Book 2Book 2

Unit 2 Unit 2 Medicine

Outline

1.

2.

3.

4.

Language Lab

Career Centre

5. The Joy of English

Culture Saloon

Language Focus

Read about how to become a doctor.

Learn how to write a letter of invitation.

Learn the simple past tense.

Build up your vocabulary related to medicine.

Read about the life expectancy of people in early history.

In this unit, In this unit, you willyou will

Expand vocabulary by learning about numerical prefixes.

Have a look at a cartoon on the H1N1 vaccine.

Language LabLanguage Lab

Warm-up activity

In recent years, diseases like SARS and H1N1 have killed a lot of people and caused much concern in many countries. How much do you know about the history of human being’s fight against disease?

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Title 1. Hazardous adj.: risky; dangerous ◆ These mine workers work in hazardous conditions which

should be improved as soon as possible. ◆ Investment is a hazardous business; even those who are in

the swim sometimes come a cropper. 投资是一项风险事业，就是那些懂行的人有时也会栽跟头。

hazardous chemicals

Language Points

Para. 1

Three centuries ago, people had much shorter lives. In 1700, insurance companies put the average life expectancy of a new-born baby at only fourteen years! The average life expectancy in the world today is sixty-six years, and in some countries it is much higher: in Japan or France, for example, the average is more than eighty. This is mainly because of better diet, better hygiene, and better health care. Even in the old days though, it is interesting that if people survived to be an adult they often lived to be sixty or seventy.

1. insurance n. an arrangement by which a company gives customers

financial protection against loss or harm such as theft or illness in return for payment premium

◆John had to have flood insurance when he bought a house on the coast.

◆ Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident? 出了车祸后，你向保险公司要求赔偿了吗？

Para. 1

written contract or certificate of insurance

保险单

2. put…at v. estimate ◆I'll put the weight at about fourteen pounds. 我估计这大约重 14 磅。 ◆The total height is put at 390 feet. 整个高度估计为 390 英尺。

3. expectancy n. 1. excited awareness that sth. is about to happen ◆An air of expectancy hung over the crowd. 2. sth. expected, especially an amount or length of

time expected on the basis of statistical calculations ◆According to the Internet, the average life

expectancy of transplant survivors is eleven very short years. ◆ And those with a life expectancy of more than

five years have also benefited from additional therapies

Para. 1

4. because of vs because because of +n./ pron/ ing/ what clause because + clause ◆He lost his job because of his age. ◆I didn’t buy it because it was too expensive.

5. hygiene n. the practice or principles of cleanliness ◆The dentist instructed his patients on dental

hygiene. ◆Mary is meticulous ( 十分小心 ) about her hygiene.

6. health care --- activities to maintain health◆The new President’s efforts to improve the health

care system failed.

Para. 1

the logo of hygiene in

China

Having children was much more dangerous in those days: one in every nine women died in childbirth. Even so, women used to have many more children than they do today: in 1800 the average American family had seven children — today the average is less than two. Perhaps the reason for this was that so many babies died: even a hundred years ago, 20% of children died before they were five.

Para. 2

1. used to / be used to used to + do ：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，

但如今 已不存在。 be used to + doing ： " 习惯于 " ， to 是介词，后需加名词

或动名词。

　　◆Mother used not to be so forgetful. 　　 　　◆ Scarf used to take a walk. 　 ( 过去常常散步 )　 ◆ He is used to a vegetarian diet. 　　 　 ◆ Scarf is used to taking a walk.( 现在习惯于散步 )　　

Para. 2

One reason that there were so many diseases was that people knew much less about hygiene; even rich people didn’t use to wash much — many people thought that it was dangerous to take a bath, so they often bathed only once or twice a year. Instead they used perfume to cover body odours. Poor people didn’t even have toilets or clean water and most had lice in their hair, bodies, clothes and beds.

Para. 3

1. take a bath ◆Having taken a bath in the raw in a cold

mountain stream, we went to a village. 在冰冷的山间小溪胡乱洗个澡之后，我们就向

一座村庄走去。 bath n. 洗澡，沐浴，浴盆，浴室 v. 洗澡 ◆She bathes twice a day in hot weather . 天热时，她一天洗两次澡。 2. Instead adv. in place of, or as an alternative to ◆If you can't sign your name, make a cross

instead. 你如果不会签名，画一个十字也可以。

Para. 3

3. odour n. =odor( 美 ) a smell, whether pleasant or unpleasant ◆The odour summoned up memories of my childhood. 这气味使我回忆起孩提时代。 ◆ My room is filled with the odour of roses. 我的房间里充满了玫瑰花的香味。

4. louse n. (plural) lice (plural lice) a small wingless insect that lives as a parasite on humans

and other animals. There are sucking lice e.g. head and body lice, and biting lice, e.g. bird lice.

Para. 3

There was no toothpaste in those days either; and only rich people used toothbrushes. Of course toothache was very common, but there were no professional dentists until the middle of the nineteenth century. Before that, if you had toothache you had to go to barber’s. He not only cut hair, but also used to take out teeth and perform other small operations.

Para. 4

1. words related to toothtoothpaste toothbrush toothache

dentist

2. perform operations ◆Yes, I got a good surgeon to perform the operation . 是的，我找了一位好的外科医师进行手术。 ◆ To perform an operation by means of a computer. 使用计算机去执行某种操作。

Para. 4

And even if you did see a professional doctor, many of their methods seem very strange today. In the eighteenth century, doctors treated almost any illness the same way: by removing blood from the patient — and they often used leeches to help them! Hospitals could also be dangerous places. At the end of the nineteenth century, more than half the patients in hospital died — usually from illness they didn’t have when they went in.

Para. 5

1. do auxiliary verb used to emphasize a positive statement or command, often as a

way of politely inviting or persuading somebody to do sth. ◆Yes, I do realize you can’t finish the work today. ◆ Please do be quiet!

2. die from ◆ Women who smoke are 12 times more likely to die from the disease. 女性烟民死于肺癌的可能性是非吸烟者的 12 倍。 ◆ It is a race against time to stop people die from starvation. 为抢救那些即将饿死的人而分秒必争。

Para. 5

Task 4. Find words in the text that mean:1.___________ risky; dangerous2.___________ a lavatory3.___________ surgery performed on a patient4.___________ do a task or a piece of work5.___________ a person receiving medical treatment6.___________ a particular way of doing sth. 7.___________ illness 8.___________ the action of giving birth to a child9.___________ the result you get by adding several amounts

together than dividing it by the number of the amounts10.__________ a person who cuts men's hair and shaves for

them as an occupation

toilet

operation

performpatientmethod

disease

childbirth average

barber

hazardous

Vocabulary and Structure

Task 5. Find the right words from below to fill in the blanks; you may change their forms to make the

sentences complete. remove  treat  perform survive  bathe 

method expectancy  odour  dentist insurance

1. Without the balance of nature, will human beings_________?2. If snakes are a problem, __________ dead trees and cut high

grass so that they have nowhere to hide.3. Is there a stream where we can_________?4. An __________ company will not pay if the damage is caused

deliberately.5. The freeze smells _________ of rotten fish.6. I’m sure you will be able to sleep better had you __________

your duty.7. Are there any medicines to __________ swine flu( 猪流感 ) ？8. New __________ of teaching foreign languages are adopted in

this college.9. The __________suggested changing toothbrush every three

month.Human life ____________ was only 37 years in 1800.

survive

remove

bath insurance

odour performed

treat

methods

dentist expectancy

Task 6. Translate following sentences into English using the phrases given.

1. 我们必须相信我们所做的事情，即使别人不相信 .(believe in, even) We must believe in what we do, even when others do not.2. 在大城市里，在寒冷的冬季，许多老年人死于污染的空气。 (die from, polluted

air) In big cities during cold winter months, many old people die from the

polluted air.3. 我过去习惯早起，并且在早餐前散步一小时。 (used to) I used to get up early and take an hour’s walk before breakfast.4. 要在不到一周的时间内完成这项工作，是件困难的事情。 (less than) It is hard to finish the work in less than one week.5. 到这部戏剧的结尾部分，很多观众都被深深感动了。 (at the end of, be affected,

drama.) Lots of audiences were deeply affected at the end of the drama.6. 他以前比现在上门出诊多得多。 (used to, house call) He used to make many more house calls than he does now.

Translation

一般过去时

构成

用法

常用时间

动词的过去式

1. 表示过去某个时 间发生的动作或

存在的状态。2. 表示过去经常或

反复发生的动作。

yesterdaylast nightin 1990two days ago

Simple Past Tense

Language Focus

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一般过去时态句式的构成一般过去时态句式的构成

动词动词 肯 定 式肯 定 式 否 定 式否 定 式

be

I was ….

He /She/it was….

We/You/They were ….

I was not(wasn’t)….

He/She/It was not(wasn’t)….

We/You/They were not (weren’t)…

work I/You/He/She/It/We/

You/They worked.

I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They

did not(didn’t) work.

there

be

There was ….

There were….

There was not (wasn’t) ….

There were not (weren’t)….

陈述句式陈述句式

一般过去时态句式的构成一般过去时态句式的构成

动词动词 疑 问 句 式 和 简 略 答 语 疑 问 句 式 和 简 略 答 语 第一人称第一人称 第二人称第二人称 第三人称第三人称

be

Was I …? Yes, you were. No, you were not.

Were you…? Yes,I was. No,I was not.

Was he/she/it…? Yes,he/she/it was. No,he/she/it was not.

Were we…? Yes,we/you were. No,we/you were not.

Were you…? Yes,we were. No,we were not.

Were they…? Yes,they were. No,they were not.

work

Did I work? Yes,you did. No,you did not.

Did you work? Yes,I did. No, I did not.

Did he/she/it work? Yes,he/she/it did. No,he/she/it did not.

Did we work? Yes,we/you did. No,we/you did not.

Did you work? Yes,we did. No,we did not.

Did they work? Yes,they did. No,they did not.

there be

Was there a/ any…? Yes,there was. No,there was not.

Were there any…? Yes,there were. No,there were not.

一般疑问句式一般疑问句式

动词过去式的构成

动词过去式

的构成

规则动词

不规则动词

构成规则 例词

1. 一般在动词原形末尾加 -ed look looked play played start started2. 结尾是 e 的动词加 -d live lived hope hoped use used

3. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读 闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字 母，再加 -ed

stop stoppedplan plannedtrip tripped

4. 结尾是“辅音字母 +y” 的动词， 先变“ y” 为“ i” 再加 -ed

study studied

carry carried

一般过去时的用法：

1. 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如： The foreign guests visited Beijing last spring. My uncle never smoked.

2. 表示过去的习惯动作。例如： When she was in the countryside, she often went hiking. Whoever he met for the first time, he liked to ask about their

hometown.

3. 在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中用来代替过去将来时。例如： We would not leave until our manager came back. John told me that he would not go with us if it rained

tomorrow.

4. 表示动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如： Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. There was a coffee house around the corner.

5. 表示厌恶、不耐烦等感情色彩。例如： You asked for it! I told you so.

巧记动词过去时态巧记动词过去时态

动词一般过去时， 表示过去发生事；be用 was或用 were, have,has变

had；谓语动词过去式， 过去时间坐标志；一般动词加 -ed ， 若是特殊得硬记。否定句很简单， 主语之后 didn’t添；疑问句也不难， did放在主语前；如果谓语之前有 did ， 谓语动词需还原；动词若是 was,were, 否定就把 not添。

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The steps should be followed when writing a letter of invitation:

1. The introduction allows the sender to introduce himself as well as the organization he or she has chosen to represent.

2. In the body of the letter, it is important to give an outline of the event. The exact date and time should be included as well as the theme and purpose for the event.

3. Then appreciation for the guest who is to attend the party should be shown in one sentence.

4. The conclusion part should include a salutation and a signature.

Career centre

Invitation Letter

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Some useful sentences ： I wonder if there is any chance for your to come to…

It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you.

There are also arrangements for … which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy.

The dinner starts at … so that we can have a nice and long evening.

Please confirm your participation at your earliest convenience.

Example

Invitation On behalf of all of us here at East Coast Trading Co. Ltd., I would like to invite you as a guest to attend a special event honoring our most valuable partners: our leading distributors and sales partners.The event will be held on Saturday, May 12, at 7:30 P.M. at the Lumbertown Marriott and will include a reception, dinner, and a surprise celebrity entertainer.Please RSVP before May 1 by calling Mary Papelbon at extension 1007.

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Doctors are responsible for the diagnosis, care and treatment of illnesses, diseases, infections and well-being of people. They may work in a variety of settings such as in a hospital or as a family doctor. Hospital doctors can go on to specialize in particular areas of medicine such as pathology, psychiatry and pediatrics, or surgery, such as orthopedics and ophthalmology. Learning to be a doctor involves a long and expensive course of study. You will generally spend 5 years as an undergraduate at medical school. You will then become a preregistration house officer for one year. After this year, you can apply to the American Medical Association to become a fully licensed doctor. You will then have at least 3 more years of further education to become a family doctor or at least 7 years to become a hospital consultant .

Culture Saloon

How to Become a Doctor

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ointment 药膏

tablet 药片

lotion 药水

pill 药丸

herbal medicine 中草药

fill a prescription 配药

decoct herbal medicine 煎药

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The Joy of English

Task 15. Have you heard of the H1N1 flu? Do you know how much impact it has on our daily life? Try to understand what the people are doing in the picture.

Notes: 1. vaccine 疫苗2. vulnerable 易受伤害的

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