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In association with CANU - The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and ArtsWith support of Žabljak Municipality

Biotecnical Faculty Historical Institute of Montenegro

Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

- Experiences, challenges and perspectives -

Žabljak, September 14-16, 2016 MONTENEGRO

International Conference

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

International Conference: Sustainable development of mountain areas - Experiences, challenges and perspectives

Žabljak, September 14-16, 2016 Montenegro

Book of Abstracts

“Valorizing the Montenegrin Katuns through sustainable development of agriculture and tourism – KATUN” is a two–year research project (April 2015 - March 2017), led by Biotechnical faculty University of Montenegro, financed by Ministry of Science of Montenegro through the INVO HERIC grant No: 01-646.

Book of Abstracts

International Conference: Sustainable development of mountain areas

- Experiences, challenges and perspectives Žabljak, September 14-16, 2016 Montenegro

Organized by:

University of Montenegro

- Biotechnical Faculty - Faculty for Tourism and Hotel Management - Historical Institute of Montenegro

In association with:

-The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts -Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia -Consiglio Nazionale Della Ricerche, Istituto per le technologie aplicate ai beni culturali, Roma,

Italy -University of Basilicata, Italy -Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant

Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden The commercial project partners:

-HM Durmitor d.o.o. Žabljak -The Old House (Stara Kuća) d.o.o. Podgorica, -Intertehna, Berane

and Municipality of Žabljak

Organising Committee: Milan Marković, president Jelena Lazarević, vice president Milić Čurović, general secretary Božidarka Marković Dušica Radonjić Ivan Laković Olga Pelcer – Vujačić Slavko Mirecki Tatjana Koprivica Rada Minić Marijana Maksimović Milena Đokić Dragana Drobnjak

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Book of Abstracts

Scientific committee Dr Miomir Jovanović, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Dr Momčilo D. Pejović, University of Montenegro - Historical Institute, Montenegro Prof. Dr Đurđica Perović, University of Montenegro - Faculty for Tourism and Hotel Management Kotor, Montenegro Prof. Dr Milojica Jaćimović, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Montenegro Dr Sofija Pescarin, CNR-Institute of technologies applied to cultural heritage, Italy Prof. Dr Pietro Picuno, University of Basilicata - Faculty of Agriculture, Italy Prof. Dr Emil Erjavec, University of Ljubljana - Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia Dr Audrius Menkis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden Dr Kristaq Kume, “Alexandër Moisiu” University, Durrës, Albania Dr Siniša Berjan, University of East Sarajevo - Faculty of Agriculture, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prof. Dr Zlatan Sarić, University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prof. Dr Željko Vaško, University of Banja Luka - Faculty of Agriculture, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prof. Dr Božo Važić, University of Banja Luka - Faculty of Agriculture, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prof. Dr Neven Antunac, University of Zagreb – Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia Prof. Dr Zvonko Antunović, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek – Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia Prof. Dr Tihomir Florijačic, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek – Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia Prof. Dr Ante Ivanković, University of Zagreb – Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia Dr Mirjana Pejić-Bach, University of Zagreb, Croatia Dr Paride D' Ottavio, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy Dr Giovanni Gussepe Vendramin, CNR- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Italy Prof. Dr Dragi Dimitrevski, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University - Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Skopje, Macedonia Dr Aleksandar Čilikov, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Montenegro Dr Ivan Laković, University of Montenegro - Historical Institute, Montenegro Dr Senka Babović-Raspopović, University of Montenegro - Historical Institute, Montenegro Dr Sanja Pekovic, University of Montenegro - Faculty for Tourism and Hotel Management Kotor, Montenegro Prof. Dr Tanja Stanovčić, University of Montenegro - Faculty for Tourism and Hotel Management Kotor, Montenegro Prof. Dr Aleksandra Despotović, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Dr Radisav Dubljević, University of Montenegro -Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Prof. Dr Zoran Jovović, University of Montenegro Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Dr Jelena Lazarević, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Prof. Dr Nataša Mirecki, University of Montenegro-Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Dr Milan Marković, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Prof. Dr Božidarka Marković, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Dr Slavko Mirecki, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Dr Milic Curovic, University of Montenegro - Biotechnical Faculty, Montenegro Dr Laura Bouriaud, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, Romania Prof. Dr Natalija Bogdanov, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Prof. Dr Jelena Erdeljan, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Philosophy, Serbia Prof. Dr Milica Petrović, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Prof. Dr Nenad ĐorĎević, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Dr Vladimir Stojanović, University of Novi Sad – Faculty of Sciences, Serbia Dr Nevena Vasiljević, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Forestry, Serbia Prof. Dr Peter Dovč , University of Ljubljana -Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia Prof. Dr Irena Rogelj, University of Ljubljana - Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia Prof. Dr Andrej Lavrenčič, University of Ljubljana - Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia Dr Žiga Zwitter, University of Ljubljana - Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Dr Tine Grebenc - Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia Prof. Dr Andrej Boncina, University of Ljubljana - Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia Dr Rimvis Vasaitis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.

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KATUN-INVO HERIC No 01-646

Welcome to Žabljak

Dear Participants,

On behalf of the Organising Committee, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the international conference: ‘’SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS - Experiences, challenges and perspectives’’. This event is organized within the framework of project ‘’Valorizing the Montenegrin Katuns through sustainable development of agriculture and tourism - KATUN’’. The main idea of the project, being implemented by the interdisciplinary research team, is to create a knowledge base for the multipurpose use of Montenegrin mountain resources, by combining the traditional agriculture with boosting tourism activities and protecting the cultural heritage (www.katun.me). Katuns, as the nuclei of traditional agriculture in mountain areas, face many challenges. This uniqueness of Montenegro has to be preserved and revitalized via new opportunities in tourism and other complementary activities (handcraft, trade, culture, services).

The conference is focused on social, cultural and business environment in development of mountain areas, with an aim to provide different experiences, improve understanding of the challenges in dynamic social and economic environment and bring together different stakeholders involved in development of Montenegrin mountains. As the milestone of the project, the Conference is expected to contribute in achieving the main project aims: knowledge and innovations’ transfer to the agriculture and agro-tourism; generate entrepreneurship in the mountainous multifunctional agriculture; and achieve sustainable cultural heritage protection.

The important part of the conference is round table: KATUNS – CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, DRIVERS AND GOVERNANCE, organized with an aim to identify the potentials, opportunities and challenges for katuns from broader economic, social and environmental perspectives.

This conference is organized by three University of Montenegro units: Biotechnical faculty, Faculty for Tourism and Hotel Management and Historical Institute of Montenegro. We are supported by our international partners (Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Institute of Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage and University of Basilicata, Italy); commercial project partners (HM Durmitor d.o.o, Žabljak; the Old House d.o.o, Podgorica and Intertehna d.o.o, Berane) and by the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts – CANU as well as the management of the Žabljak municipality. Last but not least, the project is financed by the Ministry of Science of Montenegro, within the scope of ”Higher Education and Research for Innovation and Competitiveness in Montenegro – HERIC’’ project. Special thanks to all of them.

We look forward meeting all of you at Žabljak, hoping that this charming place with the natural beauties of Durmitor mountain will offer a nice ambient for the fruitful conference and pleasant stay.

President of the Organising Committee

Prof. Dr Milan Marković

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http://www.katun.me/


International conference SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

- Experiences, challenges and perspectives - September 14-16, 2016, Žabljak, Montenegro

PROGRAMME

Tuesday, September 13th Arrival of the participants

18.00 Registration of the participants

20.00 Welcome cocktail

Venue: Hotel Gorske oči

Day One: Wednesday, September 14th

Venue: The municipal meeting room Žabljak 09.00 Registration of the participants

10.00 Official opening

Welcome address by the representatives of: University of Montenegro, the Ministry of Science, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts and the mayor of Žabljak municipality

Plenary session Venue: the municipal meeting room Žabljak

Chair: Emil Erjavec / Ivan Laković / Milan Marković

10.30

Invited

CULTURE, AGRICULTURE AND INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Stefano Grego, Parviz Koohafkan

11.00

Invited

11.20

Invited

THE KATUNS IN MONTENEGRIN HISTORY

Ivan Laković

TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AT THE MONTENEGRIN KATUNS

Milan Marković, Emil Erjavec, Božidarka Marković, Luka Juvančič, Dušica Radonjić

11.40 Coffee break

12.00

Invited

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF THE TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS

Marija Klopčič

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12.20

Invited

MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND RANGE EXPANSIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN CONIFERS

Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin, Santiago Gonzalez-Martinez, Delphine Grivet, Rose Ruiz-Daniels, Francesca Bagnoli, Andrea Piotti, Juan Pablo Jaramillo-Correa, Zaida Lorenzo, Katharina Budde, Ricardo Alía

12.40 Discussion

13.00 Lunch – hotel Gorske oči

Continuation of the Plenary session Venue: Hotel Gorske oči

Chair: Tatjana Stanovčić / Tatjana Koprivica

14.30

Invited

OPTIONS FOR VALORISATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF MONTENEGIN “KATUNS”

Luka Juvančič 14.50

Invited

VISITOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: BALANCING INTEGRATION OF TOURISM AND PROTECTION

Izidora Marković Vukadin

15.10

Invited

CULTURAL- HISTORICAL HERITAGE- A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

Jelena Erdeljan

15.30 Discussion

15.50 Coffee break

Continuation of the Plenary session: Venue – hotel Gorske oči

Chair: Tina Volk/Jelena Erdeljan

16.15 IMPORTANCE OF PAYMENTS TO AREAS FACING NATURAL OR OTHER SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF VITAL RURAL AREAS

Miroslav Rednak, Tomaž Cunder 16.30 LINKING FOOD AND TOURISM VALUE CHAINS WITH CONSERVATION OF MOUNTAIN

GRASSLANDS BIODIVERSITY: THE CASE OF DIMITROVGRAD VISOK

Suzana Đorđević-Milošević, Verka Jovanović, Lidija Amidžić, Slobodan Milošević, Slađana Đorđević

16.45 THE BULGARIAN MOUNTAIN RESOURCES

Alexander H. Alexandrov

17.00 SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS – EXAMPLES FROM THE ALPS

Matej Ogrin

17.15 HOW THE JAPANESE SOCIETY IMPROVES THE ECONOMY OF RURAL AREAS - FROM OUR EXPERIENCE

Slavica Pavlović, Ranko Zeković

17.30 Discussion

18.00 Poster session (including the young researchers corner)

Venue: Hotel Gorske oči

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Day Two: Thursday, September 15th

08.00 The KATUN Management Team meeting (members only)

Venu: hotel Gorske oči

09.00 Field trip (Durmitorski prsten) The field trip starts from the center of Žabljak; the first stop is necropolis Grčko groblje by Riblje Lake in Novakovići, then passing villages Virak and Pašina voda, via Pošćenska area and foot of Stožina peak and Sedlo (1908m) - the highest mountain pass in Montenegro; after that Dobri Do and Todorov Do. Lunch is at 12:30 o'clock in katun Lokvice-Pišče (Carine D.o.o). After lunch, village Trsa, village Nedajno and wonderful Sušica Canyon are on the route, stopping at katun Mala Crna Gora. The end of the trip is at restaurant Momčilov grad. The length of the tour is appr. 80 km.

16.30 Coffee break: restaurant Momčilov grad, Žabljak

17.00-19.00

Round table:

KATUNS – CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, DRIVERS AND GOVERNANCE

The objective: To identify the potentials, opportunities and challenges for katuns from broader economic, social and environmental perspectives.

Discussion revolves around: 1) the potentials, opportunities and cross-cutting issues of katuns for public, rural areas and individual farmers; b) the drivers and barriers for preservation and future development of katuns; and c) governance, strategies and policies to boost and preserve katuns.

Moderator: Prof. Dr. Emil Erjavec

Venue: restaurant Momčilov grad, Žabljak

20.00 Dinner - the local specialties from Durmitor region will be served

Restaurant Momčilov grad, Žabljak

Day Three: Friday, September 16th

Oral presentations

SESSION A Venue: Hotel Gorske oči

Chair: Božidarka Marković / Snezana Jovanović

9.00 STATUS AND TRENDS OF SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE DURMITOR AREA

Božidarka Marković, Milena Đokić, Dragana Drobnjak, Milan Marković

9.10 SUSTAINABLE SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE ALTA MURGIA NATIONAL PARK

Paolo Direnzo, Stefano Deramo, Antonio Capogna, Elena Ciani, Elisa Pieragostini

9.20 ISOTOPE ANALYSIS FOR THE CONTROL OF GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF TYROLEAN MILK

Micha Horacek, Wolfgang Papesch

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9.30 DEFINING SPECIFIC QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT LINKED TO TERRITORY – AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT FOR BUILDING GI PROCESS ON HASI GOAT KID MEAT IN ALBANIA

Petrit Dobi, Roland Bardhi, Francois Lerin, Alice Garnier, Besmira Medolli

9.40 QUALITY AND TECHNOLOGY OF KUČI CHEESE

Olga Jokanović, Božidarka Marković, Milan Marković, Dušica Radonjić, Jelena Miočinović, Slavko Mirecki

9.50 TECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY OF ROMANIJA SKORUP-KAJMAK

Snežana Jovanović, Tanja Borovčanin, Tanja Vučić, Jelena Vlačić

10.00 PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF BROWN SWISS CATTLE BREED IN MONTENEGRO

Dušica Radonjić, Milan Marković, Božidarka Marković

10.10 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS OF DURMITOR AREA

Radisav Dubljević, Dušica Radonjić

10.20 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE THICKNESS OF WOOL FIBERS IN PUREBREED PIVSKA ZECKEL SHEEP

Ervin Bučan, Amela Katica, Nadžida Mlaćo, Vedad Šakić

10.30 THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE AND POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR USE

Biljana Lazović, Milan Marković

10.40 Discussion

11.00 Coffee break

Session A cont. Venue: Hotel Gorske oči

Chair: Rimvydas Vasaitis / Jelena Lazarević

11.20 GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PINUS HELDREICHII POPULATIONS FROM MONTENEGRO

Jelena Lazarević, Ivana Stojanović, Ilaria Spanu, Andrea,Piotti Francesca Bagnoli, Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin

11.30 FOREST SITE DRIVES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FINE ROOTS OF Pinus heldreichii

Jelena Lazarević, Kateryna Davidenko, Rimvydas Vasaitis, Audrius Menkis

11.40 HABITAT CONDITIONS FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE DINARIC REGION IN MONTENEGRO AND CROATIA

Tihomir Florijančić, Siniša Ozimec, Ivica Bošković, Milić Čurović

11.50 THE ROLE OF MYCORRHIZA IN REFORESTATION OF POST FIRE COASTAL DUNES Audrius Menkis, Rimvydas Vasaitis

12.00 MYCORRHIZAL CAPACITY OF WOOD-DECAY FUNGI Audrius Menkis,Rimvydas Vasaitis

12.10 INNOVATION ANALYSIS OF LEADER PROJECTS ON NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND SWEDEN

Marija Ćosović

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12.20 INVASIVE PLANTS AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

Matilda Đukić, Mihailo Grbić, Danijela Đunisijević Bojović, Marija Marković, Dragana Skočajić

12.30 THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES: INSIGHTS FROM MONTENEGRIN AGRO-TOURISM SECTOR

Sanja Peković, Đurđica Perović , Tatjana Stanovčić

12.40 WHAT HAMPERS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN AGRO-TOURISM: A CASE OF NORTH MONTENEGRO

Sanja Peković

12.50 RETHINKING SUSTAINABLE MARKETING: BRANDING ECOTOURISM AND TRADITIONAL RURAL LIFE IN MONTENEGRIN KATUNS

Jovana Vukčević

13.00 Discussion

Oral presentations

SESSION B Venue: Hotel Žabljak

Chair: Pietro Picuno / Barbara Lampič

9.00 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LIFE OF THE LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN MEDIEVAL ZETA

Miljan Gogić

9.10 16th TO EARLY 18th C. COPING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS IN SLOVENIAN ALPS, WITH LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE

Žiga Zwitter

9.20 MONTENEGRIN MOUNTAINS AS THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE STUDY BY ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERT MISSIONS IN THE LATE 19th AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY

Slavko Burzanović

9.30 TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK: FROM ITS BEGINNINGS TO IDEAS ABOUT THE “MODERNISATION OF MOUNTAINS” BY BUILDING A RACK RAILWAY, A SKI SLOPE, AND AN OBSERVATORY

Peter Mikša

9.40 THE SLOPES OF RUMIJA AT SKADAR LAKE SIDE – A CHALLENGE IN SUSTAINABLE ECO/HISTORICAL-RURAL TOURISM

Mitja Guštin

9.50 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL RURAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR ANIMAL CORRAL IN THE ADRIATIC-IONIAN AREA

Ivan Laković, Alessandro C. Picuno, Dimitris Roubis, Pietro Picuno, Aleksandra Kapetanović

10.00 PAST AND PRESENT: CULTURAL - HISTORICAL HERITAGE IN MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES OF THE CENTRAL ITALY

Umberto Moscatelli

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10.10 ALPS OF THE JULIAN ALPS

Špela Ledinek Lozej, Saša Roškar

10.20 THE CULTURE OF NUTRITION AND HABITATION AT THE KUČI MOUNTAINS’ KATUNS

Senka Babović-Raspopović

10.30 Discussion

10.45 Coffee break

Session B cont.

Chair: Žiga Zwitter / Senka Babović-Raspopović 11.00 HOW TO COPE WITH »MULTIPURPOSE USE« OF MOUNTAIN AREAS – THE CASE

OF VELIKA PLANINA IN SLOVENIA

Barbara Lampič

11.10 WHAT CAN ANTHROPOLOGY TELL US ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? SOME THOUGHTS ON FURTHER RESEARCH OF MONTENEGRIN KATUNS

Dunja Njaradi

11.20 REVEALING THE MONTENEGRIN KATUN AS A PLACE OF REUSABLE COGNITIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Edin Jašarović, Ema Alihodžić Jašarović

11.30 KATUNS OF THE KUČI MOUNTAINS - QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS –

Ivan Laković, Aleksandra Kapetanović, Tatjana Koprivica, Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

11.40 COTTAGES IN KATUNS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE - ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF COTTAGES (GLADAS) IN KUČKA MOUNTAIN

Aleksandra Kapetanović, Ivan Laković, Tatjana Koprivica, Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

11.50 A GIS DATABASE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ON MONTENEGRIN KATUNS (KUČI MOUNTAIN AND DURMITOR) - OUTCOMES AND CHALLENGES

Olga Pelcer-Vujačić, Tatjana Koprivica, Sandra Kovačević

12.00 A DIGITAL FLY THROUGH THE HISTORICAL KATUN LANDSCAPE

Augusto Palombini, Sofia Pescarin

12.10 CULTURAL-HISTORICAL HERITAGE WITHIN THE DURMITOR AREA

Tatjana Koprivica, Ivan Laković, Aleksandra Kapetanović

12.20 Discussion

13.15 The conclusions and closing of the conference

13.30 Lunch

Hotel Gorske oči

Leaving of the participants

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POSTER SESSION

Wednesday: 18.00-19.00 Venue: Hotel Gorske oči

P-1.1 MONTENEGRIN HILLY HORSE Nikola Adžić, Nikola Pejović, Bojan Adžić

P-1.2 PRODUCTION-ECONOMICAL SPECIFICS OF RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCTION IN MOUNTAIN AREAS Stevan Čanak, Zoran Marković, Nataša Glišović

P-1.3 EFFECT OF LIGHTING PERIOD AND POPULATION DENSITY OF BROILES ON THE APPEARANCE OF LESIONS ON THE FOOT PADS Miljan Veljić, Mirjana Đukić Stojčić, Zdenka Škrbić

P-1.4 DAIRY VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN Akmal Abruev

P-1.5 INFLUENCE OF SOLI PESTS TO GROWING THE FODDER-HAY IN CATTLE BREEDING Khudoykulov Azamjon, Abruev Akmal

P-1.6 DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO- MARKETING IN UZBEKISTAN Gulyamov Saidasror, Toshboyev A., Achilov M., Abruev Akmal

P-1.7 AUTOMATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS PART OF MONTENEGRO Balša Bajagić, Dragoljub Mitrović, Ana Topalović, Mirko Knežević

P-1.8 THE INVESTIGATION OF CONVENIENCE OF SUBSTRATES FOR PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SEEDLINGS OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM, L.) Nataša Mirecki, Miloš Keker, Milica Vujačić, Zoran Ilić

P-1.9 GENETIC RESOURCES OF MOUNTAIN AREAS OF MONTENEGRO IMPORTANT FOR AGRICULTURE Biljana Lazović, Mirjana Adakalić, Đina Božović, Vučeta Jaćimović, Miroslav Čizmović, Zoran Jovović, Nataša Mirecki

P-2.1 DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN SOUTH-EASTERN DINARIC ALPS (MONTENEGRO) Tine Grebenc, Jelena Lazarević

P-2.2 COLLECTION, DRYING AND PRESERVATION OF MEDICAL HERBS IN NORTHERN MONTENEGRO Dragica Bojović

P-2.3 ECOLOGY OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN MONTENEGRO AND THEIR CULITVATION POTENTIAL Jelena Lazarević, Tine Grebenc

P-2.4 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE BARK PINE (PINUS HELDREICHII) FORESTS IN MONTENEGRO Milić Čurović, Aleksandar Stijović

P-2.5 EFFECTS OF CUTTING SIZE AND EXOGENOUS HORMONES ON ROOTING OF SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF CORNUS MAS L. Marija Marković, Dragana Skočajić, Mihailo Grbić, Matilda Đukić

P-2.6 RURAL AND AGROTOURISM AS A NEW CHANCE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Olivera Simović

P-3.1 IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KATUNS AT KUČI MOUNTAINS Ivan Laković, Tatjana Koprivica, Aleksandra Kapetanović, Olga Pelcer-Vujačić, Senka Babović-Raspopović

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Book of abstracts -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENT

Abstracts of invited speakers: Erdeljan Jelena CULTURAL-HISTORICAL HERITAGE- A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS ......................................................................................................... 21

Grego Stefano, Koohafkan Parviz CULTURE, AGRICULTURE AND INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................... 22

Juvančič Luka OPTIONS FOR VALORISATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF MONTENEGRIN “KATUNS” .............................................................................................................................. 23

Laković Ivan THE KATUNS IN MONTENEGRIN HISTORY ....................................................................... 24

Marković Milan, Erjavec Emil, Marković Božidarka, Juvančič Luka, Radonjić Dušica TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AT THE MONTENEGRIN KATUNS ................ 25

Marković Vukadin Izidora VISITOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: BALANCING INTEGRATION OF TOURISM AND PROTECTION .............................................................................................. 26

Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe, Gonzalez-Martinez Santiago, Grivet Delphine, Ruiz-Daniels Rose, Bagnoli Francesca, Piotti,Andrea Jaramillo-Correa Juan Pablo, Lorenzo Zaida, Budde Katharina, Alía Ricardo MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND RANGE EXPANSIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN CONIFERS ................................................................ 27

Klopčič Marija SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF THE TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS ............................................................ 28

13


Abstracts: Abruev Akmal OPPORTUNITIES OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF MILK PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN UZBEKISTAN ................................................................................... 31

Adžić Nikola, Pejović Nikola, Adžić Bojan MONTENEGRIN HILLY (MOUNTAIN) HORSE ..................................................................... 32

Alexandrov H. Alexander THE BULGARIAN MOUNTAIN RESOURCES ...................................................................... 33

Babović-Raspopović Senka THE CULTURE OF NUTRITION AND HABITATION AT THE KUČI MOUNTAINS’ KATUNS ................................................................................................................................. 34

Bajagić Balša, Mitrović Dragoljub, Topalović Ana, Knežević Mirko AUTOMATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS PART OF MONTENEGRO ..................................................................................................................... 35

Bojović Dragica COLLECTION, DRYING AND PRESERVATION OF MEDICAL HERBS IN NORTHERN MONTENEGRO ................................................................................................ 36

Bučan Ervin, Amela Katica, Nadžida Mlaćo, Šakić Vedad INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE THICKNESS OF WOOL FIBERS IN PUREBREED PIVSKA ZECKEL SHEEP ............................................................................... 37

Burzanović Slavko MONTENEGRIN MOUNTAINS AS THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE STUDY BY ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERT MISSIONS IN THE LATE 19th AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY ......................................................................................................... 38

Čanak Stevan, Marković Zoran, Glišović Nataša PRODUCTION-ECONOMICAL SPECIFICS OF RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCTION IN MOUNTAIN AREAS .......................................................................................................... 39

Ćosović Marija INNOVATION ANALYSIS OF LEADER PROJECTS ON NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND SWEDEN .................................................... 40

Čurović Milić, Stijović Aleksandar STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE BARK PINE (PINUS HELDREICHII) FORESTS IN MONTENEGRO ............................................................................................... 41

Direnzo Paolo, Deramo Stefano, Capogna Antonio, Elena Ciani, Pieragostini Elisa SUSTAINABLE SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE ALTA MURGIA NATIONAL PARK ................................................................................................................... 42

Đorđević-Milošević Suzana, Jovanović Verka, Amidžić Lidija, Milošević Slobodan, Đorđević Slađana LINKING FOOD AND TOURISM VALUE CHAINS WITH CONSERVATION OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS BIODIVERSITY: THE CASE OF DIMITROVGRAD VISOK .................................................................................................................................... 43

Đukić Matilda, Grbić Mihailo, Đunisijević Bojović Danijela, Marković Marija, Skočajić Dragana INVASIVE PLANTS AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION OF MOUNTAIN AREAS ............. 44

14


Dobi Petrit, Bardhi Roland, Lerin Francois, Garnier Alice, Medolli Besmira DEFINING SPECIFIC QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT LINKED TO TERRITORY – AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT FOR BUILDING GI PROCESS ON HASI GOAT KID MEAT IN ALBANIA ............................................................................................................................ 45

Dubljević Radisav, Radonjić Dušica PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS OF DURMITOR AREA ........................................................................................................... 46

Florijančić Tihomir, Ozimec Siniša, Bošković Ivica, Čurovic Milić HABITAT CONDITIONS FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE DINARIC REGIONS OF THE DINARIC REGIONS OF MONTENEGRO AND CROATIA ..................... 47

Gogić Miljan A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LIFE OF THE LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN MEDIEVAL ZETA ...................................................................................... 48

Grebenc Tine, Lazarević Jelena DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN SOUTH-EASTERN DINARIC ALPS (MONTENEGRO) ......................................................................................... 49

Gulyamov S.S. , Abruev A.I.. , Rasulova M.T., Saidaxmedov S.S. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO- MARKETING IN UZBEKISTAN ............................................... 50

Guštin Mitja THE SLOPES OF RUMIJA AT SKADAR LAKE SIDE – A CHALLENGE IN SUSTAINABLE ECO/HISTORICAL-RURAL TOURISM ........................................................ 51

Horacek Micha, Papesch Wolfgang ISOTOPE ANALYSIS FOR THE CONTROL OF GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF TYROLEAN MILK ............................................................................................................. 52

Jašarović Edin, Alihodžić Jašarović Ema REVEALING THE MONTENEGRIN KATUN AS A PLACE OF REUSABLE COGNITIVE TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................................................. 53

Jokanović Olga, Marković Božidarka, Marković Milan, Radonjić Dušica, Miočinović Jelena and Mirecki Slavko QUALITY AND TECHNOLOGY OF KUČI CHEESE .............................................................. 54

Kapetanović Aleksandra, Laković Ivan, Koprivica Tatjana, Pelcer-Vujačić Olga COTTAGES IN KATUNS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE - ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF COTTAGES (GLADAS) IN KUČKA MOUNTAIN ............................................................. 55

Khudoykulov Azamjon, Abruev Akmal INFLUENCE OF SOLI PESTS TO GROWING THE FODDER-HAY IN CATTLE BREEDING ............................................................................................................................. 56

Koprivica Tatjana, Laković Ivan, Kapetanović Aleksandra CULTURAL-HISTORICAL HERITAGE WITHIN THE DURMITOR AREA ... ......................... 57

Lakovic Ivan, Picuno C. Alessandro, Roubis Dimitris, Picuno Pietro, Kapetanovic Aleksandra CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL RURAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR ANIMAL CORRAL IN THE ADRIATIC-IONIAN AREA ......................................................................... 58

Laković Ivan, Koprivica Tatjana, Kapetanović Aleksandra, Pelcer-Vujačić Olga, Babović-Raspopović Senka IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KATUNS AT KUČI MOUNTAINS ............... 59

15


Laković Ivan, Kapetanović Aleksandra, Koprivica Tatjana, Pelcer-Vujačić Olga KATUNS OF THE KUČI MOUNTAINS - quantitative analysis – ............................................ 60

Lampič Barbara THE CHANGING FUNCTIONS OF VELIKA PLANINA IN SLOVENIA – BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICTS ...................................................................................... 61

Lazarević Jelena, Davidenko Kateryna, Vasaitis Rimvydas, Menkis Audrius FOREST SITE DRIVES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FINE ROOTS OF Pinus heldreichii . ......................... 62

Lazarević Jelena, Grebenc Tine ECOLOGY OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN MONTENEGRO AND THEIR CULITVATION POTENTIAL ................................................................................................... 63

Lazarević Jelena, Stojanović Ivana, Spanu Ilaria, Piotti Andrea, Bagnoli Francesca, Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PINUS HELDREICHII POPULATIONS FROM MONTENEGRO ..................................................................................................................... 64

Lazović Biljana, Adakalić Mirjana, Božović Đina, Jaćimović Vučeta, Čizmović Miroslav, Jovović Zoran, Mirecki Nataša GENETIC RESOURCES OF MOUNTAIN AREAS OF MONTENEGRO IMPORTANT FOR AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................. 65

Lazović Biljana, Marković Milan GENETIC RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE – IMPORTANCE AND UTILIZATION ............. 66

Ledinek Lozej Špela, Roškar Saša ALPS OF THE JULIAN ALPS ................................................................................................ 67

Marković Božidarka, Đokić Milena, Drobnjak Dragana, Marković Milan STATUS AND TRENDS OF SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE DURMITOR AREA ................................................................................................................. 68

Marković Marija, Skočajić Dragana, Grbić Mihailo, Đukić Matilda EFFECTS OF CUTTING SIZE AND EXOGENOUS HORMONES ON ROOTING OF SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF CORNUS MAS L. ................................................................... 69

Menkis Audrius, Vasaitis Rimvydas MYCORRHIZAL CAPACITY OF WOOD-DECAY FUNGI ...................................................... 70

Menkis Audrius, Vasaitis Rimvydas THE ROLE OF MYCORRHIZA IN REFORESTATION OF POST FIRE COASTAL DUNES ................................................................................................................................... 71

Mikša Peter TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK: FROM ITS BEGINNINGS TO IDEAS ABOUT THE “MODERNISATION OF MOUNTAINS” BY BUILDING A RACK RAILWAY, A SKI SLOPE, AND AN OBSERVATORY ....................................................................................... 72

Mirecki Nataša, Keker Miloš, Vujačić Milica, Ilić Zoran THE INVESTIGATION OF CONVENIENCE OF SUBSTRATES FOR PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SEEDLINGS OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM, L.) .................................................................................. 73

Moscatelli Umberto PAST AND PRESENT: CULTURAL - HISTORICAL HERITAGE IN MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES OF THE CENTRAL ITALY ............................................................................ 74

16


Njaradi Dunja WHAT CAN ANTHROPOLOGY TELL US ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? SOME THOUGHTS ON FURTHER RESEARCH OF MONTENEGRIN KATUNS ................. 75

Ogrin Matej SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS – EXAMPLES FROM THE ALPS ...................................................................................................................................... 76

Palombini Augusto, Pescarin Sofia A DIGITAL FLY THROUGH THE HISTORICAL KATUN LANDSCAPE ................................ 77

Pavlović Slavica, Zeković Ranko HOW THE JAPANESE SOCIETY IMPROVES THE ECONOMY OF RURAL AREAS-FROM OUR EXPERIENCE .................................................................................................... 78

Peković Sanja,Vukčević Jovana, Perović Đurđica, Stanovčić Tatjana THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES: INSIGHTS FROM MONTENEGRIN AGRO-TOURISM SECTOR ............................................................................................................... 79

Peković Sanja WHAT HAMPERS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN AGRO-TOURISM: A CASE OF NORTH MONTENEGRO ................................................................................................. 80

Pelcer-Vujačić Olga, Koprivica Tatjana, Kovačević Sandra A GIS DATABASE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ON MONTENEGRIN KATUNS (KUČI MOUNTAIN AND DURMITOR) OUTCOMES AND CHALLENGES ............................ 81

Radonjić Dušica, Marković Milan, Marković Božidarka PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF BROWN SWISS CATTLE BREED IN MONTENEGRO ............. 82

Rednak Miroslav, Cunder Tomaž IMPORTANCE OF PAYMENTS TO AREAS FACING NATURAL OR OTHER SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF VITAL RURAL AREAS ..................... 83

Simović Olivera RURAL AND AGROTOURISM AS A NEW CHANCE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ........ 84

Snežana Jovanović, Borovčanin Tanja, Vučić Tanja, Vlačić Jelena TECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY OF ROMANIJA SKORUP-KAJMAK .................................... 85

Veljić Miljan, Đukić Stojčić Mirjana, Škrbić Zdenka EFFECT OF LIGHTING PERIOD AND POPULATION DENSITY OF BROILES ON THE APPEARANCE OF LESIONS ON THE FOOT PADS .................................................... 86

Vukčević Jovana RETHINKING SUSTAINABLE MARKETING: BRANDING ECOTOURISM AND TRADITIONAL RURAL LIFE IN MONTENEGRIN KATUNS .................................................. 87

Zwitter Žiga 16th TO EARLY 18th C. COPING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS IN SLOVENIAN ALPS, WITH LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE ......................................................................... 88 Index of Authors .............................................................................................................. 89-91

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Žabljak, September 14-16, 2016 Montenegro -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ABSTRACTS OF INVITED SPEAKERS

19



CULTURAL- HISTORICAL HERITAGE- A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

Erdeljan Jelena 1

Abstract: Until recently, discussions and actions in the field of preservation, conservation, study and presentation of cultural heritage in general, and in particular that of mountain areas, has been absent from the debate on sustainable development. In fact, the first international congress specifically focusing on the linkage between culture and sustainable development, and the first of its kind organized by UNESCO since the Stockholm Conference in 1998, was held in May 2013 in Hangzhou, China. In her opening address of the congress, Mrs. Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO, underlined that there is no “one-size-fits-all” development model and that it is not enough to set global targets for all – we need to adapt to each individual context and went to point out that: "We have seen too many well-intended development programmes fail because they did not take into account cultural settings. A culture-informed approach is an essential enabler of sustainable development, and it must be an overarching principle for all development efforts. Another lesson is that development has not been people-centred enough. To mobilize people, we need to build on their culture. Because culture is what makes us who we are." In that sense, mountain areas are all the more specific and invaluable, treasure chests not only of pristine beauty of untouched nature and its multitude of resources, but also the safe-keepers of a living cultural-historical heritage, passed on for generations. A significant part of that heritage from Montenegro (together with that from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia) - namely stećci, medieval tombstone graveyards - has been inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage only several weeks ago. Two of the inscribed localities are situated in Žabljak, Grčko groblje and Bare Žugića. In spite of their primary funerary function and name, these and many other similar priceless examples of cultural-historical heritage of mountain areas in Montenegro and across the region speak, in fact, more of a continuity of life and living, of indigenous and specific cultural practices, systems of beliefs, values and an incessantly living cultural tradition which is the true force behind the possibility of achieving sustainable development in any environment. Key words: stećci, cultural heritage, sustainable development, popular culture, folklore tradition

1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Art History

21



CULTURE, AGRICULTURE AND INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Grego Stefano and Koohafkan Parviz1 Abstract: Expansion of agricultural land is widely recognized as one of the most significant human alterations to the global environment. The total area of cultivated land worldwide increased 466% from 1700 to 1990’s, whereas the rate of expansion has slowed in the last three decades. Yields (food produced per area of land) have increased dramatically and have outpaced global human population growth. This remarkable scientific and technological achievement is based largely on intensification of agriculture, accomplished through the use of high-yielding crop varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation, and mechanization. In the developing countries, this intensification fell under the general heading of “the Green Revolution,” which began in the 1960s with the transfer and dissemination of high-yielding varieties of cereals seeds. Intensification with simplification and rise in crop yields have been evident in both developed and less-developed countries, where irrigated corn yields have increased by 400 to 500% since 1940, and wheat yields have increased up to 100%. One key feature of agricultural intensification has been increasing specialization in the production process, resulting in reduction of biodiversity in the number of crop or livestock species, or both. The traditional agriculture has been considered ‘backward’, doomed to be phased out during these period of intensification and agricultural policies and related financial and technological support have been detrimental to small holders, family farming and indigenous communities in most countries around the world. The reduction in plant species richness that accompanies agricultural intensification leads to changes in the community composition of the pest complex—herbivorous insects, their natural enemies (predators and parasites), and the microbial community attacking crops. The low planned diversity of mono-cultural agricultural systems typically results in greater crop losses from an insect pest complex that is less diverse but more abundant. In contrast to the variable effects of crop species diversity on pathogens, the genetic diversity of crops can significantly reduce pathogen impacts on crop productivity. Both multiline cultivars and varietal mixtures have been used effectively to retard the spread and evolution of fungal pathogens in small grains. In addition, although it is clear that cultivation leads to major changes in the soil biotic community, the significance of these changes to agroecosystem functions is less well established. The challenge, therefore, is to achieve increased production while avoiding the more extreme of the effects detailed above. The development of more agro-ecologically designed agricultural systems that reintegrate features of traditional agricultural knowledge and add new ecological knowledge into the intensification process can contribute to meeting this challenge. The renewed interest in agroecology, agroforestry, intercropping, and mixed crop-livestock systems is an indication of the interest in ecologically designed systems. Moreover, integrated nutrient– organic matter management and pest management approaches are receiving increasing attention as pathways to sustainable high-production agriculture and reduction of off-site problems. While the traditional agriculture has been considered ‘backward’, doomed to be phased out during the agricultural modernization, numerous traditional agricultural systems around the world, have proven their robustness and resiliency and have passed the test of time. Building on generations of accumulated knowledge and experience, these ingenious agri-“cultural” systems reflect the evolution of humanity and its profound harmony with nature. They have resulted not only in outstanding aesthetic beauty, maintenance of globally significant agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and valuable cultural inheritance but, above all, in the sustained provision of multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security and quality of life for the most poor and remote communities. Indeed, the myriad of our “Agricultural Heritage” and particularly, the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) represent a unique sub-set of traditional agricultural systems, which exemplify customary use of agricultural biodiversity and merit to be recognized as a heritage of mankind. Key words: Traditional Agriculture, Agroecology, Sustainable Development, Transdisciplinarity, World Agricultural Heritage

1 World Agricultural Heritage Foundation (WAHF), Rome, Italy 22



OPTIONS FOR VALORISATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

OF MONTENEGRIN 'KATUNS'

Juvančič Luka 1 Abstract: In this paper we discuss the possibilities of adding value to traditional agricultural production in the area of Montenegrin katuns, an ancient form of organization of transhumance pastures in Montenegrin mountain areas. Our primary interest is in mutually reinforcing strategies that: (a) draw on the natural, historical and cultural features of the area, and (b) as a feedback loop, strengthen these features through valorisation of these amenities. In doing this, we depart from the concept of ecosystem services, which has established itself in particular in relation to the international and national initiatives for sustainable management of natural resources. According to this concept, only a fraction of environmental and social benefits provided by ecosystems is valorised through market transactions. In the case of katuns, we identify untapped potentials for market valorisation of some provisioning ecosystem services (food, genetic resources) in combination with some cultural ecosystem services (tradition, rural vitality, recreation), particularly through tourism and increasing demand for traditional food products. On the other hand, there is a wide range of (in partuicular supporting and regulating) ecosystem services managed by katuns, which have characteristics of public goods. These provide a case for a thorough and professionally sound definition of objectives, followed by well-defined targeted policy action. Improved public awareness and appreciation of ecosystem services provided by the katuns is a prerequisite for their successful (market- or policy-driven) valorisation. Key words: katun, sustainable management, ecosystem services, valorisation

1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia

23



THE KATUNS IN MONTENEGRIN HISTORY

Laković Ivan1

Abstract: The dependence on agriculture presented the main axis of the history of Montenegrin society. Lack of arable soil directed to the cattle breeding, while the summer drought forced the population to bring their herds and flocks to the mountain pastures. Thus katuns, seasonal mountain settlements, easily become the centres of traditional agriculture, where the main production of dairy products, both for the winter reserves and surpluses for marketing, occurred. Even more, possibility to organize the cattle grazing in mountain areas, i.e., to have a katun there, often presented an only way of surviving in central and northern Montenegro. With time passes, their economic importance faded, but they still exist in their traditional context, both reminding on their rich cultural-historical heritage and providing the sources for their contemporary use and valorisation.

Key words: Montenegro, social history, agriculture, katuns, summer seasonal settlements, cultural-historical heritage

1 University of Montenegro,Historical institute

24



LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AT THE MONTENEGRIN KATUNS

Marković Milan1, Erjavec Emil2, Marković Božidarka1, Juvančič Luka2, Radonjić Dušica1

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present the state of the agriculture - livestock production at Montenegrin mountains areas with focus on two distinct areas: Durmitor area and Kuči Mountains. These two areas are specific in many ways (differencies in a economic and social aspect - richness in cultural heritage, customs related to the life in the katuns, big differences in architecture, etc.) Methodology used in this paper: literature survey and extensive survey of stakeholders and the in-dept interviews with selected Katun cheese producers. A short history of the katuns - temporary settlements in mountainous regions where the agricultural households stay with livestock during the summer season - was presented, including traditional livestock rearing systems. There were quite strong non-written rules for using mountain pastures in the whole country, and these rules are still in place, however not so strictly applied as used to be. With changes in Montenegrin society during the XX century, this kind of agricultural and rural economy has been constantly decreasing, resulting in depopulation of the rural areas and complete abandonment of the most distant once. Consequently, mountain pastures are used at much lower scale. Decreasing trends in size of sheep and cattle populations have been reflected directly to the katuns - significantly smaller number of sheep and cattle are moved to the katuns during summer. In spite of that, in many parts of the country, traditional livestock systems still survive. Moving livestock from permanents settlements to the summer pastures in mountains is still practised all over the country. Based on the data and information collected through the survey and in-dept interviews, this paper discusses the main aspects of the livestock production in Durmitor and Kuči mountains areas, underlying the main aspects of the resources (use and structure of agricultural land), infrastructure on the katuns, using of the mechanization and equipment, species and categories of the livestock moved to the katuns, production of dairy and other products, marketing of the products, system of livestock farming and future perspectives of the mountain agriculture – livestock production. The special focus in the in-deep interviews was put on the challenges and perspectives of the katuns and how the producers perceive their future and what they expect from the society. The katuns, as a unique social-cultural resource of Montenegro, should be preserved and revitalized via implementing new activities to enable them to become distinctive and attractive tourism destinations. Key words: Mounatain areas, Katun, sustainable agriculture, livestock production.

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalica 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 2 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

25



VISITOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: BALANCING INTEGRATION OF

TOURISM AND PROTECTION Marković Vukadin Izidora1

Abstract: Tourism in natural areas inevitably changes and disturbs state of the environment. Furthermore, contact with tourism affects the way of life of the local population, socio-cultural identity and brings new structure of the local economy, which substituted the traditional activities. Accordingly, the question arises is tourism in natural areas possibility or a challenge, at a time when modern trends of world tourism indicate growing interest in nature, which not only favours the development of a relatively undeveloped areas, but also generate considerable economic benefits (Dowling et al., 2013). Sustainability of natural areas is also largely dependent on the management of the area, where protection can be, if successfully directed and implemented, main method for conservation of the underlying phenomenon (Alexander, 2008) and can also have a positive impact on other dimensions of sustainability. Within framework of this research 114 protected natural areas were explored. The focus of the research in selected areas were the factors (global, regional and local) effecting the sustainability, and management strategies. By using multivariate factor analysis five fundamental factors threatening the protected natural areas were singled out: 1. the impact on natural resources and water by anthropogenic pressures, 2. the impact on space and environmental by urban development and agriculture, 3. the impact on space and environmental by tourism development, 4. exposure to natural risks and demographic and socio-cultural changes and 5. exposure to extractive activities and risks due to hydro-technical interventions and consequences of war. Furthermore, visitor management strategies were analysed, along with their features, were need for balancing the integration of activities, protection and development, trough specific use of tools of sustainable development, such as indicators, redistribution and modification of visitors expectations is emphasized. The geographical distribution of the most vulnerable and least vulnerable natural areas showed that the degree of exposure to anthropogenic pressures is causally less related to the degree of intensity of tourist valorisation, and more dependent of the tradition and the type of management of protected area. In conclusion, initiatives to establish indicators on global, national and local levels indicate that the necessary precondition for sustainable development of tourism is to materialize, measure and evaluate components of the environment and the community. Key words: Protected areas, impact, sustainability, management, tourism

1 Institute for tourism, Zagreb, Croatia

26



MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND RANGE

EXPANSIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN CONIFERS

Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe1, Gonzalez-Martinez Santiago2, Grivet Delphine2, Ruiz-Daniels Rose2, Bagnoli Francesca 1, Piotti Andrea1, Jaramillo-Correa Juan Pablo3,

Lorenzo Zaida2, Budde Katharina2, Alía Ricardo 2 Abstract: Understanding the interaction among environments, demography and evolution is essential in the face of impending climate change. Species from the Mediterranean Basin, inhabiting highly heterogeneous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change. I n this talk, we review our studies on population genomics and association genetics in maritime and Aleppo pines, two relevant components of Mediterranean landscapes. In maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), 17 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were found to be strongly correlated with climate, once population genetic structure was removed from environmental association models. The utility of these SNPs to predict climate maladaptation of forest stands was further tested in a common garden. Furthermore, some of these loci were correlated with both fire-related and drought traits using association genetic approaches. In Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller), we are studying population genetic signatures of range expansions, from refugia in Turkey and Greece towards the large western Mediterranean part of the distribution. This species showed signatures of selection in expanding populations based on drought-response candidate genes. However, new microsatellite and SNP data showed signals of recurrent bottlenecks in the colonized range and ‘gene surfing’ in the expanding wage of colonization appears now as a reasonable alternative explanation. These studies at large spatial scales are accompanied by research at local scales aiming at detecting the role of micro-environmental variation in creating and maintaining genetic diversity within populations. The combination of approaches and spatial scales provides an integrated view to understand the quantitative genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for adaptation as well as the drivers of selection (both climatic and ecological) in Mediterranean conifers. Some preliminary results about the demographic history of Pinus leucodermis will be also presented. Key words: climate change, genetic adaptation, range expansion, candidate genes, Mediterranean conifers.

1 Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Firenze, Italy; 2 Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre, INIA, Madrid, Spain 3 Evolutionary Ecology, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico

27



SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, PROMOTION AND

PROTECTION OF THE TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS

Klopčič Marija 1 Abstract: Slovenian agriculture is carried out under very diverse circumstances. About 73 % of agricultural land is defined as less favoured areas. The agricultural area (472,918 ha) consists for 58% of permanent grassland and 36% of arable land, mostly used for production of feed. Mountainous regions in Slovenia play an important role in terms of biodiversity, valuable habitats, water, energy supply, recreation sites, tourism areas and cultural heritage. Sustainable agriculture and its related activities are key components of the mountain rural economy and of land use. One of possibility is production and marketing of traditional local products. EU legislation enables its members to protect their agricultural products and foodstuffs, known for their quality and tradition; namely as PDO, PGI or TSG. Slovenia pays a lot of attention to the protection of its traditional products and has protected 14 wines and 16 products/foodstuffs through the European Union. For a positive development in the mountain and hilly areas, it is necessary to work on further integration of sustainable farming in regional development concepts and on the development of the “quality leadership” through cross-regional production, marketing and merchandising concepts. Further positive development of sustainable farming in mountainous regions depends on ongoing financial, research and advisory support and using of different Rural Development Programe measures. Key words: sustainable agriculture, mountain areas, EU quality schemes,, traditional products, Slovenia

1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Depart. of Animal Science, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia

28



ABSTRACTS

29



DAIRY VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN

Abruev Akmal1

Abstract: Nowadays, milk production in Uzbekistan is produced with the share of households 93 %, private farms 4,8, and others 2,2 %. Average number of cows in households no more than 1,7 head. Even, the average milk productivity of cows draws up 1800 kg/head. Note, that main customers of milk production in Uzbekistan are local people. So, in this case there are available several ways, which could be affected to increase milk production and the marketability. Current paper issued to analysis and approach problem, and implement them. Secondary data were withdrawn from the department of agriculture and water management of Samarkand Province. Early stage of implemented proposal shows that there is a need to develop the service sector in Uzbekistan agriculture, implement low rate credits, technologize farms, rationing forages, optimization of larger livestock farms, to reach at least small capacity processing and milk tanks in farms. And government policy should make farmers implement towards ISO 9001 market requirements. Samarkand Region has a great potential for the development of dairy industry. But, many farmers in Samarkand still sell unpackaged other dairy products such as cottage cheese and quark directly to consumers, either door-to-door or via open markets. In recent years, however, more and more consumers have started to favour industrial products. This trend has been fuelled by rising health awareness and urbanization, the growing desire for convenience among consumers and the emergence of modern grocery retailers with the capacity to offer wide assortments of good quality industrial other dairy products at competitive prices. Recommendation: 1. Increase the number of pilot farms, increasing the transfer of modern management know-how and methods and efficient technologies for producing milk. For example, implementing robotic milk machine, automatic feeding cows machine, biogas production. 2. Increase the number of cows in cattle farms, enabling monitoring and professional advancement. 3. Increase the agro-service quality management, enlarge diversification of service sector. Key words: milk production, dairy products, price, profitability

1 PhD student, Department of Management in Agriculture, Samarkand Agricultural Institute (SAI) Corresponding author: Abruev Akmal, email: [email protected]

31

mailto:[email protected]



MONTENEGRIN HILLY (MOUNTAIN) HORSE

Adžić Nikola, Pejović Nikola, Adžić Bojan

Abstract: Montenegrin mountain horse belongs to the group of Balkan mountain horses. It is very similar to the Bosnian mountain horse, although there are certain typological differences among them. Montenegrin mountain horse (Hrasnica, 1962), as well as the Bosnian mountain horse, originated from the original wild horses Przewalski's horse and Tarpan. Southern Russian horse and some Asian horses, including Turkish horses, whose genetic basis is the Arabian horse, also had an impact on its formation. According to its size, Montenegrin mountain horse belongs to the group of small horses, and according to some classifications (Anglo-Saxon) to pony horses. Withers height ranges between 120 and 140 cm, and body mass from 250 to 350 kg. According to exterior characteristics and way of use it is a typical sumpter horse. It is characterized by a relatively small frame, solid body, square body with short and firm loins, bigger and broader wither, as well as a safe step and large cargo carrying capacity, which often amounts to more than 1/3 of its body weight. The population of the Montenegrin mountain horse is quite small. According to official statistics, together with crosses, there are about 4000 heads. In 2010 it numbered only 3822 heads. In the past, the number of horses in Montenegro was much bigger. For example, in 1960, according to statistical records, there were 32000 heads. Distribution of horses in the territory of Montenegro is not balanced. By far the largest number of horses is in the northern region. Out of the total number of horses in 2010 79.61% belonged to this region, 18.86% belonged to the central region and only 1.53% to the coastal region (Adžić, 2015). Such distribution of horses corresponds to the distribution of katuns (shepherds' huts), which are mainly located in the northern highland mountainous and economically the least developed region. The need for using a horse in the northern region is still substantial. It is largely related to doing different jobs in katuns, such as, moving to katuns for the summer, moving back from katuns in the autumn, transporting wood, snow, water, and field works, transport from village to katun and from katun to village etc. Due to the small number of purebreds, it is necessary to take measures for the conservation and protection of the Montenegrin mountain horse. Keywords: Montenegrin mountain horse, katuns, the origin of the horse

32



THE BULGARIAN MOUNTAIN RESOURCES

Alexandrov H. Alexander 1

Abstract: 39 mountains are situated on the territory of Bulgaria, 8 of which have peaks higher than 2000 m a.s.l. Mountain areas refer hypsometrically to territories above 600 m altitude (from 600 m up to 2925 m) with a total area of 30,608 km2 or 27.6% of the country. Within this range are situated the resources of forests, pastures, spring waters, game, mountain agriculture and livestock-breeding, as well as tourism and sport facilities. Some small towns, villages and hamlets in the mountains are however depopulated due to migration processes. Mountain forest resources are spread all over the following vegetation belts: 1. Carpinus betulus L.-Quercus petraea Liebl. belt, 2. Fagus sylvatica L. belt, 3. Coniferous forests belt, 4. Sub-alpine thin forests, Pinus mugo Turra and Juniperus sp. formations belt. The forests by-products include the returns of hay, foliage, forest fruits, different kind of nuts, lime-blossoms, medical herbs and mushrooms. The national parks, the bigger part of nature parks and reserves are distributed mainly in the mountains, where they preserve the biodiversity and the genetic resources of plants and animals. Mountain agriculture and livestock-breeding are directed to traditional bio-products and food security. Many monasteries, churches and mosques, as part of the cultural-historical heritage, are situated in mountain regions. Key words: mountain forests and agriculture, water resources, mountain settlements.

1 Forest Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

33



THE CULTURE OF NUTRITION AND HABITATION

AT THE KUČI MOUNTAINS’ KATUNS

Babović-Raspopović Senka1 Abstract: 1. The paper covers the terms and questions that, from the standpoint of cultural history of Montenegro, constitute the general topic of “The culture of the nutrition and habitation at the katuns of Kuči Mountains”. The central question relates to the role of the planinka – woman who lives and works at mountain seasonal settlements – in constantly repeating process of transhumance of the members of given local community, from the permanent to seasonal place of inhabitancy. According to archival researches, relevant historiographical results and dedicated inquiry conducted with members of local community, the author recognises her as the central figure of the culture of nutrition and habitation in such described cultural-historical context Key words: cultural history, katun, Kuči Mountains, planinka, nutrition, habitation

1 University of Montenegro,Historical institute

34



COLLECTION, DRYING AND PRESERVATION OF MEDICAL HERBS IN

NORTHERN MONTENEGRO

Bojović Dragica 1 Abstract: The most frequent medical herbs natively occuring in northern Montenegro and valuable for collection are presented in the paper. Collection of medical and aromatic plants could be important sources of income for rural communities. Medical plants could be included in touristic offer in different ways, as: 1) the medical teas from known localities for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes, the medical herbs as food (for pies, soups, salads from the nettle leaves, dandelion and plantain, Rumex species etc.); 2) for producton of juices and water extracts for refreshments and regeneration (elder, juniper, rosehip, blackberry and other forest berries’ juices); 3) for production of jam from fruits of medical herbs (rosehip, cornel, blackberry); 4) utilization of medical herbs for spice production and which can serve as food conservanses (additives for cheeses, meat and cured meat) and 5) as medical herbs that can serve for desinfection of dishes/jards, materials and working spaces for production of cheese, juices and jams. In order to use medical herbs in here listed ways, it is necessary to increase knowledge of local farmers. Such knowledge transfer has to cover topics on estimation of conditions of resources and consequentlly amounts which could be collected per locality. Further, education have to include the adequate ways of collection, having also on mind the optimal periods for collection and the parts of plant with optimal contents of medical substances; appropriate way of drying, packaging and storage. Folowing medical plants are disscused: 1) plants on forest edges, abandoned katuns or on forest disturbances (regular, frequent, profusely, richly): Utrica dioica, Rumex sp., Sambucus nigra, Epilobium angustifolium, Verbascum sp. etc.; 2) medical plants with rich, profuse populations locally present in some areas, where they form native plantages (Arctostaphilos ursi, Hypericum perforatum, Juniperus communis, Achillea millefolium, Craegus sp. , Tilia sp. etc); 3) aromatic medical plants widely distributed (Origanum vulgare, Satureja montana, Gentiana lutea, Centauri umbelatum) Key words: medical herbs, utilization from rural population, estimation of condition of native populations, Northern Montenegro

1 University of Donja Gorica, Montenegro

36



AUTOMATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE

MOUNTAINOUS PART OF MONTENEGRO

Bajagić Balša1, Mitrović Dragoljub2, Topalović Ana2, Knežević Mirko 2 Abstract: Due to limited water reserves in the world, the plant production seeks its maximum exploitation with reducing losses. In crop production, the largest water losses occur when abnormal irrigation, due to the poor irrigation system. This paper is an overview of the process of automation of irrigation systems, enabling reduction of human labor and water loss. The instructions for using Aclimas i.e. EXCEL-IRR as a program for the determination of the water balance in the soil and irrigation schedule are given. The important part of this paper deals with issues of exploitation of natural water resources in the mountainous part of Montenegro. Key words: irrigation, automation, water balance of soil

1 BIO-ICT (Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics), Podgorica, Montenegro; 2 Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

35



INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE THICKNESS OF WOOL FIBERS IN PUREBREED PIVSKA ZECKEL SHEEP

Bučan Ervin1, Katica Amela2, Mlaćo Nadžida 2, Šakić Vedad 2

Abstract: The goal of sheep breeding is to produce wool, meat, milk and skin. In some areas, wool is the most significant product from sheep, and it is production properties (for wool, meat, milk, and skin) that differentiate sheep breeds. In our research, we focused on the pure breed Pivska Zeckel sheep (Montenegrin native breed) from the aspect of the quality of wool fibers, sampled in spring and autumn, i.e. the influence of climatic factors on the quality of wool fibers. The samples for microscopic study of fleece fibers were taken from mountain of Piva (Dubljevići, Kovaci Orah). For microscopic studies of fleece fibers of sheep in each of the studied periods (spring and fall), as well as from two different locations and different parts of the body totaly of 240 samples were taken - 120 in spring and 120 in autumn. Measurements and analysis of each sample were conducted by binocular light microscope (Motic 120M - magnification of 200 and 400 times). Microscopic measurements were conducted at the base, middle and top wool fibers using a special program “Motic Image Plus 2.0 ML”. Climatic factors (latitude, insulation) had a great influence on the thickness of wool fibers. In this paper are presented the results of median values of the thickness of wool fibers in May and November. This breed in relation to average air temperature and degree of insulation showed certain discrepancies. The research studies showed that the thickness of wool fibers was smaller, i.e. the higher the temperature and the higher the number of sunny days-hours, the thinner and finer wool fibers, regardless of the Zeckel breed or season - spring and autumn. The data is a contribution to the research on the fineness of wool fibers and its use in a highly demanding textile industry, household, use for technical purposes and, in a way, its use as strategic ecological raw material.

Keywords: Pivska Zeckel sheep, fleece fibers, ecology

1 Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Directorate of Montenegro, Montenegro 2 Veterinary Faculty of Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Corresponding author: Bučan Ervin, email: [email protected]

37



MONTENEGRIN MOUNTAINS AS THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE STUDY BY ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERT MISSIONS IN THE LATE 19th AND THE

EARLY 20th CENTURY

Burzanović Slavko1

Abstract: In the last decades of the 19th century, an increasing interest of the scientists from several European countries in studying the Montenegrin natural resources was demonstrated. Their respective national scientific institutes supported their endeavors, whereas, as of the beginning of the 20th century, they enjoyed also the support from economic circles. With reference to that, particular role was played by the Italians who, from 1901 to 1903, deployed several scientific and expert missions to Montenegro with the aim of researching an opportunity and justification for investing the Italian capital in the Montenegrin natural resources exploitation. Among the Italian scientists that took part in the foregoing researches, particularly prominent were Antonio Baldacci, Alessandro Martelli, Vinassa de Regny. The Montenegrin Government, possessing neither their own experts nor sufficient capital for the natural abundance valuation, was supporting and encouraging the foregoing activities undertaken by the Italian experts and financial circles. Based on the findings of the said scientific missions, the Italian capitalists demonstrated the greatest interest in the Montenegrin forests exploitation; however, with reference to that, a large issue arose when it came to transport-due to inadequate and poorly developed road infrastructure in the Montenegrin mountainous region where the highest quality and the largest forests were found. Although one group of Venice capitalists had been granted preliminary concessions for the Montenegrin forests exploitation, the realization was not approached to. The key reason for the failure of the operation was of political origin. Under the pressure exerted by the Russian diplomacy, which was worried about an increasing Italian political and economic influence in Montenegro, the Montenegro Government at Cetinje gave up issuing the final concession. The work of the Italian scientific and expert missions contributed to both a better understanding of the Montenegrin mountains and their presentation to scientific and economic circles.

Keywords: Montenegro, Italy, mountains, scientific mission, capital

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulevar revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; [email protected]

38



PRODUCTION-ECONOMICAL SPECIFICS OF RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCTION IN MOUNTAIN AREAS

Čanak Stevan1, Marković Zoran1 , Nataša Glišović 2

Abstract: The objective of this paper was to define production and economic specifics for rainbow trout farming on chosen farms in mountain area. Data about natural conditions and production results were obtained with a help of a semi structured interview from chosen farms in Serbia. Analytical calculation was used for estimating the economical results of rainbow trout farming under defined conditions. Analysis has shown that rainbow trout farming in mountain region has specifics which differs strong from the farming in lower areas. Natural conditions in mountain areas cause shorter growing season, measured in feeding days, which further causes longer production time for reaching consume size of fish. In some cases, during the summer time, feeding is not possible at all, resulting in higher FCR. During winters snow and cold weather cause other production and managerial problems on farms. Economic analysis has shown however, that rainbow trout production under this conditions can be economic positive.

Keywords: rainbow trout, natural conditions, production specifics, economical results

1 State University of Novi Pazar, Department of -chemical-technological sciences, Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia; 2 State University of Novi Pazar, Department of mathematical sciences, Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia;

39



INNOVATION ANALYSIS OF LEADER PROJECTS ON NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND SWEDEN

Ćosović Marija1

Abstract: This study reveals the major factors behind the success of innovative companies dealing with non-wood forest products (NWFPs) from Wales (UK) and Sweden. In order to identify these companies, the database of EU- LEADER instrument 2007-2013 has been used. LEADER is an EU level policy initiative which supports innovative projects in EU rural areas. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with managers of companies and LEADER Action Groups officers in order to acquire relevant data regarding aspects of the innovative process of the businesses and the role of LEADER in it. The methodological design includes systemic innovation approach analysis of chosen projects. This analysis is applied in three case studies of NWFPs companies with the aim to disclose the key factors that have led to their success. The findings show that stakeholders’ education plays a significant role in the success of innovative businesses due to providing necessary knowledge for production processes, marketing, fulfilling legal issues and applying creativity. Also, the LEADER policy tool provides vital support for the development of NWFPs projects in terms of finances, advice, network building and adding to stakeholders’ education.

Key words: Non-wood forest products (NWFPs), LEADER instrument, innovation, Sweden, Wales.

1 BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Economics and Social Sciences (WiSo), Institute of Forest, Environmental and Natural Resource Policy, Vienna, Austria Corresponding author: Ćosović Marija, email: [email protected];

40



STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE BARK PINE (PINUS HELDREICHII) FORESTS IN MONTENEGRO

Čurović Milić1, Stijović Aleksandar 2

Abstract: Present structure is the result of spontaneous development processes over a long time period and human activities influence. In this paper we analyzed data of the White Bark Pine (Pinus heldreichii) forest area and average values of basic measurement elements – number of trees (N), wood volume(V) on different altitude according data of the First National forest inventory in Montenegro and field research. Analysis of the structure of those forests stands in Montenegro show diversity of growth conditions. Measuring elements present the best indicators of productivity of different areas for searched forest tree species. The most of the White bark pine stands in Montenegro exist at altitudes ranging from 1400 m to 1800 m but the highest value of growing stock per ha shows at altitudes from 1800 m to 2000 m which undoubtedly shows that the White bark pine in Montenegro is the species of mountain regions.

Key words: Pinus heldreichii, forest structure, white bark pine, Montenegro

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty; Podgorica; Montenegro 2 Institute of Forestry; Podgorica; Montenegro

41



SUSTAINABLE SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE ALTA MURGIA NATIONAL PARK

Direnzo Paolo1, Deramo Stefano1, Capogna Antonio1, Elena Ciani1, Pieragostini Elisa1

Abstract: Central Apulia consists of low hills covered with sub-steppe suitable for pasture. Sheep breeding has been the cornerstone of cultural and husbandry activities in the area since time immemorial. The harsh environment combined with the breeding efforts brought to the selection of the Altamurana sheep, resilient to local threats and pathogens and whose white fleece was appreciated by the mattress industry. The availability of new, more affordable materials have brought a loss of interest in the wool and Altamurana population decline. The establishment of Alta Murgia National Park (AMNP) and the cooperation between breeders and the Bari University has brought AMNP to promote the local wools rediscovery and the Altamurana breed safeguard. The 3-year project “PartnerSheep” promoted by the “Murgia Viva” Consortium (MVC) composed of 8 members, who in 2011 aggregated 45 sheep farmers; 8 tons of wool were collected and given to a single dealer negotiating a price of 0.30 euros per kg. The core feature of this success was aggregation. In 2012, the members of MVC launched the ParterSheep project partly funded by the AMNP. The wool sales grew to 40t in 2013, and to 55t in 2014, with prices ranging from 0.30€ to 1.10 €, based on the quality. The number of breeders grew through the years, going from 30 to approximately 110 in 2015. The “INCIPIT” project aimed at the conservation of the Altamurana sheep. At first, statistics of the breed were derived. The current census size was obtained with farm-by-farm detail. Particularly 8 flocks were found, for a total of 507 sheep; the information collected included sex, age, health status. The average flock size ranged from 30 to 145 animals; total rams numbered 54¸ while the ewes numbered 453, resulting in an effective population size (Ne) of 193 sheep. Records for condition scores, hematology results, the faecal test to check for intestinal parasites, depict a healthy pattern of the flocks. In 2015 the census size grew, numbering 773 sheep. In the wake of these projects there is ground to be confident for the future of the Altamurana breed and the trade of its wool.

Keywords: husbandry, wool, endangered breed, safeguard

1 University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; Corresponding author: Direnzo Paolo, [email protected]

42



LINKING FOOD AND TOURISM VALUE CHAINS WITH CONSERVATION OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS BIODIVERSITY: THE CASE OF DIMITROVGRAD

VISOK

Đorđević-Milošević Suzana1, Jovanović Verka2, Amidžić Lidija3, Milošević Slobodan4, Đorđević Slađana5

Abstract: With the abandonment of grazing, some of the most valuable nature protected mountain areas of the world have been exposed to the biodiversity loss. Dimitrovgrad Visok, the southernmost part of West Balkan Mt. Nature Park largely owes its high level of protection to biodiverse grasslands. Their valuable composition is mainly results of centuries of transhumance impact as much as impact of the other extensive farming systems. In last half century these systems almost ceased to exist causing obvious biodiversity loss. Rehabilitation of anropozoogenic impact is imposed itself as the logical and inevitable solution for biodiversity conservation, yet the way how to do it seems to be a chalenge, since any solution proposed should be economicaly viable to oppose the reason why the prevous farming practices were repealed. The paper uses a case study approach to examine traditional farming systems responsible for creating valuable biodiversity and provide inputs for their adjustments to modern conditions. Wider context of local rural economy was explored along with the structure of farming systems and their evolution using modified method of participatory rural apprisal. Finally GIS cartographic visualization method was employed to analyze the content of the target geographic space and generate an attribute of complex information of the explored space. Results obtained indicate that simple solutions such as plain rehabilitation of traditional pastoral systems is not an option. New solutions are needed, but still firmly funded in the traditional high nature value farming (HNVF). Traditional rural economy based on pasture-mowing production, indigenous artisan products and autochntonic breeds within pastoral and accompanying hunting and gathering culture hold valuable components for modeling. To find mutual interest between nature conservation and population survival rural economy should be diversified and farming systems slightly modified. Short value chains based on the interaction between HNVF compatible livestock farming and tourism, as much as innovative marketing strategies for traditional products seems to be the most potent. The contribution of this paper is the model provided - a vigorous food production-tourism value chain based on the traditional HNVF, capable to provide ecological services while keeping economic rationality, directly and indirectly utilizing anthropo-zoogenic landscapes, related intangible heritage and rural communities products as tourism resources. It is adapted to various challenges (scenarios dependable of climate changes, market oscillations, evolution of development policies and territorial demarcations).

Keywords: grasslands, transhumance, value chains, HNVF, biodiversity, tourism

1 University of Singidunum, Faculty of applied ecology “Futura”, Požeška 83a 11000 Beograd, Serbia; 2 University of Singidunum, Faculty of Tourism and hospitality management, Danijelova 32, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; 3 University “Union – Nikola Tesla”, Cara Dušana 62 - 64, 11000 Beograd, Srbija; 4 Natura Balkanika Society, Andriceva 60, 18320 Dimitrovgrad, Serbia; 5 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Beograd - Zemun, Serbia;

Corresponding author: Đorđević-Milošević Suzana, email: [email protected]

43



INVASIVE PLANTS AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION OF MOUNTAIN AREAS

Đukić Matilda1, Grbić Mihailo1, Đunisijević Bojović Danijela1, Marković Marija1, Skočajić Dragana1

Abstract: One of the most important problems of today is to preserve the environment. Global warming, the reduction of natural habitats, the extinction of plant and animal species are the problems they are dealing with many world organizations. In this context, a significant role have invasive species which are one of the six major threats to biodiversity of Europe together with habitat degradation, population pressures, pollution, over-exploitation and climate change. EEA (European Environment Agency) insists on forming a national lists of invasive species, which is the basis for successful cooperation between countries in order to adequately monitoring and optimal technological methods to control the spread of invasive plants. A great number of countries of the European Union, America and Australia seriously deal with this problem, have adopted and implemented a series of laws for their prevention and control. The aim of this paper is to present basic concepts and theories of invasive plant species, their biological and ecological characteristics, as well as their interaction with different ecosystems. The paper presents the stages through which a foreign organism passes in the process of obtaining the properties of invasiveness: (1) introduction, (2) acclimatization (settlement), (3) naturalization (adjusting plant to ground) (4) expansion (expansion = invasions) (Emerton and Howard, 2008). It was analyzed great number of exotic plants, based on data about their invasiveness in the environment (region, Europe, other continents) and has shown a 14 herbaceous invasive or potentially invasive plants, 12 shrubs and climbing plants and 22 species of trees. Particularly singled out most invasive species such as Japanese knotweed, Tree of Heaven, Siberian elm and others. Features of invasive plant species that can rapidly expand in the mountainous regions were analyzed according to criteria that include: rapid growth, early reproductive stage, the ability to reproduce vegetatively, a high degree of reproducibility, wide diaspora ability, tolerance to various environmental factors on the basis of high phenotypic plasticity. Also, this paper presents some methods and techniques to control invasive plant species. Data from this investigation can be used to develop a strategy for monitoring and control of invasive species that potentially threaten mountain biodiversity and other ecosystems in terms of climate change in which these plant species, including non-invasive expand their habitat so they grow at higher altitudes.

Keywords: invasive plants, biodiversity, mountain region, enviroment

1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia Corresponding author: Đukić Matilda, email: [email protected]

44



DEFINING SPECIFIC QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT LINKED TO TERRITORY – AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT FOR BUILDING GI PROCESS ON HASI GOAT KID MEAT

IN ALBANIA

Petrit Dobi1, Roland Bardhi2, Francois Lerin3, Alice Garnier3, Besmira Medolli3

Abstract: Worldwide there is an increasing consumer demand for food and agricultural products that carries special quality label linked with particular region, tradition and knowhow. Promotion and preservation of such origin based quality products can contribute to rural development, food diversity and consumers choice. GI was identified as an adequate sign to promote local traditional products in Albania, and Hasi goat kid meat was selected as one of products to be registered as Geographic Indication. To complete the GI process on Hasi goat meat, it is necessary to identify characteristics of the products and their connection with the territory. Through these characteristics we may list, genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Hasi goat, product’s quality as meat composition, as well as specifics of production system, pastoral system and feeding practices that affect quality of the product. The specific objective of this study is identification of product characteristics on which we should build GI. Methodology used to identify products characteristics are: (a) Body measurements according to FAO criteria have been performed on five traits as height at withers, heart girth, body length, length of ears and horns. (b) Bibliographical research for identification of characteristics explored before through other studies and (c) Territory-based study mainly based on bibliography and interviews of farmers. Results shows that even genetically Hasi goat is not so much differentiated by other breeds, their phenotype differ enough from other breeds and goat populations to motivate people have clear breed identification and selecting criteria. Research on breeding and management practices have shown that farmers in this area have used for centuries specific practices that fits to specifics of the territory and give to the product (kid meat) special characteristics. On the basis of these characteristics, Code of Practice was compiled as a standard of the product that brings producers together and, on the other side, allows them to adopt their breeding system and product with specifics of their farm and market connections.

Keywords: Albania, Geographic Indication, Farming systems, product's characteristic, Code of Practice Hasi goat,

1 Agricultural University of Tirana, (Corresponding author: [email protected]) 2 Mountain Area Development Agency 3 CIHEAM-IAM Montpellier,

45



PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS IN DURMITOR AREA

Dubljević Radislav1, Radonjić Dušica1

Abstract: These studies were conducted in order to determine the most important characteristic, especially the yield and chemical composition of the hay from meadows gravitating to katuns in Durmitor area, where is the largest presence of livestock during the summer period. Analyzes were performed physical and chemical properties of soil, the yield and chemical composition of the feed and hay also was determined. Botanical analysis revealed a hay yield structure, and participation of plants from the family of grasses, legumes and other families, with comment of the most common species. Based on the analysis of land can be concluded that the grasslands mainly are on shallow and very shallow rendzinas (mountain fertile soils), moderate to very sour reaction, the high content of humus, undersupplied with nutrients, with a strong deficit of phosphorus. Feed yields vary considerably depending on the surface, relief, rockiness of land, also from the application of agro-technical measures, primarily fertilizing of lawns. In all grasslands was found dominant share of grass, a very small share of legumes, while the incidence of plants from other families varied from 12.6 to 32.8%.

Keywords: grass, hay yield, chemical and botanical composition

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty

46



HABITAT CONDITIONS FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE DINARIC REGIONS OF MONTENEGRO AND CROATIA

Florijančić Tihomir1, Ozimec Siniša1, Bošković Ivica1, Čurović Milić2

Abstract: A habitat is the natural environment in which plant, animal or other organism lives. Characteristics and quality of habitat are important in the sustainable management of game animals in the hunting grounds, and maintaining the ecological balance of the natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. The Dinaric Mountain chain stretches in NW-SE direction in length of 650 km. It consists of more than 200 mountains shared among seven countries, among which are Croatia and Montenegro. The main parts of the mountains are formed of Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, mostly limestone and dolomite. Due to dissolution of these rocks a typical karst landscape with numerous surface and underground features appear. Three hunting grounds were chosen for analyses and comparison of habitat structure and suitability for management of main game animal species. From Croatia: VIII/2 “Bjelolasica”, located in the Gorski kotar region and XVII/6 “Maglaj-Cista” in the middle Dalmatia; and hunting ground “Dragišnica” from Montenegro, located in northern part of the country, bordering to the National Park “Durmitor”. Altitudinal range is 350-1,534 m in “Bjelolasica”, 397-928 m in “Maglaj-Cista”, and 651-1,998 m in “Dragišnica”. In “Bjelolasica” forest habitats prevail with 80% of total surface area, the most widespread are Dinaric beech and fir forests, subalpine beech forest and Mugho pine forest which forms the upper boundary of forest vegetation. Mountain grasslands and pastures make 15.5 %. The least presence is of the agricultural land and freshwater habitats. In “Maglaj-Cista” dominate (78%) sub-Mediterranean coppiced woodland and scrubs consisting of pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam, or hop hornbeam, and scrubs of Jerusalem thorn. Dry xerophilous rocky grasslands make 15%, while agricultural land make 6%. In “Dragišnica” forest habitats make 31%, composed of beech and fir forests, subalpine beech forest and bushy Mugho pine, which is similar to “Bjelolasica”. Among studied hunting grounds, the highest presence of grasslands (meadows and pastures) is in “Dragišnica” with share of 30%. Diversity of habitats is most suitable for the roe deer and wild boar in all three studied hunting grounds. Good habitat conditions for red deer and particularly brown bear are present in “Bjelolasica”; for the European hare and Rock Partridge in “Maglaj-Cista”, and for the chamois, brown bear and European hare in the hunting ground “Dragišnica”.

Keywords: Dinaric Mountain, habitat, game, hunting

1Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Kralja Petra Svačića 1d, HR 31000 Osijek, Croatia 2University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, MNE 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro Corresponding author: Ozimec Siniša, email: [email protected]

47



A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LIFE OF THE LIVESTOCK

POPULATION IN MEDIEVAL ZETA

Gogić Miljan1 Abstract: Numerous data on the breeding of cattle in the area of medieval Zeta are preserved. The favorable climatic conditions were good basis for raising cattle in these areas, with little investment. The extent of this agricultural activity was such that one kind of animal husbandry gave the name to a larger geographical area. The hilly area between Bar and Budva (now called Paštrovići) is recorded in medieval sources as "Catuni Cernagore – Katuns of Montenegro". It was a space where the residents of the surrounding parish areas built katuns (huts), temporary cattle enclosures that were used by cattle breeders from the continental regions of Montenegro in two ways: as summer settlements, or winter home. The fact that one form of economic activity, which represented a sort of way of life, gave its name to the larger geographical area, and that it was known to the Venetian government, indicates the intensity of this specific economic life in the area. Beside the mountainous rural areas, livestock breeding was present in the districts of the medieval communes of Zeta, where, in most cases, it represented an additional activity of the local population. While that activity in the area outside urban districts was regulated by customary law, the municipal authorities adopted regulations which legislated on this issue. The available sources reveal data on livestock breeding in the areas of Kotor district from as early as the end of XII century. The limitations of the areas for cattle grazing also affected the population of the districts, which, perhaps, spent a certain part of the year with their cattle in areas that could be categorized as summer katuns. Keywords: Middle Ages, livestock breeding, katun, Zeta,

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulevar Revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro.

48



DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN SOUTH-EASTERN DINARIC ALPS (MONTENEGRO)

Grebenc Tine1, Lazarević Jelena.2

Abstract: Fungi are an integral, functionally important component of forest ecosystems. Diversity of fungi is important for their functioning, nutrient cycling and also as a considerable source of income for local population. In Montenegro there were over 1200 taxa of macromyces described until now, making the country rich in diversity of fungi. On the other hand hypogeous fungi are less known from Montenegro in particular as they form fruit bodies underground thus being difficult to register. The majority of hypogeous fungi are forming ectomycorrhiza with forest trees, and several of them are economically important in particular the genus Tuber (true truffles). First systematic research of hypogeous fungi in Montenegro was initiated in 2014 with a start of the bilateral cooperation among the University of Montenegro and the Slovenian Forestry Institute where a specialized truffle hunting dog and a combination of other approaches for tracing of hypogeous fungi were applied at various forest ecosystems in Montenegro across climatic and vegetation zones. In hypogeous fungi hunting in autumn and winter period we have recorded 11 distinct genera (Balsamia, Gautieria, Genea, Hymenogaster, Labyrinthomyces, Melanogaster, Pachyphloeus, Rhizopogon, Sclerogaster, Stephensia, Tuber). All collections were taxonomically determined, molecularly characterized, and GIS positioned. The communities of hypogeous fungi differed considerably with altitude (0-1300 m. alt.) confirming the importance of the environmental conditions and presence of diverse hosts as key factors shaping them. The study of diversity and distribution of hypogeous fungi in Montenegro and south-eastern Dinaric Alps is not yet a finalized story as we aim to do further analysis of sites in same and space with a particular focus on commercial truffle species, from which until now we have recorded Tuber aestivum/uncinatum, Tuber brumale and Tuber cf. borchii.

Keywords: hypogeous fungi, commercial truffles, diversity, distribution, ectomycorrhiza

1 Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2 Biotechnical faculty, University of Montenegro, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro Corresponding author: Grebenc, Tine, email: [email protected]

49



DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-MARKETING IN UZBEKISTAN

Gulyamov S.S.1, Abruev A.I.2, Rasulova M.T.,3 Saidaxmedov S.S.4

Abstract: The usefulness of marketing in agribusiness for consumers is determined by the fact that it increases the value of the agricultural products they consume in the following areas: 1. It improves the benefit of the forms of trade; 2. Increases benefit in food consumption; 3. It provides a benefit of food consumption place; 4. Creates the utility of food trade. We conducted the Government granted marketing researches in several farms in Tashkent and Samarkand Regions. We selected all category and size of farms, such as bad, normal, small, large farms and agro firms. And currently 500 people are working and in a season the number of employers is increasing. We discern their competitors in internal and external markets as consumers and producers. We conducted the (SWOT, PEST, SMART) marketing researches, studied weak and strong sides and made up agro marketing strategy in this base. Base of our implementation and recommendations profitability of agro-products of studied farms increased from 3-4 % till 13,5%. According to the research of agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Uzbekistan can identify a number of issues that in our opinion is directly related to the improvement of marketing activities in the sector taking into account the following follow factors: some farms have no rich experience in elaboration and making up business marketing and marketing plans; There are no marketing departments and services in many agricultural enterprises, farms and poultry farms; Partially they cannot afford to conduct scientific-marketing researches and many agricultural enterprises are becoming less effective. Many leaders of the agricultural enterprises do not fully use the principals and functions of the marketing planning by SMART system (S-specific, M-measurable, A-achievable, R-real, T-timeliness). Taking into consideration above-mentioned issues the agro marketing of the Republic of Uzbekistan have to consist the followings: 1. Complex solution of prior directions of innovation activity (computer, internet etc.) providestechnic and technologic renewing of brunches and spheres of regional APK and increasing its social-economical effectiveness. 2. Strategic navigation of innovations directed to the working out measures, programs andprojects and achieve aimed purposes proceeded to the NIOKR potential, productive potential of agricultural enterprises, internal and external factors, consumers demands in innovations.

Key words: Agro-marketing, service, profitability, business plan, consulting

1 Academician Dr. of Economy, Professor, Head of Department of Agro-economy and marketing at Tashkent State of Agrarian University (TSAU) 2 PhD student, Department of Management in Agriculture, Samarkand Agricultural Institute (SAI) 3 Senior Lecture at the Department of Agro-economy and marketing at (TSAU) 4 Main specialist at Cental Bank of Uzbekistan Corresponding author: Abruev Akmal, email: [email protected]

50




THE SLOPES OF RUMIJA AT SKADAR LAKE SIDE – A CHALLENGE IN SUSTAINABLE ECO/HISTORICAL-RURAL TOURISM

Guštin Mitja1

Abstract: An author wishes to represent old rural architecture from the northern slopes of Rumija Mountain in the hinterland of the Montenegrian coast high over the Skadar Lake. The contribution also discusses the typical Albanian village of Gornji Murići. The village is today still characterized by vernacular stone architecture, which was built during the Ottoman rule in the late eighteenth century. In addition, in that tough but well cultivated nature have still preserved some significant farmsteads. The village inhabitants were well known until a few years ago because of their transhumance in the summer: departure of some farmers from the village with all their cattle to the shore of Lake. Today, the Gornji Murići and surrounding villages on Rumija Mountain, lie on the area where young people are leaving the hillslopes, transforming the villages into the witnesses of history. The extraordinary pictoresque nature, existence of old architecture and high quality farmers products like olive oil and sheep cheese have enabled good conditions for development of the new economic branch: the rural tourism. The old stone houses should be (due to their architectural value) reconstructed and used as an outstanding offer for the rural tourism. This could be a good opportunity for the flourishing of the tourism on the Montenegrian coast, to offer the mountain experience to their guests. With development of the rural eco-tourism on the slopes of Rumija Mountain, the inhabitants of the villages will be encouraged for their better economical future.

Keywords: Montenegro, Rumija, Skadar Lake, old rural architecture, tourism

1 Piran, Slovenia

51



ISOTOPE ANALYSIS FOR THE CONTROL OF GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF TYROLEAN MILK

Horacek Micha1, Papesch Wolfgang2

Abstract: Consumers are willing to pay elevated prices for specific product qualities, e.g. for food from a certain region and of special and high quality, thus there is the need to control the correct declaration of origin and production of these products. Conventionally this is done by estimating the flow of goods and by controlling the documentation accompanying the products. However, this means are often not sufficient to detect intentional deception. The measurement of the stable isotope composition of products offers the possibility to investigate the product itself. The stable isotope ratios of the elements H, C, N, O and S are varying geographically due to diverse environmental conditions (e.g.: climate, geology, soil, altitude, geography…) thus creating individual patterns for each region. These patterns are transferred in different ways into plants and animals originating from a certain region. Therefore analysis of the stable isotope pattern can be a potent tool for geographic differentiation. Tyrolean milk is regarded as a high quality good produced under strict regulations in a special (alpine) environment. To protect Tyrolean milk from incorrectly declared milk originating from other regions/countries, stable isotope investigations have been carried out over a period of one year on samples from all regions of Tyrol. Samples have been measured for isotopic composition of H, C, N and O. The observed variation in the isotopic pattern of the Tyrolean milk within the year can be explained by different feeding regimes during summer and winter. Comparison of the isotopic pattern of the Tyrolean milk and milk samples of the same age from other regions gives evidence for significant differences in the isotope ratios. As the investigated “non-Tyrolean” samples have been produced in neighboring regions that should have similar isotopic signals due to comparable environmental conditions, presumably it should be even easier to distinguish between milk from farther regions and milk from Tyrol. Furthermore, maize feeding can be detected easily and thus the declared quality of production (to some extent) controlled. This control not only can be applied to milk but also to milk products.

Key words: Geographic origin, authenticity, milk, Tyrol, stable isotope, declaration of origin, quality

1HBLFA Francisco-Josephinum – BLT Wieselburg, Rottenhauserstr. 1, 3250 Wieselburg, Austria 2BMVIT, Radetzkystr. 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria *previous address: Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH – AIT, A-3440 Tulln, Austria;email: [email protected]

52



REVEALING THE MONTENEGRIN KATUN AS A PLACE OF REUSABLE COGNITIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Jašarović Edin 1, Alihodžić Jašarović Ema 2

Abstract: Thinking about Places and Technologies in Switzerland for example, it is undoubtedly hard to think about anything different than the cow Milka standing on the hilltops of mountain. This idyllic place and technology used will certainly guaranty you the best taste of chocolate in the whole “purple” world. But, on the other side of this story, it is also interesting to think about the same place in Montenegro, with some rather different technologies. Namely, this place is called Montenegrin Katun. Katun is a hillside settlement in Montenegrin mountain area, which serves as a place to keep heard of cattle, goats, horses and other domestic animals away from summer drought. On the other side, this place is also a natural treasury for production and distribution of goods, highly important to sustain the economy of many Montenegrin cities. This self-sustainable and very fragile microeconomic ecosystem consisted of small scattered houses with supporting storage and production department gives a very privileged position to understand the importance of reusable natural sources. Using very old, but rather sophisticated cognitive technologies Montenegrin Katun is one of the few remaining examples of zero waste production cycles that uses a renewable resources of nature. By this, it becomes the most ecology sapient and best architectural model of bioclimatism and seasonal settlement in Montenegro. This small but rather great economy model gives empirical and theoretical evidence that even secluded urban constellations can serve as a good example of adaptive reuse. So the main idea of this paper is to examine their operational model and their socio-economy chain of production so we can better understand cognitive processes and technology of this environment. By doing so, we will reveal the secret formula of this historically attested technology as well as to find a new ways to transfer it into our modern urban environments.

Key words: production cycles, ecosystem, resource management, Montenegro, katun

1Management in Culture, Faculty of Drama Arts - Cetinje, University of Montenegro, Zmaj Jovina, 265, Podgorica, Montenegro, [email protected] 2Urban sociology, Faculty of Architecture, University of Montenegro, Zmaj Jovina 265, Podgorica, Montenegro, [email protected]

53



QUALITY AND TECHNOLOGY OF KUČI CHEESE

Jokanović Olga1, Marković Božidarka1, Marković Milan1 , Radonjić Dušica 1 Jelena Miočinović2 and Mirecki Slavko1

Abstract: Montenegro is well-known by the wide range of traditional dairy products, especially cheese. One of them is Kuči cheese. Kuči cheese is fullfat, white brine cheese. It is produced from raw cow's and mixed milk (cow's + ewe's), and very rarely from ewe's milk. Production is organized at katuns. Katuns are temporary settlements in mountainous regions in Montenegro where the agricultural households stay with livestock during the summer season. This paper presents preliminary results of the quality of the two types of milk for Kuči cheese production, it’s technology, chemical and microbiological quality. Sampling of milk and cheese, and recording the cheese technology were done in 12 households who are actively engaged in the production of Kuči cheese. The content of milk fat and proteins in raw milk are analyzed by method of IR spectrophotometry, and number of somatic cells and total bacteria count by flow cytometry method. Analysis of cheese (fat, proteins, dry matter, salt) were made by method of FTIR spectrophotometry and fat in dry matter mathematically. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococci was detected by standard broth base methods. Quality of cow’s raw milk was good (4.09% fat, 3.06% protein and 291.000 somatic cells/mL. Since mixed milk had certain amount of ewe’s milk, quality of this mixture was even better: 5.58% fat and 4.45% proteins. The presence of ewe’s milk increased number of somatic cells in mixed milk (1.328.000). Total bacteria count (1.413.000 in cow’s milk and 1.641.000 in mixture) indicates lack of milking hygiene. Cheese from cow’s milk had 24.98% fat, 18.20% proteins, 48.53% dry matter, 51.43% fat in dry matter and 2.21% salt. Quality of cheese made from mixed milk was: 26.91% fat, 17.65% proteins, 51.17% dry matter, 52.61% fat in dry matter and 2.56% salt. But, variation of all quality parameters in cheese was highlighted. That indicated absence of standardized technology. Microbial analysis indicated that all samples of cheeses have met the requirements of national microbiological standards. The aim of this study is to collect adequate data to launch initiatives for the protection of origin Kučki cheese (PDO), as a first step in the development of its standards.

Key words: milk, Kuči cheese, traditional technology, chemical and microbial quality

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalica 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; Corresponding author: Mirecki Slavko, email: [email protected] 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia

54




COTTAGES IN KATUNS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE - ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF COTTAGES (GLADAS) IN KUČKA MOUNTAIN

Kapetanović Aleksandra1, Laković Ivan2, Koprivica Tatjana2, Pelcer-Vujačić Olga2

Abstract Built vernacular heritage is the basic expression of the culture of a community and its relationship with its own territory. Basic parts of this heritage are katuns – seasonal mountain settlements. Cultural landscape of katuns is made of cottages, corrals (torine), outbuildings, springs and cisterns, graveyards and religious objects, roads and paths, and other elements. Cottages (called gladas in Kuči area) are, alongside corrals, the main elements of cultural landscape of katuns. This paper deals with cottages /gladas analyzed during the field research conducted within “Katun” project in Kučka Mountain area. From June 2015 to September 2016, more than 170 katuns and 2300 gladas were identified and analyzed, while 85 cottages, including 8 dubirogs, were surveyed. Based on written sources and data from the field researches architectural features of two basic types of gladas were analyzed: gladas with a circular base – dubirogs and those with a rectangular base. Features of gladas were viewed in relation to their location, position, materials they were made from - stone and wood. The size, dimensions and proportions of gladas were analyzed, as well as building techniques, especially dry-stone, roof structure and roofing. Individual elements of gladas, doors, benches, niches, brackets-shelves, marks and inscriptions in stone were also considered, as well as the interior with its basic elements: fireplace, beds and shelves. Essential in preserving the value and authenticity of vernacular heritage, including katuns, is the use of traditional and local materials, and traditional building techniques in their maintenance, restoration or reconstruction. Preservation and use of traditional techniques and crafts contributes to protecting the intangible cultural heritage. These skills should be retained, recorded and transmitted to new generations of craftsmen and builders. Successful protection of vernacular heritage depends on the participation and support of the community, and its continuing use and maintenance.

Key words: cultural landscape, katun, cottages (gladas), architectural elements, traditional building techniques.

1 EXPEDITIO Center for Sustainable Spatial Development, P.O. Box 85, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro; 2 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulev. Revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;

55



INFLUENCE OF SOIL PESTS TO GROWING THE FODDER-HAY IN CATTLE BREEDING

Khudoykulov Azamjon1, Abruev Akmal 2

Abstract: Current paper introduce one of the feeding forage of cattle breeding - corn. Every year essential part of corn products is lost due to influence of damage of soil pests. The most harmful pests are chapped beetles– Agriotes meticulosus, autumn beetles (Аgrotis segetum Den. Et Schiff), beetles (Agriotes meticulosus L.). Corn root insect illnesses agriotes meticulosus, autumn beetles were implemented chemicals harmful pests Atilla 5% em. con. Baron 48% em. con. Ciper metrin, 25% em. con. Most effective pests Atilla 5% em. con. was identified under our filed experience. Additional harvest increased up to 3.7 t/ha comparing to control data. According to our researches, it is defined that last years these pests greatly harm to agricultural fields where wheat, corn, beet and potato planted in Pastdargam, Okdaryo, Toylok, Urgut, Jomboy and Bulungur regions of Samarkand district. In 2014-2015 several experiments carried out in 4 hectares field of “Maksudjon Porlok zamini” farm in Urgut region to define the damage of beetles and the effectiveness of some chemical preparations against them. The abundance in the 1-variant reached to 10 tons, additional abundance 3,7 tons, in the 2-variant when Baron 48% was used, it reached to 8,2 tons, additional harvest reached to 1,9 tons. At the third variant it was equal to 8,9 tons and 2,3 tons, respectively. It may be concluded that in usage of Atilla 5% em.con. 0,25 liter per hectare in the system of effective combating against soil pests had the highest biological effectiveness. Preparation of Baron 48% эм.к and Ciper metrin 25% em. con.Hadn’t enough effectiveness in that experiment. Many soils pests remain in the field where potato and corn are planted as second crops after autumn wheat and greatly harms the cotton and vegetable plants next year.

Keywords: feeding forage, Corn, Em. Con –Emulsiya consentrat

1 Assistant at the department of Agro chemistry, soil science, and plant protection, Samarkand Agricultural Institute 2 PhD student at the Department of Management in Agriculture, Samarkand Agricultural Institute Corresponding author: Abruev Akmal, email: [email protected]

56




CULTURAL-HISTORICAL HERITAGE WITHIN THE DURMITOR AREA

Koprivica Tatjana1, Laković Ivan2, Kapetanović Aleksandra3

Abstract: In this paper, the authors focus on a diverse and stratified cultural and historical heritage within the Durmitor area, which, since 1980, has been on the UNESCO Lists of World Natural Heritage Sites and World Cultural Heritage Sites respectively. The rich cultural heritage of the Durmitor area is witnessed by archeological sites (Odmut Cave, Žugića gumno in Leve Tara), fortified towns (Soko grad and Pirlitor), towers, churches, monasteries (Piva, Dovolja, Dobrilovina), National Liberation War monuments, and alike. This paper’s particular attention is paid to katuns, seasonal settlements in the mountains where the agricultural households stay with livestock during the summer season (from June to October). According to the field work findings, literature and historical records from archives, the Durmitor katuns localities, the types of cottages, building materials, building construction techniques, roof structures, the interior of cottages, auxiliary objects at the katuns, and alike are analyzed. The characteristic of the Durmitor area is a large number of medieval tombstones, known as stećci, out of which the most significant ones are the necropolis Grčko groblje by the Riblje Lake in Novakovići, the Žugića Bare necropolis and the Grčko groblje in Zagrađe (Plužine Municipality) which the UNESCO List of World Cultural Heritage Sites listed in 2016.

Key words: Durmitor, heritage, katuns, cottage, stećci

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulevar revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; [email protected] 2 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulevar revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; [email protected] 3 NGO Expeditio, Zgrada Šćekića, Škaljari, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro; [email protected]

57



CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL RURAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR ANIMAL CORRAL IN THE ADRIATIC-IONIAN AREA

Laković Ivan1, Picuno C. Alessandro2, Roubis Dimitris3, Picuno Pietro4, Kapetanovic Aleksandra5

Abstract: Farm buildings have been designed over the centuries in order to fulfill their primary agricultural role aimed to hosting and breeding animals and crops, protecting them from bad weather conditions, dangerous wild animals, etc. Those farmers who built these constructions have implemented some simple but very effective constructive principles, enabling more efficient agricultural practices like animal feeding and milking, crop protection and transformation into foods, etc. In their building activities, they have so realized a widespread heritage with a significant architectural value, influencing the agricultural environment and the visual perception of its landscape. An interesting example of farm building is that one constituted by a temporary settlement for animal corral, widespread over some Mediterranean mountainous regions for vertical transhumance or nomadic pastoralism, in which the agricultural households stay with livestock during the summer season for rearing of farm animals and producing traditional milk and meat products, which is their main source of income. Within the current re-discover of the agricultural heritage, that may play a central role for the sustainability of the rural environment, even through new activities as those related to rural tourism, in the present paper the characteristics of traditional rural constructions for animal corral were analyzed. Some of these rural constructions connected to the traditional transhumance activities were detected within three different Countries located in the Adriatic-Ionian Macro-region, i.e. Greece, Italy and Montenegro. A typological survey was then conducted in some constructions located in Southern Italy (so-called, “Jazzi”), whose typical dimensions, building material and constructive technologies were detected and analyzed. Key words: Rural building, animal corral, transhumance, rural tourism, Adriatic-Ionian area.

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulev. Revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 2 Freelance Consultant, via Nicolò Giudice, n.1, 70010 Cellamare, Italy; 3 IBAM-CNR; Post-Graduate School of Archaeology, University of Basilicata, via S. Rocco, Matera, Italy; 4 University of Basilicata, SAFE School, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy. 5 EXPEDITIO - Center for Sustainable Spatial Development, Škaljari bb /Zgrade Šćekića, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.

58



IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KATUNS AT KUČI MOUNTAINS

Laković Ivan1, Koprivica Tatjana1, Kapetanović Aleksandra2, Pelcer-Vujačić Olga1, Babović-Raspopović Senka1

Abstract: Here we present characteristic part of immovable architectural cultural heritage of the katuns (seasonal mountain settlements) at Kuči Mountains. Through our research, we collected the data and completed photo documentation of the number, disposition and condition of the mentioned katuns. Here we display the traditional elements such as cottages (gladas), corrals (torine), outbuildings, springs and cisterns, graveyards and religious objects within the landscape. Special emphasis is given to the types of cottages, building materials, building construction techniques, roof structures, the interior of cottages, auxiliary objects at the katuns. There is also made an attempt to visually present the cultural-historical context outside and inside the gladas.

Key words: landscape, katun, cottages (gladas), cultural heritage, cultural-historical context

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulev. Revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 2EXPEDITIO Center for Sustainable Spatial Development, P.O. Box 85, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro;

59



KATUNS OF THE KUČI MOUNTAINS - quantitative analysis –

Laković Ivan1, Kapetanović Aleksandra2, Koprivica Tatjana1, Pelcer-Vujačić Olga1,

Abstract: The Kuči Mountains is the mountainous area, covering c.ca 220 square kilometres to the NE of Montenegrin capital Podgorica. Populated by traditional tribe of Kuci, it hosts one of the best preserved complexes of seasonal mountain settlements – katuns.Bearing in mind the existence of the katun’s way of cattle breeding in this region from Middle Ages onwards, research efforts were concentrated on collecting data on katuns with housing and auxiliary objects made from stone, whose remnants are still traceable and visible. It limited the research to the second half of 19th century as the terminus ante quemnon, but provided the solid base to have much clearer picture on the property of the existing ones. This paper covers number, locations, condition and main characteristics of the existing katuns at the Kuci Mountains, including both abandoned and still inhabited ones. The data used for preparing the paper were collected in 2015-2016, including both archival and library researches, interviews with local community members and field visits.

Key words: Montenegro, Kuči Mountains, katuns, seasonal mountain settlements, traditional cattle breeding

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulev. Revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 2EXPEDITIO Center for Sustainable Spatial Development, P.O. Box 85, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro;

60



THE CHANGING FUNCTIONS OF VELIKA PLANINA IN SLOVENIA – BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICTS

Lampič Barbara1

Abstract: Velika planina is outstanding natural and cultural landscape in Alpine Slovenia (in the immediate hinterland of Ljubljana), where number of conflicts arising from the different needs and interests (nature protection, cultural heritage, agriculture, recreation, tourism, second home owners etc.) are interfering the sustainable (rural) development. With the initiative of the Municipality of Kamnik and the Kamnik Tourism and Sports Agency, the student development project with a series of communication activities was performed in 2015(and the relatively small financial support of Ministry of education, science and sport and European social found).With several activities and fresh ideas students of geography, economics and law have contributed to: a) better communication and integration of a number of previously "uncoordinated" stakeholders in Velika planina, b) better cooperation of key actors of Velika planina and the Municipality of Kamnik, c) creation of a common brand and d) creation of a new tourist product.

Key words: rural development, stakeholders cooperation, student project, Velika planina, Slovenia

1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Aškerčeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;

61



FOREST SITE DRIVES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FINE ROOTS OF Pinus heldreichii

Lazarević Jelena1, Davidenko Kateryna2, Vasaitis Rimvydas3, Menkis Audrius3

Abstract: Pinus heldreichii H. Christ is a montane to subalpine species of the Mediterranean basin occurring at the altitudes between 1200 and 2000 m primary on soils derived from calcareous or occasionally ultramafic parent materials. It is tertiary relict and endemic to Balkans and southern part of Apennine peninsula. Its forests play important ecological role in mountain regions and are of key importance for nature conservation, protection against gravitational natural hazards, landscape conservation and recreation. The major threats to stands of P. heldreichii include forest fires, pests and pathogenic fungi.In contrast pathogenic fungi, beneficial ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important for successful regeneration, establishment and growth of P. heldreichii. ECM fungi are known to provide nutritional benefits to their host trees through increased supply of nutrients and water, and they may also protect roots against unfavourable abiotic and biotic stress factors. Such positive impacts are likely to be most pronounced on marginal habitats under harsh environmental conditions such as inhabited by P. heldreichii. The aim of this study was to investigate fungal communities associated with fine roots of P. heldreichii in SE Montenegro (Kuči Mountains). Tree P. heldreichii stands growing on different inclinations, and consenquently on differently developed soils were selected. Roots and soil were sampled from 80 trees. Soil was subjected to physical and chemical analyses. Fine roots were morphotyped and selected morphotypes were Sanger sequenced using ITS rDNA as a marker. Physical and chemical properties of soils differed among the sites. Sequencing resulted in 526 high-quality sequences representing 169 different fungal species including a large number of ECM species. The most common species were ECM basidiomycete Lactarius sanguifluus (4.6%), root endophyte Phialocephala fortinii (4.0%) and ECM ascomycete Wilcoxina rehmii (3.4%). Correspondence analysis showed that fungal communities differed among the sites suggesting that environmental conditions present at each site drive diversity and composition of fungal communities associated with P. heldreichii. Generated knowledge will contribute to the development of relevant strategies for conservation and management of P. heldreichii forests and associated biodiversity..

Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, fungal diversity, high altitude forests, Pinus heldreichii, nature conservation

1 University of Montenegro Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro 2 Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration, Pushkinska street, 86 Kharkov 61024, Ukraine 3 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala Sweden Cooresponding author: [email protected]

62




ECOLOGY OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN MONTENEGRO AND THEIR CULITVATION POTENTIAL

Lazarević Jelena1, Grebenc Tine2

Abstract: Hypogeous fungi are mainly ectomycorrhizal genera which are expected to grow with potential tree or shrub mycorrhizal partner. For this reason the first systematic survey of hypogeous fungi in various forest ecosystems in Montenegro was performed recently resulting in eleven distinct genera: Balsamia, Gautieria, Genea, Hymenogaster, Labyrinthomyces, Melanogaster, Pachyphloeus, Rhizopogon, Sclerogaster, Stephensia, Tuber (Grebenc, Lazarević, 2016; this publication).The communities of hypogeous fungi considerably differed among associated plant communities and altitudes. In this terms Balsamia was collected with lime, oaks and hazel, Gautieria with Ostrya, Genea species with oaks, hazel and beech. A highly specialised was the occurrence of Labyrinthomyces which is associated with eucalypts and was found in parks with eucalypts present. Other genera showed various preferences to broadleaved trees. The only commercially significant genus recorded was Tuber (true truffles), which grow from the coastal forests up to timber line Pinus heldreichii forests above 1300 m a.s.l. Tuber aestivum/uncinatum was found associated with Quercus cerris, Corylus avellana or Tilia cordata, with a clear not that the sampling periods were out of its expected fruiting time in the particular latitude. The commercial black truffle Tuber brumale was on the other hand collected with Tilia cordata only despite it was expected to be more frequently recoded as the sampling period was suitable for this species. The third recorded commercial species Tuber cf. borchii would need a further molecular confirmation. The collection was recorded with Corylus. Overall the distribution of commercial species was expected based on the distribution of potential ectomycorrhizal plant partners. If the combination of current distribution of host species and confirmed associated collections is used for analysis of potential distribution of truffles in Montenegro, the majority of the country up to the timber line can be a potential truffle area and can serve as a truffle cultivation site for up-to-now recorded truffle species. Key words: commercial truffles, ecology, cultivation, distribution;

1 Biotechnical faculty, University of Montenegro, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 2 Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Corresponding author: Grebenc, Tine, email: [email protected]

63



GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PINUS HELDREICHII POPULATIONS FROM MONTENEGRO

Lazarević Jelena,1 Stojanović Ivana2, Spanu Ilaria3, Piotti Andrea3, Bagnoli Francesca3, Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe3

Abstract: Genetic characterization of tree populations for species with geographically limited distribution is urgent and necessary, both for their historical relevance and because they can represent the source of potentially adaptive genetic variation to cope with ongoing climate change. Montenegro is rich in marginal forest tree populations that are relevant for the genetic conservation of forest genetic resources. Genetic characterisation of Montenegrin forest tree populations has not been carried out until now. Pinus heldreichii H. Christ is an oro-Mediterreanean species only present in high mountain regions in the western part of Balkan and with small and scattered forest fragments in an area influenced by the Mediterranean climate in the southern Apennines, at an altitude between 1200-2000 m a.s.l.. It is considered as a tertiary relict and, nowadays, its distribution range is limited and mainly composed of fragmented populations. Genetic characterization of P. heldreichii poulations has been the subject of several studies in Italy, as well as in some Balkan countries. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic diversity of the Montenegrin populations of P. heldreichii and to compare them with the Apennines ones. For that purpose material was sampled from three P. heldreichii populations, represented with 50 geo-referenced individuals per population, from the southwest, central and south-east part of Montenegro. Microsatellite genotyping with nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers (nSSRs and cpSSRs) were done. Estimation of divergence time and historical rates of gene flow between these refugial areas was carried out through Bayesian and ABC approaches. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of the genetic relationship between P. heldreichii populations in the Apennines and the Balkans and can provide relevant hints about future conservation strategies for this valuable tree species.

Key words: genetic characterisation, Italy, Montenegro, nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers (nSSRs and cpSSRs), Pinus heldreichii

1 University of Montenegro Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro 2 Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, Department for Sustainable Development and Integrated Coastal Zone Management of the Marine and Coastal Zone; IV Proleterske brigade, Podgorica, Montenegro 3Institute for Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy

64



GENETIC RESOURCES OF MOUNTAIN AREAS OF MONTENEGRO IMPORTANT FOR AGRICULTURE

Lazović Biljana, Adakalić Mirjana, Božović Đina, Jaćimović Vučeta, Čizmović Miroslav, Jovović Zoran, Mirecki Nataša1,

Abstract: Mountain ecosystem provides many goods, benefits and services. They are very important for socio-economic development of rural areas as well as for the benefit of urban areas. They represent an extraordinary wealth in genetic resources which are part of the world heritage. In mountainous areas, where the conditions are less suitable for survival, a numerous plant populations are present. Significant ecological adaptability of both, spontaneous and cultivated species is the result of long term resistance to various stressful situations and climate change. Therefore, the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources is of great significance in many aspects: preserving the tradition, landscape and eco-systems protection, the importance to sustainable agriculture, as well as support to other industries (food processing, tourism, pharmaceuticals, health, culture, etc.). In addition, great importance genetic resources are having in research of phytochemical components, resistance to pathogens, use of wild relatives interesting for breeding programs, also used as rootstock for modern grown varieties, and so on. Mountainous areas are rich in old indigenous (varieties of apples, plums, pears) and spontaneous fruit species, as well as numerous field crops (wheat, maize, barley, oat, potato) and vegetable crops (kale, onion, beans, peas) adapted to the conditions, diversified over a long period of spontaneous breeding and selection by farmers. Since the conservation of genetic resources of agricultural crops is above the national interest, each country has obligation to collect, conserve and utilize the genetic material on its territory. Though, the main objective of this work is to draw attention to the need of creation of the conditions for inventory, characterization and conservation of plant genetic resources important to Montenegrin agriculture.

Key words: agro biodiversity, mountain areas, indigenous species, fruits, field crops, vegetables

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalica 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;

65



GENETIC RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE – IMPORTANCE AND UTILIZATION

Lazović Biljana and Marković Milan1

Abstract: Genetic Resources (GR) in agriculture or agro-biodiversity, represent part of the overall biodiversity used for food and agriculture. In this work we will try to present the main reasons for sustainable use of genetic resources. The importance of GR in agriculture and for human life in general is multiple. A significant part of the world economy through the sectors of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, seed production, food production, etc., is provided from GR, while the needs of the poor areas are covered almost 80%. Agrobiodiversity therefore makes an important component of the multi-functionality of agriculture. Because in addition to food provides many ecosystem services (water sources, recycling nutrients and waste, climate stability, etc.), biological resources (food, medical resources, wood products, diversity of genes, etc.), as well as the social benefits through research, education, culture, tourism and so on. Despite great importance, GR, like the areas in which they are represented, are exposed to numerous dangers of a dual nature: ecological and natural conditions and human factors. Increasing influence of the climate change affect the adaptive ability of plants, and on the other side specialized plant cultivation, environmental degradation, overpopulation, over-exploitation of land and others, lead to loss of genetic diversity. The specific impact has replacement of traditional varieties with a few modern varieties obtained by new systems of breeding to increase the yield, uniform productivity, etc. This type of specialization leads to genetic erosion, which is already expressed and whose consequences are reflected in the use of only some 10 plant species and five animals for the production of total feed. On the other hand, great demands are on GR, how to produce enough food for the growing human population (7 mild) and also not to jeopardize sustainable level of production and the environment. This raises the question of land management that makes farmer the central figure in the activities. This was recognized by the international organizations, led by FAO, which through analysis, plans and initiatives indicate the importance of conservation and sustainable use of GR, rights of farmers and mandatory financial support. At the global level, there is an understanding that the GR are - 'pillar of our natural wealth and the base for food safety. Therefore, recommendations for the future indicate that the GR should be used or will be lost. Uses of GR resources are numerous, but the most important through breeding and partnerships at that level (farmer, breeder, curator of gene bank), economic benefits through the creation of new products, as well as to prevent the loss of traditional breeds and crops, through in situ and ex situ conservation. In this regard there are significant commitments at the national level, at the level of decision-makers, as well as the academic levels. Through the legal framework, national and action plan and budget for agriculture, it is necessary to ensure the sustainable use of GR, the application of scientific research achievements, and better coordination and coherence of all stakeholders in the preservation of GR.

Keywords: genetic resources, priorities, conservation of GR


66



ALPS OF THE JULIAN ALPS

Ledinek Lozej Špela1, Roškar Saša2

Abstract: The article presents an overview of the past and present state of the alps, i. e. seasonal mountain pasture of livestock and dairying practices in different areas of the Julian Alps in Slovenia and Italy. It is based on the on the overview of relevant literature and archival documentation, as well as on intensive participant observation during the grazing seasons of 1998 and 1999, and on continuous sporadic documentation up until today. Significant differences in the intensity of past and present mountain pasture and above all in the intensity of dairying practices were found out, both between micro-areas, as well as between individual alps of the same micro-area, that is elaborated in detail in the case study of Bohinj alps. The reasons can be attributed to (micro) geographical circumstances, economic development, different forms of possession and organization of alps, and especially to specific social circumstances.

Keywords: Alps, the Julian Alps, dairying

1 University of Udine, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, Via Mantica 3, 33100 Udine, Italy 2 Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Regional Unit of Kranj, Tomšičeva 7, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia Corresponding author: Ledinek Lozej Špela, email: [email protected]

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STATUS AND TRENDS OF SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE DURMITOR AREA

Marković Božidarka1, Đokić Milena1, Drobnjak Dragana1 and Marković Milan1

Abstracts: The aim of this paper is to get insight into the recent changes of the sheep production in the wider area of Durmitor Mountain (the territory of municipalities’ Žabljak, Šavnik and Plužine) by analyzing the current situation, trends and prospects of the sector. Sheep production on the territory of these municipalities was one of the main economic activities and main source of income of the majority of rural households even till the eighties years of the last century. According to the official data for 1939, there were 88,700 of sheep in this area. That number was almost halved during Second World War. Then, just after the War sheep population had been rapidly recovered and reached 71000 animals in 1953 (what was 14% of total sheep population of Montenegro). Absolute peak - 96,000 animals or 19% of total population of Montenegro, was reached in 1980. Since then sheep population has been permanently decreased, so now only around 19,000 sheep are reared (about 10% of the total population) in this area. Sheep production of this area in the past was based only on rearing of autochthonous sheep breed Pivska pramenka with two strains: Pivska and Jezerska pramenka, while today different crosses and other breeds (Sjenička breed, mostly) are present too. Pivska pramenka, as autochthonous breed originated from Durmitor area, is a very important genetic resource. It is well adapted to an extensive and a semi extensive way of rearing in the conditions of the mountain climate with long severe winters. A production system during time had been changed from very extensive to semi extensive or semi intensive one. Feeding of sheep is primarily based on pasture, with seasonal transhumance to mountains pastures (katuns), while during wintertime hay is the main feedstuff, supplemented by grain during lambing season. Due to the positive changes in production system and implementation of the appropriate breeding and selection methods production traits of this breed have been improved. Average body weight of adult animals in seventies of the last century was about 51 kg, while today is about 70 kg. A percentage of twins has been increased from 10-15% to 30-35%, while average milk yield decreased from 106 kg to 95 kg. The main product today is lamb meat that is usually placed on the market, while milk is processed into traditional products for households use and partly for the market. However, wool was valuable product in the past; today it doesn’t have any economic value.

Key words: Durmitor area, sheep production, Pivska pramenka

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalica 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; Coresponding author: Božidarka Marković, email: [email protected]

68



EFFECTS OF CUTTING SIZE AND EXOGENOUS HORMONES ON ROOTING OF SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF CORNUS MAS L.

Marković Marija1, Skočajić Dragana1, Grbić Mihailo1, Đukić Matilda1

Abstract: The Cornelian cherry is low maintenance, undemanding, drought-resistant species, which can grow on the different soil types, from sandy to clay soils, as well as on shallow soils. It is important honey plant, and it have the high potential for sustainable organic production as valuable fruit species, having good yield potential even without special care. In this study, the effect of cutting size and IBA concentration on rooting of softwood cuttings of cornelian cherry was examined. Eight types of cuttings were taken from mother trees in the urban forest in Belgrade area (terminal and node cuttings with current season's wood only, and terminal and node cuttings with a small section of 2-year-old wood) and rooted under intermittent mist. The obtained data were statistically analysed and the significance of differences between the means was determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA, p <0.05) and the least significant difference (LSD) test. According to the results, it can be concluded that rooting rate was not affected significantly by a cutting size, but larger cuttings had better developed root system. Our research showed that the highest influence on rooting had IBA concentration, because rooting percentage and mean number of primary roots were noticeably high for all cutting types in 1% IBA treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to use longer cuttings (terminal with one node, or two-nodal) treated with 1% IBA (90-96% rooting rate).

Keywords: Cornus mas, IBA, green cuttings

1 University of Belgrade, Forestry Faculty Faculty, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; Corresponding author: Marković Marija, email: [email protected]

69



MYCORRHIZAL CAPACITY OF WOOD-DECAY FUNGI

Menkis Audrius1 and Vasaitis Rimvydas1

Abstract: Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and free-living wood-decay fungi and roots of forest trees may be critical and influence diverse forest ecosystem processes, such as decomposition of wood and nutrient recycling and functioning of beneficial mycorrhizal symbioses. Although mycorrhizal fungi is believed to have evolved from free-living fungi, in the course of time each group of fungi has largely differentiated and adapted to a specific modes of nutrition determined by their functional capabilities. If free-living wood-decay fungi obtain nutrients by decomposition of dead wood, so mycorrhizal fungi obtain photosyntetically derived carbohydrates by forming mutualistic associations with living roots of forest trees. Until recently it was generally considered that each group of fungi is functionally independent and associated with particular type of substrate. But phylogenetic analyses including a number of free-living and mycorrhizal fungal species revealed that functional associations in fungi are evolutionary dynamic and that multiple transitions from free-living associations into mycorrhizal associations, and in the opposite direction have occurred in fungi. This may suggest that under certain circumstances some fungi can be capable to form both types of associations. The central hypothesis tested was that free-living wood-decay fungi may colonise and functionally interact with living tree roots and due to this ecological plasticity may form a continuum from free-living to mycorrhizal associations. To test this hypothesis, the laboratory microcosm systems were used to study the extent of root colonisation by different species of wood-decay fungi and their effect on plant health, morphology and anatomy of colonised roots, functional interactions in those associations, and their occurrence and relative abundance in the forest ecosystems. To exemplify possible mycorrhizal associations in wood-decay fungi, Phlebiopsis gigantea will be used as a model fungal species which is also used in the forestry as a biological control agent and therefore is of great economic and ecological importance

Key words: functional diversity, wood-decay fungi, saprotrophy, mycorrhiza, evolution

1 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

70



THE ROLE OF MYCORRHIZA IN REFORESTATION OF POST FIRE COASTAL DUNES

Menkis Audrius1 and Vasaitis Rimvydas1

Abstract: Reforestation of post-fire sites at the Baltic Sea coast is of key importance to sustain coastal dunes and prevent their erosion, but the efforts often result in low survival rates or even complete loss of outplanted seedlings already during the first vegetation season. A complex of factors including low water and nutrient availability, reduced mycorrhizal inoculum, and damage caused by pathogens and insects are thought to be the most probable causes for low rates of seedling establishment. In particular, the mycorrhizal fungi are known to provide nutritional benefits to their hosts, and protect against unfavourable abiotic and biotic stress factors, especially on low fertility sites and under harsh environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment of root systems with mycorrhizal fungi have any impact on Pinus sylvestris seedling survival and establishment as compared with standard planting procedures. The planting site was ca.100 year-old plantation of Pinus mugo that one year previously was devastated by a forest fire and clear cut. Three mycorrhiza-inoculated treatments and non-inoculated control treatment using P. sylvestris seedlings were established on two hectare area on coastal dunes of the Baltic Sea. Results showed that after the first growing season seedling survival was poor in all treatments (5.1 – 30.0%), but mycorrhiza-inoculated seedlings showed 196-591% better survival than non-inoculated control seedlings. In conclusion, despite the low overall survival rates, the results demonstrate that applied methods of artificial inoculation of roots with mycorrhizal fungi can significantly enhance seedling establishment even under extremely harsh environmental conditions and pressure of pests. Mycorrhizal inoculation could be considered as a method when aiming more rapid restoration of forest cover on marginal habitats such as post-fire coastal ecosystems of high environmental, landscape, socio-economic and recreational value.

Key words: mycorrhiza, reforestation, forest fire, Scots pine, pathogens, fungal communities

1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, , P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

71


Žabljak, September 14-16, 2016 Montenegro

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TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK: FROM ITS BEGINNINGS TO IDEAS ABOUT THE “MODERNISATION OF MOUNTAINS” BY BUILDING A RACK RAILWAY, A SKI

SLOPE, AND AN OBSERVATORY

Mikša Peter1

Abstract: Mt Triglav is with its altitude of 2,864 m the highest Slovene summit of the Eastern Julian Alps; to Slovenes, it is a prime national symbol. When Slovenia declared its independence from Yugoslavia (Triglav was also the highest summit thereof) in 1991, a stylized Triglav was given a central position in the coat-of-arms of the Republic of Slovenia, whereby it also ended up on the flag of the Republic of Slovenia. The reasons for this position lie in historical actions and events that brought Triglav so very near to Slovenes. In the second half of the nineteenth century, present-day Slovene mountains, but first and foremost the Triglav mountain range, saw an increased interest of German mountaineering societies, which started to build huts and lay out to them but also to the summits. The area was being marked as German. Led by patriotic reasons, Jakob Aljaž, a priest holding a post underneath Triglav, bought the summit (tip) of Triglav for one florin in 1895, where he set up a tower. In the following years, his action had a strong impact on the public and was indicative of Slovenes’ victory over Germans in this battle for the mountains. Triglav was becoming an increasingly stronger symbol of Sloveneness. Triglav also provided the name of the first national park in Slovenia, whose origin or first attempts of its establishment date back to the early twentieth century; it was officially established in 1924, at the time under the name Alpine Conservation Park with an area spreading over 1,400 ha. In 1961, when it was officially renamed to Triglav National Park, the park was extended to 2,000 ha. The main expansion of Triglav National Park took place in 1981; from that point onwards, it extends over an area of 83,807 ha or 838.07 sq km, i.e. 4% of Slovenia’s territory. Despite its location in the centre of a protected area, plans associated with Triglav were made that would have caused irreparable degradation of the park in the event of their materialization. These plans point to the fact that not long ago ideas relating to modernization of mountains had priority over preservation of nature even in the very centre of national parks. Thus, nowadays, a vast, five-storey observatory would be located at the summit of Triglav that could be reached by a gondola. A rack railway would take us from Bohinj to a spot slightly below the summit. A system of splendidly arranged ski slopes and cableways, which would service not only nearby huts but also a series of new restaurants, would run beneath Triglav. The then planners envisaged a “genuine” tourist paradise in the twentieth century Slovenia, similar to those in the heart of Switzerland, Tyrol, and the Dolomites.

Key words: Triglav, Slovenia, Triglav National Park, ski slope, modernization

1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of History, Aškerčeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected]

72



THE INVESTIGATION OF CONVENIENCE OF SUBSTRATES FOR PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SEEDLINGS OF TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum, L.)

Mirecki Nataša1, Keker Miloš, Vujačić Milica and Ilić Zoran2

Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, L.) is one of the most important vegetable's species on behalf of Monetengrian producers and consumers. There are no organic production of tomato, inspite of high consumers demand in Montenegro. The most important reasons for that is lack of knowledge and inputs for organic farming on the domestic market. The investigation with tomato cv. 'Big Beef F1' was performed on the experimental field of Biotechnical faculty in Podgorica. A single-factorial experiment was set up, utilising a random block system sampling, with the aim of investigation valuable substrates for organic production of seedlings of tomato, which are environmentally friendly and based on local resources. For the purpose of the experiment, five different types of substrates were examined. A total of three of these types were domestically produced: substrate S1 (100% vermicompost), substrate S2 (60% vermicompost, and 40% soil), and substrate S3 (85% vermicompost, and 15% soil). Substrate S4 was a commercial organic certifide, while substrate S5 consisted of garden soil, which is common practice in production. All five types were analysed with and without fertilization of seedlings. The following seedling characteristics are observed in the analysis: the initiation and dynamics of leaf sprouting, followed by quantitative and metric features of the seedlings (the length of the overground stem, the length of roots, the length of the epicotyl and hypocotyl, the mass of the plant, the mass of the oveground stem, and the number of side roots). On the basis of the results of this observation, obtained by testing the influence of different varieties of substrates on the growth of tomato seedlings, the following can be inferred: the time of sprouting, the percentage of plants that sprout, as well as length of the plant’s overground stem, the length of roots, the length of the epicotyl and hypocotyl, and the plant’s mass and number of side roots are all dependent on the variety and the features of the substratum. Substrates S2 and S4 provided the best results, while substrata S1 and S3 show commendable characteristics for commercial production. On the other hand, the composition of substrate S5 ought to be subject to alterations prior to any commercial use.

Key words: tomato, seedlings, substrates

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty 2 University of Priština, Faculty of Agriculture - Lešak

73



PAST AND PRESENT: CULTURAL - HISTORICAL HERITAGE IN MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES OF THE CENTRAL ITALY

Umberto Moscatelli 1

Abstract: In the mountain hinterland of the Marche region yet survive some historical agricultural parcels, representing a testimony of the past economic activities around hamlets now almost abandoned. An example is constituted by the area along the upper valleys of the rivers Fiastrone, Tenna and Aso, where the mountain has undergone a gradual population decline, which reached its highest peak in the years following the end of World War II and which has weakened the local economies. The author presents here the case of an area around a small village, Bolognola, where the documentary sources inform us about the economy of a “marginal” landscape, based on a strict link between cultivated and uncultivated land, since XIVth century. In 1353 the Regolamento degli usi civici (a local law), regulated the use of silvae et pascua ac prata, and the possession of cattle, mules, donkeys, pigs, sheep and goats. The later documentary sources, mainly in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, contain additional information on the livestock farming (sheeps and goats) and on the wool manufacture. Further data concern the presence of blacksmiths, dyers and also the lime and charcoal production. This paper describes the main results of a research on the material testimonies of these economic activities, carried out on the basis of the archeological record (historical buildings, agricultural parcels boundaries, pottery remains), toponimy, aerial coverages and archival sources. All data was stored in a G.I.S. platform, which also contains the agricultural parcels recorded in the Catasto Gregoriano maps (early XIXth century), entirely digitized and georeferenced. Finally, the research has highlighted the close link between the historic and the contemporary landscape, while also contributing to the identification of the local Cultural Heritage and providing some interesting suggestions for the revitalization of the local economy, especially in relation to the recovery of knowledge and traditions advocated by some Italian laws.

1 University of Macerata,Dept. of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourims, [email protected]

74



WHAT CAN ANTHROPOLOGY TELL US ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? SOME THOUGHTS ON FURTHER RESEARCH OF

MONTENEGRIN KATUNS

Njaradi Dunja1

Abstract: This paper will give an overview of the ethnological and anthropological approaches to transhumant pastoralism and katuns both in regional ethnology and anthropology and in western socio-cultural anthropology. The paper will outline how the discussion of katuns and transhumant pastoralism which represents the core of dinaric tribal cultures in the region have been throughout nineteenth and twentieth centuries pivotal for understanding and explaining ethnic formation of various South East European peoples. These discussions were important albeit inevitabely burdened with various ideological undertakings. Although the discussions on tribal culture were abundant the focus has never been on the economy and the survival strategies. There are some more recent publications that try to readdress these issues mostly by rereading old publications and archives. On the other hand, western-style scholarship developed its own tools for researching a complexity of pastoral nomads including their striated societies, fragile economies and and adaptive strategies for dealing with ecological and economical changes. There are several research groups dealing with contemporary nomad pastoralism but they mostly focus on the examples in Asia and Africa. This presentation will argue that extensive research on contemporary montenegrin katuns and transhumant pastoralism is needed to put last European transhuman pastoralist on the world map. This would also enrich already growing debate in regional ethnology and anthropology. In a broader sense, however, this kind of research is needed to help us understand sustainable developent of mountain areas which is, with today’s growing ecological crisis, of tremendous importance for the future of our planet.

Key words: anthropology, Montenegro, transhumant pastoralism, sustainable development

1 : Department of Ethnomusicology, Faculty of Music, University of Arts Belgrade, Kralja Milana 50, 11000 Belgrade.

75



SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS – EXAMPLES FROM THE ALPS

Ogrin Matej 1

Abstract: The dominant activities in the Alps, which have caused degradation or intensive change of some Alpine areas or regions are farming, energy production, tourism and transport. With improving of public awareness about sustainable development also the Alpine countries joined in common efforts to decrease degradation of Alpine regions and it was clear, that transport has a very important role in unsustainable way of life. Since the Alps became Europe’s second largest tourist region each year millions of tourists visit the Alps, most of them still come with individual cars which cause tremendous pressures on Alpine landscapes. The carrying capacity of Alpine landscapes is small and the Alpine landscape is very vulnerable. Due to Alpine morphology, most of the pressures happen in narrow valleys, where the air self-cleaning capacity is decreased especially in winter time. Due to amphitheatre effect the noise is also very important problem of transport pollution. In some cases the transport pollution was so high, that it started to disturb the tourists and caused decrease of quality of tourist services which led to decrease of tourist income. To achieve more sustainable way of life, the Alpine countries prepared and signed the Alpine convention, the international contract for protection of the Alps. This convention includes also protocol about transport where the common Alpine transport issues and aims are recognized. To implement Alpine convention on local level was also one of the reasons that in some Alpine tourist areas decided to change the mobility patterns and start to implement sustainable mobility. But the aim was not only decrease of environmental impact, but also to increase their tourist income and to orientate to tourists who want to spend holiday in more sustainable way and to implement their sustainable way of life also during holiday. The article shows good practice examples of sustainable mobility from different Alpine regions, mostly on a field of tourist mobility and show also some Alpine associations or networks, which were established to implement sustainable mobility in different ways.

Key words: sustainable mobility, the Alps, Alpine convention, Alpine pearls, sustainable development

1 Department of Geography, University of Ljubljana, e- mail: [email protected]

76



A DIGITAL FLY THROUGH THE HISTORICAL KATUN LANDSCAPE

Palombini Augusto1, Pescarin Sofia 1

Abstract: Within the Katun Project, CNR ITABC has developed a web3d GIS system. It aims at creating a powerful browsable geographic platform both for turistic enhancement and for research purposes, building a 3d model of the historical landscape with high resolution geoimages and 3d models of built elements (the katuns) still visible in the mountain territory. In order to build such a web3d GIS, thanks to ARIADNE eu project, it was possible to adapt and develop the landscape services for the project, through an on line 3d GIS editor. The editor is based on a cloud architecture and built to support landscape managers, historians and archaeologists who need to reconstruct three-dimensionally a landscape, starting from geospatial databases, and to present it interactively on-line, targeting both desktop and mobile dissemination segments. The used services, available on line at http://landscape.ariadne-infra, allow to build 3D reconstructions of a territory, as it appears today (archaeological landscape) or as it potentially has been in a certain historical period (ancient landscape) obtained from interpretation of various sources. The architecture and its responsive components are presented, as well as the objectives of such services to remove common processing bottlenecks and provide a smooth integration in landscape reconstruction and interpretation work. A pilot has been therefore created, using the editor. A terrain model of the whole Montenegro area has been shaped, through an online terrain manipulator, which allows a scalable approach to geographic information, through a regular flux of data at any distance of browsing. The presentation will describe the service and explain the different steps needed to build a 3d terrain, from the collecting of GIS data up to the final landscape model, using the katun pilot as example currently available for any kind of public.

Key words: landscape, 3d model, katuns, terrain

1 Consiglio Nazionale Della Ricerche, Istituto per le technologie aplicate ai beni culturali, Roma, Italy

77



HOW THE JAPANESE SOCIETY IMPROVES THE ECONOMY OF RURAL AREAS-FROM OUR EXPERIENCE

Pavlović Slavica1, Zeković Ranko2

Abstract: Japan International Cooperation Agency has given opportunity for two participants from Montenegro to be part of intensive course ''Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policies''. During the six weeks of lectures we had chance to learn about different measures which Japanese government and other bodies and institutions are implemented in order to protect and grow industries including development rural and mountain areas. In the case of Japan, in particular, underpopulated rural and mountainous areas are experiencing declines not only in population but also in the number of businesses. The ‘’third-sector business method’’ is one of the method which has become as good opportunity to revitalize declining region and has made possible regional development. This is a method has established in areas where private companies do not grow to vitalize its economy. The good example of third-sector projects is ‘’michi-no-eki’’ or roadside stations. In Japan the agriculture industry is declining due to poorer income compared to other industry and young people feel less attracted by agriculture. As a result, the population of successors in the agricultural business has been falling. In order to revitalize agriculture management the Japanese society grapples with various efforts as ''6th'' industry. If one industry produces, processes and sells products on its own, it covers all the functions and roles of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, so this industry is called ''6th'' industry. The ''6th'' industry develops new products from local agriculture produce and brings new profits to local people. Also, the good measures for supporting the marketing and development of local agro- products is represented by Hiroshima Yume Plaza. This is place-permanent shop where citizens and tourist can bay agriculture products from Hiroshima prefecture as well as find information and advices about products and participate in an observation tour and training. This shop established by Hiroshima Prefecture Promotion Association of Municipalities. Despite the poor in natural resources Japan is one of the most development economy in the world. The reason is that, among other, all institutions and bodies have same goal which is welfare and consistency of Japanese society including rural and mountains areas.Keywords: Alps, the Julian Alps, dairying.

Key words: Japan, third-sector business method, roadside station, ''6th'' industry, Hiroshima Yume Plaza

1 Chamber of Economy of Montenegro 2 Directorate for Development of SMEs, Montenegro

78



THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES: INSIGHTS FROM MONTENEGRIN AGRO-TOURISM SECTOR

Peković Sanja1, Vukčević Jovana, Perović Đurđica1, Stanovčić Tatjana 1

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to increase the understanding about possible entrepreneurial activities in agro-tourism sector in north of Montenegro (specific area called katuns). Actually, new market demands encouraged farmers to use additional resources than only traditional agriculture ones what channel farmers into entrepreneurial activities. The diversification into tourism presents one of challenging market requests that farmers had to fulfil. In addition, the subject is of great importance since as indicated by Ritchie and Crouch (2003) entrepreneurship contributes to destination development by creating competition, cooperation, specialization, innovation, investment, growth, etc. Moreover, Keller (2010) underlined that the entrepreneurship presents the key determinant of tourism growth. This paper firstly present a literature review of the research on entrepreneurial behaviour, followed by discussion about agro-tourism development, and finally the possible entrepreneurial activities in agro-tourism sector. Furthermore, we discuss the development of entrepreneurship in agro-tourism sector in Montenegro. More precisely, the main forms and types of agro-tourism are identified in specific area of north of Montenegro, Kuči and Durmitor, that could be the base for entrepreneurial activities. Those are: transit tourism/short breaks between 4-8 days duration (e.g. Bed & Breakfast/Bed & Bike, excursions); active tourism (e.g. hiking, biking); eco-agro tourism (e.g. organic farms, flora & fauna watching); events (e.g. local music and folklore events, celebrations); MICE (e.g. team building); agro-tourism (e.g. cheese production, cooking, harvest, fishing); educational or scientific or volunteer agro-tourism (e.g. dry stone workshop, organic farming); cultural (e.g. gastronomy, handcraft, souvenirs) and mixed forms (e.g. katun network). However, in order to better develop entrepreneurial activities related to agro-tourism, Gavrila-Paven (2015) proposes also focus on strategies associated to (1) social aspects related to the enhancement of the cooperation; (2) environmental aspects related to awareness about natural values (3) economic aspects related to the possibilities to support the rural areas.

Key words: entrepreneurship, activities, agro-tourism, Montenegro.

1 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Stari grad 320, 83 300 Kototr, Montenegro;

79



WHAT HAMPERS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN AGRO-TOURISM: A CASE OF NORTH MONTENEGRO

Sanja Peković1

Abstract: The scholars confirmed that the entrepreneurial development are critical factors for economic growth since entrepreneurs create new jobs and generate wealth and growth. What more, this positive impact of entrepreneurship on economic situation is even more amplified especially in developing countries. However, the entrepreneurship issue in the field of tourism has started to be the topic of analysis only recently even that tourism is considered as one of economic activity in which a great involvement is necessary by the entrepreneurial sector due to its rapid international market growth. Moreover, it suggested that agro-tourism development provides benefits to local communities associated with economic growth, socio-cultural development, the provision of essential and non-essential services, and rising standards of living. However, entrepreneurs in this sector may face significant challenges. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the factors that hamper entrepreneurship activity. Furthermore, we will discuss this issue in particular context of Montenegrin agro-tourism sector. In conclusion, we will synthesize our analysis and propose some suggestions for overcoming obstacles of entrepreneurship activity in Montenegrin agro-tourism sector.

Key words: entrepreneurs, obstacles, agro-tourism, case study, Montenegro

1 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Stari grad 320, 83 300 Kototr, Montenegro;

80



A GIS DATABASE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ON MONTENEGRIN KATUNS (KUČI MOUNTAIN AND DURMITOR) - OUTCOMES AND CHALLENGES

Pelcer-Vujačić Olga,1 Koprivica Tatjana1, Kovačević Sandra 2

Abstract: A two year ongoing project Valorizing the Montenegrin Katuns through sustainable development of agriculture and tourism – KATUN started in 2015 and as part of the KATUN project team we are dealing with mountain cultural heritage. One of the project tasks was creating a pertaining database on mountain cultural heritage on these katuns. The first steps were mapping and GPS positioning of the katuns, sites and objects of cultural-historical importance in research area, than inventorying of the katuns, determining their condition, origin and characteristics and documenting current condition (photo, video, graphic and textual) of the katuns. The traditional audiences for the outcome of similar projects include cultural institutions and/or art historians, historians or archaeologists. An important aspect of this project and GIS database is identification of the features to be protected, definition of the geographical area to be protected and definition of the degree of legal protection. During the course of the project and afterwards our team will try to make exemplificative maps valuable to describe the territory with selection of the most stimulating points of interest. This will provide the centralization of all interesting data from different sources, in a unified environment and the visualization of data on maps. We expect that in time more layers will be added and all layers can be interconnected and integrated with non-geographical information. We are facing certain obstacles in determining the limits of the project and aspirations to make something more than academic conservation inventory.

Key words: katuns, mountain cultural heritage, research, GIS database, inventory

1 University of Montenegro, Historical Institute, Bulevar revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 2 GIS consultant;

81



PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF BROWN SWISS CATTLE BREED IN MONTENEGRO

Radonjić Dušica1, Marković Milan1, Marković Božidarka1

Abstract: Brown Swiss cattle breed has become one of the globally most important breed for milk production. Also in Montenegro, Brown cattle breed plays very important role, especially in the northern part of the country where the largest number of animals of this breed are reared. Brown breed has poorly been studied in Montenegro and there is not enough data on this breed, especially in recent times. In order to analyze the production characteristics of the brown breed in Montenegro performance data for 6 years (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011) in three characteristic areas (municipalities of Berane, Bijelo Polje and Pljevlja) have been analyzed. The study included 233 heads in first lactation, 254 in the second, 234 in the third lactation cows and 953 elderly. Production results were analyzed separately for the first three lactations, while all subsequent lactations were treated together. In addition to the quantity of milk produced in the standard lactation, the chemical composition of milk is also analyzed. Based on these data, the differences between lactations, age and regions were determined. Average Brown Swiss milk production was 4295 kg, with 3.91 % of fat and 3.22 % protein. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between lactations (p<0.05). Significant differences were found between different years (p<0.05 and p<0.01), and between regions. The differences for both milk yield and the content of fat and protein were significant.

Key words: Brown Swiss cattle, milk production, lactation.


82



IMPORTANCE OF PAYMENTS TO AREAS FACING NATURAL OR OTHER SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF VITAL RURAL AREAS

Rednak Miroslav1, Cunder Tomaž1

Abstract: The paper discusses the importance of payments to areas facing natural or other specific constraints (less favoured areas – LFA payments) for maintenance of agricultural activities in rural areas. It starts with the presentation of European Union’s policy in this field from its inception in 1975 until today, focusing on the reasons for the introduction of support, its objectives and modalities. In addition, importance of LFA (the proportion of LFA to total agricultural area) and the LFA payments per unit are presented by individual EU Member State. The effects of the EU's LFA payments are analyzed using the indicators of structural changes in agriculture in LFA compared with changes in the non-LFA areas (number of holdings and the number of annual work units, utilized agricultural area, the number of livestock units). In the end, the possible forms of supporting the development of LFA in Montenegro are discussed in particular in the light of the preparations for the EU accession.

Keywords: LFA, LFA payments, CAP, Montenegro

1 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia

83



RURAL AND AGROTOURISM AS A NEW CHANCE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Olivera Simović1

Abstract: Rural tourism in Montenegro and tourism in villages are in initial, pioneering phase. This was due to focus mainly Montenegrin tourism on maritime areas, or even decades long process of neglect of rural areas and family farms. Changes in the socio-economic system in the early nineties of the 20th century were the impetus for development of this type of tourism in Montenegro. But even though 3/4 of rural areas of Montenegro have the characteristics of the socio-economic crisis, rural tourism is not used systematically as a tool to revitalize the problem of rural areas. The role of tourism as a driver and transformers in the revitalization of rural areas has been demonstrated in a number of European countries. The aim of this paper is to prove the importance of this type of tourism, primarily in product and service quality, not the quantity and mass. Therefore, in carrying out these activities require a relatively high level of professionalism. In the first place it is the agrotourism as a product that is on the market, which means that it should accept all the challenges that it has to offer. Putting agrotourism in the first place of importance as a stronghold contains a whole series of effects achieved through its implementation. Since the agrotourism as an activity consists of providing various kinds of services (accommodation, food, recreation, ...) also represents the most complex and most sensitive part of the project of tourism development in rural areas. The hypothesis of this study is that the agrotourism, given the present situation, possibilities and availability of resources is not only the most appropriate form of tourism, but also a form of economic activity, which will in the future in the rural area gradually winning over an increasing economic importance. The survey is the most common method of research of tourist satisfaction offered contents and programs, the use of certain content and a desire for new facilities to rural and agro tourism. The study attempts to analyze indicators of tourist motivations for tourist trends and the impact on the level of search services for rural and agro-tourism. Past experience has shown that the majority of households are "entered" the Program of development of agro-tourism, managed to retain younger generations in their communities, but also to create them workplace. In this way they successfully oppose the negative macroeconomic trends (unemployment) and the depopulation of rural areas.

Key words: rural tourism, agrotourism, product and service quality, resources

1 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Kotor (Montenegro)

84



TECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY OF ROMANIJA SKORUP-KAJMAK

Jovanović Snežana1, Borovčanin Tanja2, Vučić Tanja1, Vlačić Jelena2

Abstract: Romanija is mountain and the region in the eastern part of the Republic of Srpska where Romanija skorup-kajmak is produced from whole cow's milk, mostly in mountain cottages. Defined production territory of Romanija skorup-kajmak is rich in pastures with a large number of plant species of exceptional nutritional properties, that are used in the diet of dairy cows, whether as grazing or as hay, which has a large impact on the milk quality. The traditional process of manufacturing of Romanija skorup-kajmak includes heat treatment (cooking) of milk, pouring into containers and formation of skorup-kajmak crust during 36-48 hours. After this period, skorup-kajmak formed on the top of the milk is collected, drained and placed layer by layer mostly in wooden containers in which ripening takes place. Depending on the length of the ripening it is produced as fresh and mature Romanija skorup-kajmak. Smoking of skorup-kajmak during crust formation is a special skill of the people in this region, which affects obtaining the product with specific sensory properties, which is one of the main characteristics and the dominant identification sign of Romanija skorup-kajmak. The smoke is present evenly in the product, in the inner part, as well as on the surface. Fresh skorup-kajmak is white to yellowish in color, with characteristic pleasant aroma and mild flavor of the milk and smoke and layered structure with bits of soft undrained parts. Mature skorup-kajmak has a light yellow to yellow color, pronounced and the typical aroma of milk and smoke and taste of matured kajmak. Structure of mature skorup-kajmak is grainy or layered and is very spreadable. Furthermore, for fresh skorup-kajmak minimal content of fat in dry matter is 65% and minimal dry matter content is 60%. Mature skorup-kajmak is characterized by a minimal content of milk fat in the dry matter of 70% and the minimal dry matter content of 65%.

Key words: milk, smoking, cottage, protected designation of origin

1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Serbia 2 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Waters of the Republic of Srpska, Agency for Professional Services in Agriculture, Sokolac Corresponding author: Jovanović Snežana, email: [email protected]

85



EFFECT OF LIGHTING PERIOD AND POPULATION DENSITY OF BROILES ON THE APPEARANCE OF LESIONS ON THE FOOT PADS

Veljić Miljan1, Đukić Stojčić Mirjana2, Škrbić Zdenka3

Abstract: The experiment involved 320 chickens line Cobb 500, mixed sex, a tour lasted 42 days. The floor area of the building was covered with sawdust thickness of 10 cm. Factors in this experiment were: 1) lighting program (constant-CL, and declining - DL, and then growing light -GL and 2) density (lower density - LD and higher density - HD). The chickens were divided into four groups in the form of two-factorial trial randomized block design (2x2), with four replicates and 15 birds per repetition for LD and 25 birds per repetition of HD, namely: a) chickens raised in a constant light (CL) and a lower density (LD); b) chickens raised in a constant light (CL) and higher population density (HD); c) chickens raised in light of the declining-growing light (DGL) and a lower density (LD); d) chickens raised in light of the declining-growing light (DGL) and higher population density (HD). Chickens in all four groups have grown in the first week to 23 hours light and 1 hour darkness. From the second week until the end of fattening, chickens in groups a and b were exposed to light program from CL 18L: 6D, while the chickens in groups c and d were exposed to light DGL program, and from the second week of 12L: 12D; third 14L; 10D; fourth 16L: 8D: fifth 18L: 6D-sixth 20L: 4D. In terms of other factors - population density, at a lower density ( "LD") has grown 12 birds per m2, at a higher ( "HD") 17 birds per m2. Chickens were fed with three types of mixtures; starter mixture up to 14 days which contained 21.22% and SP 12,30 MJ / kg ME, grower until 35 days the content of 20.2% crude protein and 12.49 MJ / kg ME and a finisher to the end, with 18 , 6% of crude proteins and 12,7MJ / kg ME. Assessment of damage foot pads and the presence of lesions and score the soles of broiler chickens in all experiments was performed 21,28, 35 and 42 days. In all experiments rated the state foot pads in all chickens at three-level method for evaluation of dermatitis (Tomas et al. 2004) and score 1; 2 and 3. On the appearance of lesions on the foot pads applied lighting programs had no effect in either study period. Population density did not affect the appearance of lesions 21 days, or between 28 days to the end of the fattening period at higher densities determined by a higher percentage of serious lesions on the foot pads (grade 2 and 3).

Key words: broilers, period lighting, density, lesions of the foot pads

1 University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad. 3 Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun

86



RETHINKING SUSTAINABLE MARKETING: BRANDING ECOTOURISM AND TRADITIONAL RURAL LIFE IN MONTENEGRIN KATUNS

Vukčević Jovana

Abstract: Ecotourism might be defined as a form of tourism which takes into account the preservation of the natural environment, intended to support conservation efforts and sustainable local development. Marketing sustainable tourism initiatives is still relatively under-researched phenomenon, with several recent publications dealing mostly with branding the eco-tourist products in well-established rural areas such as Costa Rica or Tuscany. Furthermore, although some pilot scholarly work has been done in the area of eco-tourism in the Western Balkans (Djukic et al. 2014, Stojanovic 2011, Radovic-Markovic & Nikitovic 2015), there has been no serious study on how the specific marketing strategies can be used to promote mountain tourist resources (natural potential, cultural heritage, agro-products) and available infrastructure in the region. Therefore, this paper will try to address this gap and the specific marketing tools for developing tourist offer in the mountain areas, based on the principle of sustainability. Focusing mostly on the sustainable territorial development and branding perspectives for the katuns in Montenegro, the paper will also discuss general strategies employed in the larger region (Central and Southeastern Europe) in branding eco-tourist resorts and joint facilities and activities. Taking into consideration specific socio-cultural environment and behavioral patterns of regional tourists, the paper will draw upon the most innovative, the most effective and the most sustainable marketing practices related to the agro-tourism. Based on both the extensive secondary research and number of interviews, ethnographical observations and critical analysis of the existing strategies, the paper will seek to identify different categories of consumers and products, as well as the variety of marketing channels (such as social media, guidebooks, television, tour operators and travel agents, websites, travel shows and ecotourism forums, word of mouth…) relevant for the rural destination branding. The paper will argue that besides the picturesque countryside and natural landscapes, variety of socio-cultural and ethno-national symbols should be employed in branding these destinations, through the effective use of slogans, legends, national songs and traditional stories and products. Finally, the paper will suggest some possibilities for segmenting the market and creating the effective marketing mix. It will conclude by interrogating the relationship between the corporate social responsibility and sustainable tourism development and marketing. Both concepts just recently entered Montenegrin business environment, but will be increasingly relevant as the country will be transitioning towards the EU standards. Therefore, the paper will briefly address the (potential) role of the CSR in developing sustainable tourism practices in Montenegrin mountain areas.

Key words: marketing, katuns, ecotourism, sustainable development, branding

87



16TH TO EARLY 18TH C. COPING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS IN SLOVENIAN ALPS, WITH LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE

Zwitter Žiga1

Abstract: The objectives of this paper are (one) to present the institutional strategies of coping with natural hazards in Slovenian Alps from the mid-16th to the early 18th century; (two) to answer the question if people could rely on these institutional coping strategies; (three) to check the influences of dynamic 17th-century environment on subsistence possibilities on isolated mountain farms in the Upper Savinja valley; (four) to investigate examples of agricultural adaptation strategies to natural hazards or lack of such strategies; and (five) to indicate possible implications of this kind of environmental history analysis to raise future resilience to environmental change. Results are based on author’s investigation of archival records, presented in the context of literature, and some interviews with farmers, whose experience of early 20th-century agriculture can sometimes help understand the early modern practices. Since the great majority of people lived in the countryside as subjects of various seigneuries, the paper starts with main types of seigneurial help to hazard-affected tenants, followed by measures taken on the level of a province or its considerable part, and beyond the province. Cases of inappropriate food substitutes and famine triggered by harvest failures, and alms delivered to disaster-stricken people by various actors, prove that institutional coping strategies were unreliable. A similar conclusion is drawn from sources on subsistence possibilities of mountain farms in the Upper Savinja valley, stressing also that in times of frequent harvest failures, possibilities for families to at least subsist on low quality isolated farms were in general more likely to be much lower than on high quality farms. Two main kinds of implications of historical data for a more sustainable future are discussed: (one) long-term knowledge of affected locations, the changing frequency of occurrence and landscape consequences of experienced natural hazards; (two) the importance of collection and interdisciplinary evaluation of traditional ecological knowledge which can significantly upgrade the existing scientific results.

Key words: environmental history, early modern period, mountains, natural hazards, sustainability

1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Aškerčeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

88

Index of Authors

Author Page

Author Page

A Abruev Akmal Adakalić Mirjana Adžić Bojan Adžić Nikola Alexandrov Alexander H. Alia Ricardo Alihodžić Jašarović Ema Amidžić Lidija

31,50,56 65 32 32 33 27 53 43

B Babović-Raspopović Senka Bagnoli Francesca Bajagić Balša Bardhi Roland Bojović Dragica Borovčanin Tanja Bošković Ivica Božović Đina Bučan Ervin Budde Katharina Burzanović Slavko

34,59 27,64 35 45 36 85 47 65 37 27 38

C Capogna Antonio Ciani Elena Cunder Tomaž

42 42 83

Č Čanak Stevan Čurović Milić Čizmović Miroslav

39 41,47 65

Ć Ćosović Marija

40

D Davidenko Kateryna Deramo Stefano Dimitris Roubis Direnzo Paolo Drobnjak Dragana Dubljević Radisav

62 42 58 42 68 64

Đ Đokić Milena Đorđević Slađana Đorđević-Milošević Suzana Đukić Matilda Đukić-Stojčić Mirjana Đunisijević-Bojović Danijela

68 43 43 44,69 86 44

E Erdeljan Jelena Erjavec Emil

21 25

F Florijančić Tihomir

47

G Garnier Alice Glišović Nataša Gogić Miljan Gonzalez-Martinez Santiago Grbić Mihailo Grebenc Tine Grego Stefano Grivet Delphine Gulyamov Saidasror Guštin Mitja

45 39 48 27 44,69 49,63 22 27 50 51

89

H Horacek Micha

52

I Ilić Zoran

73

J Jaćimović Vučeta Jaramillo-Correa Juan Pablo Jašarović Edin Jokanović Olga Jovanović Snežana Jovanović Verka Jovović Zoran Juvančić Luka

65 27 53 54 85 43 65 23,25

K Kapetanovic Aleksandra Katica Amela Keker Miloš Khudoykulov Azamjon Klopčić Marija Knežević Mirko Koohafkan Parviz Koprivica Tatjana Kovačević Sandra

55,57,58,59,60 37 73 56 28 35 22 55,57,59,60,81 81

L Laković Ivan Lampič Barbara Lazarević Jelena Lazović Biljana Ledinek Lozej Špela Lerin Francois Lorenzo Zaida

24,55,57,58,59,60 61 49,62,63,64 65,66 67 45 27

LJ

M Marković Božidarka Marković Marija Marković Milan Marković Vukadin Izidora Marković Zoran Medolli Besmira Menkis Audrius Mikša Peter Milošević Slobodan Miočinović Jelena Mirecki Nataša Mirecki Slavko Mitrović Dragoljub Mlaćo Nadžida Moscatelli Umberto

25,54,68,82 44,69 25,54,66,68,82 26 39 45 62,70,71 72 43 54 65,73 54 35 37 74

N

NJ Njaradi Dunja

75

O Orgin Matej Ozimec Siniša

76 47

P Palombini Augusto Papesch Wolfgang Pavlović Slavica Pejović Nikola

77 52 78 32

R Radonjić Dušica Rasulova M.T. Rednak Miroslav Roškar Saša

25,46,54,82 50 83 67

90

Pekovic Sanja Pelcer-Vujačić Olga Perović Đurđica Pescarin Sofia Petrit Dobi Picuno C. Alessandro Picuno Pietro Pieragostini Elisa Piotti Andrea

79,80 55,59,60,81 79 77 45 58 58 42 27,64

Roubis Dimitris Ruiz-Daniels Rose

58 27

S Saidaxmedov S.S. Simović Olivera Skočajić Dragana Spanu Ilaria Stanovčić Tatjana Stijović Aleksandar Stojanović Ivana

50 84 44,69 64 79 41 64

Š Šakić Vedad Škrbić Zdenka

37 86

T Topalović Ana

35

U

V Vasaitis Rimvydas Veljić Miljan Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe Vlačić Jelena Vučić Tanja Vujačić Milica Vukčević Jovana

62,70,71 86 27,64 85 85 73 79,87

Z Zwitter Žiga Zeković Ranko

88 78

Ž

91



PUBLISHER - IZDAVAČ

University of Montenegro – Univerzitet Crne Gore

Biotechnical faculty, Podgorica - Biotehnički fakultet, Podgorica

Bul. M. Lalića 1, 81000 Podgorica, Crna Gora (Montenegro), P.Box 97,

Tel.: +382 20 268431, +382 20 268437, Fax: +382 20 268432,

Stama/Printed by: IVPE – Cetinje

Tiraž/No of copies: 100

CIP - Kaталогизација у публикацији

Национална библиотека Црне Горе, Цетиње

ISBN 978-9940-606-08-4

COBISS.CG-ID 31317008

University of Ljubljana - Biotechnical faculty (Slovenia)

Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences - Depart. of Forest

Mycology and Pathology (Sweden)

Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (Italy)

University of Basilicata (Italy)

The International KATUN project partners

The Commercial project partners

Supported by

HM Durmitor, Žabljak

The Old House, Podgorica

Intertehna, Berane

book of abstracts - katunkatun.me/administracija/kcfinder/upload/files/book of abstracts...

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