bookofabstracts - napreca network · abyssinica root from south sudan 12:25 – 12:40 sl 4 nahla m...

International ScienceProgramme (IS)

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

www.napreca.net

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10 August 2017

Dear Delegates,

We are delighted to welcome you to the 17th NAPRECA Symposium at Ras Amba Hotel in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 13-16 August 2017.

The theme of the symposium is:

“Harnessing natural products for the well-being of the African People”

We look forward to several plenary, oral and poster presentations from scientists representing10 countries, covering an exciting spectrum of discovery. The symposium also presents us with unique networking opportunities for strengthening collaborations and building new partnerships in most of the many post=symposium cultural and tourism events.

We look forward to seeing you,

Best wishes,

Prof. Ermias DagneChairman, Organizing Committee University of Addis Ababa

Prof. Sami A. Khalid NAPRECA’s Executive Secretary

International Science Programme (ISP)

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17th NAPRECA Symposium August 13th – 16th, 2017

Day 1 Sunday, August 13th, 2017

Opening Session 08:30 - 09:30 Registration09:30 – 10:30 Opening Remarks

- Chairman, Organizing Committee (Prof. Dr. Ermias Dagne)- NAPRECA’s Executive Secretary (Prof. Dr. Sami Khalid)- Director of ISP, the main sponsor of NAPRECA (Dr Peter Sundin)- Opening Speech - Guests of Honour

10:30 – 11:00 Health Break and Group Photo

1st Scientific Session

Chairperson: Prof. Berhanu Abegaz

11:00 – 11:40 PL 1 Prof. Thomas EfferthRational drug design to fight multidrug resistance of cancer with naturalproducts

11:40 – 11:55 SL 1 Dr Mohamed SaeedCytotoxicity of the sesquiterpine lactones neoambrosin and damsin fromAmbrosia maritima against multidrug – resistant cancer cells

11:55 – 12:10 SL 2 Dr Dominic O. OchwangiEthnobotany, phytochemistry and cytotoxic anticancer activity of medicinalplants used in Kakamega County, Kenya

12:10 – 12:25 SL 3 Anthony Loperito LokiAntioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Stephania abyssinica var.abyssinica root from South Sudan

12:25 – 12:40 SL 4 Nahla M M TahaAntioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from Sterculia setigera Del.

12:40 – 13:40 Lunch Break

2nd Scientific Session

Chairpersons: Prof. Sami A. Khalid

13:40 – 14:20 PL 2 Prof. Thomas SchmidtNatural products targeting neglected protozoan diseases: Recent advances ofour work within ResNet NPND

14:20 – 14:35 SL 5 Mr. Njogu M. KimaniAntiparatozoal natural products from selected Kenyan plants of the familyAsteraceae

14:35 – 14:50 SL 6 Prof. Jacob O. MidiwoThe Kenyan higher plant diversity – a source of anti-parasitic compounds forneglected tropical diseases

14: 50 –15:05 SL 7 Prof. Abiy YenesewPhytochemical investigation of Pentas species (Rubiaceae) towardsmanagement of malaria

14:40 – 14:55 SL 8 Dr. Afieroho O ENigerian Lichens: sources of antiplasmodial metabolites for drug development

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14:55 – 15:10 SL 9 Dr. Itmad Awad ELhassanComposition and antibacterial activity of pyrolysis liquids from herbs usedtraditionally in upper respiratory tract and oral infections relief

15:10 – 15:25 SL 10 Dr. Sara ELKeir MustafaNutritional properties and hypocholesterolemic effect of Vangueriamadagascariensis fruits in Sudan

15:25 – 15:40 SL 11 Dr. Wadah J.A. OsmanIsolation and characterization of four terpenoids from Tarchonanthuscamphoratus L. with antimicrobial activity

15:40 - 15:55 SL 12 Ms. Amna AliToxic effect of Ipomea carnea leaves on wistar rats

Day 2 Monday, August 14, 2017

3rd Scientific Session

Chairperson: Prof. Abiy Yenesew

9:00 – 9:40 PL 3 Prof. Michael SpitellerI have you under my skin: plant endophytic interaction and their role innatural products chemistry

9:40 – 9:55 SL 13 Dr. Beth NdundaThe phytochemistry and Biological activity investigations of threeKenyan Croton species

9:55 – 10:10 SL 14 Dr. Nadir Nusa KhalilCooked home-made media used from natural plants resources forisolation and Identification and preservation some pathogenic fungi

10:10 – 10:25 SL 15 Ms. Molly MombeshoraEvaluation of the antibacterial effects, nucleic acid leakage potential andhaemolytic activity of Triumfetta welwitschii extracts on bacteria

10:25 – 10:40 SL 16 Mr. Ali M. BadriAntibacterial activity, phytochemical screening, and cytotoxicity ofHibiscus sabdariffa (Calyx)

10:40 – 11:10 Health Break

4th Scientific Session

Chairperson: Prof. Hassan ELSubki Khalid

11:10 – 11:50 PL 4 Dr Peter SundinThe International Science Program - long term sponsorship of basicsciences and new requirements on the demonstration of results

11:50 – 12:05 SL 17 Prof. Maha A Y KordofaniTaxonomic revision of indigenous species belonging to the familyOnagraceae and Biological activity evaluation of Ludwegia erecta (L.)H. Hara in Sudan

12:05 – 12:20 SL 18 Dr.Daniel UmerewenezaAssessment of mycotoxins types in some foodstuff consumed in Rwanda

12:20 – 12:35 SL 19 Dr. Martha InduliAntimicrobial naphthoquinones from the roots of Aloe secundiflora

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12:35 – 12:50 SL 20 Prof. Sakina YagiEthnobotanical study on traditional medicinal plants used in Sudan andBiological activity of selected species

12:50 – 13:50 Lunch


Chairperson: Prof. Sakina Yagi

13:50– 14:05 SL 21 Prof. Hassan ELSubki KhalidSome basic differences in the approaches to accord protection of IPRS relatedto indigenous biodiversity and traditional knowledge by CBD and TRIPs

14:05 – 14:20 SL 22 Dr. Abdelhafeez M A MohammedPhytochemical screening, antimicrobial and fatty acids profile of native LibyanArum cyrenaicum Hruby (Araceae)

14:20 – 14:35 SL 23 Dr. Omer Abdalla Ahmed HamdiCytotoxic, neuroprotective, DFT chemical calculations and pharmacokineticassessment for compounds isolated from Curcuma zedoaria

14:35 – 14:50 SL 24 Mr. Getahun Tadesse GurmessaAntioxidant and antibacterial properties of compounds from the stem bark andRoot bark of Erythrina brucei

14:50 – 15:05 SL 25 Mr. Abdirahman ElmiAntibacterial and antioxidant activity of fruit if Indigofera caerulea Gouam(Fabaceae) and identification of major compounds

15:05 – 15:20 SL 26 Dr. Salah Ahmed AliAntibacterial properties and Phytochemical screening of Tamarix niloticaleaves

15:20 – 15:35 SL 27 Dr. Ikram Mohamed EltayebA comparative study of antifungal, antioxidant activities and constituents ofCuminum cyminum and Curcuma longa essential oils

15:35 – 15:50 SL 28 Dr. P. DzombaOxidative stability of chicken thighs treated with dietary flavonoids fromDioscorea steriscus tubers

Day 3 Tuesday, August 15, 2017


Chairperson: Prof. Maha Kordofani

9:00 – 9:40 PL 5 Prof. Sami A. KhalidBiopiracy of genetic resources and African indigenous knowledge within therealm of Nagoya Protocol

9:40 – 9:55 SL 29 Dr. Kisangau Daniel PatrickTherapeutic evaluation of indigenous leafy vegetables traditionally used inimmune boosting by vulnerable groups in Kenya

9:55 – 10:10 SL 30 Dr. Fredrick OtsienoBenefits to forest adjacent communities in Kimondi and Masaita forests inNandi and Kericho County, Kenya

10:10 – 10:25 SL 31 Prof. Sayadat EL-TiganiYield and characteristics of Agar from Gracilaria and Hydropuntia speciesfrom Red Sea Coast, Sudan

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10:25 – 10:40 SL 32 Prof. Josphat MatasyohNatural products research for the control of crops and human disease vectors

10:40 – 11:10 Health Break


Chairperson: Prof. Jacob O. Midiwo

11:10 - 11:50 PL 6 Prof. Mohammed Zain AliPotential of Gum Arabic as a prebiotic and colonic food for gut health: Gaps inresearch and applications

11:50 – 12:05 SL 33 Dr. Danstone Lilechi BarazaIndole alkaloids profiling from Tabernaemontana stapfiana

12:05 - 12:20 SL 34 Prof. Hatil Hashim EL-KamaliLeaf epicuticular wax chemical composition of Morettia phillyaeana fromSudan

12:20 – 12: 35 SL 35 Dr. Khadiga M. A. A.Analysis of Jojoba oil from the east of the Sudan (Arkaweat region) usingGC/MS

12:35 – 12:50 SL 36 Dr. Ekram B. KhalafallaPhytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Triticum aestivum(Wheatgrass) dry and fresh seedlings

12:50 – 13:50 Lunch


Chairperson: Prof. Ermias Dagne

13:50 – 14:30 SL 37 Mr Peter PaulHarnessing the available literature and patents on natural products for treatmentof neglected diseases

14:30- 14:45 SL 38 Prof. Mohammed Zain AliSymbiotic trials of isolated probiotic strains from traditional caparinefermented milk with Gum Arabic

14:45 – 15:00 SL 39 Dr. Fatouma Mohamed Abdoul-latifAntioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants on CCl4 inducedhepatotoxicity in rats

15:00 – 15:15 SL 40 Dr. Ahmed Awad ELGamelMephedrone (bath salt) – New Psychoactive Substance of natural origin

15:15 – 15:30 SL 41 Dr. Ghada Mohamed AhmedPhytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera seed extracts

15:30 – 15:45 SL 42 Dr. Iman Tag Elsir AbdallaQuantitative estimation of solasodine in Sudanese Solanum dubium seed byHPLC

16: 20 – 17:00 Closing Remarks by the chairperson: Prof. Ermias Dagne 20:00 to 22:00 Mixer

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Day 4 Wednesday, August 16, 2017

Post Symposium Social Events

Social events will be announced later

17th NAPRECA Symposium, 13-16th August 2017- Addis Ababa

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Organizing Committee Local Organizing Committee NAPRECA Coordinating Office Prof. Ermias Dagne (Chairman) Prof. Sami Khalid (Executive Secretary) Prof. Wendimagegn Mamo (Member) Prof. Hatil H. El-Kamali (Assistant Secretary) Prof. Nigist Asfaw (Member) Prof. Hassan E. Khalid (Program Officer) Prof. Sebsebe Demissew (Member) Dr. Ahmed Mustefa (Member) NAPRECA Advisory Panel Prof. Runner Majinda (Botswana) Dr. Bonaventure Ngadjui (Cameroon) Prof. Dibungi Kalenda (DR Congo) Prof. Berhanu Abegaz (Ethiopia) Prof. Ermias Dagne (Ethiopia) Prof. Okinda Owuor (Kenya) Prof. Isaac Jondiko (Kenya) Prof. Philippe Rasoanaivo (Deceased, Madagascar) Prof. Joseph Magadula (Tanzania) Dr. Mauda Kamatinessi (Uganda) Prof. Stanley Mukanganyma (Zimbabwe) Prof. Gerhard Bringmann (Germany)


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WELCOME TO ADDIS ABABA

It has now become a tradition for the Natural Products Research Network for Eastern and Central Africa (NAPRECA) to organize every two years a natural products symposium. As in the past the main aim of the 17th NAPRECA Symposium is to bring together African scientists, young and old, as well as other internationally recognized natural products researchers to share ideas, new knowledge, and experiences. As in the past we are fortunate this year to also have amongst us senior scientists of great repute coming from centres of excellence outside of Africa. I am honoured and certainly delighted to have been granted the privilege of welcoming you to Addis Ababa on behalf of the local organizing committee.

We selected “Harnessing natural products for the well-being of the African People” as a theme for this symposium in order to articulate a clear message that these diverse natural resources of our continent may serve to solve the acute problems of human suffering as well as poverty. I welcome you again to Ethiopia and wish you a pleasant stay and a very productive conference.

Ermias Dagne, Professor of Chemistry Chairman of Local Organizing Committee


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Plenary Lectures Abstracts


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PL 1 RATIONAL DRUG DESIGN TO FIGHT MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF CANCER

WITH NATURAL PRODUCTS

Thomas Efferth

Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

[email protected]

The goal of our research concept is to systematically investigate the treasures of traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes. We are isolating and characterizing new active ingredients from medicinal plants for tumors, where conventional drugs fail to improve the health outcomes for cancer patients. Cancer is not only a main health problem in the industrialized countries, but also in Africa. A main reason for the high mortality is the development of resistance to established anticancer drugs, especially multidrug resistance (MDR) is a fatal reality for many patients. Novel drugs are urgently required to kill MDR tumors. The opportunities to find new drugs in medicinal herbs are very high. Active molecules in plants have been developed in the course of evolution over millennia to protect from microbial attack (viruses, bacteria, protozoa) and predators (parasitic worms, insects, and herbivorous mammals). Since plants have no immune system comparable to human beings, an entire arsenal of chemical defense compounds (secondary metabolites) has been developed for that purpose. In the history of manhood, traditional medicine traces back to ancient times. Hence, it may be a most valuable treasure box for many different diseases. Therefore, the search for new active principles in traditional medicine is particularly promising. The hope is to identify herbal drugs with activity against otherwise drug-resistant tumors. During the past years we investigated medicinal plants from traditional medicine systems of more than 30 countries, including several African countries. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are exquisite targets developing more specific drugs with improved features. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) became an important target for drug development. However, clinical application of synthetic P-glycoprotein inhibitors were not sucessful yet. This phenomenon forced the search for novel inhibitors from the field of natural products. Here, we report on recent achievements in natural products derived from medicinal plants as novel inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance. I will present some main pharmacological and molecular biological findings using medicinal plants, which include HPLC-based fingerprinting, cytotoxicity testing, pharmacogenomics (microarray analyses, next generation sequencing), flow cytometric methods, bioinformatic approaches to investigate inhibition of MDR efflux-pumps. Selected references: Mbaveng AT, Kuete V, Efferth T. Potential of Central, Eastern and Western Africa Medicinal Plants for Cancer Therapy: Spotlight on Resistant Cells and Molecular Targets. Front. Pharmacol. 2017;8:343. Efferth T, Volm M. Multiple resistance to carcinogens and xenobiotics: P-glycoproteins as universal detoxifiers. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91(7):2515-2538 Kadioglu O, Saeed ME, Valoti M, Frosini M, Sgaragli G, Efferth T. Interactions of human P-glycoprotein transport substrates and inhibitors at the drug binding domain: Functional and molecular docking analyses. Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;104:42-51. Zeino M, Paulsen MS, Zehl M, Urban E, Kopp B, Efferth T. Identification of new P-glycoprotein inhibitors derived from cardiotonic steroids. Biochem.Pharmacol.2015;93:11-24. Efferth T, Konkimalla VB, Wang YF, Sauerbrey A, Meinhardt S, Zintl F, Mattern J, Volm M. Prediction of broad spectrum resistance of tumors towards anticancer drugs. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008;14:2405-12.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28626426















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PL 2 NATURAL PRODUCTS TARGETING NEGLECTED

PROTOZOAN DISEASES: RECENT ADVANCES OF OUR WORK WITHIN RESNET NPND

Thomas J. Schmidt

Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster,

Corrensstrasse 48, D‐48149 Muenster, Germany. thomschm@uni‐muenster.de

Natural products (NPs) have a long tradition as drugs to treat infectious diseases and still play an important role in modern drug discovery. They represent an immensely rich arsenal of complex structures and are thus a most valuable source of new bioactive compounds [1, 2]. In the course of our continuous investigations on the antiprotozoal activity of NPs over the past 15 years, we have discovered a wide diversity of compounds of various structural classes with interesting antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial as well as antiplasmodial activity. These include sesquiterpene lactones, di- and triterpenes, neolignans, chromene derivatives, alkamides and, most recently, alkaloids with cycloartane and steroid core structures. Besides the classical activity-guided isolation approach, we are increasingly applying in silico methods of drug discovery to identify potential antiprotozoal lead structures. Molecular modeling and chemoinformatics tools are applied to virtually screen databases of natural products for potential lead structures against parasite specific molecular targets [3] and also used to predict antiprotozoal activity for even larger virtual libraries of untested compounds [4]. Furthermore, computational methods are also being applied to predict the active constituents in complex mixtures such as extracts or fractions. Multivariate regression of analytical fingerprint data (mainly UHPLC-MS data) and bioactivity data allow us to pinpoint the constituents with high activity so that they can be isolated in a targeted manner [5, 6]. Selected examples of recent projects will be presented in this talk. Most of our work on antiprotozoal NPs was performed in various collaborations within the Research Network Natural Products against Neglected Diseases (www.ResNetNPND.org), founded in 2011. A short description of this network and its joint efforts to find new active compounds against neglected diseases will be given. References: 1. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. J. Nat. Prod. 2016; 79: 629−661. 2. Schmidt TJ et al. Current Med. Chem. 2012; 19: 2128-2175 and 2176-2228. 3. Herrmann FC et al. Molecules 2015; 20: 16154-16169 4. Schmidt TJ et al. Antimicr. Agents Chemother. 2014; 58: 325−332. 5. Ellendorff T et al. Molecules 2015; 20: 10082-10094. 6. Nogueira MS et al. submitted.

mailto:thomschm@uni%e2%80%90muenster.de


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PL 3 I HAVE YOU UNDER MY SKIN: PLANT ENDOPHYTIC INTERACTION AND THEIR ROLE IN NATURAL PRODUCTS

CHEMISTRY

Michael Spiteller and Souvik Kusari Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund,

Germany [email protected]

Endophytic microorganisms (endophytes) constitute a remarkably multifarious group of polyphyletic fungi and bacteria ubiquitous in plants, and maintain an imperceptible dynamic association with their hosts for at least a part of their life cycle. Their enormous biological diversity coupled with their capability to biosynthesize bioactive secondary metabolites has provided the impetus for a number of investigations on endophytes. Given the central role of chemical crosstalk in plants and associated endophytes, it is compelling that certain so-called communication molecules form the basis of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect the nature, distribution, and amount of these communication molecules and how they impact the interaction between endophytes and associated organisms (including host plant, associated endophytes, and invading pathogens) is essential to gain fundamental insights on endophytic biosynthetic pathways in distinct ecological niches. The chemistry behind these associations involved in the endophytic production of functionally important compounds, including those mimetics to associated host plants, should be elucidated to apprehend the ‘triggers’ of such interaction, elucidate the true ‘source’ organisms producing these compounds. The above issues will be addressed with recent examples from our group.

References: Kusari S, Spiteller M.; Nat Prod Rep 2011, 28: 1203-1207 Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M.; Chem Biol 2012, 19: 792-798 Kusari P, Kusari S, Eckelmann D, Zühlke S, Kayser O, Spiteller M.; RSC Adv 2016, 6: 10011-10016 Kusari, S.; Tatsimo, S.J.; Zühlke, S., Spiteller, M.; Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. 2016, 55-240-253


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PL 4 THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE PROGRAM - LONG TERM SPONSORSHIP OF BASIC SCIENCES AND NEW REQUIREMENTS

ON THE DEMONSTRATION OF RESULTS

Peter Sundin International Science Programme (ISP), International Programme in Chemical Sciences (IPICS), Programme

Director, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

The International Science Programme at Uppsala University, Sweden, has been supporting basic sciences in lower income countries since 1961, financed by the Swedish government. The long-term nature of ISP support is well exemplified by NAPRECA, conceived in 1984 and having received continuous ISP support since 1988. ISP's main financial contributor since 1965, the Swedish International Development Support Agency (Sida), has recent years been instructed by the Swedish government to impose a results based management approach to its supported activities, including ISP. The reason for this is the Swedish' tax-payers right to know which results are achieved through the government expenditures on development support. For ISP, this has meant the need to formulate better defined and more stringent objectives, in agreement with Swedish and international development support policies, and to focus on selected outcomes particularly relating to these objectives. ISP's reporting system has therefore been deepened and expanded, which allows for better demonstration and understanding of the success of ISP-supported activities, such as NAPRECA. The system will be briefly described, and examples of results given. Besides demonstrating the achievement of scientific quality results, the Swedish government requires knowledge also about the long-term impact of support. Consequently, ISP has launched tracer studies of students graduated in supported


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PL 5 BIOPIRACY OF GENETIC RESOURCES AND AFRICAN INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE

WITHIN THE REALM OF NAGOYA PROTOCOL

Sami A. Khalid1,2

1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan. 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

[email protected]

African biodiversity, coupled with the deeply rooted ethnobotanical heritage, has already contributed many novel chemical entities of potent phytotherapeutics. Nevertheless, Africa remains an untapped reservoir of discovery of novel phytochemical entities.

Although more than 30,000 species have been reported to occur in tropical Africa, this phytochemical biodiversity has not yet been realized due to unmatched slowdown in bioprospecting of the African plants. Paradoxically, despite the unprecedented worldwide upsurge in demand for medicinal plants as starting material for the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, dietary supplements, and cosmetics, the sales of botanicals of the entire African content of raw, processed, and finished herbal products, contributes less than 1% of total market of the U.S., which is estimated to reaching $17.5 billion. All factors involving this situation such as lack of quality standards, lack of public and private sectors partnership will be enumerated in the presentation.

Considering the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol and the goals set out in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, notably Aichi Target 16, the presentation will be instrumental in appraising and illustrating the different options and approaches that African countries have directed substantial efforts towards their implementation. Other challenges which are currently confronting the adoption, implementation, and enforcement of the ABS agreement at the African national levels will be addressed.

Regrettably several fundamental problems violate the benefit sharing concept within the Africa context; among them standing very prominently, the ownership rights to biological resource or indigenous knowledge, national versus local benefits, value addition, and knowledge mining.

The presentation intends to highlight the drawbacks and bringing to the forefront the different co-ordinated approaches that have been implemented across Africa coupled with the identification of the opportunities in existing modalities with special reference to bioprospecting of natural products, intellectual property rights, TRIPS, and indigenous knowledge within the realm of phytomedicine.

Selected References: Khalid, S.A Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery Against Neglected Diseases with Special Reference to African Natural Resources, K. Chibale et al. (eds.), Drug Discovery in Africa, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012, pp. 211-237 .

mailto:[email protected]


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PL 6 POTENTIAL OF GUM ARABIC AS A PREBIOTIC AND COLONIC FOOD FOR GUT HEALTH: GAPS IN RESEARCH AND

APPLICATIONS

Mohammed Zain Ali

Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan

Background: Despite the antiquity of Gum Arabic export and trading from Sudan, industrial uses were

limited to the emulsification and surface active interactions. The present interest in prebiotic sources

opened venues for its uses via fermentation in the colon that results in a large number of physiologic

effects, including, increasing the numbers of bifidobacteria in the colon, Ca absorption, fecal weight

and SCFA. All achieved through appropriate synbiosis combinations of prebiotics and probiotics.

This presentation looks at the potentials of Gum Arabic as colonic food for some health impacts

Methods: Overviewing recent methods in gut model forms, phenotypic and genotypic procedures and

detection procedures for symbiotic products of Gum Arabic varieties, as prebiotic, in synbiosis with

some identified probiotic strains. Characterization methods of different varieties of Gum Arabic will

be highlighted.

Results: Physicochemical properties of Gum Arabic associated with physiological effects in human

gut, such as solubility, viscosity, fermentability, particle size, adsorption and water holding capacity

will be discussed. Compliance of Gum Arabic he three criteria of a prebiotic; namely, selectivity,

activity (ies) and conferring to one or more of selectively stimulated genus (era)/species will be

tackled. Benefits of Gum Arabic in the colon, including its low calorie content, significant SCF

synthesis from fermentation in the colon, maintenance of mucosal tissues will be demonstrated.

Physiological effects attributed to Gum Arabic intake, falling into the two main categories of either

local effects or via systemic effects, which are observed outside the large intestine, together with stool

parameters will be reviewed

Challenges and gaps facing physiological uptake of Gum Arabic are related to i. Structural issues,

where it contains heterogeneous compounds; ii. Needs for well-designed human intervention studies

and iii. Mechanisms of interactions between specific Gum Arabic variety, specific microbiota, and

host health

Conclusion: Gum Arabic is a potential healthy diet, showing association between intake and increased

fecal bulking, decreased transit time, reduction of postprandial glycemic response, maintenance of

normal blood cholesterol levels, improving resistance against pathogenic colonization, the integrity of

the epithelial layer, increase mineral absorption, and of positive impact the immune system.

Formation of SCFAs often used to explain these effects together with the positive impact on

microbiota composition and activity.

References: Binns, N (2013). Probiotics, prebiotics and gut microbiota. ILSI Europe. Brussels, Belgium Wedajo, B. (2015). Lactic Acid Bacteria: Benefits, selection criteria and probiotic potential in fermented food. J Prob Health 3: 129. doi:10.4172/2329-8901.1000129 McCleary, BV and Prosky Leon. (2011) Advanced Dietary Fibre Technology. Blackwell Scientific


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Short Lectures Abstracts


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SL1 CYTOTOXICITY OF THE SESQUITERPENE LACTONES NEOAMBROSIN AND DAMSIN FROM AMBROSIA MARITIMA

AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT CANCER CELLS

Mohamed Saeeda, Stefan Jacobb, Louis P. Sandjoc,e, Yoshikazu Sugimotof, Hassan E. Khalidd,

Till Opatze, Eckhard Thinesb,g, and Thomas Efferth*a

Abstract:

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a prevailing phenomenon leading to chemotherapy treatment failure in

cancer patients. In the current study two known cytotoxic pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones;

neoambrosin (1) and damsin (2) that circumvent MDR were identified. The two cytotoxic compounds

were isolated using column chromatography, characterized using 1D and 2D NMR, MS and compared

with literature values. The isolated compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic potential using

resazurin assays and thereafter confirmed with immunoblotting and in silico studies. MDR cells

overexpressing ABC transporters (P-glycoprotein, BCRP, ABCB5) did not confer cross-resistance

towards neoambrosin (1) and damsin (2), indicating that these compounds are not appropriate

substrates for any of the three ABC transporters analyzed. Resistance mechanisms investigated also

included; the loss of the functions of the tumor suppressor TP53 and the mutated epidermal growth

factor receptor (EGFR). The HCT116 p53−/− cells were sensitive to 1 but resistant to 2. It was

interesting to note that resistant cells transfected with oncogenic ΔEGFR exhibited hypersensitivity

(collateral sensitivity) towards neoambrosin (1) and damsin (2) (degrees of resistances were 0.18 and

0.15 for (1) and (2), respectively). Immunoblotting and in silico analyses revealed that 1 and 2

silenced c-Src kinase activity. It was hypothesized that inhibition of c-Src kinase activity may explain

collateral sensitivity in EGFR-transfected cells. In conclusion, the significant cytotoxicity of 1 and 2

against different drug-resistant tumor cell lines indicate that they may be promising candidates to treat

refractory tumors (1).

References: 1. Saeed, Mohamed, et al. "Cytotoxicity of the sesquiterpene lactones neoambrosin and damsin

from Ambrosia maritima against multidrug-resistant cancer cells." Frontiers in pharmacology 6 (2015).


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SL2 ETHNO BOTANY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOTOXIC

ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN

KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA

Dominic O. Ochwang’i1,*, Charles N. Kimwele2, Jemimah A. Oduma3, Peter K. Gathumbi4 ,Thomas Efferth5, ,Stephen G. Kiama6

1Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Permanent address: P.O BOX 3709- 00100,Nairobi.Email: [email protected]; Phone:+254 723

75 9997;corresponding author.; 2, 3Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Email: [email protected];; 4Department of

Veterinary Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197-00100,Nairobi, Kenya; Email: [email protected]

5 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Tel: +493925751; E-mail: efferth@uni-

mainz.de; 6 College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, P.O Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, Email: [email protected]

Absract

Background: The present study identified and documented, screened for phytochemicals and performed cytotoxicity studies on medicinal plants used for treatment/management of cancer by communities living in Kakamega County which is adjacent to the Kakamega forest, Kenya. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey using questionnaires administered to 32 randomly selected herbalists from Kakamega County was done (Ochwang’i et al., 2014). Phytochemical constituents of 35 selected anticancer medicinal plant extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) for alkaloids, anthraquinones, xanthines, valepotriates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, essential oils, coumarins, lignans, saponins and arbutin compounds (Ochwang’i et al., 2016) Cytotoxicity assays against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells were done to selected medicinal plants. Results: In this survey a total of 65 plants belonging to 59 genera and 32 families were cited as

being important in treatment of cancer. Freshly or dried leaves and stem bark were the most

frequently used plant parts and the oral route exclusively used for administration of their

prescriptions for treatment of cancer that were mostly concoctions. The phytochemical distribution

in the 35 plants included: 71.4% alkaloids, 57.1% anthraquinones, 94.2% xanthines, 82.8%

valepotriates, 94.2% cardioactive glycosides, 82.8% flavonoids, 77.1% essential oils, 85.7%

coumarin drugs, 68.5% lignans, 80% saponins and 62.85% arbutin drugs. We demonstrated the in

vitro cytotoxic potential of 34 organic and 19 aqueous extracts of medicinal plants used in

Kakamega County, Kenya. Some of the extracts revealed good activity against both sensitive and

MDR cancer cell lines.

Conclusions: Our findings provided evidence that crude organic and inorganic solvent extracts of

these tested plants contain medicinally important bioactive compounds and provide a rational basis

for their use in traditional medicine. Cytotoxicity studies reveal that the plants form a potential pool

for further exploration in cancer chemotherapy.

References:

Ochwang’i DO et al, Aromat Plants (Los Angel) 2016,5: 277. Ochwang’i DO, et al, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2014, 151: 1040-1055.







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SL3 ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF STEPHANIA

ABYSSINICA VAR. ABYSSINICA ROOT FROM SOUTH SUDAN

*Anthony Loperito Loki1, Sumesh C. Chhabra2, Joseph J. N. Ngeranwa3 and Jeremiah W. Gathirwa4, Hassen. I. Nimir 5

1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Juba, South Sudan, Juba. 2Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.

3Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. 4Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.

5Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, *Correspondent author, email: [email protected]

Abstract Background: Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.) Walp. (Dikori Timelo) (Menispermaceae family) traditionally used in South Sudan to treat a number of diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the root of S. Ayssinica var. Abyssinica from South Sudan flora. Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined as antiradical efficiency with diphenyl picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical methods and cytotoxic assay was undertaken using vero cell lines. Results: S. Abyssinca root contained terpenoid, phenolic compounds, flavonoid and alkaloid. The methanol extract of S. Abyssinica root showed the highest antiradical efficiency (AE=115 ×10−3) against DPPH radicals and hydroxyl (AE=87 ×10−3 ) radicals. Petroleum ether showed high cytotoxicity (LC50= 61.348 µg/mL) among its organic extracts against vero. Conclusions: It is suggested that active compounds of S.abyssinica root solved in methanol play a role to modulate free radical activity and inhibit the growth of vero cell lines. The substances can be considered as potential antioxidant and cytotoxic agents as well as imminent candidate for cancer therapy.



14

SL4 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF EXTRACTS FROM STERCULIA SETIGERA DEL.

Nahla M. M. Taha1 and Barakat M. Mudawi2 1Department of chemistry, medicine college, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan

2Department of chemistry, Science college, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

Background: Sterculia setigera, family Sterculiaceae, is a multifunctional tree used in Sudan traditional medicine. The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of extracts of different parts of Sterculia setigera at different concentrations.

Methods:The fresh fruits, seeds, stem barks, and roots of Sterculia setigera, Del. were collected from Umabdalla village, Southern Kordofan state, western of Sudan. The air dried parts were coarsely powdered. Then extracted successively with petroleum ether and 80 % ethanol using shaker extractor apparatus (maceration). The antioxidant activity was measured spectrophotometrically using the stable free radical 1, 1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH assay according to Shimada et al. 1992, with a slight modification. 1 Then the concentration required to scavenge 50% of DPPH (IC50) was calculated for samples exhibit scavenging activity >80% (Table2). Cytotoxicity screening was determined by exposing the African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells) to different concentrations of the ethanolic extracts.2 CC50, the concentration required to kill or cause visible changes in 50% of intact Vero cells was calculated.

Results:Antioxidant assay was carried out on both ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts for seeds, fruits, leaves, stem bark, and roots (Table1). The ethanolic extract of the fruits showed maximum scavenging activity 91.81±0.02 followed by ethanolic extract of stem bark 86±0.09 then ethanolic

extract of leaves 85±0.03 at 500 μg mL-1. CC50 values for ethanolic extracts (100) indicate non cytotoxic to Vero cells (Table3).

Conclusion: This study shows that Sterculia setigera ethanolic extracts have great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for nutritional and medicinal functions.

Selected References:

1. Shimada K, Fujikawa K, Yahara K,and Nakamura T. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the antioxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Agric Food Chem 1992; 40(6):945-8.

2. Wilson A P. Cytotoxicity and viability assays in animal cell culture; a practical approach. 3rd ed. (Masters JR, editor) Chapter 7. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000; 175-219.


15

SL5 ANTIPROTOZOAL NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM SELECTED KENYAN PLANTS OF THE FAMILY ASTERACEAE

Njogu M. Kimani 1, Josphat Matasyoh 2, Marcel Kaiser 3,4, Reto Brun 3,4 and Thomas J. Schmidt 1

1Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus

Corrensstraße 48, Münster D-48149, Germany; Email: [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (T.J.)

2Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya; Email:

[email protected] 3Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland; Email:

[email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (R.B.) 4University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel CH-4003, Switzerland

Abstract Background: Through our sustained search for antiprotozoal agents in plants of the family Asteraceae, we have reported interestingly potent natural products particularly sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) (1). Here, we have investigated the Asteraceae Schkuhria pinnata, Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Vernonia lasiopus collected in Kenya.

Methods: Bioactivity guided isolation of secondary metabolites from dichloromethane extracts obtained from aerial parts of the three plants have yielded 29 STLs; 3 new and 19 known from S. pinnata, 6 elemanolide type from V. lasiopus and two more from T. camphoratus. Additionally, the flavonoid pectolinarigenin and benzenepropanol were isolated from S. pinnata. These compounds were identified through analysis of their HR-MS and 1D and 2D NMR data in comparison with literature data (2,3). In vitro antiprotozoal activity and cytotoxicity against mammalian cells (L6 cell line) were determined for all the compounds.

Results: Santhemoidin A was the most active from S. pinnata with an IC50 value of 0.10 µM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) trypomastigotes and a selectivity index (SI) of 21.5. From T. camphoratus, 3-oxo-1,2-dehydrocostic acid displayed IC50 values of 2.8 µM and 0.18 µM against Tbr and L. donovani amastigotes and SI values of 6.2 and 95.4 respectively. Vernolepin, from V. lasiopus, displayed an IC50 value of 0.19 µM against Tbr and an SI value of 14.5.

Conclusion: These bioactivity data complement previous data obtained in our group and give more insights into structure- anti-trypanosomal activity relationships of STLs and warrant further detailed studies on the mechanism of action (1).

References:

1. Schmidt TJ, Da Costa FB, Lopes NP, Kaiser M, Brun R. In silico prediction and experimental evaluation of furanoheliangolide sesquiterpene lactones as potent agents against Tbr. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(1):325–32.

2. Ganzer U, Jakupovic J. Schkuhripinnatolides, Unusual sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata. Phytochemistry. 1990;29(2):535–9.

3. Jakupovic J, Baruah RN, Thi TV, Bohlmann F, Msonthi JD, Schmeda-Hirschmann G. New Vernolepin Derivatives from Vernonia glabra and Glaucolides from Vernonia scorpioides. Planta Med. 1985;51(5):378–80.




16

SL6 THE KENYAN HIGHER PLANT DIVERSITY- A SOURCE OF ANTI-PARASITIC COMPOUNDS FOR NEGLECTED TROPICAL

DISEASES

1Jacob O Midiwo, 1Aggrey Akimanya, 1Kerubo Omosa, 1Beth Ndunda, 1Boniface Muimi, 2Muhammad Ilias, and 2Larry Walker

1Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 2Natural Products Center, Department of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.

Kenya is endowed with a rich higher plant biodiversity with certain areas being declared biodiversity hotspots. There is a strong folk lore on usage of higher plants for ethno-medication by all ethnic groups in the country; indeed certain plants are used across several ethnic groups for the same application(s). To bridge the gap in lack of development of new molecule drug candidates by Big Pharma for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), several tropical research groups have taken to surveying medicinal plants for compounds that are active against micro-organisms which cause NTDs.

In a bioassay accompanied study of the Kenyan medicinal plants, the extracts of Albizia schimperiana, Abrus schimperi, Clerodendrum eriophyllum, Sphaeranthus bullatus, Terminalia brownii, Polygonum senegalense, and Dodonae angustifolia, Croton alienus and compounds isolated from them were found to have activity towards Plasmodium falciparum chloroquin sensitive and resistant strains significantly. Their activity against Leshmania donovani promastigotes were also observed. The extracts and compounds also showed strong activity towards a battery of pathogenic bacterial and fungal organisms- C. neoformans, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, E. coli, M. intracellulare, A. fumigatus. All the plants yielded reasonably active pure compounds; the most active compounds were from A. schimperiana in which the IC50 value of the budmunchiamine spermine alkaloids in the range of 120-270 ng/ml which are almost at the level of activity of chloroquin 135 ng/ml and artemisinin 6 ng/ml against W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The IC50 for the compounds isolated from this plant towards the Leshmania donovanii promastigotes ranged from 1.2 to 3.4 µg/ml which is an indication of significant activity. Some of the compounds isolated from the other plants also had good individual activities.


17

SL7 PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF PENTAS SPECIES (RUBIACEAE) TOWARDS MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA

Abiy Yenesew1, Negera Abdissa1, Milkyas Endale1, Hoseah M. Akala2 and Máté Erdélyi3

1Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya;

2United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, MRU 64109, APO, AE 09831-4109, United States; 3 Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.

Abstract According to some estimates, malaria is responsible for the death of half of all people who ever lived.1 To date approximately 40% of the world’s population is exposed to it2 and out of the yearly 225 million clinical episodes, 781 000 are lethal. Malaria is the leading cause of mortality among African children under 5 years of age and of pregnant women. It has a serious economic impact through loss of commercial and labor outputs.2,3. In developing countries where malaria is prevalent, the efficacy of antimalarial drugs is declining rapidly. Moreover the few effective antimalarials available are unaffordable to the majority.4,5 Of the different approaches towards the management of malaria, chemotherapeutics remains the principal tool and will likely remain so in the near future.6 Since all first-line antimalarials are natural products or their derivatives,7 evaluation of plants which are used in indigenous medicines still is a promising route of novel antiplasmodial leads. Pentas species (Rubiaceae) are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria in Africa and Asia. Our investigation on P. longiflora resulted in the identification of quinines of which pyranonaphthoquinones (1, 2) showing potent antiplasmodial activity.7 Antiplasmodial anthraquinones were also isolated from the roots of P. lanceolata.7 From Pentas bussei, a plant which is used for treatment of malaria at the Kenyan we have isolated geranylated (3) and dimeric (4) naphthalene derivatives 8. The structure elucidation by the use of advanced spectroscopic techniques and the antiplasmodial activities will be presented.

References

1 Curr. Med. Chem. 2005, 12, 2539. 2 Malaria 2006, 5, 76. 3 Nature 2002, 415, 680. 4 Brit. Med. J. 2004, 329, 1156. 5 Adv. Parasit. 2001, 50, 199. 6 Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2009, 8, 879-891.

7. J.Nat. Prod. 2012, 75, 1299. 8 J. Nat. Prod., 2016, 79 , pp 2181.


18

SL 8 NIGERIAN LICHENS: SOURCES OF ANTI-PLASMODIAL METABOLITES FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT

Afieroho OE1*, Krause RWM2, Siwe Noundou X2, Isaacs M2, Aptroot A3, Olley L4 and Abo KA1

1Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

3The ABL National Herbarium, Netherland 4The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +2348063432417

Abstract

Background: Major setbacks to the eradication of malaria endemicity globally have been resistance

to the conventional drugs. This study investigated the anti-plasmodial and cytotoxic potentials of the

foliose lichen Dirinaria picta epiphytic on the oil palm tree.

Methods: The dried and pulverised thalli were cold macerated for 72 hours with chloroform to obtain

the chloroform (LC) extract. Anti-plasmodial activity was done in vitro using the PLDH assay method

with chloroquine as reference drug for comparison. Mammalian cell toxicity assay was done in vitro

against HeLa cells line with emetine as reference drug for comparison. The constituents of the LC

were separated using chromatography techniques while the structure of purified compound was

elucidated using spectroscopic techniques.

Results: A novel antiplasmodial depside 1 (antiplasmodial IC50 =25µg/mL; mammalian cell toxicity

(IC50 >100 µg/mL) was isolated and characterized.

Conclusion: This study reports for the first time the potential of Nigerian lichens in the management

of malaria infections.


19

SL9 COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PYROLYSIS LIQUIDS FROM HERBS USED TRADITIONALLY IN UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ORAL INFECTIONS RELIEF

Itmad Awad Elhassan

Industrial Research and Consultancy Centre, Khartoum, Sudan, Email: [email protected]

Background: In Sudan, inhaling the smoke produced from burning of certain herbs is practiced for treatment of certain disorders associated with upper respiratory tract or mouth infections. Therefore, it is interesting to determine the composition of the smoke produced upon burning these materials in order to assess the type and effect of compounds that inhaled by the patients. Two popular herbs used are Haplophyllum tuberculatum aereal parts and Acacia nilotica pods. The objective of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the condensable pyrolysate from H. tuberculatum aereal parts and A. nilotica pods.

Methods: About 50 grams from each herbal sample were subjected to pyrolysis. The pyrolysis liquid (PL) phases (oily and aqueous) were separated and analyzed using GC-MS technique to identify their constituents. The antibacterial activity of the two phases, against B. subtilis, Staph. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, were evaluated using the disk diffusion method; the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method.

Results: H. tuberculatum aerial parts yielded 30% LP, 3% of which was oily phase (pyrolytic oil); its GC-MS revealed identification of 85 compounds, comprised mainly simple phenolics (42.63%), e.g. guaiacol (4.55%), p-cresol (4.17%), syringol (3.93%) and phenol (3.59%). A. nilotica pods yielded (20%) LP, 6% of which was pyrolytic oil. Among the 46 compounds identified, pyrogallol (66.55%) and catechol (18.83%) were the major constituents. Aqueous phase of LP from both herbs contained traces of aqueous soluble compounds.

Pyrolytic oils from both H. tuberculatum aerial parts and A. nilotica pods exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against the tested organisms until the concentration 6.25 µg/ml. The activity of the pyrolytic oils may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds which are known for their antimicrobial activity. 1,2 The S.aureus which is responsible for throat and mouth infections was inhibited by the pyrolytic oil from the two herbs. This response may justify the relief of throat and mouth infections by inhaling the smoke produced upon burning these materials. Aqueous phase of LP from both herbs were absolutely inactive against the tested microorganisms.

Conclusion: Medicinal plants containing bio-active extactives can be used in production of what is known as “bio-oil” which is obtained by pyrolysis of the biomass; and find a wide range of applications in different industrial fields, including pharmaceuticals.

References: Heather MA, Cavanagh HM, Jenny MW. Antibacterial activity of berry fruits used for culinary purposes. J. Med. Food. 2004 July; 6(1): 57-61. Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kähkönen M.( 2000). Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2000 May; 56(1):3-12.



20

SL 10 THE EFFECTS OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF

SUDANESE GREWIA VILLOSA FRUITS ON HEMATOLOGICAL

PARAMETERS AND CORRECTION OF ANEMIA IN RATS

Sara El kheir Mustafa1*, Rafiah Awad Mohamed2 Khansa dafalla makki1 ,Hagar Bahar mohammed1, Wad Abdulaziz Saad1, Fatima Abdulaziz Mohammed1

1Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology,

Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Khartoum, Sudan. 2Alrashad Center, Ministry of Social Development , Khartoum, Sudan.

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Abstract Background: Grewia Villosa ( Tiliaceae) is a wild plant grows in Western parts of Sudan, known for its edible fruits[1]. This study was carried out to investigate the possible effects of Grewia Villosa fruit extracts in the correction of anemia using albino rats. Methods:Grewia villosa fruits were investigated for their chemical composition , iron content , vitamin C and One types of anemia was chosen for the study: nutritional anemia (by using nutritionally iron- deficient rats). A constant dose of 300g and 400 /kg body weight of G villosa ethanolic extract were used to evaluate the possible effects of this plants on various hematological parameters of rats [2]. Results: The results indicated that the carbohydrate, protein and fiber content of Grewia villosa fruits were 42.4, 20.3 and 10.7% respectively. The seed oil was extracted, the results indicated an oil content of 3.7% .Vitamin C and iron content of G. villosa fruit were 67.4mg/100g and 48.8mg/g respectively. Studies carried out on iron-deficient anemic rats revealed that G.villosa (300 mg) has raised the hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts of the rats, but with no effect on other hematological parameters. Conclusion: The results of this study potentially show that the fruits of the studied Grewia villosa are rich in nutrients and precipitate by some level on the treatment of anemia when used in smaller doses (300mg) for a limited period of time. Grewia villosa, Nutritional Anemia,Sudan References: 1. Elhassan .GOM and. Yagi SM. Nutritional Composition of Grewia Species (Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori, G. flavescens Juss and G. Villosa Willd) Fruits, Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol.2010;2(3): 159-162. 2. Saleh IA, Shams Kh A, Tawfik WA A, Habib A A, Hassan RA, Shahat AA, Aboutabl EA, Hammouda FM, Abdel-azim N. Investigation of the Lipid and Carbohydrate Contents of Grewia tenax forssk. Fruits & Evaluation of Hepatoprotection Activity, Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7(5):179-182.



21

SL 11 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR

TERPENOIDS FROM TARCONANTHUS CAMPHORATUS L.

(ASTERACEAE) WITH ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Wadah J.A. Osman1, Hassan Khalid1, Ramzi A Mothana2, Mona S. Mohammed1

1Department of Pharmacognosy-Faculty of Pharmacy-University of Khartoum-Sudan 2Department of Pharmacognosy-Faculty of Pharmacy-King Saud University

Abstract

Recently, scientists are concerned with infectious and non-communicable diseases as a major problem

worldwide [1]. Although several controlled strategies were implemented to combat inflammation, yet

the emergence and dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains of some microorganisms remains a

great challenge [2]. This has called for searching for new agents with antimicrobial activity. It worth

noting that medicinal plants are continuous sources of new molecules some with structural novelty [3]

The antimicrobial evaluation was carried out, using the agar dilution method.The antimicrobial assay

was performed with Gram positive bacterial: Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 26633), Staphylococcus aureus

(ATCC 25923), Gram negative bacterial (Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Psuedomonas aeruginosa

(ATCC 27853), Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC 35797) and Fungi: Candida albicans (ATCC

10331). All the microorganisms were the maintained on trypticase-soy agar slants and recovered for

testing by growth in trypticase-soy broth for 24 hr.

The bioactivity-guided isolation of T. camphoratus in the current study resulted in isolation and

identification of two sesquiterpenes; trifloculoside and parthenolide, in addition to two pentacyclic-

triterpens knwon as lupeol and erythrodiol. The isolated compounds were subjected to antimicrobial

tests. The two sesquiterpenes and lupeol showed antimicrobial activity with MIC values range from

25 µg/ml-1000µg/ml. Trifloculoside, lupeol and erythrodiol are reported for the first time from the T.

camphoratus


22

SL 12 TOXIC EFFECT OF IPOMEA CARNEA LEAVES ON WISTAR RATS

Amna Ali1*, E.H. Abdelgadir1 and S.E.I. Adam2

1*National Centre for Research, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research Institute and Traditional Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry.P.O.Box:2402.Khartoum. Sudan.

1National Centre for Research, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research Institute and Traditional Medicine, Department of pharmacology and toxicology.P.O.Box:2402.Khartoum. Sudan.

2El Neelain University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.P.O.Box.12702. Khartoum. Sudan.

Abstract

Ipomoea carnea is known as an ornamental hedge plant in Sudan, its use traditionally to treat gastric and intestinal disorders, diabetes mellitus and have antifungal activity against Alternaria alternate and Curvularia lunata. Because that many cases of poisoning by plants occur from over dosage because of the absence of standardized dosage system in herbal medicine. The toxicity of Sudanese Ipomoea carnea in calves, sheep and goats has been described and there is no studies have so far been carried out in rodents or chickens. The present study was, therefore, planned to investigate the effects of low levels of dietary I.carnea leaves on growth, vital organs of the body, haematological and serobiochemical parameters of Wistar rats. The leaves of ipomoea carnea were fed to male wistar rats at 2 and 10% of standard diet for 21 days. Locomotor disturbance, loss of hair and reflexes and interohepatonephropathy were observed in the rats fed a diet containing 10% I. carnea leaves, these changes were accompanied by leukocytosis with significant differences, anemia and significantly differences in serum Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) activity and urea concentration and by significant change in albumin level. The effect on rats fed a diet containing 2% I. carnea leaves is less marked.


23

SL13 THE PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS OF THREE KENYAN CROTON SPECIES

Ndunda Berth

University of Nairobi, Department of Chemistry

Abstract

Three Kenyan Croton species (Euphorbiaceae), C. megalocarpoides Friis and Gilbert, C. alienus Pax and C. sylvaticus Hochst were investigated for their phytochemistry and biological activity relevancies. Twelve new ent-clerodane and a new abietane diterpenoid alongside the known crotocorylifuran, two known abietane and four known ent-trachylobane diterpenoids, and the triterpenoids, lupeol and acetyl aleurotolic acid, were isolated from the roots of C. megalocarpoides. Two novel compounds, alienusolin, a 4α-deoxyphorbol ester, crotonimide C, a glutarimide alkaloid derivative, and ten known compounds, julocrotine, crotepoxide, monodeacetyl crotepoxide , dideacetylcrotepoxide, , β-senepoxide, α-senepoxide,(+)-(2S,3R-diacetoxy-1-benzoyloxymethylenecyclohex-4,6-diene,benzyl benzoate, acetyl aleuritolic and 24-ethylcholesta-4,22-dien-3-one were isolated from C. alienus. C. sylvaticus gave four clerodane diterpenoids, the new ent-3,13E-clerodadiene-15-formate, the known 15-acetoxy-ent-3,13E-clerodadiene, ent-3,13E-clerodadien-15-ol and hardwickiic acid; two known halimane diterpenoids, penduliflaworosin and crotohalimaneic acid ; one labdane diterpenoid, labda-13E-ene-8α,15-diol and the rampant stigmasterol. All the tested compounds were inactive at the tested concentration for antimicrobial and antifungal activities (Bacillus subtilis, Xanthomonas campestris and Candida albicans; IC50>20 µg/mL), antiplasmodial activities against P. falciparum D6 and W2 (IC50>4.76 µg/mL), antileishmanial activities against Leishmania donovanii (IC50 and IC90 > 40µg / mL) and cytotoxicity studies against VERO cells (IC50>4.76 µg/mL).


24

SL 14 COOKED HOME-MADE MEDIA USED FROM NATURAL PLANTS RESOURCES FOR ISOLATION AND DENTIFICAION AND

PRESERVATION SOME PATHOGENIC FUNGI

Nadir musa khalil abuzeid 1, Najemeldeen Mohammed Osman Elhassan2, Ahamed Saeed Kabbashi3, Waleed sayed koko4

1Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic

University, P.O.Box 382 Omdurman, Sudan, [email protected]), 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and technology, Omdurman Islamic University,

Omdurman, P.O.Box 382 Sudan, [email protected]), 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, International

University of Africa. P.O. Box 2469 Khartoum, Sudan,[email protected] 4College of Science and Arts in Rass, University of Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,

[email protected]

Background: The flora of Sudan consists of 3137 documented species of flowering plants belonging to 170 families and 1280 genera. It is estimated that 15% of these plants are endemic to Sudan. This is study aim to evaluate cooked home-made media used from natural plants resources for isolation and identification and preservation some pathogenic fungi instead of using high cost commercial media which brought from abroad. Methods: Tested standard strains of pathogenic fungi include medical important yeasts and moulds were obtained from Sudanese National Health laboratory. more than 30 plant items, such as, legumes and seeds, fresh vegetables and fruits were purchased from local markets of Khartoum state, Sudan. For broth media 100/50 grams weight of each sample cited was weighed in a flask, 500 ml of distilled water were added and bioled and filtared and sterilized by autoclaves and then Agar were added for solid media and with or without four sugars. The PH and temperature and mass value were measured for each media. Results: The seven strains of medical important yeasts strains and 8 strains of moulds were grown on cooked home-made media from different sources compared to the rate growth with standard media used. The PH and temperature and mass value were measured for each media and revealed various measurements were between (2.7 to 11) and (20 to 60 ºC) and (0.82 to 143) respectively. Conclusion: The cooked home-made media are proof as good quality for isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi due to their simplicity and economy and its freshness and validity in compring with standard media used. Select plants revealed successful instead of Sabouraud dextrose agar and Cornmeal agar.

References: 1.Reddy, A. K., U. Brahmaiah, N. Narayen, R. K. Reddy, R. K. Reddy, M. Chitta, S. Prasad, R. Swarup, S. M. Mohiuddin, M. Reddy, M. K. Aasuri, B. S. Murthy, M. Bhide and S. Ahmed. "Is blood agar an alternative to sabouraud dextrose agar for the isolation of fungi in patients with mycotic keratitis." Int Ophthalmol (2013)33(3): 251-254. 2. Straatsma, G., A. S. Sonnenberg and L. J. van Griensven. "Development and growth of fruit bodies and crops of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus." Fungal Biol (2013)117(10): 697-707.




mailto:@yahoo.com


25

SL15 EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS, NUCLEIC ACID LEAKAGE POTENTIAL AND HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF

TRIUMFETTA WELWITSCHII EXTRACTS ON BACTERIA

M. Mombeshora and S. Mukanganyama

Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare. Zimbabwe

Abstract

Background: Various plants are used as a foundation for traditional practices of treatment and while some societies may be sceptical of any therapeutic value, more and more beneficial effects are being demonstrated. Ethnomedicinal use of plant phytochemicals may provide a lead to develop new antimicrobial agents. There is need to investigate the efficacy and safety profiles of components of phytochemicals in order to develop new antimicrobial agents that can be used to complement the current synthetic antibiotics.

Methods: Triumfetta welwitschii is a plant that has been used traditionally to treat diarrhoea and fever in some African countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities, possible mode of action and haemolytic effect of extracts from the leaves of T. welwitschii. Crude extracts were obtained using six solvents by the cold maceration technique. The in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of crude extracts was done on 8 bacterial isolates using the broth microdilution method and MTT assay. The effect of the most potent extracts on nucleic acid leakage and haemolysis was determined using the propidium iodide assay and the haemolytic assay.

Results: The results showed that the acetone, ethanol and total extracts had the most potent antibacterial inhibitory activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). All three extracts caused nucleic acid leakage from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Haemolytic activity was between 3 % and 15 % for all tested extracts.

Conclusion:The presence of antibacterial activities of the crude extracts on tested bacteria may be an indication that the plant may be a source of antimicrobials. Nucleic acid leakage is one mode of action of antibacterial activity of the potent extracts. The extracts are low on cytotoxicity as suggested by the low haemolytic effect.

References: Moyo B and Mukanganyama S. Antibacterial effects of Cissus welwitschii and Triumfetta welwitschii extracts against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Bacteriology, 2015 Article ID 162028, pp. 1-10.


26

SL 16 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, PHYTOCHEMICAL

SCREENING AND CYTOTOXICITY OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA

(CALYX)

Ali M. Badri1,Mohamed I. Garbi1, Mahmmoud S. Saleh1, Ibrahim T. Ibrahim1, Suha F.

Mohammed1, Muddathir S. Alhassan2, Ahmed A. Elshikh3 and Ahmed S. Kabbashi1 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, International University of Africa. P.O.

Box 2469, Khartoum, Sudan. 2Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute (MAPTMRI), P.O. Box 2404,

National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan. 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, International University of Africa. P.O. Box

2469, Khartoum, Sudan.

Abstract Background: The purpose of the paper was to investigate the in-vitro antibacterial activity, preliminary

phytochemical screening and cytotoxicity [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium

bromide-MTT assay] of methanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (calyxes).

Methods: The methanol extract of H. sabdariffa was tested against 11 clinical isolates bacteria and 3

standard bacteria, that is: 5 Gram positive bacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheria, Staphylococcus aureus,

Enterococcus faecalis,Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus), 9 Gram negative bacteria (Proteus

mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Serratia

marcescens, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia and Klebsiella

pneumoniae (ATCC 70063) using the cup-plate agar diffusion method, preliminary phytochemical

screening and cytotoxicity (MTT assay) was also performed with different concentrations (500, 250 and

125 μg/ml) and compared to the reference control Triton-x100.

Results: The methanol extract of H. sabdariffa (calyxes) exhibited inhibitory effects against most of the

tested organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 14 to 36 mm in length. The largest inhibition

zone was obtained for the Gram-positive against bacteria L. monocytogenes (36 mm), E. faecalis (33

mm), B. cereus (28 mm) C. diphtheriae (26 mm) and S. aureus (24 mm) while in case of Gram negative

highest inhibition was observed against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) (28 mm), K. pneumoniae (ATCC

70063) (25 mm), P. aeruginosa (23 mm), E. coli (20 mm), E. coli (ATCC 25922) and P. vulgaris (19

mm), K. pneumonia (18 mm), S. marcescens (17 mm) and P. mirabilis (14 mm). Preliminary

phytochemical screening investigation for the methanolic extracts showed the presences of alkaloids,

glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols triterpens and phenols, while saponins was absent. In addition

cytotoxicity (MTT-assay) verified the safety of the examined extract with an IC50 less than 100 μg/ml.

Conclusion: The study concluded that H. sabdariffa (calyxes) proved to have potent activities against

antibacterial activity in vitro with verified safety evidence for use.


27

SL 17 TAXONOMIC REVISIONOF INDIGENOUS SPECIES BELONGING TO THE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE AND

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF LUDWEGIA ERECTA (L.) H.HARA IN SUDAN

Maheda Gaafer, Maha A.Y. Kordofani, ,SakinaYagi

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum – Sudan

Background:Most plants within the flora of Sudan have popular uses as medicinal plants. Limited number of taxa have been investigated for their biological activities. The family Onagraceae in Sudan is not well revised[1],so the aim of this study is to make a taxonomical review of the family and to investigate the biological activity of a representative species of this family.

Method:Six species belonging to two genera from the family Onagraceae were morphologically analyzed using vegetative and reproductive characters. Names, synonyms, updated names of some species and a key to the studied species are presented [2]. Hexane and chloroform: methanol (1:1) extracts from different parts of Ludwigiaerecta(root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit) werescreened for evaluation of theirbiological activity. The antimicrobial, antigiardial, antimalarialandantioxidant activitiesof the extracts was determined using standard methods.The cytotoxicity of extracts on three cancerous cell lines established by colorimetric measurement of cell viability.

Results:Morphological analysis showed little variations between the studied species which approved gathering them in one family. Three species were updated to their new names and a new taxonomical key is constructed to ease the differentiation between them. High antimicrobial activity was obtained from the stem and fruit. All extracts possessed antigiardial and antimalarial activities. A remarkable scavenging activity was obtained from all extracts where they possessed activity higher than that obtained from the standard control. The flower extract demonstrated moderate antitumor effect against cell lines.

Conclusion:The present study reported for the first-time descriptive morphological studies for the six species from two genera belonging to the family Onagraceae.The results also demonstrated the potential of L. erecta to exert beneficial antimicrobial, antigiardial and antioxidant effect and thus, could be a natural source for bioactive agents and lead in the discovery of novel herbal drugs.

References:

[1]Andrews,F.W.,(1950). The Flowering plants of the Anglo Egyptian Sudan, vol. 1:(143- 145),Buncle & Co. ltd. Abroath, Scotland.

[2]Darbyshire I., Kordofani M.,Imadeldin F. and Pickering H. (2015). The plants of Sudan and South Sudan. An annotated checklist. Kew publishing, Roy. Bot. Gard., Kew: ISBN:978-1-84246-473-1.14.


28

SL 18 ASSESSMENT OF MYCOTOXINS TYPES IN SOME FOODSTUFF CONSUMED IN RWANDA

Daniel Umereweneza, Théoneste Kamizikunze, Théoneste Muhizi*

Department of Chemistry, University of Rwanda, P.O.Box 117 Huye Rwanda

*: Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] or [email protected], Mobile Phone:

(+250) 0785319618

Abstract

Occurrence and levels of mycotoxins from maize, peanuts and cassava flours consumed in Rwanda were determined. The assessed mycotoxins include Aflatoxins, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, T-2 Toxin and Patulin. Sampling of maize, peanut and cassava flours were randomly drawn from the markets in all four Provinces of Rwanda and Kigali City.

Mycotoxins occurrence and concentration in flours were assessed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS/MS, Agilent). Results showed that aflatoxins are the most frequent in the analysed foodstuff flours with a frequency of 89%, 100% and 33% in maize, peanut and cassava samples, respectively. The highest total concentrations of mycotoxins in maize flours were 16.8 µg/kg, 48.1µg/kg and 3.7 µg/kg for Aflatoxins, Fumonisins and Ochratoxin A, respectively. Those quantities reached a total concentration of 126.6µg/kg, 16.3µg/kg and 2.8 µg/kg, respectively in peanut flours, while in cassava flours concentrations of 2.7µg/kg and 3.7µg/kg for Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A, respectively, were detected.

Culture of detecting these mycotoxins at regular basis from foods on the markets and increasing awareness amongst consumers and vendors on the toxicity profile of mycotoxins should be instituted by concerned authorities to avoid both human and animal intoxication.

Keywords: Mycotoxins, Aflatoxins, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin A, Rwanda


29

SL19 ANTIMICROBIAL NAPTHOQUINONES FROM THE ROOTS OF ALOE SECUNDIFLORA

Martha Induli*1,2,3, Michael Cheloti1,2, Antonina Wasuna1, Ingrid Wekesa3, John Wanjohi1,Robert Byamukama2, Matthias Heydenreich4, Moses Makayoto3, Abiy Yenesew1

1Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; 2Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda;

3Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute, P. O. Box 30650-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; 4Institut fur Chemie, Universitӓt Potsdam, P, O. Box 60 15 53, D-14415, Potsdam, Germany

Worldwide, infectious diseases are the leading cause of death accounting for approximately one-half of all deaths in tropical countries with this being attributed to resistance of microbes to existing anti-infective agents The species belonging to the family Asphodelaceae have been used in traditional medicine practice for the treatment of various ailments including malaria, diarrhoea, and skin infections. To address the existing problem, roots of Aloe secundiflora were studied to identify promising bioactive compounds. The air-dried and ground roots of Aloe secundiflora were extracted with CH2Cl2/MeOH 1:1. The extract obtained was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the ethyl acetate fraction subjected to column chromatography. The isolated compounds were identified through the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy and Ultra-violet Spectroscopy. Some of the isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. A total of 12 compounds were isolated with two of them being novel2. Aloesaponarin I showed moderate activity with MIC values of 22.8 and 21.1 µg/mL in the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) and Low Oxygen Recovery Assay (LORA). The study has identified compounds with promising biological activities which with structural modification can serve as templates for potent anti-infective drugs.

Key words: Aloe secundiflora, Asphodelaceae, 5-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

References: 1. Falzari, K., Zhu, Z., Pan, D., Liu, H., Hongmanee, P., Franzblau, S.G., 2005. In vitro and in

vivo activities of macrolide derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrobal

Agents Chemotherapy 49, 1447–54.

2. Bringmann, G., Ru¨ denauer, S., Irmer, A., Bruhn, T., Brun, R., Heimberger, T., et al. 2008. Antitumoral and antileishmanial dioncoquinonesand ancistroquinones from cell cultures of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae) and Ancistrocladus abbreviatus (Ancistrocladaceae). Phytochemistry, 69, 2501–9.


30

SL 20 ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN SUDAN AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF

SELECTED SPECIES


31

SL 21 SOME BASIC DIFFERENCES IN THE APPROACHES TO ACCORD PROTECTION OF IPRS RELATED TO INDIGENOUS

BIODIVERSITY AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE BY CBD AND TRIPS

Hassan El Subki Khalid

Professor of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Khartoum Sudan Professor of Pharmacognosy Head of Department of Pharmacognosy Ibn Sina University Sudan

Email [email protected]

Abstract

Medicinal plants on one enjoy the prestige of having associated with traditional knowledge, a great future for capturing world affection for health and commercial potential, yet there are dilemmas of IPRs, ownership of biodiversity.

The TRIPS and GATT may be the most ambitious multilateral agreement ever made the area of intellectual property rights (79 Articles) covers issues of property of copyrights as well as provisions of of enforcement and acquisition maintenance of IPRs and dispute mechanisms in manner conductive to social and economic welfare in reality. However, the IPR regime original especially TRIPs fails adequately to address issue satisfy the objectives of CBD.

In addition, they address the quality issues including Intec generation equity, and they render it difficult to access to genetical resources and fair benefit share.

CBD acknowledge IPR by the collective wisdom and the common resources of communities as a Sovereign property, where TRIPS recognize IPRS as monopolistic rights of individuals are co-operate innovators.

Argue about compensation on benefit sharing from the legal recognition of TRIPs would actually be a new law of colonization or “Biopiracy” Gern, et al (1999).

How to make fortunate from Bio prospecting? The processes involved will be highlighted.



32

SL22 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL AND FATTY ACIDS PROFILE OF NATIVE LIBYAN ARUM CYRENAICUM

HRUBY (ARACEAE)

Abdelhafeez M.A. Mohammed1*, Aziza H. Zargoun1, Khaled A. Abdel Shafeek,2

1Department of Chemistry, Alzaiem Alazhari University, P O Box 1432, Khartoum North, 13311, Sudan, [email protected]

2Department of Chemistry of Medicinal Plants, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 12311

Abstract

Background:Arum cyrenaicum is a medicinal plant native to Libya and restricted to Cyrenaica area (El-Jabal El-Akhdar) and used for nutritional and medicinal purposes. So, the present study describes the phytochemical screening, fatty acids profile and antimicrobial activity of seeds and roots of this species.

Methods: Special reagents were used for phytochemical screening of root and seed extracts according to the prescribed methods. GC-MS analyses were used for determination of fatty acids profile. The Disc diffusion modified method was used for antimicrobial activity.

Results: The phytochemical screening of A. cyrenaicum revealed the presence of volatile oil, tannins and saponins. GC-MS analyses of A. cyrenaicum revealed the presence of heptacosane, nonacosane and nonacosanol as predominant constituents. The chloroform seed extract of A. cyreniacum exhibited the highest activity against S. aureus.

Conclusion: The chloroform extract of seeds of A. cyreniacum exhibited the highest activity against S. aureus.

References:

1- El-Darier SM. El-Mogaspi FM. Ethnobotany and Relative Importance of Some Endemic Plant Species at El-Jabal El-Akhdar Region (Libya). World J. Agric. Sci., 5(3): 353-360, 2009.

2- Ben Ramadan L., Zwawi A, Almaghour H, Saad M, et al. Toxicity and antioxidant of Arum cyrenaicum Hruby, Ègypt. J. Forensic Sci. Appl. Toxicol., 12(2), 31-48, 2012.

3- Harborne JB, Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1988.



33

SL 23 CYTOTOXIC, NEUROPROTECTIVE, DFT CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASSESSMENT FOR

COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM CURCUMA ZEDOARIA

Omer Abdalla Ahmed Hamdi1, Khalijah Awang2

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Alneelain University, 11121 Khartoum, Sudan;

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Background: Curuma zedoaria rhizomes are extensively used in traditional medicine practice in

some Asian countries. The aims of the present study are: To isolate, identify bioactive compounds

from C. zedoaria and to assess their cytotoxic and neuroprotective activities of these compounds.

Also to rationalize the structure activity relationships of the isolated compounds. Furthermore to

investigate the interaction of the HSA to the two most active compounds,

Methods: Various chromatographic techniques were used for the detection and isolation of the

compounds. Extensive spectroscopic methods including NMR, IR, UV, GC-MS, LC-MS were used

for the identification of the isolated compounds. Isolated compounds were subjected to cytotoxicity

and neuroprotective assays. RESULTS: 21 compounds were isolated and identified including

eighteen sesquiterpenes and three labdane diterpenes. Curcumenol and dehydrocurdione showed the

highest protection (100%) against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in NG108-15 cells at

the concentrations of 4 and 8 µM, respectively 1. In the MTT based cytotoxicity assay against four

cancer cell lines (Ca Ski, MCF-7, PC-3 and HT-29). Curcumenone and curcumenol displayed strong

antiproliferative activity (IC50 8.3 and 9.3µg/ml, respectively). A quantum chemical study was

performed to investigate their relationship with cytotoxic activity and revealed that the dipole moment

(µ), molecular volume (V), molecular area (A), polarizability (α) and hydrophobicity (log P) are the

most important descriptors that influence the cytotoxic activity of the compounds under investigation.

The two most active compounds; curcumenol and curcumenone were investigated for their binding to

human serum albumin (HSA). The spectroflurometric analysis, in conjunction with molecular docking

study suggested that both curcumenol and curcumenone could bind to binding sites I and II of HSA

with intermediate affinity while site I was the preferred binding site for both molecules.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study support the common practice of

enthnopharmacological uses of the rhizomes of C. zedoaria in the treatment of breast cancer.

Curcumenol holds a promising result to be considered as a template for the development of new drug

for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

Reference: Hamdi O, Ye L, & Alfarizal M. Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Constituents from Curcuma

zedoaria Rhizomes. Records of Natural Products, 2015, 9 (3).


34

SL 24 ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS FROM THE STEM BARK AND ROOT BACK OF

ERYTHRINA BRUCEI

Getahun Tadesse Gurmessa, I. B. Masessane, R. R. T.Majinda

University of Botswana, Chemistry Department P.O. Box 00202, Gaborone.

Abstract

Erythrian brucei is a tree grown only in Ethiopia. It grows up to the eight of 15-20 m long with

colorful flowers. In different parts of the country the root and stem bark of this plant is used to treat

ear infection. Previous studies revealed that the flower and seed of E.brucei contain alkaloids;

however, there was no report for the non alkaloidal constituents of this plant. Therefore, recently we

did a comprehensive phytochemical investigation on root bark, stem bark and twigs of the plant

concentrated on nonalkaloidal compounds. In the study, we isolated different classes of secondary

metabolites like Isoflavonoids. The identities of the compounds were established based on

spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis including MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Resazurin based

antibacterial minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) and DPPH antioxidant assay were carried out

on some selected compounds using standard references chlorophenicol and trolox respectively. The

tested compounds showed promising antibacterial activity up to (IC50 = 0.0625 mg/mL) and

antioxidant activity (IC50 = 1.1μg/mL) comparable to standard references.

Key words: Erythrina brucei, Isoflavonoids, Antioxidant, Antibacterial


35

SL25 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FRUIT OF INDIGOFERA CAERULEA GOUAM (FABACEAE) AND

IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR COMPOUNDS

Abdirahman Elmi 1,2, Rosella Spina2, Fatouma Mohamed1, Stéphane Fontanay2, Raphael Duval2, Dominique Laurain-Mattar2

1Institut de Recherches Médicinales, IRM-CERD, route de l’aéroport, Djibouti 2SRSMC, UMR 7565 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France

Abstract

Because of their massive and incorrect use, antibiotics are less effective against pathogens. As a

result, there is a growing interest in the study of medicinal plants1.

In an ethnobotanical survey carried out in Djibouti in 2013 within the Medical Research Institute (MRI-CERD), we selected six plants used by the population for their anti-infectious activities2. Indeed, eight diseases out of the twelve most frequents in Djibouti are caused by microorganisms3.

The methanolic extract of the fruit of Indigofera caerulea has proved to be the most promising on both antibacterial and antioxidant levels. Indeed, methanol and hexane extracts act against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Acinetobacter baumannii with a MIC of 128 μg/ mL. In addition, methanol and acetone extracts exhibit antioxidant activity with an IC 50 of 72 and 120 μg/ml respectively on DPPH test (21 and 20 μg/ml respectively on ABTS test). An identification of the main compounds of the methanol extract was initially carried out using a high-resolution mass-coupled thin-layer chromatography apparatus (TLC-MS), a robust and rapid technique. Subsequently, fractionation of this extract was performed and five polyphenolic compounds were characterized by NMR: rutin, isoquercetin, kaempferol 7-eo-rutinoside, gallic acid, gallate methyl and chlorogenic acid. In the hexane extract is analyzed by GCMS and several steroid and fatty acid compounds are identified. We are continuing to investigate minor compounds that may contribute to this activity.

References:

1. Muthu, C., Ayyanar, M., Raja, N., & Ignacimuthu, S., 2006. Medicinal plants used by

traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and

Ethnomedicine, , 2:43, doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-43.

2. F. Abdoul-Latif, D. Osman, A. Elmi, A. Hassan-Abdallah, A. Merito, S. Hassan, Z. Asfaw, E. Kelbessa, 2016. Candidate Medicinal Plant Species of Djiboutian Pharmacopeia For Testing Pharmacological Activities On Common Microbial Diseases. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8, 10, pages 78-84.

3. H. Kayad, 2014. Epidemiological statistics of the National Institute of the Public Health of Djibouti, 4-5.


36

SL 26 ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF TAMARIX NILOTICA LEAVES


37

SL 27 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND CONSTITUENTS OF CUMINIUM CYMINIUM AND

CURCUMA LONG ESSENTIAL OILS


38

SL 28 OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF CHICKEN THIGHS TREARED WITH DIETARY FLAVONOIDS FROM DIOSCOREA STERISCUS

TUBERS


39

SL29 THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES TRADITIONALLY USED IN IMMUNE BOOSTING BY

VULNERABLE GROUPS IN KENYA

Kisangau Daniel Patrick Deparment of Biology, South Eastern Kenya University

P.O Box 170-90200, Kitui Kenya

Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract

Background: Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immunocompromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. The aim of the study was to investigate therapeutic properties of indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) used traditionally as immune-boosters by pregnant mothers, children and people living with HIV-AIDS (PLWAs) in Kenya. Methods: In vitro antimicrobial tests of six ILV species were done against four bacterial micro-organisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ILVs tested were Vigna unguiculata, Moringa oleifera, Solanum villosum, Amaranthus dubius, Curcubita maxima and Launaea cornuta. Results: At concentrations of 100mg/ml and 200mg/ml, all the six ILV species exhibited activity against at least one or more of the microorganisms tested. Five of the six vegetable extracts tested showed activity against all the microorganisms. Moringa oleifera showed the highest level of activity against all the four microbes tested with Vigna unguiculata generally having the narrowest range of activity at both concentrations, acting only on E. coli. Generally, the activity of the vegetable extracts against the microbial organisms was doze dependent with 200mg/ml concentration being more active against the microbes than the 100mg/ml concentration.

Conclusion: The findings revealed probable therapeutic and potential pharmaceutical application of these ILVs based on their antimicrobial activities in managing health challenges related to the vulnerable groups and the public in general.

References:

1. Kadiri O, Olawoye B. Underutilized Indigenous Vegetable (UIV) In Nigeria: A Rich Source of Nutrient and Antioxidants-Annals. Food Science and Technology 2015; 6(2):236-247. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286252836.

2. Mensah JK, RI Okoli, JO Ohaju-Obodo, K Eifediyi. Phytochemical, nutritional and medical properties of some leafy vegetables consumed by Edo people of Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol, 7, No 14 (2008).


40

SL30 BENEFITS TO FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITIES IN KIMONDI AND MASAITA FORESTS IN NANDI AND KERICHO

COUNTY, KENYA

Fredrick Otsieno1*, Paul Odwori2, Balozi Kirongo2, and Donald Ogweno1

1Kenya Forestry College, Londiani,Kenya

2University of Eldoret,Kenya

Kenya reviewed its forest law in 2005, in part to enhance community participation in Sustainable forest management by enabling greater direct and indirect benefits to forest adjacent households as an incentive. This study was undertaken to compare benefits to forest adjacent households under the current and old Kenyan forest Acts. Descriptive survey was used and questionnaires administered to 306 forest adjacent households. Analysis of data was done using statistical packages, Chi-square (χ2) and Pearson correlation test. Results showed that direct benefits to households included firewood, cultivation, grazing/fodder, wood/timber, and medicinal herbs. Socio-economic factors which positively influenced the value of household benefits from forests were household size, land use practice and cost of crop production among others. Benefits under the old Act (Cap 385 of 1968) were higher than those under the Forests Act No 7 of 2005. The value annually extracted by households under the old Act was USD 371 compared to USD 276 under the current Act. Lengthy and costly bureaucratic procedures were cited as major hindrance to household benefitting from forests. It is recommended that these barriers need to be removed in order to make community participation in Sustainable Forest Management more effective. References Adhikari, B., Falco, S. Di and Lovett, J. C. (2004). “Household characteristics and forest dependency:

evidence from common property forest management in Nepal,” Ecological Economics, 48(2):245–257.

Arnold, J. E. (2001). Forests and people: 25 years of community forestry.FAO:Rome. Chhetri K,B,(2005) Community forestry program in the hills of Nepal: determinants of user

participation and household dependency. [M.S. thesis], Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.


41

SL 31 YIELD AND CHARACTERISTICS OF AGAR FROM GRACILARIA AND HYDROPUNTIA SPECIES

FROM RED SEA COAST, SUDAN


42

SL 32 NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH FOR THE CONTROL OF

CROPS AND HUMAN DISEASE VECTORS


43

SL 33 INDOLE ALKALOIDS PROFILING FROM TABERNAEMONTANA STAPFIANA

Danstone Lilechi Baraza 1, 2, Johanna Hummel1, Katrin Franke1, 3, Ludger A. Wessjohann1, Jürgen Schmidt1,*

1Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany

2 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya

3 Leibniz Institut for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany

Abstract

The alkaloid rich genus Tabernaemontana (Apocynaceae) contains approximately 100 species with pan-tropical distribution, which are used as timber, ornamental and / or in traditional medicine [1]. We investigated the stem bark of Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten, an evergreen medium-sized tree growing in secondary forests in Eastern Africa. Tabernaemontana species are well known for their bioactive terpenoid-indole alkaloids [2]. Recent investigations indicated significant antifungal and antibacterial activity for the organic extracts from root and stem bark of Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten [3]. Dried pulverized stem bark was sequentially extracted and the ethyl acetate extract was further separated by repeated column chromatography on silica gel using n-hexane/ethyl acetate and chloroform/methanol gradients to isolate coronaridine (1), pericyclivine (2) and lup-20(29)en-3β-yl-acetate (3). The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of ESI-HRMS, ESI-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopic data as well as by comparison from literature.

The methanol extract with a series of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids were detected by ESI-HRMS investigations. The results indicate the presence of monomeric, dimeric and even trimeric indole alkaloids known to contain cytotoxic properties and potential phytomedicine.

References 1. Van Beek, T.A.,Verpoorte R., Baerheim Svenson, A. , Leeuwnberg, A. J. M. and. Bisset,

N. G (1984). J. Ethnopharm. 10, 1-156. 2. Achenbach, H., Benirschke, M., Torrenegras, R. Phytochemistry, Vol 45, p. 325, 1997.

3. Ruttoh, E. K. , C. Bii, P. K. Tarus, A. Machocho, L. K. Karimi, P. Okemo). Research Article, 2009, Vol 1, Issue 6, pp 387-391.

http://www.citeulike.org/user/phcogres/author/Ruttoh:EK

http://www.citeulike.org/user/phcogres/author/Bii:C

http://www.citeulike.org/user/phcogres/author/Tarus:PK

http://www.citeulike.org/user/phcogres/author/Machocho:A

http://www.citeulike.org/user/phcogres/author/Karimi:LK

http://www.citeulike.org/user/phcogres/author/Okemo:P


44

SL 34 LEAF EPICUTICULAR WAX CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MORETTIA PHILLYAEANA FROM SUDAN


45

SL 35 ANALYSIS OF JOJOBA OIL FROM THE EAST OF THE SUDAN (ARKAWEAT REGION) USING GC/MS

Khadiga1 M.A.A, Prof. Seif Gasim2, Dr. Ismail3, walid4. M.A

1 Khadiga1 Mohamed Ahamed Ali / Ph. D/ pharmacology (toxicology) 00249922929146 / [email protected] /

Collaborator with medicinal and aromatic plants research institute, national centre for research Sudan. Collaborator with general directorate of forensic evidence laproteries.

Teaching Collaborator, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, 2016 – 2017. Member of Jojoba project / Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum

2 Saif Al Din Gasim/ Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum [email protected] / 00249123840550

3 Dr. Ismail Mohamed / Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum / [email protected] / 0024996924072

4 Walid Mamoun Adam Altom/ Captain at general directorate of forensic evidence laproteries. 00249910319119

Abstract

Objectives: highlights the economic importance of Jojoba wax in Sudan. Using the good percentage of jojoba wax and its resultant esters and others component. Plants: The east of the Sudan- Arkaweat region- is rich by the jojoba trees, which have environmental importance.

Methods: To compare the quantities of wax, Jojoba seeds were collected, first randomly. Then from the same region but specific area, fresh seeds were collected. 500 grams of fresh sample was extracted by refluxing exhaustively with N-hexane. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. 250 grams of oil (50%) were obtained. 50 grams from the random sample was extracted in the same manner. 20 grams of oil (40%) were obtained. Estrefication was done for fresh sample and 1ϻ was injected for chromatography.

Results: fresh seeds oil gave 46 compounds reports according to, gcms - model: TQ8040. 2014, and NIST14S.lib .(the % seen with carves) : - beta Carotene / 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (cis,cis-Linoleic acid) / 9-Octadecen-1-ol / 9-Octadecenoic acid ,methyl ester( Oleic acid,methyl ester) / Eicoesn-1-ol,cis-9 / 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester / Phenol,2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4methyl - (Antioxidant DBPC) / Cholesta-3,5-diene/ Heneicosanoic acid - methyl ester / Sulfuric acid - dimethyl ester/ 2H-1-Benzopyran,2,2-diphenyl- / Eicosen-1-ol, cis-9, / Erucic acid / 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester / 13-Docosen-1-ol, / 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester / 13-Docosenoic acid, methyl ester / 13-Docosen-1-ol / Squalene / Sitosterol / Methyl ethyl disulfide.

Conclusion: The resulting esters and fatty alcohol found in this oil are more important for cosmetics, biodiesel and industrial products. This oil have some compounds are not safe for human food consumption. Determination of (50%) oil from Sudanese jojoba seeds means that Sudan has a potential and economic. References : 1/ Food Standards Agency - Agency issues warning on Erucic acid , 2 September 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-02. 2/ Li G et al., Food Chem. (free fatty acids) 2011, 125, 1365). in human plasma (Chung TC et al., Anal Chim . Acta 2008, 611, 113) 3/ Economic Research Service, USDA (1996). "Crambe, Industrial Rapeseed, and Tung Provide Valuable Oils" (pdf). Fats and Oils, Industrial Uses





46

SL36 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM (WHEATGRASS) DRY AND

FRESH SEEDLINGS Ekram B. Khalafalla, Dalia H. Mohammed alkhair and Sami A. Khalid

Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, AL Beian College of Pharmacy , Omdurman, Sudan,

P.O. Box 477, Omdurman, Sudan.

Abstract Background: Triticum aestivum L.(Family Poaceae) is one of the top two main cereal crops grown in

the world, wheatgrass is a nutrient-rich type of young grass that provides a concentrated amount of

nutrients, including minerals (iron, calcium and magnesium), vitamins (A, C and E), amino acids,

protein and large amounts of chlorophyll (70%). Wheatgrass used in traditional medicine in Sudan for

treatment of so many serious diseases as anti-diabetic, for ulcerative colitis, joint pain, swelling

wounds and cancer; and also serve as antioxidant. The total antioxidant activity of the

extracts/fractions of Wheatgrass(dry & fresh) was carried out in this study to determine and evaluate

which fraction, and from which extract has the better antioxidant effect and has an active constituent

responsible for it, as it has been reported that it exhibits antioxidant and other activity.

Method: The Wheat was bought from the local Market and has been prepared at home. Dried and

fresh samples were separately extracted with 70% ethanol, and fractionated with petroleum ether,

chloroform and ethyl acetate, successively. The crude extracts/fractions were subjected to

chromatographic analysis (TLC& GC-MS) and their antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH

method.

Results: Thin layer chromatography (TLC), confirm the presence of high amount of phenolic

compounds, flavanoids and sesquiterpene in the fresh sample. Ethyl acetate fraction of the fresh

sample gave strong radical scavenging activity (89.7+ 0.001%).

Conclusion: Fresh seedling showed highest antioxidant activity appeared in the ethyl acetate fraction,

while the highest activity in the dry seedling in the chloroform fraction.


47

SL 37 HARNESSING THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND PATENTS ON NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR

TREATMENT OF NEGLECTED DISEASES

Mr Peter Paul

SciFinder, American Chemical Society

Harnessing the natural products for treatment of neglected diseases starts with the wealth of literature and patents in this area. By observing the trends in publications around natural products and their therapeutic effects, it can be shown that this research is of high interest all around the world. The scientific output of the NAPRECA countries is also growing quickly and many countries have strong contributions in natural product research. The literature also allows us to review the most common specific compounds or generic compound classes and the target diseases in natural product research. The data was collected using the SciFinder interface from CAS.


48

SL 39 Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Rats

Fatouma Mohamed Abdoul-latif

Institut de Recherches Médicinales, CERD, Djibouti

Abstract

Exposure to toxic chemicals, environmental pollutants and drugs can cause cellular injuries through metabolic activation of reactive oxygen species ROS. Carbon tetrachloride is a xenobiotic which has been used extensively for the hepatotoxicity study in animal models. In this study, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of essential oils of Boswellia papyrifera and Ruta chalepensis, were investigated, by using CCl4 induced intoxication on rat liver as the experimental model. The pharmacological studies of essential oils are focused on evaluation of antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities by the determination of the 50% lethal doses (LD50) with doses which are ranged from 500 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg, and by the measure of the biochemical and the hematological parameters of blood obtained from animals which are treated with essential oils by prior intoxication with CCl4. The LD50 of the essential oil of Boswellia papyrifera was found to be ˃ 2000 mg/kg body weight. However, the LD50 from Ruta chalepensis essential oil was found to be 1016±6.7 mg/kg. The intoxication with the CCl4, has increased the level of serum’s transaminases, triglycerides, the creatinine, the uric acid, the urea, and decreased the level of HDLc and liver protein content. Boswellia papyrifera and Ruta chalepensis essential oils showed significant protection with the depletion of ALAT, ASAT, creatinine, triglycerides, and uric acid of the serum, as it was raised by the induction of CCl4. Concentration of serum HDLc and of liver protein was increased in the serum of the animals which are treated by Boswellia papyrifera and Ruta chalepensis essential oils. Hematological study showed increasing on leucocytes number, on rats treated with Ruta chalepensis essential oil, compared to Boswellia papyrifera essential oil. From these results, it is suggested that Boswellia papyrifera and Ruta chalepensis essential oils possesses hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties against CCl4 induced toxicity on rats.


49

SL 40 MEPHEDRONE (BATH SALT) – NPS FROM NATURAL ORIGIN

Elgamel A.A

The poisons center, forensic Science institute – The National Ribat University - Khartoum / Sudan . Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Since 1971, when the international convection against the abuse of psychotropic substances was established, large number of substances where controlled . During the last decade the number of these substances increased significantly in unprecedented rate .The reason is a group of what is called new psychoactive substances which are reviewed annually to decide on their international control and consequently on their national inclusion in the lists attached to the drug control list ( green list ) .

One of the most dangerous substances belonging to the NPS is the stimulant drug Mephedrone which is a derivative from cathinone ( the active ingredient of Catha edulis ) .The street name of the drug in many countries is ( bath salt ) .

The international control measures of mephedrone and the important forensic , medical and Judicial challenges that have been created from this natural product derivative are discussed in this review paper .

The drug is produced in clandestine laboratories which contribute to the health hazards of the impurities produced during the inaccurate manufacturing. Death from overdose and very violent criminal behaviors has been documented.



50

SL 41 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF VITIS VINIFERA SEED EXTRACTS

Gada M1 Fatima el zahraa EA1 , Israa AM1 , Leena AM1 ,Eltohami MS2, Azhari H Nour3,b

FakhraldeenYahia O.K2 and Adurahman HN4

1 Faculty of Science and Technology,Omdurman IslamicUniversity Sudan 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University Sudan

3Faculty of Pure and Applied Science International University of Africa 4Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang , Malaysia

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress has been involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and cancer (1).

Recently, there has been considerable interest in finding natural antioxidants from plant materials, since natural antioxidant substances are presumed to be safe and of low cost.

In this study antioxidant effect of Vitis vinifera seed petroleum ether and methanolic extracts were determined and the plant was screened for the presence of phytochemical groups.

Methods: method was used to analyze the antioxidant activity of the extracts, as well as DPPH (1, 1Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay (2).The phytochemical screening was carried-out using standard procedures (3).

Results: tested extracts showed potent inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activities. It was found that methnolic extract exhibited the higher scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 0.031 mg/ml.compared to standard propyl gallate (PG) (IC50 = 0.077mg/ml)

The presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, deoxysugar and alkaloids appeared in the phytochemical study.

Conclusion: tested extracts showed potent inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activities. The activity of these extracts probably attributed to the presence of flavonoids and tannins.

References

1-Nishanthini A, Mohan VR. Antioxidant activity of xanthosomasagittifoliumschot using various in vitro assay models, Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 2012, PAGES 1701-1706.

2- Ayoola GA, Coker HAB, Adesegun SA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Obaweya K, Ezennia EC, Atangbayila TO. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in southwestern Nigeria . topical journal of pharmaceutical research , September 2008 ; 7(3) : 1019-1024 .

3- Harbone JB. Phytochemical methods London. Chapman and hall ltd, 1973,pp49-188.

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