhaled

SHORT VIDEO ON GAS EXCHANGE!!

How to take care of How to take care of your Respiratory your Respiratory

SystemSystem

• Avoid polluted air

• Do not smoke or breathe tobacco smoke

• Maintain a healthful weight

• Exercise to strengthen the muscles used in breathing

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System• Body system

that is the support framework of the body & helps us to move

• This includes bones, joints, & connective tissue

BonesBones

• Bones help the body move because they are almost all connected to another bone

-Living structures that function as storage centers for minerals such as calcium.

-Produce blood cells in MARROW (Soft tissue that is the center of some bones)

                            

Bones & JointsBones & Joints

• Different types of joints allow different amounts of movement….

• There are 4 types of joints!

*Joint= Point where 2 bones meet

                            

CartilageCartilage• Soft material at the end of bones• Protects them by keeping them from rubbing together

Healthy

Bone

Osteoporosis

What is a bone growth What is a bone growth plate?plate?• It is an area of

developing tissue near the ends of long bones.

• They are found between the widened part of the shaft & the end of the bone.

• It is an area of developing tissue near the ends of long bones.

• Growth plates help regulate the shape & length of the bone.

• Long bones grow from ends by the growth plates, not from the middle.

What is a bone growth What is a bone growth plate?plate?

• Growth plates are prone to fractures because they are the last part of the bone to ossify (harden)

How to take care of How to take care of your Skeletal Systemyour Skeletal System

• Exercise to make bones thicker & stronger

• Wear comfortable shoes w/ good arches

• Use good posture to support the spinal column

• Eat foods w/ calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

•Body system that helps you move & keep posture

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

• 3 types of muscles:

A- Voluntary- Those you control

Ex.- Those in your back when you lift something & all skeletal muscles

•B- Involuntary-

Those you do not control

-Also called smooth muscles

Ex.- Internal muscle organs, blood vessels

These move w/o you being aware of it!

C- CARDIAC

The Heart Muscle

Ex.- Heartbeat

These move w/o you being aware of it!

HERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES IN OUR

BODIES!

•Some muscles stretch across joints.

•Tendons- Tough tissues that connect muscles to joints/bones

-Ligament- Hold bones together at joints

Ex.- Knees & ankles

How Muscles Work

•Work in pairs to move bones

•When one contracts (works), it’s partner muscle relaxes (stretches out)

Taking Care of Your Muscular System

• Lift objects by bending your knees &

keeping back straight to prevent injury

• Choose exercises to work different muscle groups

• Warm-up before hard exercise

• Protein in diet

The Integumentary The Integumentary SystemSystem

•Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body

Hair / Skin / Nails

The Integumentary The Integumentary SystemSystem

•Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body

Introductory Video!

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF OUR SKIN

•Protects us from injury

•Protects us from infection

•Regulates temperature through sweat glands

MELANIN- A substance that protects

skin & gives it color.

The more melanin it contains, the darker the skin

It protects the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet rays

Caring for the Integumentary System

*Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil

*Keep hair clean

*Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen

Caring for the Integumentary System

*Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil

*Keep hair clean

*Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

•Body system that breaks down food so that it can be used by the body

Steps to DigestionSteps to Digestion

1- Begins in the mouth.

Salivary glands soften food for swallowing

2- Food then passes to the esophagus (tube which leads food to the stomach

3- Once in the stomach, digestive juices break down food & slowly empties the liquidy mixture into the ????_____

4- It then passes into the small intestine. Most digestion occurs here w/ a little help from its 3 friends (liver, pancreas, & gall bladder

It spends up to 4 hrs. in the S.I>. Now the nutrients can pass into the blood!

Villi- Fingerlike projections on the inside of the small intestine.

Peristalsis- Involuntary wave-like contractions of the digestive system that move ‘food’ through it

5- Digestive juices from glands help w/ digestion

Pancreas- Organ that secretes insulin & juices to help break down food

Insulin- Chemical that helps your body use sugar

6- The liver produces bile which helps to break down fats

Gall Bladder- Organ that stores bile, which helps to break down fats

Liver- Organ that performs many functions—including making bile & filtering toxins from blood.

7- Food that is broken down enters the blood through the capillaries in small intestine

Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine

8- Large intestine stores food until it leaves the body.

Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine

Here the wastes are solidified

9- The colon is the part of the large intestine where most of the water left in the waste is absorbed into the blood.

It gets harder & harder as it makes its way to the end of the L.I.

The wastes stay here until you are ready to go to the bathroom…

How to care for the digestive system:

1- Chew food thoroughly before swallowing

2- Eat fresh fruits & vegetables daily

What To Know About Diabetes

*What is the difference between Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes?

*How can a person reduce their risk of Type 2 diabetes?