C 4700.7 A669 no.13 c.l OKLAHOMA PUBlICATtONS CLEARINGHOUS£OKI.AHOMA ~;t:PAHTMENT OF LIBRARIESloa N. E. 18th ST.OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73105

THE ARCHEOLOGY OF IMPOUNDMENT 161 LOWER CLEAR BOGGYCREEK WATERSHEDI JOHNSTON COUNTYI OKLAHOMA

Christopher Lintz and Rain Vehik

LOcATION OF EXCAVATED liTES1.34Jn-17I. a4AI-te7a.I4AI-1O4:a4AI-1.0. 113, 1755. a.AI-1l1. 173. 177. 171. 178I.I4AI-I7 •••• 80. III7.I4AI-141I. 141'1I-101.137'.14""-3110.14""-4111.14""-11I11. 14""-". 1211. 341'1I-10314. 141'1I-10415. 14Pn-10111. 14A1-eZ17.I4AHa

~"'opuMRe_.

Ell Lo_ CIMt ....., WII.,••••••

• canoy Ct •• Wllorohod

N

. .... ".~,

Oklahoma Conservation Commission

Archeoloqlcal Research Report No.· 13

198·6 .

THE ARCHEOLOGY OF IMPOUNDMENT 16, LOWER CLEAR BOGGYCREEK WATERSHED, JOHNSTON COUNTY, OKLAHOMA

by

Christopher Lintz and Rain Vehik1986

OKLAHOMA CONSERVATION COMMISSIONARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH REPORT NO. 13August 19862800 North Lincoln BoulevardOklahoma City, OK 73105

ABSTRACT

This report describes the results of a cultural resource survey conductedin May 1981 and archeological testing conducted between November 1984 andJanuary 1985 in proposed Impoundment 16, Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed,Johnston County, Oklahoma for the U.S.D.A.Soil Conservation Service.

The 1981 pedestrian survey recorded 13 local ities and two archeologicalsites in a 150 acre {60 ha} area. The localities are three prehistoric lithicscatters, one mixed prehistoric and historic locality, six modern dumps, tworecently abandoned farmsteads, and an abandoned railroad bed. The archeologi-cal sites include a sChool/cemetery {34Jn-66} founded during the 1880s on aridge crest next to the project area and an extensive prehistoric site {34Jn-67} in the borrow pit area. Limited shovel testing in 1981 recovered smallquantities of nonlocal lithic materials from the east part of 34Jn-67.

The 1984-85 testing phase focused on two spatially discrete areas of 34Jn-67. Analysis of materials indicates that Area A, the eastern part of thesite, was used on a short term basis by a nonindigenous Plains oriented LatePrehistoric {post A.D. 13S0} popul ation. In contrast, Area B, 75 m to thewest, was used by indigenous groups. The earlier component in Area B reflectsa relatively 1 ight intensity occupation by Late Archaic or Early Woodland{1500 B.C.-A.D. 800} groups. A later component is represented by two rockhearths and an intense range of resource processing activities dating betweenA.D. 770 and 1040 during the Woodland to Late Prehistoric period transition.Specialized studies such as soil chemistry analysis, flotation and finescreening, pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, and floral analysis provideancillary information about the site.

Additional work is not recommended for the localities and sites inImpoundment 16. Many localities do not meet the 50 year age minimumrequ irement for Nationa 1 Reg ister eval uation. Others repres ent abandonedfarmsteads without integrity and limited prehistoric lithic scatters lackingadditional information potential. The early cemetery {34Jn-66}, on a ridgecrest above the project area, wi 11 not be affected by project deve 1opment.The Griffth site {34Jn-67} does have fairly clear rock hearth integrity andhorizontal and vertical component separation. However, the extensive testingphase {40 1 m test pits} obtained a substantial sample of materials. Specia-lized studies have shown that faunal remains and micro- and macro-floral re-mains are poorly preserved in the slight to moderate acidic soils at the site.

;;i

iv

Project Personnel and Acknowledgements

The initial survey of Impoundment 16 was conducted by Charles Wal lis ofthe Oklahoma Conservation Commission. The excavations and laboratory workwere under the direction of Dr. Christopher R. Lintz. The fieldwork wasconducted by a paid crew of eight individuals: Mandy Hosny, Emory Dilbeck,Bob Reed, Sheri McKinney, Rick Miller, Scott Dennis, Leslie Raymer, and GeorgeZabawa. Two members of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Buck Wade andGlen Johnson, volunteered their time to assist in the field work. Laboratoryprocessing of 1985 excavated materials was performed by Linda Ragland Fisher(washing and cataloging) and Jane Dye (fine screen sorting). Dr. Rain Vehikand Charles Wall is monitored surface stripping of the site in the fall of1985.

Mr. Randy Hall, District Conservationist, was helpful. Mr. Charles\~allis also assisted in the laboratory analyses and report preparation. RuthBoyd, Grants and Contracts office at the University of Oklahoma and SteveCurry, accountant for the Oklahoma Archeological Survey, are thanked foradministrative abil ities. Dr. Susan C. Vehik proof read the report and pro-vided useful suggestions. The artifact drawings are by Chris Lintz while therest of the graphics were prepared by Ms. Mary Goodman.

A number of individuals conducted more specialized analyses. Dr. RickHolloway conducted the palynological study and Mr. Will iam Sistrunk did thesoil analysis. Both are affiliated with Texas A & M University. Mr. Sistrunkis with the Soils Testing Laboratory. The radiocarbon samples were submittedto Beta Analytic, Inc., and Dr. Murray Tamers was helpful in their processing.Identification of micro- and macro-floral remains was performed by Dr. PaulI~innis and Ms. Eileen Goldborer, University of Oklahoma. Ms. Peggy Flynn,Oklahoma Archeological Survey, assisted in faunal identifications.

Finally, a word of thanks to a special group of people without whose helpthis project would not have gotten off the ground. These are the landownerswho gave us permission to survey and excavate on their properties. We wouldlike to thank Ruth McDaniel, Ruth Goforth, M.E. Brown, Lee Jones, DorisGarret, and Peggy and Ear1 t~cKinney.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECT PERSONNEL AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLIST OF FIGURES

. . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . .MANAGEMENT SUMMARYCHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTI ON . . . . . . . . .Project Description.Report Organization •

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Geological Background • • ••••Lithic Resources. • • • • • • • • • • . ••••So; 1s . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . .Biotic Resources . • ••••••••Cultura 1 Background • • • • • • • • •Previous Research • • • • • • • • •••••••Cu 1tura 1 Sequence • • • • • • •

Paleoindian Period • • ••••••••Archaic Period .••••••••••••Woodland Period ••• • •••••••••••••Late Prehistoric Period ••••••Historic Period ••••••••••

3. THE SURVEY PHASE ••••The Localities ••••Archeological Sites •••••••Survey Summary and Recommendation •

. . . . .. . . . . . . .4. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT THE GRIFFTH SITE, 34Jn-67

Introduction ••••Excavation MethodsStratigraphy

Area A ProfilesArea B Profiles

Features. •Radiocarbon Dates •

v

iiiiv

viiixxi

1

13

5

55

1010111215151618202327273340

42

42434546465458

REFERENCES CITED 134

Summary

586080818585868888899191989899

100105106109

Cultural Remains ••••••••••..••••Chipped Stone Artifacts and Debitage ClassPecked and Battered Stone Class •••••..•••Ground Stone Artifact Class ••••••••••Unmodified Cobble Class .••••••Fired Earth Class •••••••••••••••••••••.Organic Remains Class ••••Historic Artifact Class .••••••••••

Discussion and Interpretations ••••.Number of Occupations

Area A . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • •Area B • • • • • • . • • . • • • •

Age and Cultural Affiliation .....••••Area A . • • . • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • •Area B . . . • • • • . • .

Activities .Site Functions .

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSAPPENDIX A. Soil Test Reports and Palynological Analysis of Soils 113APPENDIX B. Radiocarbon Dates from Feature 2 . 120APPENDIX C. Seed Identifications. 127APPENDIX D. Method for Deriving Soil Volume Estimates and Adjusted Arti-

fact Counts from Rock Feature 2, 34Jn-67, Area B byChristopher Lintz .••••.•.•.•••••.•••.• 129

APPENDIX E. Test Excavations at a Natural Mound Northwest of 34Jn-67 byRain Vehik • • • • • • • • . . . • • • 132

vi

LIST OF FIGURESFigure

1. Project LocationPage

2. Geologic Deposits Near the Project Area3. Tested Sites Within the Boggy Creek Drainage .4. Sites and Find Localities in Impoundment 16

2

6

1328

5. Materials Recovered from 1981 Surface Survey and Shovel Testing 346. Map of the Griffth Site (34Jn-67) Showing Collection Areas, Shovel

Test Pits, and Areas A and B • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 367. Contour Map and Location of Test Squares in Area A at 34Jn-67 448. Contour Map and Location of Test Squares in Area B at 34Jn-67 459. Area A Stratigraphic Profiles

10. Area B Stratigraphic Profiles11. Plan of Feature 2 in Level 3, Area B •

474955

12. Plan of Feature 3 in Level 3 of N15-W8, Area B • 5713. Split Cobbles, Tested Cobbles, Tested Cobble Tools, and Unidirec-

tiona 1 Cores from 34Jn-67 •••••.•••••••••••••• 6514. Multidirectional Cores, Multidirectional Core Tools, Thick Biface I

and II, and Thin Biface Fragments from 34Jn-67 •••••••••• 6715. Small Points, Preforms, and Large Contracting Stemmed Points from

34Jn-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71

16. Large Unstemmed and Corner Notched Points and Knives from 34Jn-67 7517. Scrapers, Formally Shaped Unifaces, and Denticulates from 34Jn-67 • 7718. Modified Flakes from 34Jn-67 ••••••••••••• 7919. Hammerstones, Anvil/Pitted Stones, and Edge Ground Cobbles from

34Jn-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82

20. Modified Hematite, Manos, and Ceramics from 34Jn-67 84

vii

21. Vertical Density of Cultural Remains from Area A • • • • • • • • •• 93

22. Vertical Distribution of Unmodified Flakes and Blocky Debris fromArea B •••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••. 94

viii

LIST OF TABLESTable Page

1. Status of Cultural Resource Evaluations in the Lower Clear BoggyCreek Watershed ••••••••••••••••••••••• 3

2. Description of Lithic Resources from the Griffth Site (34Jn-67) • •• 83. Archeological Investigations of Soil Conservation Service Projects in

the Clear and Muddy Boggy Creek Drainages............ 144. Summary of Surface Materials from Collection Areas at 34Jn-67 375. Summary of Materials Recovered in 1981 from Shovel Test Pits, 34Jn-67 396. Soil Analysis Data for the Griffth Site, Area B • 517. Radiocarbon Oates from Feature 2, 34Jn-67 • • 598. Weighted Average of Radiocarbon Dates from Feature 2, 34Jn-67 • 609. General Distribution of Cultural Remains from 34Jn-67 61

10. Summary of Cultural Materials Collected During 1985 Monitoring ofEarth Moving Activities at 34Jn-67 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63

11. Metric Attributes of Select Chipped Stone Tools. 6812. Metric Attributes of Projectile Points 7313. Metric Attributes of Ground Stone, Pecked/Battered Stone, and Fired

Clay Materials. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8314. Identification of Faunal Remains from 34Jn-67 • • • • • • • • • • 8715. Summary of 1984-1985 Surface Materials from Collection Areas at 34Jn-

67 ......•..................... 90

16. Distribution of Excavated Materials from Area A at 34Jn-67 ••••• 9217. Vertical Distribution of Excavated Materials from Area B •• 9618. Distribution of Excavated Cultural Remains by Component at the

Griffth Site 100

19. Distribution of Lithic Debitage (Including Surface Materials) byMateria 1 Type in Area A •••••••••••••••••••••• 101

ix

22. Tool to Lithic Debitage Ratio Between Components • 105

20. Distribution of Lithic Debitage from Excavated Levels Associated withCom p0 nent 1 in Are a B •• • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . 102

21. Distribution of Lithic Debitage from Excavated Levels Associated withCom p0nent 2 in Are a B ••••••••••••••• 104

23. Synopsis of Tested Sites in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed,Oklahoma ••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 111

0-1. Method of Obtaining the Conversion Ratio Granite Weight to RockVo 1ume for Feature 2 at 34Jn-67 • • • • • • • . • . . • . . • . 130

0-2. Estimated Soil Volumes and Adjusted Flake Counts for Feature 2 . 130

x

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Purpose and Objectives of the Investigations

Impoundment 16, along Sandy Creek is one of 30 floodwater retardingstructures being constructed in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed.Archeological survey and limited testing in 1981 recorded 13 localities andtwo sites having either historic or prehistoric remains or both. Of these,one prehistoric site, the Griffth site (34Jn-67) merited more intensivetesting to determine its importance. Significant deposits were present in twoareas of the site. Upon consultation with the State Archeologist, it wasdetermined that an adequate mitigation of the site was to enlarge the testingprogram to a point of diminishing returns.

A five point research plan was developed to guide the fieldwork. Theseare: 1) determining the number of occupations; 2) understanding the age andcultural relationship of these occupations; 3) determining the range of acti-vities conducted; 4) determining site function and change; and, 5) whetherthe occupations reflect indigenous or external groups.

Investigation ConstraintsWith exception of cold weather in January 1985, constraints were minimal

during the fieldwork. The only major analytical hinderance for interpretingactivities was poor preservation of macrobotanical, pollen, and faunal re-mains due to the mild to moderate acidity of the soils.

ResultsThis report presents the results of the survey and limited testing con-

ducted in Impoundment 16 in 1981. It also details the results of extensivetesting at 34Jn-67.

The amounts of cultural debris recovered in the 1981 survey and testingvaried. Seven localities were considered to be modern dumps, one locality wasan abandoned rail road bed, three were thin prehistoric 1ithic scatters, andtwo were abandoned farmsteads. Most localities failed to meet the 50 yearminimum requirement for cons iderat ion of Nat iona1 Register status. The his-toric site, 34Jn-66, consists of the Enterprise School and a cemetery whichhas been in use since 1884. These are outside the flood pool elevation of theimpoundment. However, the single prehistoric site, 34Jn-67, will be directlyimpacted.

For purposes of excavation and analysis, 34Jn-67 was divided into twoareas based on the results of the limited testing in 1981. The site covers an

xi

area of 50 m by 150 mal ong the south bank of Sandy Creek. Area A covers theeastern part of the site. Four 50 cm x 50 cm shove 1 test pits and 171m x 1m squares were excavated in Area A. Cultural deposits were relatively shal-low, averaging about 20 cm. Material necessary for radiometric dates was notobtained, but projectile point styles suggest a Late Prehistoric period occu-pation. The types of artifacts and predominant lithic resources indicate thatan externa 1 group, which originated from northcentra 1 Ok 1ahoma or had con-tacts with that region, was using this area. The primary activities seem tobe hunting, sharpening existing tools, and making replacement tools.

The other part of the site, Area B is confined between Sandy Creek to thenorth and prominent granite bedrock domes to the south. Twenty-three 1 m x 1m squares were excavated, some as deep as 70 cm below surface. Two componentswere identified. The lower component, Component 1, is not well defined nor isit associated with much cultural material. Artifact styles suggest a LateArchaic or Woodland period occupation. From all indications, this was a smallindigenous group using locally available lithic materials for tool manufactur-ing and taking part in some plant and animal processing.

Component 2 in Area B is better defined and has two radiocarbon dates.These uncorrected dates are A.D. 880 +/- 120 and A.D. 900 +/- 170. Thiscomponent is also associated with two rock hearths. One is large and may havebeen used over a long period of time. The radiocarbon dates and associatedartifacts (pottery and large and small projectile points) suggest a transi-tional Woodland-Late Prehistoric period occupation. Considerable stone toolmanufacturing occurred as well as a wide range of plant and animal processing.The intens ity of act iv ities and 1abor expend iture necessary for ma inta iningthe 1arge rock hearth suggest a longer period of occupation than associatedwith Component 1, and the use of local lithic resources indicates that anindigenous group of people was using the area as a base camp.

Significance of the InvestigationsThese investigations represent the final archeological work conducted at

Impoundment 16. Even though none of the sites or localities are eligible fornomination to the National Register of Historic Places, they are important inunderstanding how this area was util ized in the past. Of particular impor-tance are some of the findings from 34Jn-67. The suggestion that the compo-nent in Area A may be related to groups from northcentral Oklahoma demon-strates that populations were moving over long distances for purposes ofhunting and probably trade during the Late Prehistoric period. Data recoveredfrom Area B shows that the site was occupied by indigenous populations proba-bly during the Archaic and Woodland periods, and possibly during the earlypart of the Late Prehistoric period. Very likely, these groups had contactswith similar populations in the area. The site is in the Cross Timbers regionbetween the Arbuckle and Ouachita Mountains, but there seems to be no prefe-rence on resources from either area. Overall the cultural resources reportedfrom the study area mirror remains from other sites in the Boggy Creekdrainages.

xii

RecommendationsBased on evaluations of site significance and potential, no further

investigations are recommended at Impoundment 16. After testing, it wassuggested that construction of the impoundment be completed as scheduled.Therefore, it is difficult to make specific recommendations regarding 34Jn-67since the site is no longer in existence. In general, the localities andsites in Impoundment 16 have demonstrated the potential for similar environ-mental settings to produce cultural remains. As a result, surveys and testingprograms will be necessary in areas of future development. It will also benecessary to monitor the shoreline of Impoundment 16 to see whether any of thelocalities or site 34Jn-66 will be impacted by additional development andchanges in the flood pool of the impoundment. .

xiii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This report is concerned with a survey and assessment of cultural re-sources potentially impacted by development of Impoundment 16 in the LowerClear Boggy Creek Watershed, Johnston County, Oklahoma. The impoundment isone of 30 proposed floodwater retarding structures, one multipurpose reser-voir, and 2.02 mi of channel improvements in the 240,300 acre Lower ClearBoggy Creek Watershed (Figure 1). Project sponsors incl ude the CountyCOlTlllissionersand Conservation Districts from Atoka, Bryan, Coal, and Johnstoncounties, the Lower Clear Boggy Conservancy District, and the Oklahoma Tourismand Recreation Department (Soil Conservation Service 1983: 29).

Initially, 36 impoundment structures and one multipurpose reservoir (13M)were proposed for the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. Various problems ledto the cance 11 at ion of Structures 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37 byApril 1974. Structure 32 was also canceled, but five other structures (32A,32B, 32C, 38, and 39) were added by July 1979. Thirty structures and onemultipurpose reservoir have either been built, are being constructed, or arein active stages of design and development (Toby Moss, personal communica-tiQn). Table 1 provides a summary status of cultural resource evaluations ofthese impoundments.

Cultural resource evaluations have been conducted at 23 impoundments(Table 1). Seven surveys located 48 archeological sites and numerous collec-tion areas in or near. 16 impoundments. Evaluative testing to determine cul-tural significance has been recommended for 16 sites and two collection areas.Although testing has been conducted at the 16 sites, neither collection areain Impoundment 20 was examined prior to structure development. Remains of alog cabin were sal vaged from 34At-83 before construction. Four sites (34At-80, 34At-90, 34At-160, and 34At-173) were determined eligible to the NationalRegister of Historic Pl aces. One, 34At-160, has been accepted to theRegister. Archeological sites were not found in seven impoundments and eightstructures have not been surveyed.

Project Description

Impoundment 16 along Sandy Creek is about 3 mi (4.8 km) south ofWapanucka, Oklahoma. It is the westernmost impoundment in the watershed. Thestructure is designed to store 202 acre ft of water in the sediment pool and1181 acre ft of water in the flood pool. The total drainage basin behind theimpoundment is 2784 acres (Soil Conservation Service 1975).

1

N

1

OKLAHOMA

IICentral Redbed Plains

IIArbuckle Hills and Mountains

IIIArdmore Basin

[] Eastern Sandstone Cuesta Plains

l03J Ouachita Mountains

~ Dissected Coastal Plain o.~~m~II~ ••~ __ 30

o kllomet.,. 30

Figure 1. Project Location.An archeological survey of cultural resources in Impoundment 16 was

conducted by Char 1es Wa 11 is on May 5 and 6, 1981. Two archeo log ica 1 sites(34Jn-66 and 34Jn-67), five find local ities, and eight other localities,mostly consisting of recent historic materials were recorded. Four small (0.5m x 0.5 m) test pits were excavated at 34Jn-67. Although material from thissurvey and initial testing phase were not described, a large number of non-local lithic materials in one test pit led to a recommendation that moreextensive testing be conducted. These excavations were intermittently conduc-ted from November 1984 through January 1985 by archeologists from the OklahomaConservation Commission. The final phase of work at the site consisted ofmonitoring earth removing activities. This was done in September 1985.

2

Table 1. Status of Cultural Resource Evaluations in the Lower Clear BoggyWatershed.Nature of Assess_ent Findings" Referenl!es Status

56789

10

llA

1213M14

262728293031

32A32832C3839.

16

17181920

21

222324

25

SurveySurveySurveySurvey

SurveyTesttng of At-176Surv.yTesting of At-143SurvlY

SurveyTlstlng of At-80

SurveyTesting of In-51Survey

Testing of At-160, 163

Testln9 of At-17SMonitoring of At-UOBlnk stabll hatton at At-160Survey

Testing of At-172, 173, 177178, 179Excavltions at At-172,Surfac ••• terlals at At-173,At-44SurveySurveySurveylog cabin movldSurvey

Testing of At-87, 88, 91Testing of At-90Excavation of At-90SurveySurvey

SurveySurveySurveySurveySurv.y

2 sites located No further I«IrkNo sites found No further work3 sites lootted No further I«Irk1 site located Avoid At-174

1 sltl locat.d

2 sHes located

No sites found

5 sHes located

2 sites located

4 sites locat.d

5(6) siteslocated

6 sHes located

2 sites located2 sites loclted2 sites locat.d

7 sites loclted

No sites found2 sites located

No sites foundNo sHIS foundNo sites found1 s It. locatedNo s I tIS found

Testing of At-76No furth.r workTesting of At-143No further I«IrkNo further work

Testing of At-80Nltlonal Registere It gl bl 11ty, S tabll heTesting of In-67No further work, .ani torNo further I«Irk

Sites At-160, 163, andcollection Ireas 0/161t(At-175), 016Y, 0/1611need testingPreservation and .ani tor-Ing of At-160 ntld.dNo further I«IrkBank stabilizationNo furth.r workTesting of At-172, 173,177, 178, 179At-172 be 1V01ded orsalvaged

No further workNo further workRe.aval of At-83 cabinNo further I«IrkTesting of At-87, 88,go, 91These sites cl •• r.dExcavations nttdadNo further I«IrkNo further workAvoid sites

No furth.r I«IrkNo furthlr I«IrkNo further workNo furthlr workNo further work

lIallts 1976bIIlms 1976.11.11Is 1976blIan Is 19761

Siunders 1977.Saunda" 1977bBau9h 197••Rohrblu9h 19801Siund.rs 1977a

lIall1s 1975!Hofllln 1976, 1977,IIlllts 1977b11111111982Thts RtportlIallll 1975!

IIll1ts 1976b

Hughes 1976Hughes 19771, 1977b111111119791111111119811

III11ls 19761, 1977aYoung 1977., 1977b,lIallts 1978

R0gers 197911.111s 1975cIII11ts 1975cIIll1ts 19751III11ls 1975b

11111Is 1975cl_hoff .1975Ouncln and Che.k 1976Cheek .t. 11. 1980Baugh 1978blIall1s 1976b

Baugh 1978.Baugh 197Balaugh 197••Bau9h 197••laugh 1978.

Cl.arClearCle.rCle.rSurvey ntldad

Cl•• r

ClearClelrSurvey nttded

At-80 not y.tstabllhed

ClearClearSurv.y ntldedSurvey need.d

T.stlng of 'Collec-tlon arel O/16Y and0/1611 In upplr floodpoo1 n.ver don.

ClearCl.arClear

Clear

ClearCl.lrClearSurvey ne.dedSurYlY neededSurvey neededSurvey ntldedClearClelrClearClearCl.ar

*Mlnor collection 10caUties Ire not tabulated.

Report OrganizationThe purpose of this report is to describe and analyze materials recovered

from the survey/initial testing and extensive testing phases. Attempts aremade to delineate site functions and cultural affiliations and to evaluatesite significance from a local and regional perspective. Separate recommenda-tions are made for the survey and testing phases.

Fol lowing this introductory chapter, relevant background information isdiscussed in Chapter 2. Geological, soil, and biotic resources are brieflydescribed in this chapter before summarizing previous cultural resource sur-veys and the regional cultural sequence. Chapter 3 describes the methods andresults of the 1981 pedestrian survey of Impoundment 16. Two sites and 13

3

local ities are described and their potential is evaluated. Chapter 4 des-cribes the methods and results of the intensive testing at 34Jn-67. It alsodiscusses the materials recovered during the monitoring of earth removingactivities at the site. The number of components and range of activities areelucidated and site significance is evaluated. The final chapter summarizesthe cultural resources discussed in chapters 3 and 4 and evaluates theirregional significance based on information from other sites in the Boggy Creekdrainages. Specific recommendations are reiterated. Five appendices discussthe pa 1yno log ica 1 situat ion at 34Jn-67, the two rad iocarbon dates from thesite, seed identifications, specifics regarding methods used to estimate soilmatrix volumes in rock feature 2, and a report on testing a natural moundnorthwest of .the site.

4

CHAPTER 2

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Geological BackgroundImpoundment 16 is in a distinctive geologic and geographic setting

(Figure 1). It is along the boundary dividing the Arbuckle Plains of theArbuckle Mountain Province to the north and Dissected Coastal Plain to thesouth (Curtis and Ham 1972).

The Arbuckle Mountain Province represents an uplift of mainly Precambrianage granitic through Ordovician age limestone rocks which have been severelyeroded to form a moderately elevated plateau. Several major east-west trend-ing faults crosscut the province and expose thin bands of Silurian throughPennsylvanian age deposits along the northeast and southwest margins of theprovince (Taff 1927: Plate 1; Hart 1974). In contrast, the Dissected CoastalPlain consists of soft south dipping sands, gravels, and clays deposited whenCretaceous seas covered what is now Texas and southern Oklahoma. These areashave been slightly dissected by streams.

The uplift-fault and unconformity boundaries between deposits has exposednumerous geologic formations around the project area (Figure 2). ThePrecambrian Tishomingo/Troy granites of the Arbuckle Plains are north andnortheast of the project area and within the drainage basin of the proposedimpoundment (Hart 1974). The lower Cretaceous age Antlers Formation (Sand) ofthe Dissected Coastal Plain occur on the uplands south and northwest of theimpoundment. One major fault zone, 2 mi northeast of the study area, hasexposed linear beds of at least six separate formations ranging from middleOrdovician to lower Pennsylvanian in age. Most of these deposits are predomi-nantly limestone and shale, but the Woodford Formation contains cherty depos-its. Other potential chert bearing deposits are reported from the CoolCreek/McKenzie Hi 11 Formation which occur as remnants of upper Cambrian andlower Ordovician beds protruding through the Antlers Sand approximately 2 misouth of Impoundment 16 (Hart 1974).

Lithic Resources

As implied above, the geologic deposits in the vicinity of 34Jn-67 con-tain a variety of lithic materials that may have been of use to prehistoricpopulations at the site (Table 2).

5

Legend for Figure 2.

.~•.: ATOKA FORMATION. '...- ...~.11II WAPANUCKA FORMATION

~ DELAWARE CREEK SHALE

t~~1GODDARD SHALE

• WOODWARD SHALE

(,:,:1 BROMIDE, TULIP CREEK, AND:':'.McLISH FORMATIONS

(=-=3 OIL CREEK AND JOINS- FORMATIONS

•COOL CREEK AND McKENZIEFORMATIONS

~ WEST SPRING CREEK ANDt:J KINDBLADE FORMATIONS

~ BUTTERLY DOLOMITE, SIGNAL~ MOUNTAIN DOLOMITE, ROYER

DOLOMITE, AND FORT SILLLIMESTONE

....•.TIMBERED HILLS GROUP.... "" ,',.....

1:'1":::::8:1 TISHOMINGO AND TROY:frr:: GRAN ITES

Sand, white to yellow, medium grained,weakly indurated with varicolored clays.Contains arkosic conglomerates nearArbuckle Mountains.Shale, dark gray, and sandstone buffto white, fine to coarse grained, withsome chert conglomerates.Limestone, gray to tan, fine grainedto oolitic.Shale, dark gray to black, fissile.

Shale, gray, limonite.

Shale, black fissile, cherty .

Limestone, gray to tan, granular withgreenish-gray shale and brown fine tomedium grained sandstone.Limestone, gray to tan, granular withgreenish-gray shale and brown fine tomedium grained sandstone .Limestone, gray to tan, fine grained,cherty, gradational eastward intodolomites and sandstones.Limestone, gray to tan, fine grainedgradational eastward into tan fine tocoarse grained dolomite; some tan togray sandstone and shale.Limestone, gray, fine grained,gradational eastward into tan to pinkfine to coarse grained dolomites.

Honey~ee~ Limehtone: Gray, finegrained; grades eastward into dolomite.Reagan Sand6tone: Brown, coarse grained.Granite, pink with much microline andbiotite. T~oy is fine grained;T~homingo 1S coarse grained.

6

·WAPANUCKA :;i... .• .. ',' " .• ' - ..:..•......: : :.:.·:· i:. :..:I.::.•• ~ •• I ••••• , •••••

• • ' ••• " •• I. tOO• ••••• I. I' •• " •••'l:~:',I., •...•• !:..

I. '. I••• too_: ••• • .•• • •• I,"

···~··i~::.:: It ••• , .:

'",', I,

I .' •.,'0

Figure 2. Geologic Deposits Near the Project Area.7

Table 2. Description of Lithic Resources from the Griffth Site (34Jn-67).Antlers chert: This name refers to a series of round, elongate, or subangu1arwell rounded and smoothed chert cobbles associated with the lower part of theAntlers Formation (Frederickson and Redman 1965: 15-17). Lintz (1981) hasdescribed similar specimens, and samples collected from a creek cuttingthrough the middle of 34Jn-67 are very similar. Cortex colors tend to bewhite, gray, or brown. Interior colors vary considerably but grays, whites,browns, and some reds and blacks are common. Several specimens have multi-colored interiors. Similar lithic materials have been referred to by archeo-logists as Windthorst gravels (Wyckoff and Taylor 1971; Wyckoff 1973; Hofman1977; Lintz 1980, 1981).Diorite: A fine to medium grained hard rock. It may be an inclusion in granitedeposits. It often has a greenish gray to black color.Edwards-like chert: This variety has a light gray to nearly white color. Itstexture is very fine grained to almost glossy. It exhibits an even conchoidalfracture (Lintz 1980: 15; Wa 11 is 1980: 16). Outcrops of this materia 1 occuralong the Edwards Plateau in northcentral Texas (Tunnell 1978).Florence A-like chert: Outcrops of this chert, also known as Kay Countychert, occur in the Barneston Format ion of the F 1int Hi 11 s in northcentra 1Ok 1ahoma and south centra 1 Kansas. Extens ive prehistoric quarries are a1sopresent in these areas. This type is often identified on the basis of concen-tric banding and the presence of a variety of fossils. Unheated examples have1ight gray to gray, b 1uish gray and ye 11 owi sh tan or brown inter iors. Heattreated specimens are often grayish pink to pink and have a waxy and shinyappearance (Moore 1984: 293; Vehik 1985a).Frisco chert: Prehistoric quarries of this material occur in Pontotoc County(Evans 1958), and it is known to occur as stream gravels (Hofman 1977). Thecortex is a chalky white to brownish ye1 low limestone. Interiors tend to havea grainy or fine texture, and vugs, spongy spicules, and other fossils may bepresent. Unheated specimens have a dull luster with oyster white, cream, andlight gray colors. Heat treated items have a more waxy appearance and thecolor may change to pink. This material is similar to novaculite found in theOuachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas (Evans 1958;Lintz 1980: 14; Wa 11 is 1980: 15-16).Granite: This medium to coarse grained rock outcrops around the site. Ithas a pink color and contains large amounts of feldspar like materials (micro-clines) and black or dark green mica [biotites] (Hart 1974).Hematite: This is a hard to soft reddish colored iron oxide. Even though itsexact location is not known, iron oxide nodules occur commonly in sandstonedeposits.Metaquartzite: This group of unidentified quartzites is formed by metamor-phic processes. These cobbles occur near granite deposits. A wide range ofinterior colors may be present. The texture is medium to coarse, and thespecimens may be opaque to translucent (Lintz 1981: 14). Fracture patternstend to be through the grain (Wallis 1980: 15).

8

Table 2 (Continued)Ogallala quartzite: This type occurs as a common stream gravel in westernOklahoma and Texas. The cortex has a weathered appearance and is oftenyel low-buff or tan in color. Interiors often have a sparkly sheen, evenfracture, and shades of gray and red co 1ors. Its texture is fine gra ined tocoarse (Lintz 1980: 13; Wa 11 is 1980: 13-14).

Orthoquartzite: This large group of apparently waterworn, rounded, subangularcobbles may occur near granite deposits, and may also be associated with theAntlers Formation (Frederickson and Redman 1965). It has a fine to mediumtexture. Exterior colors may be white to tan or buff. Interior colors rangefrom yellowish tan near the cortex to gray to a maroon color in some speci-mens. Fractures are even to crudely uneven. Roughly identical cobbles canoccur as gravel outwash in western Oklahoma (Wallis 1980: 14-15; Lintz 1980:13-14).

Quartz: This crystall ine material may be derived from the local granitedeposits. It usually is clear, but it may have a light yellowish brown color.It is transparent to translucent and is usually flawed.Sandstone: This is a common material in the local geological deposits. Col-ors range from white to gray with brown being the most common. Texture isusually fine to medium grained. Sandstone found in the Atoka Formation may becoarse grained and may have some chert conglomerates (Hart 1974).

Shale/schist: Fissile material which occurs in almost all of the geologicdeposits around the site. Colors tend to vary from hues of gray to black withgray and greenish gray being most common (Hart 1974). Interior surfaces havea sharper color definition.Unidentified chert: This group is made up of cherts which could not be placedinto the other categories. These probably also occur as part of the AntlersFormation.

Most stone resources are derived from the Antlers Formation and arereferred to as Antlers chert here. Many unidentifed cherts may also be attri-buted to this formation. Quartzites (orthoquartzite, metaquartzite, and un-identified) are common and along with quartz are available in granitic andAntlers deposits around the site. Schist, shale, hematite, diorite, andgranite also occur in local geological deposits, but were used to a lesserdegree.

The basal and lower part of the Antlers Formation is made up of conglome-rates which are mostly rounded, polished chert and quartz cobbles up to 3 inin diameter (Frederickson and Redman 1965: 15). Lintz (1981: 14) foundslightly larger cobbles of chert and quartzite in Antlers Formation outcropson Board Tree Creek in Carter County. Rounded chert and quartz ite cobb 1eshave been referred to as Windthorst gravels at archeological sites in westernand central Oklahoma (Lintz 1980: 30; Wyckoff and Taylor 1971; Wyckoff 1973;Lintz 1981: 14; Hofman 1977: 34).

Four lithic resources were identified which are not natural in localgeological deposits. Frisco chert is the most common of these. Quarry sites

9

T

The final non10ca1 lithic type is what has been identified as F10rence-Aor Kay County chert. This resource outcrops in northcentral Oklahoma andsouthcentra1 Kansas. Florence A has been possibly noted from Late Prehistoricsites in northeast Texas and Plains Village sites in southern Oklahoma(Ma110uf 1976 and Ferring 1982 in Vehik 1985a: 85).

for this chert occur near Fittstown in Pontotoc County about 70 km (43 milnorthwest of 34Jn-67 (Evans 1958: 33-36). Apparently, outcrops of the FriscoFormation are also present in the northeast corner of Johnston County andnorthwest Coal County (Evans 1958; C. Wall is, personal communication).Gravels containing poor quality Frisco chert cobbles have been obtained fromstreams near Estep Shelter in Atoka County (Hofman 1977: 34).

Oga 11 a 1a quartz ite a 1so does not occur natura 11 y in the proj ect area.This material type, however, is a conmon ingredient in gravel outwashes andstreams in west and centra 1 Ok 1ahoma and northcentra 1 Texas. Simi 1ar mate-rials have been recovered from archeological sites in adjacent counties (Lintz1980; Wa 11 is 1980; Mayo 1982).

Another non10ca1 chert resource is represented by a very small sample ofEdwards-like chert. This material type is similar to 1ithics occurring on theEdwards Plateau about 140 mi (225 km) southeast of the project area (Tunnell1978: 41). Lintz has noted similar materials occurring in the Upper BayouWatershed in Carter County (1981) and the Cow Creek Watershed in JeffersonCounty (1980).

The Frisco chert and Ogallala quartzite could have easily been obtainedfrom sources close to 34Jn-67 or the Frisco chert may have been quarried fromlocations in Pontotoc County. The situation is a 1itt1e different for theEdwards and F10rence-A types. As indicated, both resources occur a fairdistance away and could have been brought into the site. On the other hand,Lintz (1981) has suggested that cherts similar to Edwards and F10rence-A plussevera 1 other types may occur as 1oca 1 grave 1s. Their occurrence as 1oca 1gravels may be attributed to ancient stream systems transporting similargravels to southcentra1 Oklahoma (Lintz 1981: 15-16).

Soils

Soil development near the project area is closely tied to geologicaldeposits. The Chigley-Agan-Ravia association developed from Tishomingo/Troygranites. These are deep, nearly level through sloping, moderately welldrained silt 10ams through gravelly sandy loams. They generally occur east tonortheast of the impoundment and along the incised tributary including all ofthe area in Impoundment 161s flood pool. The upland soils west and southwestof the project (immediately above the flood pool elevation) are primarily ofthe Durant, Gasi1, and Dennis series which have formed from the Antlers SandFormation. These are deep, nearly level through slightly sloping, welldrained clay 10ams through fine sandy 10ams (Burgess 1977).

Biotic Resources

The project area is in the Osage Savanna biotic district (Blair 1939;Blair and Hubbell 1938: 433-435). This district forms a broad north-south

10

belt across Oklahoma and represents an ecological transition between theSoutheastern deciduous forest and the grassy Southern Plains. The OsageSavanna primarily consists of a mosaic of prairies interspersed with uplandscrubby forests. Substantial woodlands have developed along the floodplainsof several east-southeast flowing rivers.

The dominant pl ants of the scrub forest consist of bl ackjack oak, postoak, black hickory, with occasional redbud, winged elm, service berry, andpecan. Most of these trees grow on upland slopes over sandstone aridlimestoneformations. The prairie is composed mainly of a wide variety of grasses,occasional persimmons, wild plum thickets, Indian blanket, prickly pear,yucca, haws, and amaranth. The floodplain habitat consists of moisture favor-ing trees such as willow, cottonwood, birch, box elder, and occasional saltcedar. Cattails, bullrushes, and river switch grass grow along the majorstreams and rivers. Historically, this vegetation mosaic has been regarded asthe Cross Timbers. Although climatic fluctuations have undoubtedly influencedthe proportion of certain species and the extent of prairie-forest ratios, thegeneral vegetation pattern of the Cross Timbers has been in existence for 4000to 5000 years (Wyckoff 1984a: 18-19).

The ground cover around the project area is mostly a dense scrub forest(Burgess 1977: Sheet 29). The uncut upland scrub forest is present onChigley-Agan soils associated with the rough broken terrain surrounding thegranitic domes primarily in the impoundment and to the northeast. The uplandareas containing the more level Durant-Gasil and Dennis soils to the southwestof the project area are presently in pasture. The angularity of the clearedareas suggest that major prairies were never present, but deforestation occur-red in conjunction with historic settlement.

In addition to providing habitats for fauna, the floral components repre-sent an ample food resource for aboriginal use. The oak-hickory woodlands andthe prairies provide such harvestable staples as nuts, seeds, fruits, andgeneral vegetation products for the manufacture of a wide range of materials.

The mosaic nature of the Cross Timbers provided numerous diverse habitatsfor a wide range of animals. Mammals undoubtedly constituted the largestsource of food for aboriginal groups. Approximately, 45 mammal ian speciesoccur around the study area. Deer, elk, cottontail, squirrels, fox, raccoon,opossum, and skunks frequent forest settings. Bison, jackrabbits, and occa-sional antelope graze on the mixed grass prairies. In addition, the regionhas about 200 bird, 50 reptilian, 20 amphibian, possibly 60 fish, and a numberof pe 1ecypod and crustacean species. Thus abundant food resources occur inthe study area; however, their availability varies considerably by season.

Cultural Background

Southcentral Oklahoma between the Arbuckle and Ouachita mountains is arich but poorly understood archeological area. The wealth of archeo loqicalinformation stems from an apparent abundance of sites. Impressions based onresults from cultural resource surveys (Lopez and Keith 1976; McGuff 1980;Perttula, McGuff, Ferring, and Yates 1983; Cheek and Cheek 1975 to mention afew) suggest that this region was intensively exploited, perhaps on a seasonalbasis, throughout the prehistoric period by small hunting and gatheringgroups. Undoubtedly the lush biotic resources and the diversity and quality

11

of chert cobbles outwashed from the Arbuckle and Ouachita mountains enhancedthe perceived utility of the area (Banks 1984: 84, 93). The poor archeologi-cal understanding of the region stems from the intermediate location of theBoggy Creek watersheds between the Caddoan cu 1ture area to the east and thePlains culture area to the west (Wyckoff 1970), the scarcity of investigatedlarge camps and villages, and the generally poor preservation of bone toolsand debris. Extensive testing at several upland sites in the Boggy Creekwatersheds have yielded ceramics and chipped stone artifacts reflecting amixture of eastern and western influences (Cheek, Bearden, Young, and Bousman1980; Rogers 1979; Mayo 1982: 74, 94). In lieu of diagnostic stone materials,the accurate interpretation of cultural affil iations and nature of contactsbetween these diverse groups has been difficult.

Previous Research

Professional archeological research has been conducted in or immediatelyadjacent to the Boggy Creek watersheds since Antle's work for the OklahomaHistorical Society in caves and open villages near Ada (Antle 1933; 1934;1935; 1939; 1942). Several federally funded Works Progress Administrationprograms were conducted at sites in Bryan and Choctaw counties along the RedRiver between 1938 and 1941. Except for specialized studies (Kassell 1949;Bell and Baerreis 1951; Don Carlos and Bell 1980; Rohrbaugh 1973), informationfrom these sites has not been published (Rogers 1978).

The interval between the early 1940s and early 1960s was marked by fewprofessional investigations in the Boggy Creek region. Excavations wereconducted at the Pickett Switch site near Ada by East Central State Collegestudents (Schaffer 1956). Nevertheless, several amateur archeologists contin-ued to report rock art sites (Campbell 1955) and distinctive lithic resources(Evans 1958) from the area.

Since 1962, professional invol vement in the area has increased. Reser-voir surveys have been conducted at the proposed Parker Reservoir (Neal 1972;1973) and McGee Creek Reservoir (Cheek 1976; McGuff 1980). Archeologicaltesting is being completed in the McGee Creek Reservoir area (Perttula,McGuff, Ferring, and Yates 1983; Perttula, McGuff, and Ferring 1983a; 1983b;Perttula 1984). Other reservoirs, Texhoma and Lake of the Arbuckles to thewest (Prewitt and Lawson 1972; Barr 1965) and Hugo and Sardis to the east(Burton 1970; Rohrbaugh 1972; 1973; Perino and Bennett 1978; Bobal ik 1977;Vehik and Galm 1979; Vehik 1982a and b; Altschul 1983), have contributed tounderstanding cultural developments in the wider region (Figure 3).

In addition to reservoir surveys, a number of corridor surveys have beenconducted in the Boggy Creek drainages. The Oklahoma Department ofTransportation has reported on surveys along Highway 69 (Lopez and Keith 1976)and on a number of smaller projects (Lopez and Keith 1979). Other surveysalong pipelines (Saunders, Hofman, and Wyckoff 1972; New World Research 1981),seismic 1ines (Vehik 1981); and proposed water conveyance systems (Cheek andCheek 1975) provide transects of the Boggy Creek region.

Considerable information has also come from fieldwork in conjunction withSoil Conservation Service floodwater impoundment development (Table 3). TheClear and Muddy Boggy creek drainages have been organized into eight watersheddistricts. Construction work was completed on Delaware, Upper Clear-Boggy and

12

LOCATION OF EXCAVATED SITES1.34Jn-672.34At-1673.34At-804. 34At-160, 183, 17115. 34At-172, 173, 177, 178, 1786. 34At-87, 88, 80, 817. 34At-1438. 34Pn-108, 1378.34Hu-38

10. 34Hu-4111. 34Hu-1I812. 34Hu-61, 8213. 34Pn-l0314. 34Pn-l0415. 34Pn-10516. 34At-6217. 34At-88

~ Propoaed Reaetvolra

LEI Lower Clear Boggy Watershed

• Caney Cr•• k W.terahed

N

o .n••••'.,. to

o .•II.. toI

Figure 3. Tested Sites Within the Boggy Creek Drainage.Caney-Coon watersheds before the 1966 Federal mandate to consider culturalresources as part of the environmental impacts. In addition, the Middle MuddyBoggy Creek Watershed Conservancy has not been sufficiently organized toformally implement watershed plans. Of the four active watersheds, no archeo-logical work has been conducted in the Leader-Middle Clear Boggy Watershed,and only three impoundments have been surveyed which led to subsequent testingin the Upper Clear Boggy Creek Watershed (Baugh 1978b; Rohrbaugh 1980b).Archeological work has been done in the Upper Muddy Boggy Creek Watershed(Cheek et a1 1974; Wa 11is 1979b; 1981b; Rohrbaugh n.d; Mayo 1982).

The most intensive archeological work has been conducted in the LowerClear Boggy Creek Watershed (Table 1). Forty-six archeological sites havebeen reported from 22 surveyed impoundment structures. Test excavations havebeen conducted at 16 of these sites. Three (34At-80, 34At-90, and 34At-172)

13

None

Table 3. Archeological Investigations of Soil Conservation Service Projectsin the Clear and Muddy Boggy Creek Drainages.

WatershedCaney CreekCaney-Co on-CreekDelawareLeader-Middle-Clear BoggyLower Clear Boggy

Middle Muddy BoggyUpper Clear Boggy

Impoundment References5A-B Harden 1975a

14C

567810llA12141617202122-232425262732A-C38-39

1926-2739

Upper Muddy Boggy 123-67-910-141516-1718-19

Harden 1975b

NoneWallis 1976aWa11is 1976bWallis 1976aWallis 1976bSaunders 1977a, 1977bBaugh 1978a; Rohrbaugh 1980aSaunders 1977aWallis 1975a, 1977b; Hofman 1976, 1977Wallis 1982Wallis 1975aWallis 1976b, 1979a, 1981a; Hughes 1976,1977a, 1977bWallis 1976b, 1977a, 1978; Young 1977a,1977b; Rogers 1979Wallis 1975cWallis 1975a, 1975bWallis 1975c; Imhoff 1975; Duncan andCheek 1976; Cheek et al 1980Baugh 1978aWallis 1976aBaugh 1978aBaugh 1978aNoneBaugh 1978a; Wallis 1979; Rohrbaugh 1980bBaugh 1978bBaugh 1978bCheek et al 1974; Wal lis 1979b; Rohrbaughn.d.Cheek et al 1974; Wallis 1979aCheek et al 1974Cheek et al 1974; Wal lis 1979a; Rohrbaughn.d.Cheek et al 1974Cheek et al 1974; Wallis 1979aCheek et al 1974; Wallis 1979a; Rohrbaughn.d.Cheek et al 1974; Wallis 1979a

14

Table 3 (Continued)Watershed Impoundment References

Upper Muddy Boggy20 Cheek et a1 1974; Wa1 lis 1979a; Rohrbaugh

n.d.21-22 Cheek et a1 1974; Wallis 1979a23 Cheek et a1 197424 Cheek et a1 1974; Wallis 1981a; Mayo 198225 Cheek et a1 1974; Wallis 1981a26 Cheek et a1 1974; Wallis 1979a27-31 Cheek et a1 197432 Cheek et a1 1974; Wallis 1981a; Mayo 198233-44 Cheek et a1 1974

have been dec1 ared e1 igib1 e and one site (34At-160) has been p1 aced on theNational Register of Historic Places.

As of October 1979, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey files list 224sites for Atoka County, 156 sites for Bryan County, 63 sites for Coal County,and only 55 sites for Johnston County. Of these 498 sites, 69 sites have hadlimited testing and 10 sites have had more extensive testing (Wyckoff andBrooks 1983:76).

Cultural Sequence

Despite the accumulation of archeological information from the BoggyCreek drainages, most intensive excavations have focused on small temporarilyoccupied upland sites utilized during the last 3500 years. Research in adja-cent areas provides supplemental details about the expected prehistoric cul-tural development in the Boggy Creek drainages (Bobalik and Svec 1979; Bell1984; Brooks and Drass 1984; Wyckoff and Brooks 1983). Throughout the Plainsand Southeastern United States, five periods of cultural development arerecognized, even though their specific expressions differ markedly. These arethe Pa1eoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Late Prehistoric, and Historic periods.Pa1eoindian Period

This period includes hunting and gathering cultures associated with theend of the last glacial advance. Evidence for Pa1eoindian groups is oftenfound at ki 11 sites where extinct megafauna (mammoth, mastodon, bison, andcamel) are found in association with hunting and butchering tools which datebetween ll000 and 7000 B.C. Few campsites have been found or excavated.Consequently, this period is poorly understood.

Large 1an ceo 1ate project il e poi nts with heav ily ground stems (C1ov is,Folsom, Agate Basin, Plainview, Cody, and Scottsbluff) have been recovered inassociation with less diagnostic choppers, scrapers, gravers, burins, andground stone tools. Diagnostic Paleoindian points have only been recovered asisolated surface finds in counties surrounding the project area (Wyckoff andBrooks 1983: 75). Furthermore, no Pa1eoindian points have been found fromsites tested in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. Qu ite 1ike 1y, these

15

upland projects are on degraded land surfaces and the deposits containingevidence of these early occupations have been eroded.Archaic Period

Archaic populations are bel ieved to be migratory hunters and gathererswho intensively exploited available resources. This period is characterizedby increasing efficiency of hunting techniques, the establishment of a season-al subsistence round, and increased reliance on wild vegetable resources. Thetempora 1 span varies from region to region, and in the western United Statesthe Archaic pattern persisted into the Historic period. In Oklahoma, thisperiod genera lly ranges from ca. 7000 B.C. to A.D. 200 and terminates with theintroduction of ceramics (Wyckoff 1970: 82). Sl ightly different adaptationsto changing environmental conditions and concomitant changes in diagnosticartifacts has permitted the division of this period into the Early, Middle,and Late Archaic.

Early Archaic

The Early Archaic is an adaptation to the transitional cool, moist towarm, dry conditions of the Pre-Boreal, Boreal, and early part of the Atlanticc1 imatic ep isode of the Ho 1ocene between 7000-4000 B.C. (Wend 1and 1978: 281).This climatic adaptation is coupled with a shift toward a more generalizedexploitation pattern of floral and faunal resources. The change toward awarm, dry climate must have occurred in conjunction with increased erosion andan expansion of grassland habitats. The few Early Archaic sites examined inOklahoma contain burials or small open hearths (Hammatt 1976; Wyckoff 1963).

Diagnostic materials include a variety of large dart points with groundstems and bases as well as specimens with barbed or serrated blades (Meserve,Dalton, Plainview, Big Sandy, San Patrice, Palmer, Kirk, and Searcy points).These occur in association with a range of scrapers, bifacial knives, gravers,choppers, hammerstones, drill s, and ground stone too 1s. Early Archaic com-plexes have been identified at the Packard site in Mayes County, Pumpkin Creeksite in Love County,the Gore Pit site in Comanche County, and the Quince sitein Atoka County (Wyckoff 1984b; Perttula 1984). Occasional Early Archaicpoints have been found in Atoka, Murray, Johnston, and Seminole counties(Wyckoff and Brooks 1983: 75). None of the 16 tested sites in the Lower ClearBoggy Creek Watershed conta in Early Archa ic materia 1s. Perhaps the scarcityof Early Archaic sites reflects the extent of surface erosion in upland areascoupled with the extreme depth of buried components in flood plain settings.

Middle Archaic

The Middle Archaic represents an adaptation to prevailing warm and dryclimatic conditions of the late Atlantic and beginning of the Sub-Borealcl imatic episode between 4000 and 1500 B.C. During this time, savanna 1 ikehabitats existed where oak and oak-hickory-pine forests thrive today. TheMiddle Archaic is characterized by increasing diversity in the cultural inven-tory, intensification of regional differences, and little indication of exoticgoods suggestive of extensive trade.

16

Features associated with Middle Archaic assemblages rarely include accu-mulations of organically rich middens, burials, and heat fractured rock mid-dens. Wyckoff (1984b) postulates the existence of three temporally orspatially distinctive Middle Archaic tool assemblages. Since the Tom's Brookand Caudill complexes are restricted to northeast Oklahoma, only theCarrollton focus of the Trinity aspect (southern Oklahoma and northern Texas)is germane to the present discussion.

Diagnostic artifacts associated with the Carrollton focus include pre-dominantly straight and expanding stemmed point forms (Bulverde, Williams,Calf Creek, Yarbrough, Marshall, Pa1mi11as, Dallas, Trinity, and Carrolltontypes) found in association with grinding slabs, choppers, adzes, bifacia1knives, axes, and burins. Middle Archaic sites are more common than earliermanifestat ions throughout southern Ok 1ahoma. Preservat ion and access ibil ityare undoubtedly contributing factors to their abundance. Middle Archaicassemblages are present at the Hill (34Pu-58) and McKenzie (34Ch-89) sites inthe Hugo Reservoir and the Jeff Brown #1 (34Pu-72) site in the SardisReservoir. Middle Archaic point styles have been found in small numbers atseveral sites in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. However, only 34At-91stands o~t as a clear Middle Archaic site on the basis of recovered pointforms (Imhoff 1975: 56). Although originally attributed to the LateArchaic/Woodland periods the total absence of small points, ceramics, largecontracting stemmed (Gary) points, and the misidentification of Yarbrough,Pa1mi1 1as. and Trinity point types suggests that this site is one of theearliest excavated components in the watershed. Middle Archaic ortransitional Middle-Late Archaic occupations may also be present at the stra-tified multicomponent Estep Shelter, 34At-80 (Hofman 1977).

Late Archaic

The Late Archaic is associated with the latter part of the Sub-Boreal andSub-Atlantic cl imatic episodes about 1500 B.C. to A.D. 200. This periodwitnessed the transition from a predominantly warm, dry climate to more mesicconditions accompanied by a biotic shift from extensive savannas to an expan-sion of woodlands. Undoubtedly, the dense blackjack oak-hickory forest of theCross Timbers developed during this period (Wyckoff 1984a).

Culturally, the Late Archaic is generally viewed as an intensification ofthe Middle Archaic technoeconomic pattern which invol ved exploitation offorest and riverine resources, perhaps as part of a seasonal cycle. Onenotable change over the Middle Archaic is the occurrence of trade goods(rol led copper and marine shell beads) and elaborate ground stone items(bannerstones, gorgets, and boatstones). Generally the distribution of exoticmaterials coincides with and anticipates the distribution of ceramic wareswhich appea-r in the subsequent Woodland period (Lintz and Zahrai 1985). Thesedistributional patterns suggest that interaction spheres were developed duringthe Late Archaic and served as the mechanism for dispersal once ceramics wereintroduced to the region.

A tremendous number of Late Archaic sites are known from easternOklahoma, but some local diversity is evident (Wyckoff 1984b). In the north-ern valleys of the Ouachita Mountains, the Late Archaic is represented by theWister phase and in southcentra1 Oklahoma the materials seem more closely tiedto the Elam phase of northcentral Texas. Although only a few sites have been

17

studied in western Oklahoma, the assemblages seem to differ sufficiently to beregarded as a separate manifestation. The Summers complex has been defined onthe basis of limited excavations in Mangum Reservoir (Leonhardy 1966).

Features associated with Late Archaic assemblages include burned rockhearths in all three Late Archaic manifestations under consideration. Inaddition, massive black midden mounds, ash beds, occasional post molds andhuman and dog burials occur at Wister phase sites. Such diversity has notbeen found in the E1am and Summers complexes which are characterized by thin-ner deposits which may reflect more transitory occupations.

Diagnostic materials include a wide range of large expanding stemmed,corner-notched and contracting stemmed point forms (E1lis, Edgewood, Marshall,M 0 rhis s, Gary, Lan gtry, Dar 1 , Mar c0 s, Fa ir 1and, Lan ge, Wi 1 1iam s, and Ken t)•These large points are associated with a wide range of other tools includingchipped stone gouges, bifacia1 and discoidal knives, drills, flake scrapers,gravers, manos, metates, hammerstones, cupstones, and occasionally gorgets,celts, bannerstones, and boatstones. The better preservation of organicremains from the black midden mound sites of the Wister phase has also left awide range of bone and shell artifacts which are rarely preserved in the E1amand Summers complexes. Such items include bone awls, needles, fishhooks, birdbone beads, and marine shell beads.

With in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed, Late Archa ic componentshave been identified at 34At-143, 34At-80, 34At-163, 34At-177, 34At-178, 34At-179, and 34At-90. Few features have been found at these sites. Several rock

,hearths at 34At-90, the Graham site, may be affiliated with Late Archaicoccupat ions. No elaborate ground stone art ifacts or trade goods ha v e beenrecovered. Neither bone nor shell artifacts are preserved from Late Archaiccomponents in the Clear Boggy drainage.Woodland Period

The Woodland period in Oklahoma coincides with the Scandic and Neo-Atlantic climatic episodes which are marked by increasing in precipitation.Such conditions would have resulted in an increase in forest density on theuplands, but also, perhaps, the development of open grassy areas adjacent tomajor rivers in low floodplain settings (Albert and Wyckoff 1984: 42).

Currently, the Woodland period dates from A.D. 200-900 and is marked bythe introduction of ceramics and small arrow points. It is regarded as atransitional period reflecting a change from a seasonal round of hunting andgathering to settled horticulturists. Although domesticated sunflower, marshelder, and corn have been recovered from sites outside Oklahoma, no clearevidence for domesticates has been found at Woodland sites in Oklahoma.

At least four diverse Woodland adaptations are recognized (Vehik 1984).These are an unnamed complex around Kaw Reservoir in northcentral Oklahoma,the De 1aware/Cooper focus along the Grand Ri ver in northeast Ok 1ahoma, theFourche Maline phase of mountainous southeast Oklahoma, and the Pruitt complexin west-central Oklahoma. Only the Pruitt complex and Fourche Maline phaseare of concern here.

Fourche Maline is a Woodland manifestation which seems to reflect acontinuation of basic Late Archaic (Wister phase) 1ifeways with the addition

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of ceramics. The Fourche Maline people continued to develop accretional blackmidden mound sites, extensive rock hearths, numerous human and occasional dogburials, ash pits, and post holes. No clearly delineated structures have beenfound at Fourche Maline sites. The daub concentrations and post molds at theBuffalo Bend site (34Pu-111) in the Sardis Lake area is probably a dwell ing,but its structural pattern is unclear. Fourche Maline artifactual assemblageslargely reflect a continuation of the Wister phase assemblage with the addi-tion of grog-grit and grit-grog-bone tempered undecorated (Williams andLeFlore Plain) ceramics, the first appearance of small corner notched(Scallorn) arrow points, and perhaps a sl ight reduction in the frequency oflarge corner notched points/knives. Contracting stemmed (Gary), points, bifa-cial and discoidal knives, drills, gravers, manos, metates, hammerstones,cupstones, and occasionally celts, gorgets, and boatstones persist.

The Pruitt complex in west-central Oklahoma is not well understood pri-marily because few sites have been extensively excavated, and most of therecovered material appears to be from mixed context. The Pruitt complex is apoor choice in nomenclature since materials from the type site are mixed withlater Plains Village tradition materials. Nevertheless, the term has prece-dence in the literature and is used to refer to a group of specific sitesdating from the first mil lenium with ceramic styles derived from Hopewellianinfluences which spread throughout the Plains region. Thus, by virtue of cordroughened surface treatment and a limestone or shell temper, the ceramic waresof the Pruitt complex are quite separate and distinct from the plain waresfound in the Fourche Maline phase.

Major excavated components affiliated with the Pruitt complex includeComponent A at the Roulston-Rogers site (Drass 1979), the Chevrolet site(Drass 1980), the Barkheimer site (Drass 1984), the Brewer site (Duffield1953), the Pruitt site (Barr 1966), Duncan-Wilson (Lawton 1968), and theSpring Creek site (Mayo 1984). None of these contain the thick black middenmound deposits common to Fourche Maline sites in eastern Oklahoma.

Features reported from Pl ains Woodl and sites incl ude rock hearths andovens and occasionally dog and human burials. Storage pits have been reportedfrom the Pruitt site, but these features may relate to later occupations.

In addition to small corner notched points and conical cordmarked pots,characteristics of the Pruitt complex include large contracting stemmed (Gary)points, large corner notched points (Ellis, Williams, and Marcos), cores,scrapers, expanding base drills, choppers, manos, grinding basins, cupstones,abrad ing stones, ce 1ts, hammers tones, sp 1 inter aw 1s , bone fi shhook s, bonebeamers, antler flakers, shell scrapers, and centrally perforated shell hoes.

Woodland period sites are common in the Lower Clear Boggy Creek drainage,but they are all multicomponent sites. Tested sites in the watershed poten-tially having Woodland components are 34At-80, 34At-160, 34At-163, 34At-175,34At-173, and 34At-178. Woodland period rock features have only been reportedfrom 34At-175 in association with a radiocarbon date of A.D. 880 +/- 65 (UGa-1535). With exception of Estep Shelter (34At-80), preservation of organicremains at Woodland sites has been poor. Woodland sites in the drainage basinhave uniformly been attributed to short term hunting and gathering extractivesites. None have had accretional midden development. Thus far, these siteshave not yielded sufficient diagnostic materials to permit cultural affilia-tion ass ignment.

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The east-west cultural dichotomy noted for the Woodland period continuesto apply to Late Prehistoric period complexes (A.D. 900-1700). In the east,these late prehistoric manifestations are linked to Mississippian developmentand presumably are the progenitors of the Caddoan and/or Kichai Indians. Inthe west, the various Plains Village complexes may have affinities with thehistoric Wichita Indians. Despite marked differences in social and materialdeve 1opment, the Late Prehistoric period is characterized by a semisedentarylifestyle around hamlets and homesteads, increased dependence on horticulture,and intensification of long distance trade relationships.

The climatic conditions throughout much of Oklahoma reflects increasingdryness during the early part of the Late Prehistoric period with a shifttoward amelioration during the later part. The desiccation is reflected byincreased eros ion, decrease in tree po 11 en, and changes in mo 11 uscan assem-blages (Albert and Wyckoff 1984: 42). Quite likely, this period witnessed adecrease in the density of trees within the Cross Timbers, perhaps even areturn to savannahs in some areas and a change in species composition of theforests (Wyckoff 1984a: 18). Since A.D. 1500, there have been moderate clima-tic fluctuations with a general amelioration toward present conditions.

Mississippian

Late Prehistoric Period

The westernmost express ion of the Miss issippian cu ltura 1 pattern foundthroughout much of the eastern United States is known as the Caddoan tradi-tion. This refers to a series of closely related complexes displaying somespatial diversity and internal development in northwest Louisiana, southeastOklahoma, west Arkansas, and northeast Texas.

The initial temporal dichotomy developed for the Caddoan area consists ofthe Gibson aspect (marked by a cultural florescence between A.D. 1000 and1300) and the Fulton aspect (reflecting cultural decline and marked Plainsinfluences from A.D. 1300-1700). Attempts to refine these original trends ledto the development of a five part sequential scheme (Davis 1970: 40-56).Caddo I and II rough 1y correspond to the Gibson aspect, Caddo III is trans i-tional, whereas Caddo IV and V correspond with the Fulton aspect. Such wide-spread developmental sequences tend to hide regional diversity among complexesin different river valleys. Within Oklahoma, three developmental phases havebeen defined for complexes in two main river valleys. These are the Harlanphase (A.D. 1000-1250), Spiro phase (A.D. 1250-1450), and Fort Coffee phase(post A.D. 1450) in the Arkansas River valley, and the Hochatown (A.D. 1000-1200), Sanders (A.D. 1200-1400), and McCurtain foci (post A.D. 1400) for theRed River area.

The Harl an and Hochatown manifestations (A.D. 1000-1250) are characte-rized by a variety of site types, including conical and flat-top mound sites,off mound villages, hamlets, and special purpose sites. Houses are generallyrectangu 1ar with four interior support posts, a centra 1 hearth, and extendedentrances. Other kinds of features include rock hearths and ovens, scatteredhearths, refuse/storage pits, and buria 1s. Some buria 1s are accompanied byelaborate materials (engraved conch shell, copper, and so forth). Flexedburials and mounds are more common in the Arkansas River basin while extendedinhumations are more prevalent in the Red River basin.

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Cultural materials associated with the Harlan phase and Hochatown focusinclude a combination of grog tempered plainwares (Will iams Plain, LeFlorePlain, and Sanders Plain) along with the appearance of occasional decoratedceramic wares (Davis Incised, Crockett Curvil inear Incised, Holly FineEngraved, Hickory Engraved, Sanders Engraved, Canton Incised, Maxey NodedRedware, Spiro Engraved, and Beaver Pinched). Sma 11 arrow point arerepresented by corner and side notched forms (Alba, Agee, Scallorn, Hayes,Reed, and Bonham) in association with large contracting stemmed and expandingstemmed forms (Gary, Ellis, Edgewood, andWilliams). Aside from the smallpoints and ceramics, the util itarian tool assemblage is not much differentfrom the preceding Fourche Maline phase tool forms. Bifacial knives, scrap-ers, drills, celts, stone hoes, milling basins, nutting stones, bone awls,fishhooks, and bone pins all occur. In burial contexts, however, such exoticremains as galena, hematite, limonite, phosphate nodules, conch shell, coppercovered ear spools, stone "forelock" beads, and T-shaped pipes all denotestatus differentiation.

The Spiro and Sanders manifestations (A.D. 1200-1400) are noted by theirflorescence of functionally differentiated ceremonial mound and village sites,greater participation in extensive trade networks, as suggested by elaboratelydecorated items, and the concentration of exotic goods in mound centers.Features include refuse pits, rock lined hearths, isolated and multiple bur-ials, house structures, and conical and flat topped mounds. Houses can eitherbe square with four central posts around a central hearth and extended east-ward entryways or rectangular with two interior roof support posts. Burialsmay be extended or flexed, and multiple interments are often placed in con-structed mounds and are lavishly accompanied by exotic goods. Burial differ-entiation signals clear social status hierarchy invol ving an el ite class.Exotic goods found in burial contexts include decorated wood and copper items,long chipped stone bifacial "swords", ground stone maces, stone effigy pipes,and the more conventional T-shaped stone and clay elbow pipes. The mundaneart ifact assemb 1age inc 1udes most 1y undecorated grit-grog or she 11 temperedceramics (Williams Plain, LeFlore Plain, and Woodward Plain) and engraved andincised wares (Sanders Engraved, Poteau Engraved, Friendship Engraved, NashNeck Banded, Canton Incised, and so forth). Increased contact between the Redand Arkansas rivers is evident in the common occurrence of pipes, ear spools,and ceramic types. Genera lly, off-mound sites 1ack the elaborate materia 1sconsidered hallmarks of this time period.

The Fort Coffee phase and McCurta in focus (A.D. 1400-1700) are marked bya contraction of the area containing these late sites, a decrease in exoticitems (such as conch shell and copper), a predominance in shell temperedceramic wares, and increased relationships with the Prairie-Plains region.Along the Arkansas River mound construction is terminated, but features in-clude storage cists, rectangular and circular house structures, rockhearths/ovens, and individual interments. Deep shaft graves occur only alongthe Red River at this time.

The artifact assemblage in the Arkansas River basin is more similar tothe Plains as indicated by bison scapula hoes, bison tibia digging stick tips,alternately beveled knives, T-shaped drills, formalized end scrapers, rib edgeawls, and predominantly small side notched and unnotched (Washita, Reed,Fresno, and Maud) points. Small corner notched points (Alba, Scallorn, andBonham) still persist to a lesser extent. Ceramics maintain a continuity withearlier periods and include Avery Engraved, Braden Punctate, Nash Neck Banded,

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The three temporally sequential manifestations defined for this regioninclude the Custer phase (A.D. 800-1100), the Washita River phase (A.D. 1100-1450), and the Edwards complex (A.D. 1450-1700). These manifestations consti-tute some of the southeastern most complexes of the widespread Plains Villagepattern which extended from north Texas to the Missouri River valley in theDakotas.

and Woodward Plain. Recent investigations at the Kaufman-Williams-Roden sitecomplex suggest that the McCurtain focus lasted to historic contact (Perino1983).

Overall, cultural affiliations of Caddoan sites are most easily discerni-ble at mound and village sites where exotic materials and abundant ceramicsoccur. However, major problems exist in attempting to identify the affilia-tion of less intensively utilized sites because of the similarities in themundane artifact inventories. This situation is particularly true away frommajor rivers and mound centers such as the Lower Clear Boggy Creek drainage.

Plains Village

In contrast to the stratified societies in the Caddoan area, the villagecultural manifestations of central and west Oklahoma reflect more egalitariansocieties. These groups were hunters, gatherers, and gardeners 1 iving insmall villages and homesteads scattered along major rivers and tributaries oron ridge toes overlooking stream valleys.

A major trend occurring on the Southern Plains is increased participationin long distance trade with Caddoan groups and southwestern Puebloans. Quitelikely, the Plains Village groups were providing bison and salt in exchangefor food supplemented by painted and incised pottery, turquoise, marineshells, and obsidian. Toward the latter part of the period, drastic shifts insettlement occurred. There is an apparent decrease in the number and densityof sett 1ements between the Wash ita Ri ver and Edwards comp 1exes around A.D.1500. In addition, fortified sites with earthen parapets may signal drasticchanges in community and sett 1ement patterns.

Common features at Plains Village sites are rectangular structures ofwattle and daub with four interior roof support posts around a central hearth,isolated post molds perhaps representing ramadas, drying racks or some othertemporary structure, bell and basin shaped storage pits, individual flexedburials, and occasionally hearths. Edwards complex sites are noted for theirparapet fortifications. Rock hearths are rare in village sites, but are usedin upland extractive situations. Thus, except for the absence of mounds andelaborate graves, and presence of fortified sites late in the sequence,cultural features do not differ much from those in the Caddoan area.

Major differences occur in artifact assemblages. Plains Village assem-blages typically consist of small corner notched (Scallorn), side notched(Reed and Washita) and unnotched (Fresno) points, formally prepared end andside scrapers, diamond shaped alternately beveled knives, drills, shaft abrad-ers, stone celts, grinding slabs and manos, elbow pipes, bison tibia diggingstick tips, bison scapula hoe blades, bison horn core hoes, deer jaw sickles,bone rasps, bone awls, bone spatulas, antler tine bil lets and flakers, musselshell scrapers, and beads. The ceramics are typically globular shaped bone-

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grit-grog tempered p1ainware (Lindsay Plain and Little Deer Plain) or cord-marked (Lindsay Cordmarked), but they may a 1so inc1ude she 11 tempered wares(Nocona Plain and Woodward Plain). During the terminal Village period, grogtempered brushed wares (Little Deer) also appear. Some vessels are decoratedwith lip tabs, nodes, applique strips, and strap handles. Other ceramicobjects found on later sites include figurines and cone shaped pot supports.

Plains Village occupations have been identified at six tested sites inthe Lower Clear Boggy Creek Watershed. These are 34At-80, 34At-90, 34At-160,34At-172, 34At-175, and 34At-178. All have been interpreted as being shortterm, seasona 11y occupied up 1and hunt ing and gathering camps. Storage pitshave been found at 34At-90 and 34At-172, Area 1, and burnt rock features arepresent at 34At-90, 34At-160, and 34At-175. The absolute age of these sitesis poorly understood. Four radiocarbon dates from 34At-160 display a fairlytight cluster around A.D. 1160-1280 (I sigma interval overlap), but fiveprehistoric dates from 34At-l72 (Area 7) were widely dispersed from A.D. 585+/- 110 (UGa-2239) to 1680 +/- 240 (UGa-2236).

Equally problematic is the cultural affil iation of these sites. Theytypically contain a 1 imited nonexotic artifact inventory and are usuallyassigned to the Late Prehistoric period on the basis of a few small points.These items are not helpful, since the same point styles are present in theCaddoan and Plains areas. Ceramics are more helpful, but only small quanti-ties have been recovered from three sites (34At-90, 34At-160, and 34At-172).The two sherds from 34At-160 are from a clay tempered plainware vessel andcould be affil iated with either Plains or Caddoan manifestations. At 34At-172, a mixture of shell tempered plainwares (82%) and clay/leached limestonetempered cordmarked wares (18%) reflect a Plains Village component, or amixture of Plains and Caddoan materials. Even more perplexing are ceramicsfrom 34At-90. Sixteen percent of the sherds are cordmarked which is similarto pottery from the west, but 79 percent are plainwares and five percent areengraved or punctated wares which resemble pottery from the east.

At this time it is difficult to determine if the Lower Clear Boggy CreekWatershed represents an unsettled region exploited by Caddoan and Plainsgroups or if a resident group is receiving goods from both directions. All ofthe Soil Conservation Service related work has been conducted in upland set-tings. Until a more balanced knowledge of the local settlement pattern isdeveloped from surveys conducted along the main parts of the Boggy Creekdrainage, the nature of these settlements will remain vague.Historic Period

The Historic period in this part of Oklahoma extends from the time offirst Euroamerican contact in 1719 to the present. This period is dividedinto three eras: Exploration (1719-1820), Indian Nation (1820-1907), andStatehood (1907-present).

Exploration (1719-1820)

The southern portion of Oklahoma west of the Ouachita Mountains and southof the Canadian River was seldom visited by early explorers during the 18thcentury. In 1719, J.B. Bernard Sieur de 1a Harpe was sent to learn of Indians

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in the Red River basin. As preparation for his trip through the OuachitaMountains, he sent a party led by Sieur du Rivage to locate nomadic tribeswest of the Nassonites and to secure guides. Du Rivage traveled 70 leagues(about 185 mil up the Red River from a post established near the Nassonites inBowie County, Texas. Although no details of the Du Rivage excursion remain,he probably reached the Kemp Bottoms area just west of the confluence of theWashita and Red rivers. During this trip, Du Rivage obtained two Kichaiguides who were subsequently used as scouts for La Harpe's expedition (Lewis1924: 332; Smith 1958: 372).

La Harpe's excursion into the Ouachitas encountered hunting parties ofNassonites, Nadoos, Naouydiche, and Touacara (a11 Caddoan or Wichita groups)and learned of hunting and raiding parties of Osage and Lipan Apache. Appar-ently, much of the interior region of southeast Oklahoma was regarded asunsettled but open hunting grounds.

Early historic material dating to this time period have been recoveredfrom the Kaufman-Roden-Wi1 liams site, a Caddoan mound complex southeast of theBoggy Creek drainages in McCurtain County, Oklahoma and across the Red Riverin Texas. Materials have also been found at the Longest and Womack siteswhich are probable Wichita villages southwest of the Boggy Creek region(Perino 1983; Bell and Bastian 1967).

Very little is known about the aboriginal activities conducted in theBoggy Creek drainages during the remainder of the 18th century. No othersanctioned French or Spanish explorations entered the region. Nevertheless,illegal intrusions by traders and trappers may have occurred.

By the early 1800s, white settlers were entering the western OuachitaM 0un ta ins from the Ark ansas Terr itor y • In pre par at ion for the crea t ion 0fIndian lands for dislocated Choctaw and Chickasaw, nearly 200 families wereevicted from the lower Kiamichi River area. Given the distance of the BoggyCreek drainages from the Arkansas Territory, the presence of Euroamericansettlers in the project area is unlikely.

Indian Nation (1820-1907)

The Indian Nation era begins directly after the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819estab1 ishing the boundary between New Spain and the United States. Part ofthe border was the Red River west to the 100th meridian. By 1820, in theTreaty of Doaks Stand, the United States entered into an agreement with theChoctaw which resulted in their resettlement in the west. The 1830 Treaty ofDancing Rabbit Creek in Mississippi ensured the final removal of the ChoctawNation west into what is now southern Oklahoma. During the time of theChoctaw removal, 1831-1834, the Chickasaw were in the process of making re-moval treaties with the United States. The Treaty of Doaksvi11e in 1837estab1 ished the final terms of their removal, and by 1840 most of theChickasaw had been relocated into their district (including present dayJohnston County) west of the Choctaw settlements (Morris, Goins, andMcReynolds 1976: Map 23). In 1834, an expedition of 400-500 dragoons, Indianscouts, interpreters, and two infantry compan ies under Genera 1 HenryLeavenworth and Colonel Henry Dodge left Fort Gibson and traversed the easternpart of Johnston County (Morris, Goins, and McReyno1 ds 1976: Map 17). Thepurpose of this trip was to establish peace on the Southern Plains. Of note,

George Cat1 in accompanied this expedition (Gibson 1965). Hostil ities con-tinued, and probably increased, after the Chickasaw had been resettled. Thisled to establishing Fort Washita (just over the Johnston County line in BryanCounty) in 1842 to protect the Chickasaw from hostile Plains Indian groupslike the Kiowa and Comanche (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 17).

A council house was established by the Chickasaw at Good Springs onPennington Creek in 1853. Soon thereafter, this location was renamedTishomingo. Several academies and institutes, including the Wapanucka Academyfor G ir 1sin 1852, were opened between 1851-1859 (Morr is, Go ins, andMcReynolds 1976: Maps 42 and 46). During this decade, a treaty in 1855provided the Chickasaw separate nation status from the Choctaw Nation.

The major transportation route in the eastern part of the Chickasaw andwestern part of the Choctaw nations was the Texas Road estab1 ished around1821. It ran northward from Colbert's Ferry on the Red River to Fort Washitathrough the southeast corner of Johnston County northeast to Fort Gibson.This was one of the most important routes of commerce from the Red River toMissouri and Kansas. In 1866, the Texas Road became known as the East ShawneeTrail and was used for cattle drives (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map46). Another road, the Fort Sill to Fort Towson Road, entered Johnston Countyin the southeast corner and exited at the southwest corner of Murray County.

The Chickasaw joined the Confederacy during the Civil War. The mostimportant battle, in the Indian Nation, the Chickasaw took part in was theBattle of Honey Springs in 1863 (Yates, Wyckoff, Baugh, and Harrington 1981:10-11). Following the Civil War, new treaties in 1866 provided for the aboli-tion of slavery and recognition of citizen's rights for the freedman of theChickasaw (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 33).

The Daws Commission was initiated in 1893 to establish individual home-stead allotment of Chickasaw and Choctaw lands. This procedure was accom-plished with the Atoka Agreement of 1897, and 106,700 acres (25%) of presentJohnston County was allotted to the Chickasaw (Oklahoma Employment SecurityCommission 1967: 9). In an effort to maintain some type of control over theirlands, the Chickasaw joined with members of the other Civilized Tribes inestablishing the state of Sequoyah in 1905. However, this never became areality since the passage of the Oklahoma Enabling Act in 1906 provided forthe Oklahoma and Indian territories to become a single state.

statehood (1907-present)

Apparently, the first major influx of Euroamerican settl ers in JohnstonCounty was in the latter part of the 19th century. These individuals estab-lished small subsistence farms with cotton the major cash crop. Two rail-roads, the Chicago, Rock Is 1and, and Pacific (C.R.I. & P.) and the Choctaw,Oklahoma, and Gulf, were established in the late 19th and early 20th century.The former ran from the northeast part of the county to the southwest endingin Ardmore while the latter had a route south through the eastern part ofJohnston County to Durant (Morris, Goins, and McReynolds 1976: Map 64). Abranch of the C.R.I. & P., abandoned in 1938, is present in the project area(George and Wood 1943: 44). One line most likely brought people to thesprings containing "heal ing waters" near Bromide north of Wapanucka in 1912(Oklahoma Employment Security Commission 1967: 10).

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Raising beef cattle is the major enterprise in the county today. Indus-try seems to be fairly limited even though granite has been quarried for over70 years, glass sand has been mined for over 40 years, and there is alsomining of lime, dolomite, sand, and gravel.

Overa 11, there has been a 35 percent decrease in the county's popu 1at ionsince 1940. However, a recent increase is evident since the 1960 censusfigure of 8,517 people to the 1980 figure of 10,356 people.

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