BONWOO Koo, PHILIP G. PARDEY AND MICHAEL T. JACKSON,

History of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI

The rice genetic resources stored in the International Rice Genebank (lRG) atthe International Rice Research Institute (lRRI) at Los Banos, the Philippines,represents the largest and most diverse ex situ collection of rice in the world(Jackson, 1997). The collection, estimated at more than 100,000 samples in1999, is made up of landraces nurtured by farmers for generations, modemand obsolete varieties, some breeding lines and special genetic stocks, the 22wild species in the genus Oryza and related genera in the tribe Oryzeae.

National and regional attempts were made during the 1950s to con-serve rice genetic resources, including attempts to set up regional collec-tions at three locations in Asia by FAD's International Rice Commission.After the establishment of a rice genebank within IRRI in the early 1960s,many countries donated duplicate samples for long-term storage there.Some of these efforts led to the collection of important genetic materials,such as the Assam Rice Collection, with more than 6600 samples assembledfrom north-east India in the late 1960s. Another set of germplasm was thedeep-water varieties collected in Cambodia before the Khmer Rougebanned their cultivation. From the 1970s, the IRRI genebank began coordi-nating the collection of rice germ plasm worldwide and the size of the col-lection has increased significantly since then. Between 1961 and 1974, thecollection accumulated 28,000 accessions; by 1980 the collection had dou-bled, and then it almost doubled again in the next 20 years.

Between 1995 and 2000, with support from the Swiss Agency forDevelopment and Cooperation (SOC), IRRI coordinated a major collectionprogramme in 23 countries in South and South-east Asia, sub-Saharan

.Africa and Costa Rica. The aim of these joint collection activities was tocomplete, as far as possible, the field collection of cultivated rice germplasmby 2000, to explore areas that had previously been inaccessible (primarily

() The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (for the CGIAR System-wide Genetic ResourcesProgramme) and the International Food Policy Research Institute 2004. Saving Seeds(B. Koo, P.G. Pardey and B.D. Wright et a/.) 89

for reasons of civil unrest, which made collecting unsafe) and to enlarge thepool of wild germplasm in ex situ conservation. A particular effort wasmade to collect germ plasm in the Lao People's Democratic Republic,. acountry where much of the existing rice cultivation (often of glutinous vari-eties) is based on indigenous rice, with thousands of different varieties(Appa Rao et ai., 1997). The Lao germplasm is now the second-largest com-ponent of the IRRI genebank collection.

The present genebank facilities were constructed in 1977 to establishthe International Rice Germplasm Center (renamed as the InternationalRice Genebank in 1995) and became part of the Genetic Resources Centerin 1990. Following extensive renovation and expansion in the early 1990s,significant improvements were made to ensure the long-term security ofthe germplasm collections. Today, IRG has two storage rooms (long- andmedium-term), with a combined capacity for about 120,000 accessions(Table 6.1).

Costing the IRRI Genebank

Capital input costs

A breakdown of the capital costs related to the genebank facility and thecosts of the operating equipment used by the IRRI genebank is provided inTable 6.2. The long-term (S7-m2) storage room is located in the middle of themedium-term storage room (whose net size is 182 m2). Seeds for long-term

Table 6.1. I~RI genebank holdings, 1973-~001.

Total numberof accessions

24,16226,81830,33234,22936,95640,76847,74353,43157,02760,18163,49064,74466,83671,87874,498

Total numberof accessions

76,29777,06177,07578,381

nfanfanfanfa

80,79781,58584,24786,805

nfa91,025

Year

19881989199019911992199319941996199519971998199920002001a

Year

197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987

alncludes only registered accessions as of August 2001,nla, not available.

91IRRI Genebank

Aeplacement cost' Annualized costa

345,232150,440167,180

2,44025,172

195,30056,41890,96014,35033,572

147,51024,480

106,00017,030

616,08876,50044,721

222,0426,120

14,79965,28016,35020,740

125,53624,00037,60117,32617,5031,0921,680

224,960103,36030,00079,60012,000

1,566,691

Table 6.2._~apital input costs (US$. 1999pric~ at the IRRI genebank.

Service life (years)

28,9657,308

19,819289

1,54916,7282,741

10,7831,7011,503

15,7741,189

12,5662,019

62,2363,7165,302

26,323.297

1,7543,1711,9381,008

14,8823,8453,422

842

2,075236269

27,6925,0213,556

17,1931,922

154,817

40101025,

40

101050

401010

40

10104010401040107

401057

4010

57

Cost category --.

Medium-term storageStorage facilityStorage equipmentHeat-sealing deviceSeed container

Long-term storageStorage facilityStorage equipmentVacuum-canning deviceSeed container

Viability testingViability-testing facilityGermination chamberOther equipment

RegenerationFarming facilityFarming equipmentScreenhouseEmbryo-rescue facilityEmbryo-rescue equipmentSeed-processing facilitySeed-cleaning equipmentSeed-drying facilitySeed-drying equipmentVehicles

Seed-health testingSeed-health testing facilityLab/office equipmentComputerVehicle

General capitalGeneral facilityOffice equipmentComputerVehicle

Total capital cost

Note: See Appendix B for details.aCalculated at a 4% interest rate using equation (3) in Appendix A.

storage are kept in vacuum-sealed aluminium cans, and seeds for medium-term storage are stored in heat-sealed aluminium-foil packets. Viability test-ing is performed year-round with a total of five germination chambers. Ascreenhouse of 4000 m2 is used to cultivate wild varieties or those of lowviability or in low stock. In addition, some dormant seeds and samples withparticularly small quantities of seed are first seeded in an embryo-rescueroom before being planted outside. All incoming and outgoing accessions

92 Chapter 6

are tested for seed health by the Seed Health Unit (SHU), which occupies anarea of 364 m2, including reception, incubation and inspection areas.Annualized capital costs are shown in the right-hand column of Table 6.2,calculated using a 4% baseline interest rate. .

Annual operating costs 1

Seed storageAs of 1999, the total number of registered accessions of rice in the collectionwas 86,805, with a further 20,000 samples being multiplied prior to incorpo-rating into the collection. About 94% of this collection consists of Oryzasativa, the rest are Oryza glaberrima 0.5%) and wild species (4.5%). Mostaccessions of seeds are stored both medium term as the active collectionand long term as the base collection. For medium-term storage, materialsare packed in aluminium-foil bags and stored at 2°C with a relative humid-ity of 30-35%. Materials for temporary storage (for example, planting orfreshly harvested materials) .are also stored in the medium-term storageroom, in paper bags. The base collection is stored in vacuum-sealed cansmaintained at about -18 to -20°C.

As for the other genebank operations at other centres described in ear-lier chapters, the variable cost of operating the storage facilities consists pri-marily of labour and electricity. Under the supervision of the genebankmanager, the storage area's environment is monitored daily by a genebanktechnician. With an automatic power-supply system, the average time ofrunning the storage equipment is 8 hi day, and the annual cost of electricityfor storage amounts to $15,668 (Table 6.3).2

Viability testingExisting stored seed, freshly regenerated seed and newly acquired seed areall tested for viability. Newly regenerated samples must retain a 90% orhigher viability rate to be placed into long-term storage; if the germinationof existing accessions falls below 85% of the initial rate, the accession isregenerated in the next growing season. A regular seed-testing schedulewas established for all the species in IRRI's genebank based on the existingdata set (Naredo et al., 1998).

To test each accession, two 100-seed samples are placed in an oven at50°C to break dormancy and then put on moist paper towels in a germina-tion chamber with temperatures alternating between 30°C and 20°C under99% relative humidity for a week before observation.3 In a typical year,about 15,000 accessions from the storage rooms are tested, and an addi-tional 7000-8000 freshly multiplied accessions are also tested beforestorage.4 The amount of incoming material varies by year, but in the sampleyear of 1999 a total of 4950 accessions were newly introduced to IRG. Thetotal number of genebank accessions tested for viability in 1999 was esti-mated to be 29,250. The viability testing is conducted by one technicianwith two contracted workers engaged year-round.

93/RR/Genebank

Capital

1,198

Subtotal~

12,6135,0235,3752,215(4,950)

17,3022,311

11,9533,038

(86,080)12,440

1,5418,7152,184

(83,930)10,579

8,7211,858

(29,250)21,557

2,6969,3285,7483,785(6,200)7,2175,9501,267

(9,450)31,64223,6862,4005,556

114,87175,5905,110

14,00020,171

228,221

Labour

11,7194,4355,2262,058

Non-labour

894588149157

28,96610,860

8,9531,907

6,4422,3113,0001,131

16,7288,145

6,7151,430

4,2951,5412,000

754

15,774437360

77

10,1428,3611,781

2,2245,422

1,0923,378

952

16,1352,6968,2362,3702,833

2,5522,104

448

4,6653,846

819

5,0531,7662,400

88723,180

5,11014,0004,070

56,543

26,58921,920

4,66991,69175,590

16,101171,678

27,693

-

92,583

Cost category

AcquisitionSeed-health testingSeed handlingOverheads(Number of accessions)

Medium-term storageStorage managementClimate controlOverheads(Number of accessions)

Long-term storageStorage managementClimate controlOverheads(Number of accessions)

Viability testingViability testingOverheads(Number of accessions)

DisseminationDissemination managementSeed-health testingPacking/shippingOverheads(Number of accessions)

DuplicationPacking/shippingOverheads(Number of accessions)

Information managementDatabase managementOther expensesOverheads

General managementManagerial staffElectricityOther expensesOverheads

Total operating cost

Note: See Appendix B for further details.

Regeneration and characterizationTo obtain high-quality seeds, regeneration is undertaken only in the dry'season, between November and May, when conditions are most con-ducive for producing high-quality seeds with high viability. This season

Chapter 694

offers high solar radiation, lower night temperatures and lower pest anddisease pressure, as well as short days, which promote flowering in pho-toperiod-sensitive varieties (Ellis and Jackson, 1995; Kameswara Rao.andJackson, 1996).

Cultivated rice is regenerated in a 10-ha field in the IRRI experimentstation. In 1999, a total of 7300 accessions were planted for regeneration, ofwhich 4600 were for the multiplication of incoming materials and 2700 formultiplication or regeneration of existing materials. Most accessions of wildrice require different management practices for seed regeneration. Likeother wild species, wild rice requires extra care in its regeneration (such asquarantine). These species, and a few cultivated ones, are regenerated in ascreenhouse under the management of a scientist. Each accession is plantedin separate seed boxes or pots, and 'selfing' (panicle bagging, as describedin Chapter 4) is necessary to minimize outcrossing. Particular care is neededwhile harvesting wild rice to prevent seed loss from shattering and seedmixture. All these processes require extra labour and materials, making theoverall costs of regenerating an accession of wild rice significantly higherthan the cost of regenerating cultivated rice (Table 6.4).

Characterizing cultivated rice species is done during the rainy seasonwhen full vegetative characteristics are observed. Most farmers grow riceduring the rainy season when the characteristics of species are wellrevealed. In 1999, 2000 accessions were characterized on a 2-ha area. Theprocedure of planting for characterization is the same as that for regenera-tion, except that materials are not harvested and a substantial amount oflabour is needed for recording the traits of each accession. Morphologicaland agronomic characteristics are scored in small field plots during the wetseason using a standard descriptor list. Almost 90% of the whole collectionhas been scored for about 50 morphological and agronomic characters.

Seed processingAfter seeds are regenerated in the field and shipped to the seed-processingroom, each accession is verified as representing the composition of the orig-inal sample and containing sufficient material for storage. Accessions ofinsufficient size revert to medium-term storage until they can be regrownthe following season. Seeds are next dried for about a month in the seeddrying room, which has a 9000-kg capacity and is operated at 15°C and 15%relative humidity. Seeds equilibrate slowly to a moisture content of around6-7% (Jackson, 1997).

Dried seeds are pre-cleaned with blowers and then manually cleanedwith sieves in the seed-processing room (at 20°C and 40-50% relativehumidity). Seed cleaning is one of the most labour-intensive activities inIRRI's genebank operation; it is estimated that one technician can cleanabout two to five accessions per day.5 Cleaned seed samples are dividedinto prelabelled envelopes for viability testing, seed-health testing, dupli-cate storage and prepacking, as well as for the active and base collections.Since rice seeds take in moisture during the cleaning process, they gothrough a final drying for a week.

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96 Chapter 6

For the base collection, seeds are then packed in two 60-g-capacity alu-minium cans per accession; for the active collection, samples are stored inresealable laminated aluminium-foil bags (about 500 g); and, for safetyduplication, 20-g seed samples are packed in small aluminium packets. Twoto five 10-g packets are also prepared at this time ready for dissemination.The amount of stored seeds for wild species is much smaller than for culti-vated species: about 50 seeds for the base collection and 10-20 seeds for dis-semination.

Seed-health testingAll incoming and disseminated samples are examined by the Seed HealthUnit (SHU) under the supervision of the Philippine Plant QuarantineService, Bureau of Plant Industry. Formerly, seeds were tested for health justbefore dissemination; however, since the mid-1990s, newly regeneratedsamples are tested before storage, and if these samples are requested theyare directly disseminated without extra testing.6 The motivation for thischange in protocol is to sto~e only the highest-quality seeds, thereby savingon storage costs.

Under a part-time manager, four scientists and eight technicians verifythe health of seed used by the genebank, the International Network for theGenetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) activity and the breeding programme.In 1999, the SHU tested 12,195 incoming and 57,720 outgoing accessions, ofwhich 3469 and 6200 accessions were destined for or came from thegenebank, respectively. Thus, the genebank's share of the total number ofaccessions processed by the SHU was estimated at 14% -the amount allo-cated in our calculations.

DisseminatiiJn and safety duplicationSeeds that are disseminated from IRRI come either from the genebank,which distributes mostly landraces and raw materials, or through INGER,which sends elite germplasm to further national breeding objectives(Jackson et ai., 2000). Since 1973, more than 775,000 packets of seeds havebeen disseminated worldwide. Fewer than 17,000 of the accessions regis-tered in the genebank have never been requested (Table 6.5).7 In additionto a Philippine phytosanitary certificate, accessions disseminated interna-tionally require an import permit from the requesting country. A localphytosanitary certificate is required for shipments within the Philippines.

Ninety-five per cent of IRRI genebank accessions are duplicated at theUS National Seed Storage Laboratory in Fort Collins via the black-boxmethod described in Chapter 3. Duplicate storage of African rice is sharedbetween IRRI, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (liT A) inNigeria and the Africa Rice Center (WARDA, formerly the West Africa RiceDevelopment Association) in the Ivory Coast. The seeds destined forbackup storage are packed at the same time as those kept in on-site storageand dissemination, and so the labour cost involved in duplicating and dis-seminating seed is similar.

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Chapter 698

Data and information managementDocumentation and data management were significantly enhanced duringthe 1990s through the development of the International Rice GenebankCollection Information System (lRGCIS), which operates on IRRI's localarea network, using Oracle as the software platform. Its value has been fur-ther strengthened through integration with the CG's SINGER database. Therecent launching of a Web-enabled version of the IRGCIS has expandedaccess to IRRI's germplasm data.

Economic Analysis

Representative annual costs of genebank operation

The total cost of operating the rice genebank at IRRI is estimated at $578,727in 1999, including the operational costs related to conservation and distrib-ution. Capital expenses constitute only a quarter of the annual operatingcosts, and labour accounts for more than 60%, including the costs of scien-tific and senior technical staff engaged in genebank operations, which weconsider as quasi-fixed (labour) costs (Table 6.6 and Fig. 6.1).

Economic costs

Annual average costsThe average cost of holding over an accession of any crop for one moreyear, if initial regeneration is deemed unnecessary, is just 24 cents; if regen-eration is required, the cost jumps to between $13.79 for cultivated rice and$34.09 for wild rice. Keeping a newly introduced accession in its first yearcosts between $21.70 and $42.00 per accession. Disseminating seed samples,if there is sufficient stock in the active collection, costs $8.66 per accession. Ifregeneration is needed to boost stocks, distribution costs per accessionjump to $22.21 for cultivated rice and $42.51 for wild rice. The cost of dis-seminating newly acquired sample ranges from $31.50 to $49.34 per acces-sion due to the costs involved in characterizing newly acquired material(Table 6.7).

Average costs in the long runTable 6.8 provides present values for the costs of conserving and distribut-ing an accession in perpetuity (once again, in constant, inflation-adjustedterms). In keeping with the procedures used for estimating costs at otherCG centres, we used a 4% baseline interest rate and assumed that viabilitytesting begins in the 10th year after acquisition, that retesting occurs every 5years thereafter and -in the case of IRRI -that an accession is disseminatedonce every 10 years.

Under these assumptions, the average cost of conserving an existingaccession (not needing regeneration) in perpetuity at IRRI is $10.58 for culti-

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99

Chapter 6100,

vated rice and $13.90 for wild rice. For a newly acquired accession or oneneeding initial regeneration, the conservation costs range from $32.04 to$55.66 per accession. The present value to distribute an accession rangesfrom $51.19 to $72.23 if an initial regeneration is not required, while distrib-uting a newly acquired accession of rice costs between $74.03 and $112.91.

Total costs in the long runThe present-value equivalent of $1/285/255 and $1/959/936 are needed tounderwrite the capital costs of conserving and distributing IRRI' s currentcollection in perpetuity, respectively. Labour and operating costs to con-serve and distribute the entire holdings in perpetuity would require a totalof $2/857/157 and $6/550/944/ respectively, in present values (Table 6.9). Weestimate that overall it costs $4/142/412 to conserve and $8/510/880 to dis-tribute the current level of holdings in the IRRI genebank in perpetuity, rep-resenting a total of $12/653/292.

Notes

IJackson (2000) discusses the details of the IRRI genebank operations.2This is denoted as 'climate control' costs in Table 6.3. In addition to the use of elec-tricity for storage purposes, the cost of electricity used for general purposes isincluded as part of the general management category.

IRRICenebank 101

Table 6.7. Average costs (US$ per accession, 1999 prices) of conserving and distributing an accessionfor 1 year at the IRRI genebank.

Existing accessionNew accessiona

(with regeneration)

-With regenerationCost category

ConservationLong-term storageNew introductionAcquisitionInitial viability testingInitial duplication

Viability testingRegenerationb

Cultivated riceWild rice

Conservation costCultivated riceWild rice

DistributionMedium-term storageDisseminationViability testingRegeneration

Cultivated riceWild rice

CharacterizationCultivated riceWild rice

Distribution costCultivated riceWild rice

Without regeneration

0.24 0.24 0.24

5.510.861.540.430.43

13.1233.42

13.1233.42

0.240.24

13.7934.09

21.7042.00

0.468.200.43

0.468.200.43

0.468.20

13.1233.42

13.1233.42

9.296.83

8.66 22.218.66 42.51

aNewly introduced accessions require initial regeneration arid viability testing.bRegeneration costs are equally allocated between conservation and distribution.

31.5049.34

3For wild rice, only 20 seeds are tested after breaking dormancy.4The entire collection was tested for viability over several years from the mid-1990s,and more than 600,000 germination tests were made over that time.5The target seed quantity after drying is about 1 kg per accession; assuming 40 seedsweigh 1 g, each accession of cultivated rice consists of 40,000 seeds.6Accessions placed in medium-term storage prior to mid-1990 were not necessarilysubject to health testing and thus are tested prior to dissemination.7Some are requested repeatedly, such as IRGC328 (a variety named Azucen!l),reflecting their common and widespread use in molecular mapping and genomics.

102 Chapter 6

Table 6.8. Present values (US$ per accession, 1999 prices) of conserving and distributing an accessionin perpetuity at the IRRI genebank.

-

Existing accession3 New accession

,4%

-Cost category pc,' ;J'~" 6%

;"'.. ,'v 'c"

ConservationLong-term storage 12.01 6.12 4.16New introductionAcquisitionInitial viability testingInitial duplication

Viability testingb .-, 1.99 1.28

Safety duplicationC 0.25 0.09Regeneration (50 years)

Cultivated rice 8.01 2.22 0.78Wild rice 20.01 5.54 1.94

Conservation costCultivated rice 10.58 6.31Wild rice 13.90 7.47

DistributionMedium-term storage 11.86 8.06Disseminationd 25.28 18.58Regeneration (25 years) ";;7;~'Cultivated rice"'" -, .J. 14.05 7.46

Wild rice 35.09 18.62Characterization

Cultivated riceWild rice

Distribution costCultivated rice 103.23 51.19 34.10Wild r'ice 154.59 72.23 45.26

Note: The data in this table were calculated using equations (1) and (2) in Appendix A.aExisting accessions are assumed to have been freshly regenerated. New accessions require initialregeneration.bViability testing commences in the 10th year after acquisition, and then every 5 years thereafter.cSafety duplication is made concurrently with each round of regeneration.dDissemination occurs every 5 years.

2% 4% 2% 6%

12.01 6.12 4.16

5.510.861.544.140.91

5.510.861.541.990.25

5.510.861.541.280.09

4.140.91

21.5653.86

15.7739.39

14.3335.79

25.0737.07

46.5378.83

32.0455.66

27.7749.22

23.2745.66

23.2745.66

11.8625.28

8.0618.58

34.3085.66

47.85119.51

27.6068.94

21.0152.47

9.296.83

9.296.83

9.296.83

126.07195.27

74.03112.91

56.9485.94

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