booklet 01 make yourself ready

8/6/2019 Booklet 01 Make Yourself Ready

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Make Yourself Ready - Instructions Manual

Make yourselready.A short guide that will teach you how tomake products that can save your life in caseof Natural Disaster.They will help you:

Cook after a DisasterMake shelter after a DisasterTreat water after a DisasterGet an emergency radio 1


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2

Introd

uction

Make Yourself Ready Educational Package

Who made this booklet?This booklet was made as part of a Master Thesis for the Technical Uni-

versity of Delft, in the Netherlands. It was an assignment from a Product

Design student and was completed in August 2010. This project was

supervised by Professors Iemkje Ruiter and Henk Kuipers and was sup-ported by Ir. Lard Breebaart from Lard Design.

Contact inormation

Author: Joo Rocha

E-mail address: [email protected]

Project Client: Ir. Lard Breebaart

E-mail address: XX to be disclosed XX

URL: XX to be disclosed XX

Project Mentor: Prof. Henk Kuipers


Chair Professor: Prof. Iemkje Ruiter


University Inormation

Name: Technische Universiteit Delft

URL: http://home.tudelft.nl/en/

Address:

Postbus 52600 AA Delft

The Netherlands

Faculty Inormation

Name: Faculteit Industrieel Ontwerpen

URL: http://io.home.tudelft.nl/en/

Address:

Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering

Landbergstraat 15

2628 CE Delft

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Tel: 015 278 4750

Fax: 015 278 73 16

Delft, 2010


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3

Table o ContentsThese are the sections in this book

page 5IntroductionA short explanation of what is this booklet, what does it want to teach and how is

it organized

6 What is this booklet?

7 What does it want to teach?

8 How is this booklet made?

page 9

How to make a cooking stoveInstructions on how to build a simple anc cheap stove that you can use before

and after a Disaster. The stove can be made from several materials and con-sumes very little wood.

11 Introduction

13 Cooking Stove

page 23

How to make shelterInstructions on how to make waterproof shelter material from old plastic bags,

both by using electric tools or re. Also includes techniques to connect the pieces

of shelter material you make. includes information to estimate cost of making

enough shelter for your family.

25 Introduction27 Shelter material (using Electricity)

37 Shelter material (using Fire)

45 Union (Tarp to Line)

51 Union (Tarp to Tarp, xed)

59 Union (Tarp to Tarp, movable)

page 65

How to treat waterInstructions on how to treat water in four different ways. Includes estimation of

daily water needs of a person.

67 Introduction 71 Boiling water

75 Bleach

81 SODIS (also known as Solar Disinfection)

89 Tincture of Iodine

page 95

How to get a radio deviceInformation on organizations that can provide you with radios to be used in an

emergency. Includes suggestion of contact and request methods.

95 Introduction

100 Which instituitions can I contact?

105 Request a Radio


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IntroductionWhat is this booklet, what it wantsto teach, how is it organized andwho wrote it.

1


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6

Introd

uction


What is this booklet?This booklet is a source of information for you, your family and your

community to build cheap products that you can use to survive in case

of a Disaster.

Why do I need this booklet?

If you live in an area that is frequently exposed to Natural Disaster (e.g. Flood,

Hurricane, Landslide, Earthquake, Storm, etc) it is possible that you are affected

someday. Maybe you have even already been affected.

We cannot stop Natural Disasters, but we can prepare for them in many ways.

In this booklet, you nd instructions on how to prepare for a Disaster, by making

simple products that you can use if your home is destroyed.

There are other steps in that you can take when preparing, you can consult them

in section C, Disaster Preparedness of the Educators Guide Book, part of this

package

For who are these instructions?

These instructions are for everybody to use. You do not have to have a special

position or job to be able to learn from this booklet. These instructions are for

you, for your family, your neighbors, or your work colleagues. If you are a teacher,

this is also for your students.

Maybe not everybody in your community can read this book, or understand its in-

structions. Maybe you can help them by explaining, showing how to make these

things or even organizing events where you teach a lot of people. You can nd

ideas, suggestions and information on the Educators Guide Book.

When should make these products?

Most of these products can be produced with very little material and could be

made even after the Disaster. But this is not the right way of doing it. The reason

why we suggest you make these things is to be PREPARED, so it is better if you

make them BEFORE a Disaster comes.

Are these the only things I need to be ready or a Disaster?

No. If you make these products, you will be more prepared for a Disaster, but this

is only the start. We know it is difcult to buy or make all the things your family

needs to be ready for a Disaster, so we decided that we can show you the start.With only these products, you are not completely prepared for Disaster, but you

are in a much better situation that if you had nothing.

If you want to know a more complete list of things you must know and have to be

ready for a Disaster, check section C, Disaster Preparedness in the Educators

Guide Book, part of this package.

Can I copy this book?

Yes, we encourage you to copy this book and spread it around in your commu-

nity. We only ask you to keep the sections together, so if you want to copy the

shelter section, copy the whole section. In this way, you always have the contact

information from the authors together with the instructions, and this can help youif you have problems. If you have trouble making something, or have a sugges-

tion, it is easier to communicate with us, if you keep the contact information with

the sections you print.


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7

Introdu

ction


What does it wantto teach?This Booklet teaches you how to make a cooking stove, how to makematerial to make a shelter, how to treat contaminated water and how get

access to an emergency radio.

What kind o products does this booklet teach?

This booklet only has information on products and techniques that are very

simple and cheap to make and use. All the products can be produced with very

few tools and all the techniques are easy to understand.

This booklet is full of smart, simple tricks.

This booklet teaches is How to...:

Make a cooking stove

Make shelter

Make shelter material using electricity

Makesheltermaterialusingre

Makeunionswiththesheltermaterial(xed,movableandwithline)

Treat water

byboilingit

withbleach

byexposingittothesun(SODIS)

withTinctureofIodine

Getanemergencyradio

Can I adapt these techniques and products?

It depends. We strongly advise you not to change the water treating techniques

because it is possible that if you treat water in a different way, it does not become

pure and you get sick by drinking it.

If you want to adapt the other techniques (especially the cooking stove and theshelter material), we encourage you to do so. When we wrote this booklet, we did

not know who was going to read it, so it is possible that you know techniques and

products that are better for your situation, with the materials you have. Please

feel free to experiment safely.

How do teach these techniques to the people in my community?

The instructions you have read were made in a way to be as simple as possible,

so the most people can understand them. In spite of this, if you want to teach

people how to make these products, it is much easier for them to learn if you

help them by showing and contributing with your experience. Not everybody will

understand these instructions, and the help of an experienced person (e.g. you,

after trying for yourself) will greatly improve their learning.

For ideas on how to teach these contents, check the Educators Guide Book, full

of advise on how to teach and prepare educational activities.


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Introd

uction


How is this bookletmade?This booklet was designed to be of the best use for people interestedin making their own Disaster survival material. It is organized in semi-

independent sections that you can copy independently and is written and

illustrated in a way to maximise understanding.

Are the suggested materials the only possible?

Maybe. Again, we advise you not to adapt methods and techniques related to

treating water, but for the other topics, you can use other materials that are avail-

able to you and have the same function.

To do this, it is important to understand what is desired of each material. For ex-

ample, in the instructions for treating water with bleach, we suggest you measurethe water using 3 emply 0,33cl Soda cans. Naturally you can use other ways of

measuring the water, what is important is to make sure that the functions of the

materials stay the same.

What kind o measurements are used?

We used liters for liquids and body measurements for sizes. When we wrote

this book, we knew that maybe people in your community do not use the same

type of measuring units as we do (e.g. inches, centimeters, yards, feet, meters

and so on). Because the measurements that are related to the size of objects do

not have to be perfectly accurate, we used simple body measurements such as

inches, ngers and hands.

For measurements used for the water treatment techniques, we used liters, but

provided a way of measuring a liter, by using 3 common 0,33cl Soda cans, for

example.

Is there more inormation that is not in this booklet?

Yes. When this booklet was made, we tried to keep it simple so more people

could understand it and learn from it. Also, we think that is better to have some

information that is easily accessible, than to have all the possible information in a

non accessible way. So we made this book smaller but easier to understand.

However, because we know there is much additional information that can be use-

ful, we have included ways of getting that information. We did this by includingsmall text boxes on the left of the text, like the one you can see on this page.

Useful Information

Name o Source:Address of Source

Example:

World Health Organi-zation Inormation

Http://www.who.int/

water_sanitation_

health/en/


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...Make aCookingstove

How to...

2


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Cooking

Stove



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CookingStove


IntroductionThis chapter has instructions on how to make a cooking stove from

simple and cheap (maybe even free materials). This stove works with

firewood and, because of the way it works, it requires very little wood

to work. These instructions are for a family stove, capable of preparing

meals for around 4 - 6 people (depending, naturally on the size of pots

and pans used)

What type o Stove

The stove described in this chapter is a Rocket Stove. The Rocket Stove was

invented by Dr. Larry Winiarski, while working for the Aprovecho Research Cen-

ter organization.

This stove was invented precisely to be simple to make and cheap to use, so it is

very adequate for Disaster Preparedness.

The way the stove works is based on the insulation of the chimney. If the chim-

ney is insulated, it will heat up faster and stay hot for longer. A hot chimney allows

for a better burning of the fuel and reduces the smoke from the re. A well made

Rocket Stove can have no smoke and can be used inside the house with noproblems.

How to make the stove

The stove is very simple to make with simple materials. You just need to make

a chimney with a shape like an L and protect the chimney, so it does not lose

heat.

When the stove is ready, you put wood in the short side of the L shaped chim-

ney and put a pan or pot on top of the taller side, the chimney.

Which materials are neededThe only requirement for the stove materials is that they resist heat and are as

light as possible. Metal sheet is the best material and can be found in many

places, including in food cans or piping tube. You can also use sheet metal and

bend it into the shapes you need, but it is much easier to use materials that are

Useful Information

Approvecho ResearchCenter

http://www.

aprovecho.net/index.

html

Instructions on othertypes o stoves

http://rocketstoves.

org/capturing_heat/

pdf/capturing_heat.

pdf


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Cooking

Stove


already in the shape you need (a tube)

Naturally, using better materials leads to better results. The best material for the

chimney is chimney pipe. If you make your Rocket Stove with chimney pipe, it

can really last for a very long time.

If you make a Rocket Stove with food cans, it will last approximately two months

and then you have to make it again.

How much will it cost

The cost of a Rocket Stove can change a lot, depending on which materials you

use. If you make it from reused materials (e.g. food cans), it can be very, very

cheap. If you use the best material (e.g. chimney pipe), it is more expensive, but

not even that much.

A Rocket Stove, made with chimney pipe can cost around US20$. If made with food cans, it can cost nothing.

If you nd this too expensive, you might try to negotiate a price for mateirials inlarge quantities for everybody in the community that is interested in making a

stove. Buying in large quantities is almost always cheaper than buying

individually.

What else can I use it or

The Rocket Stove was developed for cooking, but you can use it in other ways.

You can obviously use it to treat water by boiling it and you can use it to warm up

your house. However, if you want to use it to warm up your house, the best way

is not to just start a re and let it burn.

If you want to warm up a room, a more efcient way is to put a medium rock (e.g.

as big as a small chicken) on the stove and let the stove warm up the rock for a

while. The rock will become hot and then release the heat gradually.

When doing this, you should let the rock to heat up until you cannot touch it and

then, extremely carefully, put the rock in a safe place (e.g. somewhere from

which the rock will not fall, or children can get burnt).

This method will release heat for a few hours, without consuming so much re -

wood.

Testing and adapting this stove

From our experience, this stove is simple enough to be fabricated with no previ-

ous experience. Despite this, you will notice that as you get more familiar with it(after producing a few or using one for a long time), it becomes easier to under-

stand how it works and how you can adapt it. We encourage you to try to adapt

this stove to your needs. The most important factors you must remember is that

the chimney must be insulated and the entry point for the wood should allow the

air to enter and be pre-heated.

Simple modifcations are:

- increasing chimney lenght (stove will be less efcient, but will produce much

less smoke (it is possible it does not produce ANY smoke)

- Making stove from other materials (The same principle of this stove can beachieved even if it is made of clay or bricks)

- Adapt stove to be a bread oven (This is more complex, but it is possible to

extend the chimney and use the empty space between chimney and casing as an

oven for bread)


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CookingStove


Having a cooking stove lets people prepare bettermeals and this helps the return to normal life aftera Disaster. However, after a Disaster, it is com-mon that people loose their cooking conditionsand go back to simple methods (e.g. simple fires).

This cooking stove can be made with very simplematerials and requires very little wood to work,being cheaper to operate. The described stove isappropriate for a family of up to 4-6 people and iseasily adaptable for more.

What you will need

A-1Smallmetalbarrel

B-2mediumfood

cans

C-1mediumfood

can,tallerthanwide

D-10,33clsoda

can

E - Tin scissors

F-Canopener

G - Aluminium foil

H-Woodashes

I-Marker

CookingStove


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Stove


3 of 24

Open Can A on bothsides

We will start by

making a part of the

chimney.

Using the can opener

or another tool, re-

move the top and the

bottom of can A.

This can should now

be a tube.

2 of 24

Name the parts

For the rest of the in-

structions, it is easier

to name the major

components:

2mediumcans:

A & B

1slim,tallcan:C

1sodacan:D

Use the marker to

write the letters on the

cans

1 of 24

Measure parts

Before you start, make

sure the three most

important components

are suited to make a

Rocket Stove:

stack the medium

cans and put them

next to the small metal

barrel.

The stacked cans

should be slightly

shorter (around 4

ngers).


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CookingStove


4 of 24

Open can B

Can B is the lower

part of the chimney.

Using the can opener

or another tool, re-move ONLY the top of

can B.

The can should now

look like a bucket.

6 of 24

Cut side o can BWith the cutline

drawn, the can B can

now be cut.

Using the tin scissors,

carefully cut along the

line you made in the

previous step (5).

If it is difcult to start

the cutting, try to

make a little starting

hole in the can B, witha small nail or other

sharp object. Insert

the scissor in the hole

and cut.

5 of 24

Mark side o can B orcutting

The can B needs to

be cut, but before, we

have to mark where

to cut.

Place can C on the

side of can B and, with

the marker, trace itscountour on can B.

Now you should have

a can B with a circle

drawn into it.


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Cooking

Stove


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Cut top o barrelThe top of the barrel

you cut in step 7 and

marked on step 8 will

be used as a cover for

the stove.

Using the tin scissors,

cut in one inch inside

of the line.

You will end up with

a disc with hole in the

center that is slightlysmaller than the diam-

eter of can A.

8 of 24

Mark top o barrel

We will use the top of

the barrel as the cover

for the stove, so we

must cut a hole into it.

But rst, we need to

draw the line for the

hole.

Take can A and put iton top of the cut barrel

cover, in the center.

Using the marker,

trace a line around the

base of the can A.

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Cut top o barrel

The small metal barrel

will be the outer cas-

ing of this stove. You

need to open it.

Using the tin scissors

or the can opener,

remove the top of the

small metal barrel.

KEEP the cover!


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CookingStove


10 of 24

Compare barrel withcan B and mark it

Later in the process,

you will need to align

the hole on the side of

can B with a hole on

the side of the barrel.

Put can B next to the

barrel and place can

C against barrel, at

the same height of

the hole in the side of

can B.

Using a marker, draw

the circumference of

can C in the barrel.

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Cut can CUsing the can opener,

cut the top AND the

bottom of can C.

You should be left with

a tube shape.

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Cut side o barrel

Using the drawing of

can C, made on the

previous step, you

now can cut an hole

on the side of the

barrel.

Use tin scissors and

cut around the drawncircle, slightly on the

inside.


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Cooking

Stove


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Use cans A and B andmake chimney

To make the chimney

for the Rocket Stove,

place can A (the tube)

on top of can B (the

bucket) and connect

them in place.

There are two ways of

doing this:

-wrapping the cans

tightly in aluminium foil

-covering the connec-

tion in a thin layer of

clay.

14 of 24

Insert can C in barrel

Take can C and insert

it in the small metal

barrel.

Do not insert it all the

way, just 1 inch or so,

to secure it in place.

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Crimp can C

Can C will have to be

inserted through the

holes in can B and the

small metal barrel.

To make it t, make

a 1 inch cut along

the one of the sides

and press the can to

become more funnel-

shapped on that side.

The reduced side will

be easier to insert in

the made holes.


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CookingStove


16 of 24

Place chimney inside

barrel

In the previous step

(15), you connected

the medium cans andmade a chimney, now

you insert the chim-

ney inside the casing,

aligning the holes on

side.

Make sure it is cen-

tered with the small

metal barrel. This is

why, on step 14, you

did not insert can C all

the way in the metal

barrel.

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Cut tabs on barrelBecause a Rocket

Stove has to have an

insulated chimney, we

will need to cover the

metal barrel casing.

To prepare for this,

make 8 cuts down the

side of the barrel, with

around 2 inches in

lenght.

This will create 8 tabsthat can be folded

down, later on.

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Insert can C throughbarrel and chimney

Having the chimney

inside the case and

aligned with it, you

can now push the can

C into the chimney.

Take plenty of care not

to damage the chimey,but do insert the can C

into it.

This concludes the ba-

sic chimney structure.


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Cooking

Stove


21 of 24

Place barrel top coverand bend tabs

Take the barrel cover

you cut on step 9 and

place it on top of the

bent tabs.

If it does not t, cut a

bit around it with tin

scissors.

Make sure its central

hole is also centered

with the chimney andfold down the rest of

the tabs. This locks

the cover in place.

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Bend hal the tabs tothe inside

To prepare for the

securing of the cover,

fold down half of the

tabs you made by cut-

ting the barrel in step

18. Fold every other

tab.The bent tabs should

be at the same level

or higher than the bor-

der of the chimney.

19 of 24

Fill barrel withinsulation

The chimney of a

Rocket Stove has to

be insulated and there

are several ways of

doing this. You can

leave it with no insula-

tion, just the trapped

air between chimney

and casing, or ll that

space with something.

We recommend wood

ash because it is light,

cheap and highly insu-

lating. Fill it to the top

of the chimney.


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CookingStove


22 of 24

Cut can D

Although the Stove

is almost done, you

still need to make a

tray for the putting of

rewood.

Use can D and cut its

top and bottom and

also along it, so you

end up with a single

at piece of thin metal.

24 of 24

Put tray in placeThe last step in mak-

ing the Rocket Stove

is to insert the newly

made tray into the can

C, which is the re-

port, where you put

the re wood from.

To use the stove,

place wood on top

of the small tray you

made and leave clear

the space under the

tray.

23 of 24

Make tray rom can D

Using the metal from

the previous step (22),

make a tray.

First make to cuts,

one on each side,

of roughly one inch

in lenght and 1 inch

away from the border(see illustration).

Next, take the longer

tabs made by the side

cuts and fold them

down. You should

have a T shaped

tray.


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Cooking

Stove



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...Makeshelter

How to...

3


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24

Shelter



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25

Shelter


IntroductionThis chapter is about protecting yourself and your family from bad

weather and other environment conditions. We think that making shelter

is the best way to do it and in here, you will find several techniques that

you can use at very little or no cost. With these techniques you will be

able to make your own shelter material and make the best of it.

What type o Shelter Material

The shelter material that you can learn in this chapter is made from old plastic

bags. It is quite light and does not let water in. It is very easy to make and repair

and, if you can get enough plastic bags, can be also very cheap. Because each

person makes his/her own shelter material, you can adapt the methods we sug-

gest and even invent a new way to making this shelter material, also known as

plastic tarp.

How to make the Shelter Material

The general idea behind the indicated techniques is that plastic melts easily.

Because most plastic bags in the world are made of the same type of plastic

(Polyethylene), it is quite easy to melt different plastic bags together. When we

melt a lot of plastic bags together, we can make a bigger piece of plastic that can

be used for many things like shelter and water collection and storage.

In this booklet you will nd two ways of making the plastic material (e.g. with a

clothes iron and with a cooking pan lled with coal). However, what you need to

melt plastic bags together is only heat (e.g. like the clothes iron and the re in the

pan) and pressure (e.g. pressing down the clothes iron or the cooking pan).

You can, naturally, invent your own ways of giving heat and pressure to the

plastic bags.

Which materials are neededAs you can imagine, plastic sheet is absolutely necessary to make shelter mate-

rial. Plastic bags are made of plastic sheet and because plastic bags are found

basically everywhere, we suggest you use plastic bags.

There are other things you will need (e.g. the source of heat and pressure and

Useful Information

Oxam and Interna-tional Federation othe Red Cross

Plastic Sheeting -inormation on thespecication and useo plastic sheeting inhumanitarian relie

http://plastic-sheet-

ing.org/


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26

Shelter


something to prevent the sticking of hot plastic to the hot surface), but most of

them are quite adaptable. As an example, if you do not have oven paper (also

known as parchment paper), you can use cotton or linen fabric as an anti-stick-

ing material between plastic and the iron or the pan.


This technique is quite cheap, and from our calculations, it is usually cheaperthan buying plastic sheeting rst hand. To help you understand how much it may

cost you, we estimate that it costs around EUR 0,46 to produce one square me-

ter of shelter material, if you are using the method of the cooking pan with re in-

side. If you use the clothes iron method, the costs become around EUR 0,33 per

square meter. Naturally, you can see that using a clothes iron is a cheaper way.

If you manage to use free plastic bags, either price will drop EUR 0,33.

Other Non-Governmental Organizations often recommend that when a family

plans on buying or making shelter, a good estimate is to count XX square meters

per person.

It has been suggested that 3,5m2 is the required plastic sheeting for one person.

(Number of persons X 3,5m2) X Price per Square meter

If you nd this too expensive, you might try to negotiate a price in large quanti-

ties for everybody in the community that is interested in making shelter. Buying in

large quantities is almost always cheaper than buying individually.

What else can I use it or

The shelter material that you will produce is basically a light, exible and water-

proof material. We suggest it for shelter because it can be very useful for that.

But there are other applications where this type of material can be useful.If you use this material to make something shaped as a bag, you can ll it with

water, for example. You can then make products to collect and to store water.

However, it must be said, the described techniques sometimes leave very very

small holes that are not a problem if the material is used for shelter, but impede

its use for water storage.

The material can also be used to improve normal, Pre-Disaster living conditions

and even to produce diverse simple products, like bags and impermeable cloth-

ing.

What are the other techniques

In this booklet you can also nd techniques to connect and x different parts ofplastic tarp. We are condent that you probably are already familiar with your own

ways of making shelter. However, we believe that this knowledge can be useful

for you to adapt on.


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The most efficient way of making shelter mate-rial is to use a clothes iron to press on the plasticbags, in this section, you can find instructions onhow to do so.

27

Shelter


SheltermaterialUsing Electricity

What you will need

A-Plasticbags

B - Clothes iron

C-Scissors

D-Anti-Sticky

Material(canbeoven

paperorcottonfab-

ric)around4handsin

lengthand2inwidth.

E-Soap

F-Waterinabig

bowl


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200C

0C

28

Shelter


3 of 22

Turn of clothes ironAssuming your chosen

anti-sticking material

is safe to use, turn off

the clothes iron.

Never leave a clothes

iron on, if you are not

near and paying atten-

tion to it.

2 of 22

Test anti-stickingmaterial

Lay anti-sticking mate-

rial on a at, clean,

even surface. Lay it

at and let the already

hot clothes iron on it.

Wait 3 minutes.

If your chosen anti-

sticking material is not

burned after the three

minutes, you can use

it for the remainder of

this process.

1 of 22

Turn on clothes iron

Set the temperature

on the clothes iron for

200C or***.


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29

Shelter


4 of 22

Select Plastic Bags

Not all the plastic bags

will be good enough

for this technique.

Especially if you use

plastic bags that camefrom waste, it is very

likely that some will

not be usable.

Do not use bags that

are too ragged and

destroyed or bags that

are dirty with grease

or oil.

Use only clean, in

good condition bags.

6 of 22

Wash Plastic BagsIn step 4, we said that

you should only use

clean plastic bags.

Clean plastic bags are

the best start.

However, it is a good

idea to wash your

bags to remove further

bits of dirt and/or

grease and oil.

Use water and soap.

5 of 22

Cut Plastic Bags

Plastic bags have

handles and bottoms

that make it difcult to

melt them together.

You should cut the

top and the bottom of

each selected bag,

which will make itmuch easier for later

use.

After cutting, each bag

looks like a tube, with

no top and no bottom.


30/112

30

Shelter


9 of 22

Lay down severallayers o plastic bags

Take a few (2 - 4)

pieces of plastic bag

from the one you

treated before and

lay them down on the

anti-sticking material.

Put them on top of

each other.

The more layers, the

more resistant the re-sulting shelter material

will be, but also the

more difcult to handle

and store.

8 of 22

Prepare work surace

During our experi-

ments, we realized

that the quality of

the working space is

very important for the

result.

Please arrange your

working space to haveit clean, as even as

possible, with plenty of

room to use.

Lay down the anti-

sticking protection.

7 of 22

Dry Plastic Bags

After washing the

bags, you must have

them dry before you

try to melt them

together.

Find a way of drying

your bags, preferably

in the outside, with

wind and sun.


31/112

200C

31

Shelter


10 of 22

Lay down Anti-Stickcover

Take another piece of


and put it on top of the

stack of plastic bag

pieces.

Make sure it covers

the entire pile of plas-

tic bag pieces.

12 of 22

Turn on clothes ironNow that the basic

set-up is set, it is time

to turn on the clothes

iron.

You should set it for

the same tempera-

ture that you used on

step 1. In this case, it

means 200C or ***.

Wait until you can

sense the iron is hot.

11 of 22

Check set-up

At this point you

should have a small

pile of anti-sticking

material, some plastic

bags and another

layer of anti-sticking

material.

On the picture on theright, you can see the

sideways image of the

layered setup.


32/112

32

Shelter


15 of 22

Observe resultingpatch

At the end of iron-

ing, if you remove the


(it should come off

very easily), you are

left with a more rigid

and water proof plastic

sheet.

If you nd defects in

your plastic sheet, you

can always x it with

plastic patches that

you iron on again, on

top of holes.

14 of 22

Pay attention tooverheating

Using a clothes iron

really makes things

easier, but still, you

must take care no to

overheat the plastic.

If you leave the iron

too long on the samespot, you run the risk

of overheating and

creating holes in the

plastic.

13 of 22

Start ironing

Using one hand to

hold the anti-sticking

material in place and

on top of the plastic

pile, start ironing.

Start in a corner and

move in a way that

does not create air

bubbles in the result-

ing patch.

Use circular move-

ments to go over the

entire plastic bag pile.


33/112

33

Shelter


16 of 22

Repeat to make morepatches

By now you know how

the plastic melting

process works, but

you probably do not

have enough to make

shelter.

Before you can extend

the size of the shelter

material you make,

you must repeat previ-

ous steps to make

more pieces of fused

plastic, like shown in

step 15.

18 of 22

Lay down anti-stickycover



and put it on top of

the pile of the plastic

bag patches you just

placed in step 17.

Make sure it covers


tic bag patches.

17 of 22

Lay 2 or more patchesoverlapping each other

When you have

enough plastic pieces,

like the one shown in

step 15, you can con-

nect them.

To connect two or

more plastic patches,you will iron them

together. All working

conditions are the

same as before.

Lay two plastic pieces,

one overlapping the

other by 2 inches.


34/112

34

Shelter


21 of 22

Observe resultAgain, you are left

with a more rigid and

water proof plastic

sheet.






top of holes

When well made, theconnection between

two plastic bag parts

will leave no seams.

20 of 22

Pay special attentionto overlapping areas

Because we are

connecting patches of

plastic and not making

new patches of plas-

tic, you do not need to

iron the whole plastic

patch too thoroughly.You should iron espe-

cially along the con-

nection between the

two plastic bag parts.

19 of 22

Iron again

Again, to fuse the

plastic bags together,

we must heat and

press them with the

hot clothes iron.


35/112

35

Shelter


22 of 22

Repeat or biggerdimensions

Now you understand

how to make the

plastic bag shelter

material.

It is likely that you

do not have enough

yet, so, repeat the

described process to

make more plastic bag

patches and con-

nect them together to

make enough to make

enough material to

shelter you and your

family.


36/112

36

Shelter



37/112

Because not everybody has access to electricity touse a clothes iron, we included a method tocreate shelter material that requires nothing morethan fire and cooking pan. This method is not asgood as the clothes iron one, but still, can achieve

rather good results if you take care and have goodworking conditions.

37

Shelter


SheltermaterialUsing Fire

What you will need

A-Plasticbags

B - 2Kg of Coal

C-Cookingpan

or Wok

D-Scissors

E-Anti-Sticky

Material(canbeoven

paperorcottonfab-

ric)around4handsin

lengthand2inwidth.

F-Soap

G-Waterinabig

bowl

H - Matches


38/112

38

Shelter


1 of 20

Select Plastic Bags

Not all the plastic bags

will be good enough

for this technique.

Especially if you use

plastic bags that camefrom waste, it is very

likely that some will

not be usable.

Do not use bags that

are too ragged and

destroyed or bags that

are dirty with grease

or oil.

Use only clean, in

good condition bags.

3 of 20

Wash Plastic BagsIn step 4, we said that

you should only use

clean plastic bags.

Clean plastic bags are

the best start.

However, it is a good

idea to was your bags

to remove further bits

of dirt and/or grease

and oil.

Use water and soap, ifpossible.

2 of 20

Cut Plastic Bags

Plastic bags have

handles and bottoms

that make it difcult to

melt them together.

You should cut the

top and the bottom of

each selected bag,

which will make itmuch easier for later

use.

After cutting, each bag

looks like a tube, with

no top and no bottom.


39/112

4 of 20

Dry Plastic Bags

After washing the

bags, you must have

them dry before you

try to melt them to-

gether.

Find a way of drying

your bags, preferably

in the outside, with

wind and sun.

5 of 20

Fill pan with coal

Take the coal and put

some inside the pan.

Do not ll it up, but

rather, leave it up to

halfway.

6 of 20

Start re inside panUsing some easy

burning material such

as paper, lint or wood

shavings, start a re

inside the pan.

39

Shelter



40/112

7 of 20

Let re go down andcoal become white

As you can imagine,

it is dangerous to

have a live re next to

plastic. The re could

ignite the plastic and

create a larger danger

of re.

We recommend you

let the re go down

and the coals become

white, before starting

to press on the plastic.

8 of 20

Prepare work surace

During our experi-

ments, we realized

that the quality of

the working space is

very important for the

result.

Please arrange your

working space to haveit clean, as even as

possible, with plenty of

room to use.

Lay down the

anti-sticking

protection.

9 of 20

Lay down severallayers o plastic bags

Take a few (2 - 4)

pieces of plastic bag

from the one you

treated before and

lay them down on the

anti-sticking material.

Put them on top of

each other.

The more layers, the

more resistant thematerial will be, but

also the more difcult

to handle and store.

40

Shelter



41/112

12 of 20

Start pressingUsing one hand to

hold the anti-sticking

material in place and

on top of the plastic

pile, start pressing .

Start in a corner and

move in a way that

does not create air

bubbles in the

resulting patch.

Use circular move-ments to go over the

entire plastic bag pile.

10 of 20

Lay down Anti-Stickcover




the pile of plastic bag

pieces.

Make sure it covers


tic bag pieces.

11 of 20

Check set-up

At this point you

should have a pan

with hot coal in side

and a small pile of

anti-sticking material,

some plastic bags and

another layer of anti-

sticking material.

On the picture on the

right, you can see the

sideways image of the

layered setup and the

pan applying pres-

sure.

41

Shelter



42/112

13 of 20

Pay attention tooverheating

Using a pan is a

less precise way

of melting plastic

bags together, as it

is harder to regulate

the temperature.

If you leave the pan

too long on the same

spot, you run the risk

of overheating and

creating holes in the

plastic.

Pay attention not to

burn the plastic.

14 of 20

Observe resultingpatch

At the end of iron-

ing, if you remove the


(it should come off

very easily), you are

left with a more rigid

and water proof plasticsheet.





you press on again,

on top of holes, using

the hot pan.

15 of 20

Repeat to make morepatches

By now you know how

the plastic melting

process works, but

you probably do not

have enough to make

shelter.

Before you can extend

the size of the shelter

material you make,

you must repeat previ-

ous steps to make

more pieces of fused

plastic, like shown in

step 14.

42

Shelter



43/112

16 of 20

Lay 2 or more patchesoverlapping each other

When you have

enough plastic pieces,

like the one shown in

step 14, you can con-

nect them.

To connect two or

more plastic patches,

you will iron them

together. All working

conditions are the

same as before.

Lay two plastic pieces,

one overlapping the

other by 2 inches.

17 of 20

Lay down anti-stickycover




the pile of the plastic

bag patches you just

placed in step 16.

Make sure it coversthe entire pile of plas-

tic bag patches.

18 of 20

Iron againAgain, to fuse the

plastic bags together,

we must heat and

press them with the

hot clothes iron.

Pay special attention

on the overlapping of

the bags.

43

Shelter



44/112

19 of 20

Observe result

Again, you are left

with a more rigid and

water proof plastic

sheet.






top of holes

When well made, the

connection between

two plastic bag parts

will leave no seams.

20 of 20

Repeat or biggerdimensions

Again, you under-

stand how to make

the plastic bag shelter

material.

It is likely that you

do not have enough

yet, so, repeat thedescribed process to

make more plastic bag

patches and connect

them together.

44

Shelter



45/112

45

Shelter


Besides making the plastic tarp, it also importantto use it in an effective way. Because of that, inthis section you will find techniques to tie the tarpto a line. This line can then be tied to a support tohold the shelter in place.

UnionTarp to Line

What you will need

A-Rope

B-1bottlecap

perunion

C-Scissors


46/112

3 of 12

Cut ropeTake some rope and

cut a piece, roughly

the size of an open

hand.

1 of 12

Put bottle cap underone o the tarps

Take a bottle cap or

another similarly sized

object and put it under

the plastic tarp that

you want to attach a

line to.

In the drawing on

the right and for the

remainder of these in-

structions, a bottle cap

will be used with the

sharp edge to the bot-

tom. On the right, you

can see a side view of

what is the result.

2 of 12

Check set-up

When you lay the

plastic tarp on top of

the bottle cap you just

placed, you will have

something similar to

what is shown on the

right, a small bump on

the surface, where the

bottle cap is.

46

Shelter



47/112

4 of 12

Make a knot

Using the rope you

cut, make the knot

on the right (but you

can use another if you

want).

Make two loops, one

going over and the

other going under the

horizontal piece of

rope.

Take the loop that

goes under and bring

it over the loop that

goes over. At the end

you have the knot of

the right.

6 of 12

Tie knot under thebottle cap

Grab the knot you

prepared before and

tie it under the bulge

created by the bottle

cap wrapped by the

plastic.

5 of 12

Grab under bottle cap

Using one hand, grab

the plastic tarp under

the bottle cap you

placed in step 1.

As you grab the plas-

tic, the bottle cap will

create a little bulge.

On the right, you can

check a side view of

what is the result.

47

Shelter



48/112

7 of 12

Observe result

What you have now

is an anchor point

that you can use to tie

rope around.

This anchor point

does not require you

to make a hole in the

plastic, and so it al-

lows you to reuse the

plastic tarp you made.

This technique will be

useful for further

examples in this

booklet.

8 of 12

Cut rope

Now that you have

the anchor point, you

can tie it to some sort

of support, to sustain

your shelter.

Cut a piece of rope

that is enough for your

needs and do not for-get to consider extra

rope for knots in both

ends of the rope.

9 of 12

Make a knotAlthough you can

use any knot you are

familiar with, we sug-

gest the one on the

right. It is fairly simple

to make and is adjust-

able. Also, it is quite

sturdy.

We suggest this knot

for you to tie the rope

to the anchor point.

48

Shelter



49/112

11 of 12

Straighten rope

Because the knot we

suggested is adjust-

able, you have to

straighten it and xing

everything in place.

12 of 12

Tie rope to supportYou are now free to tie

the other end of the

rope to any support

that you might nd

useful.

On the right you can

see a representation

of a possible use,

holding a piece of

plastic, so it protects

people from rain.

10 of 12

Insert knot into anchorpoint

Take the loop made by

the previously shown

know and insert it in

the anchor point.

49

Shelter



50/112

50

Shelter



51/112

51

Shelter


When making shelter, you might notice that theplastic tarp you made is not enough for yourneeds and that you must connect more than onepiece of plastic tarp. In this case, we suggest youconnect the multiple pieces of plastic using the

following technique.

UnionTarp to Tarp, xed

What you will need

A-Rope

B-1bottlecap

perunion

C-1Empycan

perunion

D-Canopener

E - Nails

F - Hammer

G-Scissor


52/112


53/112

4 of 18

Make hole in bent cantop

With a nail and ham-

mer or other method

you can use, make a

hole in the center of

the bent can top.

Make the hole from

the clean side to the

side to which the can

is bent. The objective

is to keep one side

completely smooth

and the other slightly

rough.

5 of 18

Make hole in bottle cap

Repeat the previous

process to make a

hole in a bottle cap.

Again, make the hole

from the clean side

to the sharp side of

the bottle cap. The

objective is to keepone side completely

smooth and the other

slightly rough.

6 of 18



the size of an open

hand.

You will use this rope

to connect the two

pieces of plastic tarp

that you want to con-

nect.

53

Shelter



54/112

7 of 18

Tie knot in extremityo rope

Tie a knot in one end

of the rope, the type of

knot is not important,

but it should create a

bulge that does not go

through the holes you

made in the can top

and the bottle cap.

8 of 18

Pass rope throughbottle cap

Take the rope with the

knot in one side and

push it through the

bottle cap. You must

start from the sharp

side, to keep the knot

under that side..If you have doubts,

check the small draw-

ing on the right.

This is the preparation

of the connector you

will need later on.

9 of 18

Overlap tarpsWith the connector

ready, it is time to pre-

pare the plastic tarps

to be connected.

Overlap them, with

one roughly one hand

over the other.

54

Shelter



55/112

10 of 18

Make a hole throughboth tarps

Now the tarps are

aligned, make a hole

through both of them.

You can use a nail and

hammer but also any

other technique that

you nd useful.

The important thing is

to have aligned holes

for later on.

11 of 18

Pass rope with bottlecap through the tarpbelow

Take the connector

you prepared in step

8 and pass it through

the hole in the plastic

tarp that will be under.

Do this in a way that

the smooth side of the

bottle cap is in contact

with the plastic and

the sharp side is away

from the plastic.

12 of 18

Pass rope throughtarp above

Repeat the previous

process to pass the

rope through the tarp

above.

55

Shelter



56/112

13 of 18

Straighten rope

It is important to make

the connection as tight

as possible, so you

should straighten the

rope, as shown on thepicture in the right.

14 of 18

Insert bent can top

The bent can top will

act as a top cover for

the connection, and

now it is time to insert

it in the rope.

Keep the bent, smooth

side towards the

plastic and the roughside away from it. The

small drawing on the

right shows a side

view of what should

look like.

15 of 18

Straighten ropeStraighten the rope

to keep everything as

tight as possible.

56

Shelter



57/112

16 of 18

Tie knot

Tie a knot over the

bent can top, as you

tied in step 7. Again,

the type of knot is not

important, just thefact that it does not

go through the made

holes.

Tie the knot as tightly

against the bent can

top as possible.

17 of 18

Repeat process atregular intervals

The instructions you

have read so far

resulted in one con-

nection, but, depend-

ing on the size of the

tarps you want to

connect, you will haveto repeat the process

at regular intervals.

We suggest you do

it at a distance of

roughly two hands.

18 of 18

Observe resultBy the end of the

process, you probably

have something as

shown on the picture

on the right.

The rope hangs free

on the outside, acting

as a path for water

that soaks the rope,

to ow away from the

connection hole.

57

Shelter



58/112

58

Shelter



59/112


60/112

3 of 15



the size of an open

hand.

1 of 15

Put bottle cap underone o the tarps

Take a bottle cap or

another similarly sized

object and put it under

the plastic tarp that

you want to attach a

line to.

In the drawing on

the right and for the

remainder of these in-

structions, a bottle cap

will be used with the

sharp edge to the bot-

tom. On the right, you

can see a side view of

what is the result.

2 of 15

Check set-up

When you lay the

plastic tarp on top of

the bottle cap you just

placed, you will have

something similar to

what is shown on the

right, a small bump on

the surface, where the

bottle cap is.

60

Shelter



61/112

4 of 15

Make a knot

Using the rope you

cut, make the knot

on the right (but you

can use another if you

want).

Make two loops, one

going over and the


horizontal piece of

rope.

Take the loop that





the right.

6 of 15

Tie knot under thebottle cap

Grab the knot you

prepared before and

tie it under the bulge

created by the bottle

cap wrapped by the

plastic.

5 of 15

Grab under bottle cap

Using one hand, grab

the plastic tarp under

the bottle cap you

placed in step 1.

As you grab the plas-

tic, the bottle cap will

create a little bulge.

On the right, you can

check a side view of

what is the result.

61

Shelter



62/112

7 of 15

Observe result

What you have now

is an anchor point

that you can use to tie

rope around.

This anchor point

does not require you

to make a hole in the

plastic, and so it al-

lows you to reuse the

plastic tarp you made.

This technique is the

same as the one used

in the Tarp to Line

union, also described

in this manual.

8 of 15

Repeat the process onthe other side o thetarp

To make a movable

connection, you need

two anchor points.

Repeat the steps to

create an anchor point

on either side of the

movable connection.

9 of 15

Overlap two tarpsOverlap the two tarps,

with one roughly one

hand over the other.

62

Shelter



63/112

10 of 15

Cut rope

Cut a piece of rope

that is enough for your

needs and do not for-

get to consider extra

rope for knots in bothends of the rope.

11 of 15

Make a knot

Although you can

use any knot you are

familiar with, we sug-

gest the one on the

right. It is fairly simple

to make and is adjust-

able. Also, it is quite

sturdy.

We suggest this knot

for you to tie the rope

to the anchor point

This will be the mov-

able side of the con-

nection.

12 of 15

Insert knot in theanchor point above

Insert the loop in the

anchor point, but

leave it loose, so it

can be removed with

no problems.

Insert it in the anchor

point from the tarp

above.

63

Shelter



64/112

13 of 15

Tie a knot on the reeside o the rope

Now make the knot for

the xed side of the

connection

Make two loops, one

going over and the


horizontal piece of

rope.

Take the loop that





the right.

14 of 15

Insert knot in the an-chor point below

Insert the loop made

in step 13, in the an-

chor point of the tarp

below.

Straighten it so it be-

comes xed.

15 of 15

Observe resultAt the end you should

have something as

shown on the right, a

connection that uses a

bit of rope to keep the

two pieces of plastic

tarp together.

64

Shelter



65/112

...Makeshelter

...Treatwater

How to...

4


66/112

66

WaterTreatment



67/112

67

WaterTreatment


IntroductionIn this chapter you will learn a few techniques to purify water to make

it ready for consumption. After a Disaster, water is very likely to become

contaminated or just lost, because its reservoirs break down. Because

water is so important for human survival, we consider it to be necessary

to include some technical knowledge about water, so you can treat it for

you and your family and avoid problems of contamination

What type o water treatment techniques

The water treatment techniques that you can nd in this chapter have a few

things in common. They are:

Effective

Cheap

Onlyworkagainstbiologicalcontaminants

The techniques you see here are all quite simple and require very little materi-

als. Also, the required materials can usually be found in most communities. Thismakes these techniques cheap.

There is, however, a limitation. These techniques are simple and cheap but are

not capable of treating water contaminated with chemicals (e.g. gasoline, oil,

paint thinner, paint, solvents, pesticides, fertilizers and etc). These techniques

can only treat against organisms in the water, such as microbes, insects and

parasites. Because most problems with contaminated water are related with liv-

ing organisms, these techniques have some value.

The biggest concern is to NEVER drink ood water or water that

you suspect has been contaminated with chemicals.

Also, after a Disaster, assume that all water that was not storedclosed (e.g. everything that was not in bottles) is contaminated


68/112

68

WaterTreatment


with living organisms and must be treated.

How to select a water treatment method

Because we suggest several methods, it is possible that you do not know which

water treatment methods you should use. Our rst recommendation is to always

have more than one way of purifying water (e.g. Boiling and Bleach). After aDisaster, you never know what conditions you will nd, and it is a good idea to be

prepared to use more than one method of treating water.

In this booklet you will nd that we present the techniques in a specic order.

This order represents what we think that is the best way to choose a treatment

method, based on how well it works. The order is:

Boiling

Bleach(Chlorine)

SODIS

Iodine

All these methods are effective, so it does not mean that Iodine treatment is a

bad choice, for example. What happens is that we believe that each method has

problems in terms of what materials are necessary, how much time it takes to

treat water and what is the quality of the water at the end, so we suggest one

order of priority that we feel is balanced.

We suggest that you pay attention to the characteristics of each method and think

what are the most adequate to you. In the beginning of each instruction set, you

will have the listed characteristics of each technique.

How much water will my amily need?If you want to treat enough water for your whole family, you must know how much

water each person will need. We give you an estimation of how much water must

you treat per person, for each day:

Basic 2 Liters (7,5 for pregnant women) for drinkingOptimal 12,5 Liters for drinking and sanitation

These numbers should help you in deciding how much you need. When mea-

suring water, you can always remember that most soda cans have 0,33cl. This

means that 3 soda cans can hold one liter of liquid. This information is also useful

for later on, for some water treatment methods.

What about water storage

The way you store water after a Disaster is quite important and we suggest you

have ways of separating treated and untreated water. To store water, you can use

barrels, bags, bottles or any other vessel. The important considerations are:

Alwaysseparatetreatedanduntreatedwater

Alwaystreattheplaceswhereyoustoretreatedwater,includingthecov -

ers,tapsandthreads.

Coverallstoredwater,especiallytreatedwater

Donottouchthetreatedwaterorletuncleanobjectstouchit(e.g.ifyou

useadrinkingglass,donotsubmergeitinthecleanwater)

Whenyouputwaterinaglassanddonotdrinkallthewater,putthe

remainingbackintheUNTREATEDwaterstorage.


69/112

69

WaterTreatment


Whenpossible,alwaysstoretreatedwaterincontainerswithaspoutor

tap,soyoucanserveyourselfwithouttouchingthecleanwater.


The cost of treating water depends on what methods you use. Bleach and iodine

disinfection are the better priced methods for large quantities of water (above 5

liters).Although boiling does not require any specic products, it needs a lot of energy

and if there is little fuel, it becomes an expensive method.

What about sanitation and hygiene

Having clean drinking water is extremely important for survival, but in the long

term, it requires more than treatment methods. Sanitation and hygiene are also

important because they can reduce the dangers of water contamination.

You will not nd a lot of information on Hygiene and Sanitation in this booklet.

The reason for that is that there are other free sources that explain it rather well.

On the left side of this page, you can nd some links to useful documents on the

topic. All of these are free and from reliable authors.

Because we understand you might not have access to the information you just

pointed, we give you a short listing of important behaviors that can help you re-

duce water contamination dangers:

Alwayswashyourhandsafterdefecatingandbeforeandafterpreparing

meals

Donotplacegarbage,animalwaste,foodremains,usedmedicineand

faecesanywherelessthan30metersawayfromwaterandalwaysdown -

streamfromanywatersource(e.g.fontain,spring,well,etc)

Buildlatrinesbetween6metersand50metersfrompeopleshomes.As

latrinesgetfull,coverthemwithsandandbuildnewlatrines.Payattentionso

theydonotbecomedangerousplacesforchildrentofallin.

Keepgarbageinsameplace,preferablyadughole,withplasticliningthe

insideandperiodicallycoveredwithsanduntilitisfull.Thenmakeanewhole

andre-starttheprocess

Coverallstoredwaterandavoidthecreationofpoolsofstalewater.

If you can get the documents listed on the left, you should try to do it. These

documents not only have very good advice but also, are made in a way that is

easier to understand and to explain to other people in the community.

What are the other techniques

In this booklet you can also nd techniques to connect and x different parts of

plastic tarp. We are condent that you probably are already familiar with your own

ways of making shelter. However, we believe that this knowledge can be useful

for you to adapt on.

Useful Information

World Health Organi-zation:

Inormation on wa-ter and Sanitation

http://www.who.int/

water_sanitation_

health/en/

Food, water andamily health:A manual or com-munity educators

http://www.who.

int/water_sanita-

tion_health/hygiene/

settings/wsh9204/en/

index.html

Water, Engineering

and DevelopmentCentre:

http://wedc.lboro.

ac.uk/


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WaterTreatment



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Boiling water for a short time is the more effectiveway of killing most organisms that can contami-nate water. If you can do it, we strongly adviseyou to do it. However it is not very efficient totreat large quantities of water (more than 5 liter).

71

WaterTreatment


Boilingwater

What you will need

A - 1 Bucket tocollect water

B - 1 Clean cloth

C-Stove

D-Containerto

putcollectedwater

E-Cookingpot

withlid


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72

WaterTreatment


3 of 8

Pour water in potTake the water from

the previous container

and put it in a pot,

ready for boiling.

2 of 8

Strain Water

Using a clean cloth,

strain the water, by

pouring it through the

cloth on to a container.

If you use the same

cloth several times,

always leave the same

side up and wash itperiodically. Strain-

ing will remove some

suspended debris in

the water and improve

its quality

1 of 8

Collect water

Collect water as clean

and clear as possible.

Do not collect ood

water or sewer water.If you suspect water

might be contaminat-

ed by chemicals, do

not use it.


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73

WaterTreatment


4 of 8

Cover pot

To boil water it is

always easier and

faster if the container

is closed.

Close the pot with its

lid or another available

cover.

A covered pot will

lose less water due to

evaporation

6 of 8

Let water boil or aminute

Let the pot in the re

until it reaches a roll-

ing, strong boil.

This is enough to kill

almost all possible

contaminants.

There are stronger

organisms that require

you to leave the pot

boiling for around aminute.

This will kill every bio-

logical contaminant.

5 of 8

Put pot over re

Put the covered pot

over a re and pay

continuous attention

to it.

On the right, the pot

is drawn on top of a

Rocket Stove. You can

nd instructions onhow to make a Rocket

Stove on page 9 of

this booklet.

Pay special attention

to children as the re

and hot water can

harm them.


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74

WaterTreatment


8 of 8

Wait until water coolsdown

Because you can not

drink the hot water,

wait some time for the

water to cool down.

This can take several

minutes.

7 of 8

Remove

When the pot is boil-

ing for a minute, you

can remove it from the

re.

At this moment, you

can let the re go

down.

As the pot is still hot,

continue to pay atten-

tion to small children


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75

WaterTreatment


0

What you will needquisl euis essit, quat.

Bleach

Common bleach used for household cleaning con-tains a chemical named Chlorine. Chlorine is thesame kind of chemical used in water treatment forcities and is also quite effective for a family.Although it kills almost every type of biological

contaminant, it has an unpleasant taste and somepeople do not like it. Chlorine allows for cheapand fast water purification.Only use bleach that has no added scents or addi-tives (e.g. color preserving additives)

What you will need


B - 1 Clean cloth

C - Container to

putcollectedwater

D-Spoon

E-CleanStick

F-3emptySoda

cans,of0,33cleach

G-Householdbleach.Unscented,

withnoadditives


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76

WaterTreatment


3 of 12

Strain WaterUsing a clean cloth,




If you use the same

cloth several times,

always leave the same

side up and wash it

periodically. Strain-


suspended debris in


its quality

1 of 12

Check age o bleach

Bleach loses Chlorine

as time goes by. Old

bleach has lost too

much Chlorine and is

not a safe water treat-ment method. If more

than 30 days have

passed since you

opened the bleach

bottle, you need a new

one.

If you store bleach in

a bottle that is not the

original, do not use

transparent bottles,

as sunlight affects the

Chlorine.

2 of 12

Collect water



Do not collect ood

water or sewer water.

If you suspect water


ed by chemicals, do

not use it.

If water still is a bit

turbid, double the

amount of bleach that

you use.

This will increase the

smell, but is not dan-

gerous.


77/112

0,33cl0,33cl 0,33cl 1Liter

Chlorine

Concentration

1%

4 - 6%

7 - 10%

77

WaterTreatment


4 of 12

Measure water

Using bleach to purify

water requires some

dosing, You must

have an idea of how

much water you have,to know how much

bleach you will need

to pour in.

You can rell contain-

ers of drinks that you

already know the

capacity of.

We suggest you ll 3

0,33cl soda cans, as

that makes up a liter.

5 of 12

Pour water intreatment container

Now you know how

much water you have,

you can pour it into a

treatment container.

3 soda cans make up

a liter, and for the rest

of this method, thequantities of bleach

are given per liter.

Naturally, you can

treat more than one

liter at once, but you

most know how much

water you have.

6 of 12

Check or Chlorineconcentration inbleach

Chlorine exists in

bleach, but not all

bleach has the same

amount of Chlorine, so

it is important to know

how much Chlorine

the bleach you have

has.

Also, it is importantto use only simple

bleach and not special

bleach with scents or

additives.


78/112

1% 4 - 6% 7 - 10%

78

WaterTreatment


7 of 12

Check or amount odrops

Depending on the

Chlorine concentra-

tion in the bleach, you

should pour some

drops per each liter of

water.

On the drawing at the

left, you can check

how much drops for

each concentration of

Chlorine.

8 of 12

Pour bleach on a spoon

Pour bleach on a

spoon, so it is easier

to count drops.

9 of 12

Pour drops incontainer

Remember what was

the Chlorine concen-

tration of the bleach

you are using and

put as much drops as

indicated in step 7.


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79

WaterTreatment


10 of 12

Mix water and bleach

To make sure the

bleach treats all the

water, you must mix

the water and bleach.

Stir the container a

little bit to do so.

11 of 12

Cover container

Chlorine evaporates

easily, even when it is

mixed in the water.

You must cover the

container where you

put the water and the

bleach.

12 of 12

WaitNow that the wa-

ter and bleach are

mixed, you must give

it enough time for the

biological contami-

nants to be killed.

This is usually 30

minutes.

If the water is espe-

cially cold, double

that time and wait 60minutes. The colder

temperatures slow

down the chemical

process of treatment.


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80

WaterTreatment



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81

WaterTreatment


SODIS(also known as:Solar Disinection)

It may sound hard to believe, but the sunlight andheat can kill most contaminants in the water ifgood conditions exist. SODIS is a water treatmentmethod that treats water with nothing more thatsunlight and water in clear plastic bottles. You

must leave the bottles in the sun for a long timefor the water to be purified, but it works.In fact, the biggest problem with this method is tobelieve its effectiveness. If you follow the instruc-tions, it will be safe to drink the treated water.

What you will need


B - 1 Clean cloth

C - Container to

putcollectedwater

D-Turbiditytester

E-3cleanempty

2LitersSodabottles


82/112

82

WaterTreatment


Soda Juice MilkVeryBig

ColorBottle

PET

1 of 16

Pay attention to usedbottle

For this method to

work, you must use

the right type of plastic

bottle.

The best bottles are

clean 2 liter soda bot-

tles, transparent and

clear, with no labels.

Bottles of juice or milk

should not be used as

they might have bac-

teria. Colored bottles

and bottles larger than

2 liters are also not

possible to use

2 of 16

Check bottles material

Most plastic soda

bottles are made

from PET plastic, but

some are not. To use

SODIS, you must use

bottles made from

PET. You can usu-

ally check this at the

bottom or top of the

bottom (not in the

cap). The small draw-

ing on the right shows

the typical symbol of

PET bottles. All bottles

should be replaced if

they have too much

scratches.

3 of 16

Make sure you haveenough bottles

SODIS requires a lot

of time to treat water,

so it is important to

have enough bottles

for each person.

If you do not have

enough bottles per

person (2 bottles), it

is possible that while

your water is being

exposed to the sun

(minimum 6 hours),

you have nothing to

drink.


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83

WaterTreatment


4 of 16

Collect water



Do not collect ood

water or sewer water.If you suspect water


ed by chemicals, do

not use it.

5 of 16

Strain Water

Using a clean cloth,




If you use the same

cloth several times, al-

ways leave the same

side up and wash itperiodically. Strain-


suspended debris in


its quality

6 of 16

Fill bottles partiallyand close

The sun light and heat

are more effective

when there is some air

mixed with the water.

Fill the bottles up to

3 / 4 and close them,

preparing them for the

next step.


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84

WaterTreatment


VERY

WaterTurbidityTesterIfthewateryouwanttotreatisnotcompletelytransparent,itwillmaket reatmentharder.

Withthistester,you cancheckifthewateryouwant totreat

isclearenoughor not.

Howtouseit:Putthispaperunder atransparent2Lsodabottle(thesizeof thebottleis important)andlookdownthroughthe bottle.Ifyou canseethebig letters,thewateris clearenoughtotreat.Ifyou canevenseethe smallletters,abovetheletterC inCLEAR,thenthewateris verygoodfortreatment.Thefaceseemsneutral ifwateris justCLEARandveryhappyif waterisVERYCLEAR.

7 of 16

Shake bottle or 20seconds

Shake each bottle for

20 seconds, mixing

the air and the water.

8 of 16

Fill bottles to the top

Add water to the

bottles so it reaches

the top. Do not cover

yet.

9 of 16

Place bottle on top oturbidity check

If the water is not clear

enough, SODIS will no

be very effective.

To make sure the

water is clear enough,

use a turbidity test

found in page 87 of

this guide.

Place it under the

bottle as it is show inthe picture on the right

and see if you can

read both the big and

the small text.


85/112


86/112

86

WaterTreatment


13 of 16

Lay bottleshorizontally

The way you position

the bottles is impor-

tant. To make sure the

sun rays penetrate

the water and kill the

organisms, you must

lay the bottles horizon-

tally.

14 of 16

Pay attention toshade

If the bottles become

under shade, the

treatment stops, so

it is necessary to

consider the way sun

moves across the

sky and how shadealso moves.

To be safe, always

place bottles away

from possible shade

(e.g. tall objects,

fences, walls)

15 of 16

I possible, lay bottleson the roo

One of the best places

to lay the bottles is on

the roof of a house.

In most cases, a roof

will receive sunlight

with no possibility of a

booklet 01 make yourself ready

Documents