COMMON INDO-EUROPEAN/AFROASIATIC ROOTS: SUPPLEMENT 1

ALLAN R, BOMHARD

1. INTRODUCTION

In my book Toward Prato-Nostratic: A New Approach to the Com-parison of Indo-European and Afroasiatic (Amsterdam: John Benja-mins, 1984), I listed 318 possible cognate sets common to Indo-European and Afroasiatic. In the two years that have passed since the publication of that book, I have continued my studies, and several reviews of my book have appeared. The time seems approp-riate to bring the proposed cognate sets up to date by adding new material and by correcting several problematical etymologies. However, to those not familiar with the principles underlying my earlier studies, a mere list of new material would not be easily comprehensible. I shall, therefore, begin with a synopsis of these principles; for details, the reader should consult the per-tinent sections of my book, as follows:

Foreword .......................................... i Preface ............................................. v

1. In traduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Reconstruction of the PIE Consonant System ......... 5 3. The Reconstruction of the PIE Vowel System ........... 37 4. Accentuation in the Indo-European Languages ......... 61 5. The Development of the PIE Phonological System

in the Non-Anatolian Daughter Languages ............. 75 6. The Development of the PIE Phonological System

in the Anatolian Daughter Languages ................ 93 7. The Reconstruction of the PAA Consonant System ..... 133 B. The Reconstruction of the PAA Vowel System ........... 175 9. Comparison of PIE and PAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 10. Problems of Root Structure ........................ 285

Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 References ..................................... 293

A complete list of references is contained in my book (pp. 293-315). The bibliography at the end of this article contains only titles referred to here, additions of works omitted in my book, and mater-ial published since 1984.

2. PREVIOUS COMPARISONS

There have been several attempts to demonstrate that Indo-Euro-pean and Afroasiatic are genetically related. Even though some

GENERAL LINGUISTICS, Vol. 26, No. 4. Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London.

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striking similarities have been revealed by the previous attempts, these efforts have, by and large, been unconvincing for several of reasons: In the first place, the phonological system of Proto-Indo-European as traditionally reconstructed differs drastically from the phonological system posited for Proto-Afroasiatic (or, more commonly, Proto-Semitic). This has made it difficult toes-tablish convincing sound correspondences, with the result that many lexical look-alikes (such as, for instance, Akkadian ~arnu "horn" vs. Latin cornu "horn") have been taken to be cognates when they are not, while true cognates have gone undetected. Some have tried to overcome the problems involved by assuming that Proto-Indo-European underwent a Lautverschiebung (this is the position of the Soviet School [Illic-Svityc, Dybo, Dolgopol'skij, Shevoroshkin]). This assumption, however, only complicates matters and can hardly be considered a viable solution. Next, there appear to be rela-tively few similarities in the morphology of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic. This is not surprising -- as I see the situation, Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic parted com-pany many millennia before the stage of development that can be reached by a direct comparison of the extant daughter languages. It was during this span of time between the separation of pre-Proto-Indo-European and pre-Proto-Afroasiatic and the emergence of the historically-attested daughter languages that each proto-lan-guage developed its own distinctive morphological system. Under these circumstances, it appears unlikely that we will be able to recover the morphological system of the ancestor of these two proto-languages in great detail. The most that can be hoped for is the recovery of broad similarities. The situation may be roughly likened to trying to reconstruct the Indo-European parent language on the basis of a comparison of, say, contemporary Sindhi and Al-banian. Were these the only two surviving Indo-European daughter languages, we would be hard put to show that these two languages are genetically related, which, of course, they are.

In order even to suggest that Indo-European and Afroasiatic may have been genetically related, enough resemblances must be recognized in their phonological systems, morphological structures, and vocabularies to rule out all possibility of either borrowing or mere chance. In spite of some heroic efforts, not one of the previously-attempted comparisons achieved this goal. Consequently, a totally new approach is called for -- one that takes into ac-count recent advances in phonological theory that have broadened our understanding of sound change, one that exploits new notions of Proto-Indo-European consonantism, and one that makes use of the

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rapidly-growing body of data from the non-Semitic branches of Afro-asiatic. This last point is particularly important since all of the previous investigations into the possible relatedness of Indo-European and Afroasiatic have relied almost exclusively upon data from the Semitic languages alone.

3. TRADITIONAL PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Those who have tried to compare the Proto-Indo-European phono-logical system with that of Proto-Afroasiatic have been handicapped from the start. The main problems center on the consonants. The traditional reconstruction consists of a three-stop system {this is Lehmann's [1952:99] position), with plain voiceless, plain voiced, and voiced aspirated members~ to which some also add voiceless as-pirated members. However, the voiceless aspirates should be removed since it has been plausibly suggested that these sounds were mostly secondarily derived in the daughter languages and played no part in marking distinctive contrasts at the Proto-Indo-European level {cf. Bernhard forthcoming/a for details). The main opponent of this view is Oswald Szemerenyi, who has argued for a return to the four-stop system of the Neogrammarians. The three-stop system is com-plete in the dental, velar, and labiovelar series, but the labial series was most likely defective, lacking a plain voiced member {but cf. Szemerenyi 1985b:ll-12).

The Neogrammarian reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European phonological system is as follows {cf. Brugmann 1904:52):

Monophthongs: a e 0 u a a e 6 T u

Diphthongs: a i ei oi ai au eu ou au ai ei 6i au eu 6u

Syllabic Liquids and Nasals: ';; 1);1 ~ Q lJ 0 r I ~ ~ ~ 0 g

Occlusives: p ph b bh (labial) th d dh (dental)

k kh g gh (palatal) q qh g gh (velar) qll qllh gll gllh (labiovelar)

Fricatives: 5 sh z zh ]:> ph 0 oh Nasals: m n ~ lJ Liquids: r Semi vowels: l ll

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By way of comparison, we can take a look at Lehmann's (1952: 99) reconstruction, which is as follows:

1. Obstruents: p k kW

b d g gW bh dh gh gwh

s

2. Resonants: m

w r y 3. Vowels: e a 0

e

i e a. o u.

4. Laryngeals: X y

4. PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri-cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. The lateralized affricate series probably lacked a voiced member *dJ. Another noteworthy characteristic is the presence of a glottal stop *?, a glottal fricative *h, and voiceless and voiced pharyngeal frica-tives *n and *>. According to Diakonoff (1970:453-80), Proto-Afroasiatic had a vertical vowel system consisting of *a and *a as well as a series of syllabic resonants *~, *~, *~, and *~ In my opinion, the evidence from the non-Semitic branches of Afroasiatic does not appear to support the reconstruction of syllabic resonants for Proto-Afroasiatic.

The Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system may be reconstructed as follows (cf. Bomhard 1984:133-34 and forthcoming/b):

Stops and Affricates:

Voiceless: p t_;; ty Voiced: b d dz dY Glottalized: p' t' t s' t 'y

Fricatives:

Voiceless: s

Voiced:

Glides, Nasals, and Liquids: w

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li kY gY

H' k'Y

y m n r

k k" g gw

k' k'W

t

'

?

h

5. REVISED PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

It is immediately apparent that the Proto-Indo-European phono-logical system as traditionally reconstructed has very little in common with the Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system. However, the Proto-Indo-European phonological system, especially the con-sonantism, has come under strong criticism recently as data collect-ed from the study of a great number of the world's languages have shown that the traditional (that is, the three-stop) reconstruction lacks credible typological parallels. As a result, various attempts have been made to establish a system that is more acceptable from a typological point of view (for discussion, cf. Barnhard 1984:5-36 and forthcoming/c). Without going into details, it may simply be stated that most of the proposed solutions have been little better than the traditional reconstruction, and some have even been worse. This is not true, however, of the revisions proposed by Garnkrelidze, Hopper, and Ivanov. By substituting glottalized stops (that is, ejectives) for the traditional plain voiced stops, Garnkrelidze-Hopper-Ivanov have arrived at a system that is both typologically plausible and historically probable (the best treatment of the Glot-talic Theory is to be found in Garnkrelidze-Ivanov 1984:5-80). In addition, Garnkrelidze-Ivanov reinterpret the traditional plain voice-less stops as voiceless aspirates, while making no changes to the traditional voiced aspirates. They point out, however, that the feature of aspiration is phonernically irrelevant in a system of this type. (Consequently, aspiration is ignored in this paper.)

The revised Proto-Indo-European consonant system may be recon-structed as follows (cf. Barnhard 1984:36 and forthcoming/a):

Stops: Voiceless (Asp ira ted): ph/p t hjt kh/k k"h/k" Voiced (Asp ira ted): bh/b dh/d gh/g gwh;gw Glottalized: (p') t' k' k'w ?

Fricatives:

Voiceless: s X nh Voiced: I'll

Glides: w y

Resonants: m/1)) n/g r/r; 1/J

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I see the voiced aspirates as a relatively late development. For early pre-divisional Proto-Indo-European, I would reinterpret the traditional voiced aspirates as plain voiced stops.

6. VOWELS

The vocalism of Proto-Indo-European as traditionally recon-structed was richer by far than that of Proto-Afroasiatic. Proto-Indo-European had *~, *B, *a, *i, and *~ plus *e. This reconstruc-tion is most likely correct for the stage of development existing immediately prior to the emergence of the non-Anatolian Indo-Euro-pean daughter languages, but it is by no means ancient and is the end product of a long, complicated evolution. The earliest form of Proto-Indo-European may have had a system of vowels such as the fol-lowing (cf. Bernhard 1984:42-43; Schmalstieg 1980:22):

u a

a Also the sequences: ey ay iy uy

ew aw iw uw

I follow Pulleyblank (1965:86-101) in his reinterpretation of the *e ~ *o ablaut of traditional Proto-Indo-European as a *e ~ *a ab-laut.

As for the long vowels, I think it probable that they had more than one origin. It is highly likely that long vowels did not exist in pre-Proto-Indo-European but, rather, arose solely in Indo-European proper. First, long vowels developed from the contraction of two short vowels. Next, long vowels developed from compensatory leng-thening when laryngeals were lost between a short vowel and an im-mediately following non-syllabic. Finally, long vowels arose from the monophthongization of diphthongs and by means of the analogical process known as "v:rddhi".

rhe vowels *i and *u are to be reconstructed as independent phonemic entities and not as mere allophones of the glides *y and *w respectively.

Both Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic made extensive use of vowel gradation. In both proto-languages, the consonants carried the basic meaning of a stem, while the vowels were used to determine morphological function. Of the Afroasiatic daughter lan-guages, the system of vowel gradation found in the Semitic branch is by far the oldest documented and the most extensively studied.

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When compared with the system of vowel gradation found in the latest form of Proto-Indo-European, that of Proto-Semitic appears totally different. However, both can be derived from earlier systems that are virtually identical. The development of the Proto-Indo-European system of vowel gradation was greatly influenced by accentuation.

7. ROOT STRUCTURE

It has long been accepted that the canonical form of the Proto-Indo-European root was *CVC-, that is to say that the basic root structure was biconsonantal. The Afroasiatic root structure pattern-ing, on the other hand, was long thought to resemble that found in Semitic, where triconsonantal roots predominate. Until fairly re-cently, there was such a dearth of reliable data from the non-Semitic branches of Afroasiatic that there was no way to judge the antiquity of the Semitic root structure patterning. The little data that was available -- mainly from Egyptian and Berber seemed to indicate that the Semitic patterning was ancient, and it was, therefore, taken to be representative of the Proto-Afroasiatic state of affairs. In recent years, there have been great advances in Chadic and Cushitic studies. Data from these branches, when compared with Semitic, Egyp-tian, and Berber, have shown beyond any reasonable doubt that the fundamental form of the root in Proto-Afroasiatic -- as in Proto-Indo-European -- was biconsonantal and that the Semitic patterning is due to an innovation.

The rules governing the structural patterning of roots and stems in Proto-Afroasiatic were as follows (cf. Barnhard 1984:289-90):

1. There were no initial vowels in Proto-Afroasiatic. There-fore, every root began with a consonant.

2. There were no initial consonant clusters either. Conse-quently, every root began with one and only one consonant.

3. Two basic syllable types existed: (A) *CV and (B) *CVC, where C = any non-syllabic and V = *a or *e. Permissible root forms coincided with these two syllable types.

4. A stem could either be identical with a root or it could consist of a root plus one or more derivational morphemes.

5. A stem could assume any one of the following shapes: (A) *CV, (B) *CVC, (C) *CVCV, (D) *CVCVC, (E) *CVCCV, or (F) *CVCCVC.

6. There were three fundamental stem types: (A) verbal stems, (B) nominal and adjectival stems, and (C) pronominal and indeclinable stems.

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It is thus clear that the third consonantal element, be it in-fix or suffix, was simply not a part of the root at the Proto-Afro-asiatic level and that the underlying root structure patterning did not differ in any appreciable aspect from that found in Proto-Indo-European.

8. COMPARISON OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN AND PROTO-AFROASIATIC

The Proto-Indo-European consonant system as revised by Gamkre-lidze, Hopper, and Ivanov belongs to the same linguistic type as does that of Proto-Afroasiatic -- each has the three-way contrast voiceless (aspirated} ~ voiced ~ glottalized. Similarly constituted phonological systems are fairly widespread among the languages of the world, being found, for example, in the Caucasian languages, in many American Indian languages, and in several sub-Saharan African languages.

We may now compare the Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system with that of Proto-Indo-European as revised by Gamkrelidze-Hopper-Ivanov:

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1. The labial, dental, velar, and labiovelar stops as well as the glides and resonants correspond member for member and require no further comment.

2. The Proto-Afroasiatic dental affricates *ts, *dz, and *ts' correspond to dental stops in Proto-Indo-European. Pre--Proto-Indo-European may be assumed to have had a series of dental affricates which wer.e later eliminated through deaf-fricatization and merger with the previously-existing dental stops.

3. The Proto-Afroasiatic palato-alveolar stops *tY, *dY, and *t'Y and the palatalized velar stops *kY, *gY, and *k'Y correspond to the non-palatalized stops *t, *d, and *t' and *k, *g, and *k' respectively in Proto-Indo-European. The palatalization is secondary in Proto-Afroasiatic. Likewise, the palato-alveolar sibilant *8 is to be derived from pre-Proto-Afroasiatic *s through palatalization: *s + *sY + *8.

4. The Proto-Afroasiatic lateralized affricates *ti and *ti' correspond to velar stops in Proto-Indo-European. Lateral-ized affricates may also have existed in early pre-Indo-European. The change of lateralized affricates into palatal velar, or postvelar stops (or affricates} is a common devel-opment in the Northeast Caucasian languages, and a similar shift may be posited for pre-Proto-Indo-European:

*ti + *ki + *kx + *k *ti' + *ki' + *kx' + *k'

5. The Proto-Afroasiatic glottal stop *? and voiceless glottal fricative *h correspond to *? and *h respectively in Proto-Indo-European. The voiceless and voiced pharyngeal frica-tives *n and *r of Proto-Afroasiatic correspond to the

voiceless and voiced pharyngeal/laryngeal fricatives *nh and *'1ft respectively as well as the voiceless and voiced velarfricatives *x and *y respectively in Proto-Indo-Euro-pean. Pre-Proto-Indo-European, however, had only*?, *h, *n, and*>. In the earliest form. of Proto-Indo-European proper, some pharyngeal fricatives developed into velar fricatives. Then, at a later date, the remaining pharyn-geal fricatives developed into the multiP.ly-articulated pharyngeal/laryngeal fricatives *nh and *'1ft (for details, cf. Bernhard 1984: 10-18). - -

The correspondences between Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indo-European are summarized in the following table:

Proto- Revised Traditional Proto- Revised Traditional AA PIE PIE AA PIE PIE

p p p, ph k k k, kh; q, qh b b bh 9 9 gh; 9h p' (p') (b) k' k' g; 9 t p p, ph

kW kW u q\!h q~, t t t, th 9w 9W 9J,lh

d d dh k'W k'W 9),! t' t' d

? ? ~1 L5 t t, th h h ~4

~ d dh n nh ~2 ~ t' d '1 '1ft ~2 5 5 5 n X ~

'1 y ~ tY t t, th dY d dh w w, u ~' u t'Y t' d y y, i L, i 5 5 5

m m/w m/w 1j= k k, kh; q, qh n n/!;1 n/!;1 1;!' k' g; 9 I 1/J 1/J

r r/r r/r kY k k, kh; q, qh 9y 9 gh; 9h a a e, a k'Y k' g; 9 a a o (a)

NOTE: Both Dolgopol'skij and Diakonoff have posited postvelars for Proto-Afroasiatic. Postvelars have also been posited for Proto-Indo-European by several scholars (Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, Normier, Schmidt-Brandt). In my opinion, these theories are not without

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merit. Since, however, I do not at present believe that there were more than two guttural series -- plain velars and labiovelars -- in Proto-Indo-European at the time when the parent language began to split up into the historically-attested non-Anatolian daughter lan-guages, the postvelars, if they ever existed, must have been lost at some point prior to the latest period of development. Until more positive evidence is brought forth for the existence of postvelars in Proto-Indo-European, it is best to leave these sounds out of consideration.

9. REMARKS ON THE PROPOSED COGNATE SETS

The addition of new etymologies in this paper brings the total to just over 350 roots common to Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic. The addition of new data to existing etymolgies, es-pecially from the Cushitic languages and Coptic, lessens the Semitic bias of the Afroasiatic material.

The search for possible cognates continues to be an extremely painstaking process which is greatly hampered by the lack of a com-parative dictionary of the Afroasiatic languages similar to those existing for Proto-Indo-European. Marcel Cohen's pioneering Essai aomparatif sur Ze voaabuZaire et Za phon~tique du ahamito-s~mitique is now too outdated to be of significant value. Fortunately, an up-to-date dictionary is currently being compiled by a team of Soviet scholars under the direction of Igor M. Diakonoff. Publi-cation of this dictionary, which is to be entitled A Sample of a Comparative HistoriaaZ VoaabuZary of Afrasian, is eagerly awaited. It may be noted here too that Diakonoff is also preparing a revised and updated edition of his 1965 survey of Afroasiatic comparative grammar (to be entitled Afrasian Languages).

Buck's A Diationary of SeZeated Synonyms in the PrinaipaZ Indo-European Languages has been used as a control for the proposed seman-tic development, and references are given to the appropriate sections of this work. References are also given to the two standard Indo-European etymological dictionaries -- Pokorny's Indogermanisahes etymoZogisahes W~rterbuah and Walde's (Walde-Pokorny) VergZeiahendes

W~rterbuah der indogermanisahen Spraahen. The standard etymological dictionaries for the individual Indo-European daughter languages have also been extensively consulted. Furthermore, I have not hesitated to deviate from the etymologies proposed by Pokorny and Walde where subsequent scholarship has brought forth more plausible proposals. I have tried to be conservative in suggesting possible cognates -- in the etymologies that follow, the sound/meaning cor-

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respondences are either such that the Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indo-European sterns have the same meaning or are such that each can plausibly be derived from an earlier, common root which can account for the semantic development in Proto-Afroasiatic on the one hand and for that in Proto-Indo-European on the other. This latter prin-ciple may be illustrated by example number 6 (see below for details), PAA *ban-/*ban- "to build, construct" vs. PIE *ban-d-/*ban-d-l*b~J-d"to tie, bind, fasten". For the semantic development, compare Skt. takqati "to form, fashion, make, create", Lat. texi5 "to weave, build", Hitt. tak-ki-(e-)es-zi "to join, build", Gk. -.bt-.wv "carpenter", Ossetic taxun "to weave", Arm. t' ek' em "to bend, shape", OCS. tesq "to hew", etc. (cf. Pokorny 1959:1058, 1058-59). Forpre-Afroasi-atic/Indo-European, I would reconstruct *bVn- "to bend, turn, twist, join together". In Afroasiatic, this developed semantically into "to join, build", while, in Indo-European, this developed into "to tie, bind, fasten".

10. NEW/REVISED AFROASIATIC/INDO-EUROPEAN COGNATE SETS

NOTE: For Afroasiatic, the following abbreviations are used: Akk. = Akkadian, Ar. = Arabic, Ararn. = Aramaic, ESA = Epigraphic South Arabian, Eth. = Ethiopic (Ga'az), Hebr. =Hebrew, Ug. = Ugaritic; PChad. = Proto-Chadic, PEC = Proto-East Cushitic, PS = Proto-Semitic, PSC = Proto-Southern Cushitic; Copt. = Coptic, Eg. = Egyptian. The remaining names are always given in full for ease of comprehension. For Indo-European, standard abbreviations are employed.

1. PAA *pa?-/*pa?- (perhaps *pa?W-/ *pa?W-) "to swell, fatten, be full": PS *Pa?-am- ~ Hebr. p'Uniih "superabundance, fat"; Ar. fa'ama "to quench one's thirst with water; to be full", fa'ima "to be fat"; Akk. piiimu "robust"; Eq. pl-t "liquor, drink"; PSC *pu?us- "to swell, rise" + Kw'adza pu'us-; Ma'a -pu'u "to rise (of sun)".

PIE *pa?-i-/*pa?-i-, *pa?-y-1 *pa?-y- + (with metathesis of *? and *y) *pay?-/*pay?- "to swell, fatten": Skt. payate "to swell,Lfatten, overflow, abound", pt.-van- "swelling, _full, fat", payas- "milk"; Gk. 1tCwv "fat, rich"; Lith. pienas "milk"; OSax. feit (+ Gmc. *faita-z) "fat". PIE *pa?-/*pa?- (or, more likely, *pa?W-/*pa?W-) , "to drink, swallow": Skt. piiti (+ *pa?W-ti), pibati (+*pi-p?-eti), payate (+*pay?- meta-thesized from earlier *pa?y-) "to drink, swallow"; Hitt. pa-as-;zi "to drink, swallow"; Gk. ltLVw, Lesb. ltW\JW "to drink"; Lat. bibo, pi5ti5 "to drink"; Oir. ibid "to drink".

Cf. Buck 1949:5.13, 5.86; Pokorny 1959:793-94 *Pek(a)-, *pf- "to be fat", 839-40 *po(i)-, *pi- "to drink"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II: 73-75 and 71-72. The Egyptian cognate has been added.

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2.

3.

4.

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PAA *pal-/*pal- verbal stem indicating downward motion, hence "to fall, fall down, fall to the ground; to set (sun), grow dark": PS *na-pal- ->- Hebr. nafal "to fall, lie", mappalah "decaying ruins, heap of rub-ble"; Aram. nafal "to fall, fall down"; Akk. (W. Sem. loan) napalu "to fall", napalsuhu "to fall to the ground,-fall upon something, throw oneself to the ground, let oneself fall to the ground"; Ug. npl "to fall". PS *?a-pal--+ Ar. 'afala "to go down, set"; Hebr. 'ofel "darkness", 'af"el "dark", 'aflah "dark"; Akk. aplu "late".

PIE *pal- "to fall, fall down": Arm. p' lanim "to fall in"; OE. feallan "to fall, fall down", feaU, fieU "fall, ruin, des-truction, death", fieUan "to make to fall, fell, pull down, destroy, kill"; Oice. faUa "to fall", fall "fall, death, ruin, decay, destruction", feUa "to fell, make to fall, kill, slay"; Lith. puolu, pulti "to fall (up)on, attack, assault, fall".

Cf. Buck 1949:1.62, 1.63, 10.23, 14.17; Pokorny 1959:851 *phBl-" to fall"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. II: 103; Illic-Svityc 1984. III: 97-106, no. 372 *p'/a/jlA. This is a new etymology.

PAA *baP- "cypress, pine, fir": Ps *bu:r>-atY- _,_ Akk. bu:r>asu "pine"; Hebr. barDS "cypress, pine"; Aram. barBS 11 cypress, pine"; Gurage (Endegen) bu:r>at "a kind of tree". PEC *bi:r>bi:r>-"juniperus procera" -+ Burji bi:r>bt:r>-i "juniper-like firtree"; Oromo bi:r>bi:r>-sa; Konso pi:r>pi:r>-ta; Gawwada pi:r>pi:r>-ko; Gollango pi:r>pi:r>-ko.

PIE *bGX'- "pine, fir": Oice. bGX'I' "pine-needles"; OCS. bo:r>'b "spruce, fir".

Cf. Brunner 1969:27, no. 78; Buck 1949:8.64; Pokorny 1959:109 *bha:r>U-, *bha1'1).0-, *bho:r>s- "something jutting out"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l64. The East Cushitic cognates have been added.

PAA *bal-/*bal- "to mix, mix up, confuse": PS *bal-al- ->-Akk. balalu "to mix, mix up, confuse, mingle"; Hebr. balal "to mingle, mix, confuse". PS *bal-a'i-->- Hebr. bala' "to be confused". Copt. bUe "blind". PEC *bal'i-/*baUa'i-"blind, one-eyed" + Burji bal'-a "blind"; Oromo baUa-a "blind"; Sidamo bal' -icca "' ball-icca "blind"; Darasa balla'-a "blind".

PIE *bland-/*bland-/*bl~Jd- "to mix, blend; to make blind, be blind": Goth. blandan "to mix", blinds "blind"; OE. blandan "to mix", blendan "to blind, de-ceive", blind "blind"; Olce. blanda "to blend, mix", blinda "to blind", blindl' "blind", blundl' "dozing, slumber"; Lith. blendziu, bl'esti "to become dark"; OCS. bz"'.dC(, bl"isti "to go blindly".

Cf. Illic-Svityc 1971.1:185-86, no. 20 *bulA; Moller 1911:27-28; Buck 1949:4.97, 5.17; Pokorny 1959:157-58 *bhlendh- "dim, red-dish"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:216. This is a new etymology. However, cf. Barnhard 1984:198, no. 27; Moller 1911:26-27.

5. PAA *bargY-/*bargY- "to stand out, protrude, be prominent": PS *baradz~ * Ar . ba.raza "to show, appear, come into view, emerge1 to jut out, protrude, be ptotllii\ent, stand out", bUl'Uz "prominence, projection", biil'iz "protrUding, projecting"; Gurage (ifulane) bareiaitaa "to dream". C:Uah. Beja birga "high, tall"; Ororno borgi "height".

PIE *barg-/*barg-/*b:r;g- "to be prominent, high": Skt. b:r:Mnt-"high, tall, great"; Arm. barjr "high"; OE. beorh, beorg "hill, mountain"; Hitt. par-ku-us "high".

Cf. tllic-Svityc 1971.!:177 1 h~. 9 *berg/i/; Buck 1949:1.22, 4,62, 12.31; Pokorny 1959lHli-41 *bhergh- "high, noble"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.!!:172~74. The Cushitic cognates have been added.

6. PM *b~a/*ba1!~ "til build, con-strutt": PS *ban~(Jj,)!y~-+ Ar. bana 11 to build, erect, coh= struct", banii' "buildinlh eon~ struction"; Hebr, banah 11 tu build"; Aram. btm'i: "to build"; Akk. banii "to build, cofi~ttruct, form"; Ug, bl'lh)/y "to build"; Sabaean bny "to build, con-struct", bmJ, bny "building, construction"; Harsiisi beni5 "to build", beni "building"; Soqotri bene "to build". PChad. *ban- "house, hut" -+ Bole bono "hut, house"; Mubi beni "to build"; Mokulu btno 11 hut, house".

PIE *ban-d-/*ban-d-/*b'IJ-d- "to t}e, bind, fasten": Skt. badh-niiti, bandhati "to bind, tie, f:tx, fasten"; Mariithi biid(h) 11dam", badha "stru~ture"; Goth. bindan "to bind", bandi "band, bond".

Cf. Buck 1949:19.16, 9.44, 9.75; Pokorny 1959:127 *bhendh~ "to bind"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l52. This is a new et)llilol

Cf. Illic-Svityc 197l.I:224 *dA>A; Buck 1949:12.12; Pokorny 1959: 235-39 *dhe- "to set, put, place"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:826-29. This is a new etymology.

9. PAA *d

Cf. Buck 1949:11.14; Pokorny 1959:212-13 *dergh- "to grasp"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:807-08. This is a new etymology.

14. PAA *t'em-/*t'con- "to quiet, pacify, calm": PS *t'con- + Ar. tamrzana "to quiet, calm,

appe~se, pacify, allay, as-suage, soothe", tamn "quiet, tranquil", tcon'mm, ta'mana "to calm, q~iet, pacify, ap-pease, assuage, soothe".

PIE (*t'em-/)*t'con- "to tame, subdue": Skt. dfnnyati "to tame, subdue, conquer"; Gk. 6cqJa1;w "to overpower, tame, subdue, conquer"; Lat. domO "to tame, subdue, overcome, conquer"; Goth. ga-tconjan "to tame"; OE. temian "to tame, subdue", tam "tame"; Hit t. da-ma-aS-zi "to press, oppress".

Cf. Pokorny 1959:199-200 (*deme-), >~dome-, *dJ71e- "to tame, subdue"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:788-90. This is a new etymology.

15. PAA *t'ens-/*t'ans- "to be loaded heavily": Eg. dns "to be loaded heavily", dns (dns) "weight, load, burden; heavy", dnsmn "to be heavy, weighty".

PIE (*t'ens-/*t'ans-/) *t'ns-"to be tightly loaded, clo~ely pressed together or packed to-gether; dense": Lat. densus "thick, dense, close, compact, set close together", denseo "to make thick, press together, thicken"; Gk. 6cwus "thick with hair, hairy, shaggy, rough".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.63. 12.64; Pokorny 1959:202-03 *dens- "thick"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:793-94. This is a new etymology.

16. PAA *t'em-/*t'con- "to twist, turn": PS *t'am- ->- Eth. tamrza "to roll up, fold up";' Gur~ge tamG:ma "to be bent, crooked,

~urved", pamapama "to wind around, roll around, twist", tamazaza "to twist"; Tna. pamama "to be bent", pam-pama "to wrap around", tam-zaza "to twist"; Amh. tamattama 11 to wrap". Eg. dJn "woi:-m, ~~rpent".

PIE *t' em- "worm": Gk. 6E\1EAEO: s "leeches"; Alb. dhemje "grub, maggot".

Cf. Buck 1949:3.84; Pokorny 1959:201 *demel- "worm"(?); Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:790. This is a new etymology.

17. PAA *t'el-/*t'al- "to get, be-get": PEC *d:aZ- "to beget, give birth" ->- Saho-Afar dal-; Somali 4aZ-; Rendille gei-; Bani d:eZ-; Dasenech d:aZ-; Oromo d:aZ-; Konso d:aZ-/d:eZ-; Gidole d:aZ-; Burji d:aZ-; Dullay d:aZ-; Yaaku del-.

PIE *t'eZ-/*t'aZ- "to get, ob-tain": Goth. ga-tilon "to at-tain, obtain"; OE. tilian "to strive after, attempt, obtain, treat, cure"; OHG. ziZon, ziZen "to hasten, aim, strive"; MDu. te len "to produce, care for, attend"; Du. teZen "to beget, bear".

Cf. Buck 1949:4.71. This is a new etymology.

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18. PAA *t'V~V-/*t'aw- "to hit, strike": PEC *d'aw- "to hit, strike" -+ Elmolo d'a-; Oromo d'a(w)-; Konso d'aw-; Burji d'aw-.

PIE *t'u- (/*t'ej:~-/*t'a!!-) "to hit, strike": PCelt. *dur-no-"fist" + Welsh cbJrn "fist"; Oir. doi'I'! "fist", durni "to strike with fists"; Bret. dourn "hand". Latv. dUre, dttris "fist", duf.u, dUru, dui>t "to sting, thrust".

Cf. Buck 1949:4.33, 9.21; Pokorny 1959:203; Walde-Pokorny 1973. !:794-95. This is a new etymology.

19. PAA *daa?-l*dza?- "to waste away, become -exhausted, faded, withered, weary, weak": Eq.

PIE *da?-/*da?- "to waste away, become exhausted, faded, with-ered, weary, languid, weak":

zl ".to be weak or feeble", z~-' "weak, feeble man". PSC *daii?-"to be extinguished" + AlagWS tsa'ata "barren (animal, per-Son)"; Dahalo daii'- "to die", daii'e "death", ~ii'ama "corpse", daii'ata "enemy". PSC *daa?es-'.,..to eXtinguish" + Iraqw tsa'es-; Dahalo 1!'e'eo- "to kill";'

Lat. fames "hunger", fati.go "to weary. tire"; orr. ded- "to dwin-dle"; OE. derrrn "damage, injury, loss, misfortune"; Oice. dtr.si "sluggish, lazy fellow", dasast "to become weary, exhausted", dasallr "weary, exhausted (from cold or bodily exertion)".

Cf. Buck 1949:4.75, 4.91, 5.14; Pokorny 1959:239 *dhe- "to pass away" (?); Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:829. This is a new etymology.

20. PAA *tYam-/*tYam- "to strike, hit, stun, stupefy": PS *tYam-aZ- + Ar. tamiZa "to

PIE *tam-/*tam- "to strike, , hit, stun, stupefy": Skt. tlim-yati "to be faint, exhausted"; NHG. dJJmZich "dull, silly, stupid"; Lat. temuZ.entus "drun-ken, intoxicated, tipsy", teme-tum "any intoxicating drink"; Russ. Ch. Sl. tomiti "to tor-ture, torment, harrass, tire".

240

be dizzy, stupefied". PBC *tum- "to !}trike, forge" + Burji tum-ana "to churn, thresh, hit"; Oromo tum-"forge"; Somali tum- "h8DIIler", tumii.Z. "blacksmith".

Cf. Brunner 1969:91, no. 499; Pokorny 1959:1063 *tern- "stunned"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:720. The East Cushitic cognates have been added.

21. PAA *saw-/*sQbJ- "to be dry, arid, hot": Eg. 8wy "to be dry, arid, hot", 8wyw "dr:y, arid", 8ww "dry, hot", swi "drought, heat"; Copt. 8owe "to dry up, be dry", sow "dry".

PIE *su-s-, *s~-s- "dry": Skt. 6oqa-1] "drying up"; Gk. (Hom.) a?ios; "dry, withered"; OE. sear "dry, withered"; Lith. sailsas "dry, arid"; OCS. SUX'Z> "dry".

Cf. Buck 1949:15.84; Pokorny 1959:880-81 *saus-, *sus- "dry"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.11:447-48. This is a new etymology.

22. PAA *tt'aZ.-/*tt'aZ- "to be bent, curved, round": PS *tt'aZ.-a~- "to be bent, c.ITved, round", *tt'iZ.~"rib" + Ar. daZ.i'a"to be crooked, bent, curved; to curve, bend", gil.' "rib"; Akk. l}eZu "rib, side"; Ug.

PIE *k'aZ-/*k'aZ-/*k'k- "bent, curved, round": Skt. gul.' "globe, pill", gZau-1] "round lmnp"; Gk. yCyyAU\10!; "a hinge, joint", y>.ou

?l't "r~bs"; Hebr. ?ela' "rib"; Sheri ZaZ' "rib". PEC *cf1 in(aJ\- (+ *cf1 iUaJ\-) "rib" + Burji cfin-a "rib, ribs, side of body"; Somali cjina' "side"; Oromo c'ina-a "rib, side of body"; Gidole cfina'-itt "rib".

glomera "to form into a sphere"; OE. cl'iwen "ball of thread"; MLG. klwnpe "lump, mass".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.81, 12.82, 12.83; Pokorny 1959:357-64 *gel-"to form into a ball"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:612-21. The East Cushitic cognates have been added.

23. PAA *ka/*ka demonstrative stem: PEC *ka, (subj.) *ku "this"+ Burji (dem. m.) ka "this", {subj.) kU, {pl. abs. and subj.) c{, kEzci "that". PSC (rnasc. bound) *ka "this" + Kw'adza -(u)ko masc. gender marker; Asa -(u)k, -ok masc. gender marker; Iraqw (ntr.) ka "this"; Burunge (masc.) ki "this", (masc.) ka 'a "that"; Ma'a ka "this".

PIE *ka-/*ka-, *ki- demonstra-tive stem: Hitt. ka-a-as, (ntr. nom. -ace. sg.) ki-i "this, that"; Gk. *xt: in xt:t:vo s.; "that"; Lat. ce- in ce-do "give here!", -c(e) in hi-e, af-c, illf-c, i llu-c, tun-c, nun-c, ec-ce , ci- in cis, citer, citrO, ci-tra; Oir. ce in bith ce "this world"; Goth. himma, hina, hita; hiri "come here!"; hicl.Pe "hith-er".

Cf. Pokorny 1959:609-10 *ko-, *ke- "this"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I: 452-54. This is a new etymology.

24. PAA *kam-/*kam- "to seize, grasp, grip, clutch": PS *kam- + Ar. kamaSa "to seize, grasp, grip, clutch", kamsa "a handful"; Akk. kamfi "to capture". PSC *kam-"to hold" -+ Iraqw kom- "to have"; Burunge kom- "to have"; Asa kom- "to have"; Kw'adza komoa- "to grip"; Dahalo kam-.

PIE *kam-t-/*kam-t-/*hy-t- "to seize, grasp, grip, clutch": Goth. handua "hand"; -hinpan "to seize" (used only in com-pounds): fra-hin'pan "to cap-ture, imprison", fra-hunpana "prisoner-"; hunps "booty"; OE. hand "hand", ge-hendan "to hold", hentan "to try to seize, attack, seize", hUp "plunder, booty"; OHG. hant "hand"; Oice. hand "hand", henda "to catch with the hand"; OSwed. hinna '!to obtain".

Cf. Buck 1949:4.33; Feist 1939:161, 244-45. This is a new etymo-logy.

25. PAA *kan-/*kan- "to sing, sound": Eg. knkn "to sing to a beaten drum, clap the hands rhythmical-ly".

PIE *kan- "to sing, sound": Gk. ffCXVct}(rl "sharp sound, the ring or clang of metal"; Lat. canO "to sing, sound, play"; orr. canim "to sing"; Goth. hana "cock".

Cf. Buck 1949: 18 .12; Pokorny 1959:525-26 *kan- "to sing"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:351. This is a new etymology.

241

26. PAA *k'ar-/*k'ai'- "to cut": PS *k'ai'- "to cut: to cut in-to, make an incision, engrave, notch; to cut off, sever, nip off, clip; to cut in two, split, bite" ~ Ar. kai'asa "to pinch, nip, bite", ~araba "to wound", 'f!ara4a "to cut, sever, cut off, clip, gnaw, nibble, bite", ~ai'aifa "to gnash, grind (one's teeth), nibble, crunch, chew", 'f!arama "to gnaw, nibble", ~ai'maifa "to eat, crunch, nibble", kai'ata "to cut into small

piec~s, chop, mince", ~ai'"{;ama "to cut off, clip", kai'kada "to gnaw, bite"; Heb~. ~a? "to nip, pinch", [.o s "the fulfillment or com-pletion of anything, i.e., its consumation, issue, result, end", Te:>.w "to complete, fulfil, ac-complish", Te:>.ne:~s "perfect, complete".

Cf. Buck 1949:13.13; Boisacq 1950:952; Frisk 1970.II:871-73; Pokorny 1959:640 *kli.eZ- "swarm, crowd"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:517. This is a new etymology.

28. PAA *kwar-/*kw=- "to dig, plow": PS *ka.P-aw/y- ~ Hebr. kii:rah "to dig (a well)"; Ar. ka.Pii: "to dig"; Eth. ka.Paya "to dig a hole"; Harari Xa.Pa "to dig a hole", mlt:r:ra "pick"; Gur age ( Selti) klb>e "to dig a hole". 'ps *?a-ka.P- -+ Ar. 'aka.Pa "to plow, till, culti-vate". Eg. ;kr name of the Earth-god; Copt. ere "to dig".

PIE *kwar-/*kW=-/*kwlb_ "to draw, drag, plow": Skt. k&r-fiati, k.rii&t~ "to draw, drag, plow", ka.PfiU-~ "furrow, trench"; Av. ka.Psa- "furrow", karsu-"field11; Czech Cara "line", &irati "to draw a line"; OSorb. Ca.Pa "furrow, line".

Cf. Buck 1949:8.21, 8.212, 8.22, 9.33, 12.84; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:429 *qers- "furrow; to draw, drag"; Mayrhofer 1956.I:l76, 177. The Semitic documentation has been expanded, and the Egyptian and Coptic cognates have been added.

29. PAA *k'w=- "highest point, top, peak, summit, hill, moun-tain, horn": PS *k'arn- "horn, summit, peak" ~ Akk. ka.Pnu "horn"; Ug. krn "horni'; Hebr. keren "horn,' hill"; Phoen. krn i'horn"; Aram. ~arna "horn"; Ar. ~aPn "horn, top, summit, peak"; l;,larsiisi !

244

30. PAA *?akk- "grandfather, grand-mother": PEC *?akk- "grand-fath')r, grandmother" -+ Burji akk-o "grandmother"; Oromo akk-o "grandmother"; Baise akk-o "grandmother"; Hadiyya akk-o "mother's father", akk-e "mother's mother"; Konso (ikk-a "grandfather".

PIE *?akk- "mother": Skt. akka "mother"; Gk. 'AxHw the wet-nurse of Demeter (mater Cereris); Lat. Acca Larentia the wife of the shepherd Faustullus who nursed and brought up the twins Romulus and Remus; mother of the twelve Arvales Fratres.

Cf. Pokorny 1959:23 *akka "mother"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:34. This is a new etymology.

31. PAA *?a "to, at, in, on": PSC *?a "to11 + Iraqw ay "to, toward"; Ma'a 'a "for". PChad. *a "at, in on" + Ngizim Ci "at, in, on"; Ha~sa Q: "at, in, on"

PIE *?a/*?a "hither, near to, towards": Skt. a "hither, near

~o,, towards"; Gk. prefixes E-/0-, n-/w-.

Cf. Pokorny 1959: 280 *~, *B "near by"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. I: 95-96. Mayrhofer 1956.I:69. This is a new etymology.

32. PAA *?ay- "mother": PEC *?ayy- "mother" -+ Somali ay-o "stepmother"; Rendille ay-o "mother"; Bani O,y-o "mother"; Baiso ay-o "mother"; Oromo ayy-o "mother"; Konso ayy-o "mother"; Hadiyya ayy-a "sis-ter".

PIE *?ay-t- "mother": Goth. ai]:>ei "mother"; Dice. eioa "mother"; MHG. eide "mother".

Cf. Buck 1949:2.36; Feist 1939:28. This is a new etymology. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

33. PAA *?am- "time, now": PEC *?amm(-an)- "time, now" -+ Somali amm-in-ka, imm-in-ka, imm-i-ka "now"; Ororno (JJT!JTl-a "now"; Konso amm-a "now"; Gidole arnm-an-n-e; Hadiyya conm-an-i "time, when". PSC *?ami "when?" -+ Iraqw -ami in harni "now"; Kw'adza -ami- in hamiso "then"; Ma'a bmi "when?".

PIE *?an-/*?am-/*?1'{}- "time, moment": Oir. amm "time, moment, point of time".

Cf. Buck 1949:14.11. This is a new etymology.

34. PAA *ham- "black": PSC *ham-"black" + Iraqw hanta "shadow, spirit"; Burunge hante "dark-ness''; As a huma "red"; Ma' a -hame "to be black"; Dahalo himmate.

PIE *hams-, *(h)mas- "black-bird": OHG. amusla, amsala "blackbird"; OE. osle "black-bird"; Lat. merula "blackbird"; Welsh rrrwyalch "blackbird".

Cf. Pokorny 1959:35-36 *ames- or *omes- (: *mes-: *ams- or *oms-) "blackbird"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:53-54. This is a new etymology. ------------------------~---------------------------------------------

35. PAA *hay- exclamation of sur-prise, astonishment, grief, mis-fortune: PS *hay -. Hebr. hOy 11 alas!~ woe!", hi. 11woe! 11 ; Akk. aya (in u'a aya) "alas!"; Ar. hayyi'i "up!, come on!, let's go!, now then!". Eg. hy "Oh!, Hail!"; Copt. haio "hey!, hail!".

PIE *hay- exclamation of sur-prise, astonishment, grief, mis-fortune: Hitt. a(y)i- "pain"; Skt. ai particle of addressing, summoning, remembering; Av. ai particle of summoning; Gk. aC, al exclamation of astonishment, aCat exclamation of grief; Lith. a'l, ai "ohl".

Cf. Pokorny 1959:10 *ai interjection; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l. This is a new etymology.

36. PAA *hal-/*nal- "to grow, be strong": PS *hal-am- -. Hebr. ljilam "to be healthy, strong"; Ar. l;aZama "to attain puberty".

PIE *hhaZ- "to grow": Lat. alo "to nourish, support", altus "grown, great, high"; Oir. alim "to rear"; Goth. a Zan "to grow'', alds "age, life"; Gk. a/,

38. PAA *heyt'-/*nayt'- "to swell, be fat": PEC *hayd:- "fat" -+ Somali lp.yq "fat"; Konso hayd:-a "fat"; Gidole hayd:-a "fa.t"; Dul-lay ~ayd:-o "fat". PSC *hiq-"thick"--+- Kw'adza hilama "mature girl not yet married"; Ma' a -hiri "hard" Dahalo hidiioe "heavy", ~t.qfioo "weight'"'.

PIE *hhait'- "to swell": Arm. aitnwn-"t.o swell"; Gk. otb&w, oc6w "to swell, become swol-len", oC6n11a., oL6os; "a swel-ling, tumor"; OHG. eiz "ab-scess. ulcer"; Olce. eitr "poison", eista "testicle".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.63; Pokorny 1959:774 *oid- "to swell"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l66-67. The Southern Cushitic cognates have been added.

39. PAA *hew-/*haw- "to swell, in-crease": Eg. 1}w "surplus, plen-ty", J;.w5 "more, surplus, over-abundance, plenty", hw5 "excess, greatly", !zws "to sw~ll".

PIE *hhuk'-/*hheuk'-/*hhauk'-"to gi"'ow, increa;e": Skt: ukqati "to grow". vakr;ayati "to grow, increase, be strong or powerful", ugr&.-~ "powerful, mighty, strong", ojas- "energy, power, strength"; Lat. augei5 "to increase, enlarge, streng-then", augmentum "increase, growth", augustus "majestic, august, venerable"; Goth. aukan "to add, increase", wahsan "to grow, increase"; OE. weaxan "to grow, flourish, increase", weaxung "increase, increase of prosperity"' eacian "to increase"' eacen "increased, enlarged, en-dowed, strengthened, strong, mighty, vast, great"; Gk. &Et;w "to increase, enlarge"; Lith. G:ugu, &ugti "to grow, increase".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.53, 12.55, 13.15, 13.16; Pokorny 1959:84-85 *aldeg- "to increase"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:22-24 *aldeg-, *aug-, *ug-. This is a new etymology.

40. PAA *nar- "falcon, hawk": Eg. PIE *xer-/*xar- "bird, eagle": Hr, Hrw Horus, one of the two brother hawk-gods; Copt. hi5r the god Horus.

Hitt. aa-a-ra-as (gen. aa-ra-na-as) "eagle"; Gk. opvc' "bird"; Goth. ara "eagle"; Lith. ere lis (dial. are lis) "eagle".

Cf. Buck 1949:3.64; Pokorny 1959:325-26 *er-, *or- "eagle"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l35. This is a new etymology; it replaces no. 259.

41. PAA *hew-/*haw- "to lack, stand in need, be in want":

246

PS *haw-ag- -+ Ar. 'alpuaga "to have need, stand in need, be in want", haZJg "need, want, lack, defi~iency, destitution"; l).arsusi ~iitog "to need". PS *xaw-ay- -+ Ar lJawii "to be empty, be hungry", [Jawiya "to be empty, bare, dreary, deso-late, waste". Eg. ~"to lack,

PIE *xu-/*xeu-/*xau-, *xueA-"to lack, st~nd in"" need, ... be in want": Skt. Urul:-h "wanting, deficient, defective"; Arm. un,ain "empty"; Gk. e:i3vL~ "reft of, bereaved of"; Lat. vaai5 "to be empty, void, vacant", va.nus "empty, void, vacant", viistus "empty, unoccupied, de-solate; waste, desert"; Goth. wan "want, lack", wans 11 lack-

be in want", l;zwr "to be poor, miserable, weak", J;uvrw "beggar, poor man; destitute", "'1;puq "to be hungry", J;zwq "hunger".

ing, wanting"; Oice. vanr "lack-ing, wanting"; OHG. wuosti "waste"; OE. Wan "wanting, de-ficient"; Olr. !&s "empty".

Cf. Buck 1949:5.14, 9.93, 13.22; Pokorny 1959:345-46 *eu-, *eua-: *uii- *ua- "to lack empty"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l08-09. This is a~ne~ etymology. '

42. PM *het'-/*hat'- "to scratch, scrape, cut into, hollow out": PS *xat'-at'- + Akk. hatiitu "to make a ditch, excavat~,d~edge a river", lJippatu "trench, foun-dation, pit"; Ar. batta "to carve, engrave, inscribe, draw a line"; Harsiisi xtCit "to make signs on the ground by the road to guide travellers", xatt "let-ter, line"; Sabaean tJpp ii:o fix the boundaries of a piece of land". PEC *niid'- "to scrape (ground), sweep" + Burj i hiid'-11 to dig"; Somali hiid- 11 to sweep"; Oromo hacf: ,,to scrape the ground". PSC *had- "to cut into, gash"+ Ma'a-haduZa "to lop"; Dahalo Qii{j.o "iron arrowhead 11

PIE *nhet'- "water course": Av. a6u ";3.ter course, brook, canal".

Cf. Buck 1949:1.36, 8.22; Pokorny 1959:4 *ad(u)-, *ad-ro- "water course". This is a new etymology.

43. PM *wer-/*war- "to stretch, ex-tend, increase": Eg. wr "great, much, superior", wrr "to be great, increase, grow"; Copt. wer "how much?' how many?' how great?".

PIE *wer-/*war- "to stretch, ex-tend": Skt. uro-1] "wide, broad, spacious, extended, great, large, much", varas- "width, breadth, expanse, room, space"; Av. (in compounds) vouru- "wide, broad"; Gk. cupu, (+ *c-Fpu, or, through metathesis, *Fcpu, [cf. Frisk 1973. I:592-93]) "wide, broad", cOpo' "breadth, width".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.55, 12.61; Pokorny 1959:1165 *uer- "wide"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:285. This is a new etymology. ~

44. PM *mer-/*mar- "to twist, turn, tie up": Eg. mr "to bind up, tie together"; Copt. mour "to bind, tie". PEC *mar- "to twist, go around" -+- Oromo mar- "coil, rope"; Afar mar-o "round"; Rendille mar- "to be round".

PIE *mer-/*mar- "to twist, turn, plait, weave": Gk. 1J(pJ.1C~ "cord, string, rope"; Oice. mero "fish-trap".

Cf. Buck 1949:9.19; Pokorny 1959:733 *mer- "to plait, weave"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:272-73. The Coptic and East Cushitic cog-nates have been added.

247

45. PAA *man-/*man- "to copulate, beget, be virile": PS *man-ay-+ Ar. mana "to desire, wish for; to ejaculate", minan "semen, sperm"; Eth. (ta)mannaya "to desire, wish for"; Gurage (ta)-menli "to wish, have sexual in-tercourse". Eq. Mml an i thy-phallic god of generation.

PIE *manu- "man, begetter, pro-genitor, father" : Skt. manu-h "man, mankind, father of men"; Goth. manna "man"; OE. mann "man, human being"; OCS. mqz1> "man".

Cf. Illic-Svityc 1976.II:58-59, no. 292 *mlinA; Buck 1949:2.1, 2.21; Pokorny 1959:700 *manu-s (or *manu-s) "man, mankind"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:266. This is a new etymology.

46. PAA *na8-/*na8- "to diminish, weaken; to become weak, be weak": PS *?a-na8- -+- Hebr. 'iinas "to be weak, sick"; Akk. enesu "to become weak"' ensu "weak, powerless"; Soqot:ri 'enes "to be small"; Gurage anasa "to be small, be little, be less"; Harari anasa "to be little, be less, decrease"; Eth. (with metathesis) na'asa "to be less, diminish". PS *nas-a.:t'- -+- Akk. nasiiru "to de-duct, remove, reduce in size, diminish in strength, weaken, subtract"; Ar. nasara "to loosen and tear away, tear off". Eq. ns "to be helpless".

PIE *nas-/*nas- "to be weak, sick": Gk. voa.Ow "to ail, be sick, be ill", vOcros: "sickness, disease, malady".

Cf. Buck 1949:4.82, 4.84; Boisacq 1950:672; Chantraine 1974.III: 757; Frisk 1970.II:323-24. This is a new etymology.

47. PAA *na~-/*na~- "to come, go, arrive, journey, travel, sail": Eq. n', n'y "to come, go, ar-rive, journey, travel, sail", n'' "to sail away", n'-t "a sailing, journey, sailing ship"; Copt. na "to go".

PIE *na~ft-u-s "ship, boat": Skt. nau) "ship, boat"; Gk. vaus "ship"; Lat. niivis "ship", niivigo "to sail, set sail"; Oir. nau "ship"; Oice. n01' "a kind of ship".

Cf. Buck 1949:10.81, 10.83; Pokorny 1959:755-56 *nii:us- "ship"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:315. This is a new etymology.

48. PAA *nafr- "descendant, off-spring": PS *nipr- -+- Akk. nipru "offspring". Eq. nfr "child, youth, young man".

248

PIE *nap-(ii)t- "descendant, offspring": Skt. napiit- "des-cendant, grandson", napti.-1;1 "female descendant"; Lat. nepos -tis "grandson, nephew", neptis "granddaughter"; Oir. ni(a)e, nia "sister's son", neaht "niece"; OE. nefa "nephew, grandson, stepson", nift "niece, granddaughter, stepdaughter"; OLith. nepotis, nepuotis "grand-son", nepte "granddaughter"; Russ. Ch. Sl. netij1> "nephew", nestera "niece".

Cf. Buck 1949:2.48, 2.49, 2.53, 2.54; Pokorny 1959:764 *nepot-"grandson, nephew", (f.) *nepti "granddaughter, niece"; *neptf,,os "descendant"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:329-30; Benveniste 1973:188-92. This is a new etymology.

49. FAA *nar-/*har- "to plow": PS *nar-atY- ~ Hebr. hO.ras "to plow"; Aram~ J:arae."to plow"; Ar. J:ara!:_a "to plow"; Ug. l}r "to plow"; E th. tuzrasa "to plow''; Harari harasa "to plow"; Akk. eresu "to plow, till"; Sabaean hrt "plowed lands". PEC *nar-i't0 scratch, scrape" -+ Burji har'- "to plow, cultivate"; Hadiyya hiir- "to scratch"; Afar hiir-is- "to clean out the con-tents of viscera"; Konso har-" to scoop soil from a hole"; Gidole hiir-awwa "razor, blade for shaving".

PIE *nhar- "to plow": Lat. arB "to plOw"; Hit t. !Jar-as-zi "to "to plow"; Gk. &pOw "to plow"; Goth. arjan "to plow".

Cf. Moller 1911:15-16; Buck 1949:8.21; Pokorny 1959:62-63 *ar(a)-"to plow"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:78-79 *arii-. The East Cushitic cognates have been added.

50. PAA *ra?y-/*ra?y- "to see, perceive": PS *ra?ay- ~ Hebr. ra'ah "to see, perceive, look at, observe, watch, consider, discern, reflect, gaze at, be-hold"; Ar. Pa'Q: "to see, be-hold, perceive, notice, ob-serve, discern, look (at), regard, consider, deem, think"; Eth. ra'aya "to see", ra'ay "vision"; Harari ri 'a "to see"; Sabaean r'y "to see, experience". Eg. *iry (+ *rty) "to see" (impv. ir t:w "pay attention!"), ir-t "ey;"; Copt. ya "eye".

PIE *ra?i-/*ra?i- ~ *rai-/*rai-~ *ri-/*re- *ra?i-/*ra?i- ~ ~ (with metathesis)~*rei?-f*rai?-

-+ *rei-/*roi- "to reckon, think": Lat. ;eor, ;er'i "to reckon, think, be of the opinion, sup-pose, judge", ratiO "reckoning, account, computation, calcula-tion", r?;tus "religious custom, ceremony, rite"; Goth. ra]?jo "ntunber, account", ga-rapjan ''to count", rOdjan "to speak", ga-redan "to reflect upon", Paidjan "to determine, order, fix, appoint"; OHG. radia, re-dea "aCCOUnt" J r(iten II tO ad-Vise"; OE. rffid "advice", r?;m "number", r?;man "to count, cal-culate''; orr. rim ''number''.

Cf. Buck 1949:17.13, 17.14, 18.21; Pokorny 1959:59-61 *re-, *re-; *(aJrf-, *rei-; *re-dh-, *ro-dh-, *ra-dh-; *rei-dh-; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:73-75. The Egyptian and Coptic cognates have been added.

51. PAA *k'Wer-/*k'war- "to be heavy, weighty": PS *wa-k'ar-~ Ar. wal$m'a "to load, burden, overload; to oppress, weigh heavily upon", wik:P "heavy load, burden"; Hebr. yii~ar "to be

PIE *k'wer-/*k'wr,;- "heavy, weighty": Skt. guru-~ "heavy, weighty, valuable, highly prized, venerable, respectable"; Gk. $apu, "heavy, burdensome, weigh-ty, grievous"; Lat. gravis

249

precious, prized, costly", y?i~iir "precious, rare, splen-did, weighty"; Aram. ya~ar "to be heavy, precious"; Ug. ylfP "precious, dear"; Akk. ak:aru "to become scarce, pre-cious, expensive, valuable", s~uru "to make rare; to value; to hold in esteem, give honor (to gods)". Cush. Burji k'urk'-a "heavy", k'Ur>k'-e "weight", k'urk'-{xf- "to be-come heavy; to conceive, become pregnant".

"heavy, weighty, burdensome, important, eminent, venerable, great"; Goth. kaurus "heavy".

Cf. Moller 1911:98-99; Buck 1949:11.87, 11.88, 15.81; Pokorny 1959:476-77 *g1d:er- "heavy"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:684-86. The East Cushitic (Burji) cognates have been added.

52. PAA *bad-I* bad- "to split, cleave, separate": PS *bad-ak'--> Hebr. beoek "breach, fissure"; Aram. baoa~ "to penetrate"; Akk. badiiku "to cleave, split"; Eth. badak "fissure". PS *bad-ad- -> Hebr: b?ioao "to be separated, isolated, alone", bao "part, piece, portion"; Ar. badda "to divide, separate, spread"; Sabaean bdd "to distribute, share out"; Harsiisi abdod "to separate, se~er".

PIE *bad-/*bad- "to prick, dig, pierce": Hit t. pid-da-i, pad-da-i "to dig"; Lat. fodio "to dig"; Lith. bedu "to dig, bury"; Welsh bedd "grave"; Gaul. bedo-"canal, ditch"; OCS. bodcc "to stick, prick".

Cf. Buck 1949:8.22, 9.27; Pokorny 1959:113-14 *bhedh- "to stab, dig"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l88. The Semitic documentation has been expanded.

53. PAA *ta/*ta demonstrative stem: PS *t?i/*t'f -> Ar. (m.) t'f, (f.) ta "this"; Tigre (m.) tu, (f.) ta 11 this". Eg. t~, tn 11 this11 ; Copt. t-, te- def. art. fern. sg.

PEC (subj .) *ta, (f.) *tu/*ti dem. stem-> Burji (f.) ta, (subj.) ci "this"; Somali (f.) ta, (subj .) tu "this". PSC (f. bound) *ta "this" -> Iraqw ti "this"; Burunge ti "this", ta'a "that".

PIE *ta demonstrative stem: Skt. tela "this, that"; Gk. TO "this, that"; Goth. pata "that"; Lith. tO.s "this, that"; Toch. A tam "this"; Hier. Luw. tas "this".

Cf. Moller 1911:242; Pokorny 1959:1086-87 *to-, *ta-, *tio- dem. stem; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:742. The Coptic and Cushitic cognates have been added.

54. PAA *dYar- "hand, arm": PS *dYir?i'i:- -> Ar. dira' "arm, forearm"; Hebr.-'ezrOa', zarOa' "arm, shoulder11 ; Aram. dara.'a "arm"; Ug. dP' "upper arm"; Akk. (WSem.-loan) zuru!:J "arm";

250

PIE *dar-/*dar-/*dr- "to hold": Skt. dhiirayati "to hold, bear, preserve, keep"; Toch. A tsar, B {la:I' "hand".

Soqotri dePCi' "forearm11 ; Har-siisi derii "forearm"; SJ;ter:i. dera'-"forearm"; Eth. mazrii'it "arm". Eg. dr-t "palm of the hand", dri-t "hand"; Copt. tore, tore "(hand); handle, spade, pick, oar".

Cf. Buck 1949:4.31, 4.33, 11.15; Pokorny 1959:252-55 *dher-, *dhera- "to hold"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:856-60. The Coptic cog-nates have been added.

55. PAA *t'Yar-/*t'Yar- "to stick, adhere; to be firm, strong, solid": PS *t'Yar-ab- + Ar. ;;ariba "to stick, adhere", ;;urriba "to become hard, strong; to be firm, solid"; Akk. sarbatu "tree"; I]arslisi darb 11wood, peg, piece of wood"; fth. ijal"aba "to hew, do carpentry", fiarbat "woodwork, stonework". Eg. dri "hard, firm"; Copt. gro rrto become strong, firm, vic-torious; to make strong".

PIE *t'aru-/*t'ra!:!- "to bind, pledge, guarantee, make strong": Oir. derb "certain"; Goth. triggws "true"; OE. treow "truth"; Lith. driUtas "strong, firm". PIE *t'aru-/*t'rau-"tree, wood": ,Hitt. ta-~ "wood"; Skt. dii::ru "wood"; Gk. 6opu "tree, beam"; Goth. triu "tree, wood"; OCS. drevo "tree".

Cf. Moller 1911:48; Buck 1949:15.74, 16.65; Pokorny 1959:214-17 *deru-, *dBru-, *dr(e)u-, *drel;!a-, *drii- "tree"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:804-06. The Coptic cognate has been added.

56. PAA *t'Yaw-/*t'Ya:w- "bad, evil": Eg. dw (dw) "to be bad or evil; to be stinking", dlv-t "bad thing, evil, wickedness"; Copt. gowt "base, lowly, rejected".

PIE *t'us- prefix indicating "bad, evil": Skt. dus-; Av. dus-; Gk. ouo-; Goth . tuz-.

Cf. Buck 1949:16.72; Pokorny 1959:227 *dus- "evil, bad"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:816. The Coptic cognate has been added.

57. PAA *na~'-/*iiats'- "to harvest, reap": PS *nat81-ad- + Akk. e~jedu "to harv;-st"; Ar. J:,a~jada "to harvest, reap, mow", f]al}i.d "mown grain". PEC *nad't- "to reap"-+- Burji hat'- "to reap"; Oromo hatt'-a:w- "to sweep"; Dobase hat'- "to hoe, clean".

PIE *nhat'- "crop, grain": Lat. ador "a species of grain, spelt"; Goth. atisk "grain, grain-field"; OHG. ezzisc "seed".

Cf. Buck 1949:8.32, 8.41, 8.42; Pokorny 1959:3 *ades-, *ados-"type of grain"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:45. The East Cushitic cog-nates have been added.

58. PAA *t'Yar-/*t'Yar- "to cut": PS *t'Yar-ar- + Ar. zarra "to cut, split", ;;irr "sharp-edged stone, flint"; Hebr. l]Or "knife", Ejal" "flint"; Akk. EjUl"tu "knife", surru "flint blade". Copt. gar ;, to sharpen".

PIE *t'ar-/*t'ar-/*t'r- "to cut, split": Gk. 6p~ "to skin, flay"; OE. teran "to tear"; Skt. drnfxti "to tear, rend, split op~n".

251

Cf. Moller 1911:45; Buck 1949:9.23; Pokorny 1959:206-11 *der-, *dera-, *dre- "to skin"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:797-803 *der-, *dere-. The Coptic cognate has been added.

59. PAA *gat'-/*gat'- "to take": PEC *gac:f- "to take" + Burji gac:f-" to take". PSC *gerj- "to take" + Alagwa geger- "to carry"; Iraqw gagar- "to carry"; Kw'adza gel- "to choose"; Ma'a -gePa "to bring"; Dahalo gefitokwn- "to carry".

PIE *gat'-/*gat'-, *ga-n-t'-"to take": Goth. bigitan "to find"; Oice. geta "to get"; OSax. bigetan "to seize"; OE. begietan "to get, obtain, at-tain"; Lat. pY~eh8ndO "to seize"; Alb. gj{ndem "to be found".

Cf. Buck 1949:11.13, 11.14, 11.16; Pokorny 1959:437-38 *ghend-, *ghed- "to grasp, seize"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:589-90. The East Cushitic (Burji) cognate has been added.

60. PAA *k'am-/*k'am- "to chew, bite, eat, cut to pieces, crush": PS *k'am-an- + Ar. (Datina) kamah "to eat"; Eth. lf.amf:a "t'o gra~e, eat"; Harari lflimaf;ta "to take a mouthful"; Amh. J:.ama "to swallow without chewing"; Gurage (Wolane) J:.ama "to chew qiit". Eg. qmit "to cut, wound". PEC *k'om- "to chew, bite, eat" -+ Saho -qom-; Somali qOn "wound", qOm- "to wound"; Dasenech (imp tv.) kom "eat!"; Oromo k'am- "to chew C'at".

PIE *k'am-/*k'am-/*k''ll- "to chew, bite, cut to pieces, crush": Skt. jambhate, jabhate "to chew up, crush, destroy", jambha-h "tooth"; Gk. YOIJ~O

become big", (caus.) gan-is-" to make big, enlarge", gann-an-e "big, great, mighty"; Konso kan- "to be left to grow big"; Dullay kan- "to grow", kan-a "big"; Somali gen "age".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.55, 13.18; Pokorny 1959:491 *glsihen- "to swell"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:679. The East Cushitic cognates have been added.

63. PAA *hark'-/*nark'- "to tear, rend, break apart": PS *xar-ak'-~ Ar. IJara~ "to tear, rend, break apart"; Hebr. !zii.rq~ "to grate". Eg. Demotic (7.-ry) ~ "to grind (the teeth)"; Copt. hroijrij "to grind or gnash (the teeth)".

PIE *hhark'-/*hhark'- "to tear, rend, break apart": Oir. orgaim "to slay"; Hitt. IJar-ak-zi "to be destroyed"; Arm. harkanem "to split, fell".

Cf. Buck 1949:9.26, 9.27, 9.28. The Egyptian and Coptic cognates have been added.

64. PAA *?ad.Y-/*?adY- "to be pointed, sharp", *?adYn- "ear": PS *?adY-an- "to be pointed, sharp", *?udYn- "ear" ~ Hebr. 'ozen "ear", 'a.zen "implements, tools"; Ar. 'udun, 'udn "ear", 'adina "to listen, permit, al-loW, hear"; Akk. uznu 11 ear"; Ug. luzn "ear"; Eth. 'azan "ear", ma'azan "edge, corner, peak, pinnacle"; Amh. ma'azan "corner, angle"; Harari uzun "ear"; Tigre 'azan "ear"; Tna. 'azni "ear", mi:i'azar; "corner"; Gurage azan "~ar"; Sti~ri 'in "ear". Eg. 7.-dn(-

66. PAA *mat'-/*mat'- "to be wet, moist": PS *mat'-ar- + Hebr. mZit;G:r "rain"; Akk. me~ru "rain"; Ar. mapara "to rain"; Ug. mt1' "rain". PS *mat'- -+ Gurage matamata "to be soaked through

by.rai~, be drenched, be rotten, be putrid". Berb. Tamazight a-matta "a tear". Cush. Kam-

batt~muqqo "to be wet"; Qabenna rmt~a "wet", rrruqqo' "to be wet"; Gallinya muqqe "wet". PSC *mii4-or *mad- "rain" + Burunge madiTJ "rainy. season"; Ma'a mclre. Chad. N. Bauchi Ch. *mad:-"dew"-+ Warjanci macf-ai; Pa'anci mad:a; Diryanci mad:a; Siryanci mud:i; Jimbinanci amad'a.

PIE *mat'- "to be wet, moist": Gk. 1m6aw "to be moist"; Lat. madeo "to be wet"; Skt. m&dati "to be glad, rejoice, get drunk".

Cf. Buck 1949:1.75, 4.98; Pokorny 1959:694-95 *mad- "wet; to drip"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:230-33. The Cushitic (Kambatta, Qabenna, and Gallinya) cognates have been added.

67. PAA *nak-/*nak- "to strike, smite, slay": PS *nak-ay- + Hebr. ni'ixah "to strike, smite"; Ar. naka "to cause damage, harm, hurt, injure"; Eth. nakaya "to harm, injure"; Akk. naku "to strike, smite" (?); Sabaean nky "to injure". PS *nak-a?- + Amh. nCikka "to touch, hurt"; Tigre nCik'a "to damage, hurt"; Harari naka'a "to touch, harm"; Tna. niix'e "to touch"; Gurage niikG. "to touch"; Ar. naka'a "to scrape the scab off a wound; to hurt, wound, kill". Eg. nk "to smite, attack, injure". Berb. Tamazight nay "to kill".

PIE *nak-/*nak- "to slay, smite": Lat. neao "to kill, slay", noxa "harm, injury, damage", noceO "to hurt, in-jure, harm", nex "violent death, murder"; Skt. nasyati "to be lost, perish, disappear"; Gk. ve'xu~ "dead body, corpse"; orr. ec "death".

Cf. Brunner 1969:35, no. 138; Buck 1949:9.21; Pokorny 1959:762 *nek- "mortal destruction, corpse"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:326. The Semitic documentation has been expanded.

68. PAA *lak'-l*lak'- "to gather, collect": PS *lak'-at'- + Hebr. lakat "to gather up, pick up"; Akk. lakiitu "to collect, gather"; Ar. la~ata "to gather, pick up, collect". PS *lak'-an- + Ar. lakina "to gather, infer, teach".

Ps *lak' -am- + Eth. lakama "to pick"; Gurage lakama "t~ pick, pick up"; Tna. z"a~ama "to pick, pluck, glean"; Tigre lCikma "to gather, pluck"; Harari iakama "to pick up" Amh. lakkama "to collect, gather (wood); pick (fruit), pick up".

254

PIE *lak'-/*lak'- "to gather": Lat. lege "to ordain, appoint"; Gk. 1-e'yw "to pick, gather, speak".

Cf. Buck 1949:12.21, 18.21; Pokorny 1959:658 *le- "to gather, collect"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. II: 422. The Semitic documentation has been expanded.

11. REFERENCES

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Bernhard, Allan R. Forthcoming/a. "The Aspirated Stops of Proto-Indo-European". To appear in Diachronica III/1 (1986).

Bernhard, Allan R. Forthcoming/b. "The Reconstruction of the Proto-Semitic Consonant System", in Yoel L. Arbeitman, ed., Gedenk-schrift for Albert Ehrman.

Bernhard, Allan R. Forthcoming/c. "Recent Trends in the Reconstruc-tion of the Proto-Indo-European Consonant System". To appear in KZ.

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Caprile, Jean-Pierre and Hermann Jungraithmayr. 1978. Prealables a la reconstruction du proto-tchadique. Paris: Selaf.

Chantraine, Pierre. 1968-80. Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque. Paris: Klincksieck.

Delamarre, X. 1984. Le vocabulaire indo-europeen: lexique etymo-logique thematique. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.

Diakonoff, Igor M. 1970. "Problems of Root Structure in Proto-Semitic", Archiv Orient~lni 38.453-80.

Diakonoff, Igor M. 1984. Letter to the Conference regarding recent work in the U.S.S.R. on the comparative historical vocabulary of Afrasian, in James Bynon, ed., Current Progress in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics: Papers from the Third International Hamito-Semitic Congress. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Diakonoff, Igor M. Forthcoming/a. Afrasian Languages. Moscow: Nauka.

Diakonoff, Igor M., ed. Forthcoming/b. A Sample of a Comparative Historical Vocabulary of Afrasian.

Dolgopol'skij, A. B. 1973. Sravnitel'no-istoriceskaja fonetika kusitskix jazykov. Moscow: Nauka.

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Erman, Adolf and Hermann Grapow. 1921. Agyptisches Handworterbuch. Reprinted 1981. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.

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Gamkrelidze, Thomas v. and Vjaceslav V. Ivanov. 1984. Indoevro-pejskij jazyk i indoevropejcy: rekonstrukcija i istoriko-tipologiceskij analiz prajazyka i protokul'tury (Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Typo-logical Analysis of a Protolanguage and a Protoculture). 2 vols. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Tbilisi State Univer-sity.

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Illic-Svityc, V. M. 1971-84. Opyt sravnenija nostraticeskix yazy-kov (semitoxamitskij, kartvel'skij, indoevropejskij, ural'skij, dravidijskij, altajskij). 3 vols. Moscow: Nauka.

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Allan R. Bomhard 86 Waltham Street Boston, MA 02118

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MORE ON THE VOCATIVE *-E ERIC P, HAMP

While Shields's attempt (GL 25, 1985, 1-3) to rescue his accentual (+ intonational) theory of the fronting of *o to *e is ingenious, I fear that it risks irrelevancy by ignoring the full range of data.

It is clear that the exact background of vocative accentuation in IE is ambiguous,as Winter has carefully stated the problem. But none of these properties of the vocative appears to bear on the quality of its *-e without much more extensive investigation, i.e. of rather distant pre-IE dependencies.

We know that the same thematic *-e appeared in the imperative. I have further shown (Hamp 1970, 1975, 1983, 1984) that the termin-ation of the thematic zero locative was *-e. In short, it seems simply that the shape of the thema in absolute final was *e, for whatever orginal contextual phonetic reason (the real problem).

The thema obviously had a history different from that of conven-tional *e and *o. Note that in the verb,except for the hi-consonan-tal third person plural, the thema matches in quality the gravity of the following consonant.

REFERENCES

Hamp, Eric P. 1970. Locative singular in -ei. IF 75.105-6. ----------- 1975. Latin s~dus, s~dera. AJP 96.64-66.

1983. *Pronoun + clitic. Ba1tistica 19.176-78. 1984. Ober das Deklinationssystem .. GL 24.179-86.

Department of Linguistics University of Chicago

GENERAL LINGUISTICS, Vol. 26, No. 4. Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London.

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