books and reading in tanzania; studies on books and...

PREFACE

T h i s document i s one o f a s e r i e s o f n a t i o n a l monographs that Unesco i s p u b l i s h i n g on t h e s t a t e o f books and r e a d i n g i n a number o f c o u n t r i e s . The a i m i s t o p r o v i d e book p r o f e s s i o n a l s , and more g e n e r a l l y , a l l who a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n p r o m o t i n g books and r e a d i n g i n t h e w o r l d , w i t h as d e t a i l e d as p o s s i b l e a s u r v e y o f m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o a u t h o r s h i p , p u b l i s h i n g , m a t e r i a l p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f books , and r e a d i n g i n t h e c o u n t r i e s concerned.

The p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s s e r i e s o f monographs fo rms p a r t o f Unesco ’s programme, adop ted by t h e G e n e r a l Conference a t i t s t w e n t y - f i r s t s e s s i o n (19801, t o i d e n t i f y o b s t a c l e s t o book p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n so as t o c o n t r i b u t e t o a c t i v i t i e s p l a n n e d f o r t h e development o f c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s and t o c o u n t r y programming. I t i s hoped t h a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d w i l l be u s e f u l i n i n d i c a t i n g a r e a s where e f f o r t s a r e needed a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l t o improve book p r o d u c t i o n and i n c r e a s e r e a d i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e c o u n t r i e s concerned. Unesco has asked t h e a u t h o r s t o f o l l o w t h e same p a t t e r n , as f a r as p o s s i b l e , so t h a t t h e i r r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s may appear i n a comparab le fo rm.

T h i s t e x t h a s been p r e p a r e d by W a l t e r Bgoya, Genera l Manager, Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House, Dar e8 Salaam.

I t i s n o t an o f f i c i a l document o f t h e c o u n t r y concerned. The a u t h o r i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r i t s c o n t e n t s w h i c h do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t t h e v i e w s o f Unesco.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ................................................ I. AUTHORSHIP ............................................ II. PUBLISHING ............................................. III. PHYSICAL PRODUCTION .................................... I V . DISTRIBUTION ........................................... V. READING ................................................ V I . PROFESSIONAL TRAINING .................................. V I I . LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .....................

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INTRODUCTION

For t h e pu rpose o f t h i s s t u d y , s i n c e we were u n a b l e t o l o c a t e base data a t a c e n t r a l s o u r c e o n v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h e book i n d u s t r y we deve loped and c i r c u l a t e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s f o r p u b l i s h e r s , p r i n t e r s and b o o k s e l l e r s . I n t h e case o f p u b l i s h e r s , i t i s perhaps o f i n t e r e s t t o n o t e that t h e r e l i g i o u s p u b l i s h i n g houses, w h i c h g e n e r a l l y have t h e i r own p r i n t i ng u n i t s were t h e one g r o u p t o r e s p o n d a l m o s t w i t h o u t excep- t i o n , and w i t h r a t h e r p r e c i s e and comp le te data. The v e r y d i f f i c u l t y that was e x p e r i e n c e d i n c o l l e c t i n g data on t h e p u b l i s h i n g i n d u s t r y i nd i - c a t e s a b a s i c need i n t h e i n d u s t r y f o r a c e n t r a l data c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t . I f a Book Development C o u n c i l c o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d , one v a l u a b l e f u n c t i o n i t c o u l d p e r f o r m c o u l d be d e v e l o p i n g and maintaining an o v e r v i e w o f t h e i n d u s t r y . C u r r e n t l y t h e emphasis o f t h e T a n z a n i a Bureau o f s t a t i s t i c s i s p r i m a r i l y economic and seems u n l i k e l y i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e t o expand i t s data c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s f u n c t i o n s t o c u l t u r a l a reas .

I n s p i t e o f t h e many a p p a r e n t s h o r t c o m i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y , i t i s hoped i t w i l l f i l l some gap i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e book s i t u a t i o n i n Tanzan ia .

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I AUTHORSHIP

( a ) Language o f w r i t t e n e x p r e s s i o n

Tanzan ia h a s no l e s s than 120 languages spoken by an e q u a l number o f e t h n i c g roups . Most o f t h e s e languages c a n be w r i t t e n u s i n g t h e L a t i n a l p h a b e t and some l i t e r a t u r e e x i s t s i n many o f them. B e f o r e t h e coming o f Europeans i n t o w h a t i s p resen t -day Tanzan ia , o f t h e s e languages o n l y S w a h i l i was w r i t t e n . Adheren ts o f t h e I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n were taught t o r e a d and t o w r i t e v e r s e s o f t h e Koran but a number o f S w a h i l i p o e t s m a i n l y f r o m t h e c o a s t a l a r e a a l s o used t h e A r a b i c s c r i p t t o w r i t e p o e t r y . A r i c h c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e s e o l d S w a h i l i m a n u s c r i p t s i n A r a b i c s c r i p t (25,000) e x i s t s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar es Salaam and t h e r e a r e o t h e r c o l l e c t i o n s i n o t h e r c e n t r e s abroad. A number o f known and unknown m a n u s c r i p t s a r e i n p r i v a t e hands i n t h e E a s t A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s and i n Europe and N o r t h Amer ica.

1. E v o l u t i o n o f S w a h i l i as T a n z a n i a ' s n a t i o n a l l anguage

A t t h e t i m e o f a r r i v a l o f t h e Germans i n 1884 S w a h i l i was n o t o n l y spoken a l o n g t h e E a s t A f r i c a n c o a s t but i n t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e c o u n t r y as w e l l , and as f a r west as t h e g r e a t l a k e s and even f u r t h e r west i n t o p resen t -day Z a i r e . A l t h o u g h t h e r e were d i v i s i o n s o f o p i n i o n among t h e c o l o n i a l r e s i d e n t s i n t h e t h e n Tangany ika w h i c h was r e f l e c t e d i n deba tes i n Germany i t s e l f , t h e advan- t a g e s o f making S w a h i l i t h e l anguage t h r o u g h w h i c h c o l o n i a l a u t h o r i t y was t r a n s m i t t e d ou twe ighed what were c o n s i d e r e d d i s a d v a n t a g e s .

The e v a n g e l i c a l m i s s i o n a r i e s i n Tangany ika who a s s o c i a t e d S w a h i l i w i t h I s l a m and Arab i n f l u e n c e w o u l d have l i k e d t o s t o p i t s development i n f a v o u r o f o t h e r v e r n a c u l a r l anguages and t r i e d t o c o n v i n c e t h e c o l o n i a l government t h a t i t s s t r e n g t h l a y i n t h e C h r i s t i a n i s a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e and i n p r e v e n t i n g I s l a m and t h e Arab i n f l u e n c e f r o m s p r e a d i n g t o t h e i n t e r i o r . I t i s i n t e r e s t - i ng t o n o t e that a n o t h e r o p i n i o n o n t h e l anguage i s s u e , i n p a r t i c u l a r , warned a g a i n s t t h e t e a c h i n g o f German t o t h e c o l o n i a l s u b j e c t s l e s t , t h e y argued, t h e p e o p l e adop ted t h e v a l u e s o f German c i t i z e n s and q u e s t i o n e d t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r c o l o n i s a t i o n .

I n 1888 t h e r e was a r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e Germans l e d by B u s h i r i and t h e m i l i t a r y commiss ioner who suppressed i t , one Herman v o n Wissman, advoca ted t h e use o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e p r a c t i s e d by t h e Arab r u l e r s w h i c h depended o n a g e n t s c a l l e d Akida as i n t e r m e d i a r i e s be tween themse lves and t h e p o p u l a t i o n . These Ak idas were p r i v i l e g e d i n many ways and a t t h e same t i m e t h e y t r a n s m i t t e d t h e o p i n i o n s o f t h e p e o p l e t o t h e r u l e r s , o p i n i o n s w h i c h c o u l d n o t a lways be i g n o r e d . The German Commiss ioner adop ted t h i s method and S w a h i l i as t h e l anguage t o make i t p o s s i b l e f o r c o l o n i a l a u t h o r i t y t o be f e l t f a r and w i d e and t h r o u g h w h i c h commands were t o b e i s s u e d and responses r e c e i v e d f r o m a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y .

W i t h t h e end o f W o r l d War I and t h e e n t r y o f B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l r u l e a more c l e a r l anguage p o l i c y e v o l v e d . S w a h i l i t h e l anguage o f A f r i c a n s . w o u l d be c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d t o r e c e i v e h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h p e r i o d i c e x a m i n a t i o n s and assessment o f obed ience. S i n c e t h e number o f t h o s e who r e c e i v e d h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ( secondary s c h o o l ) was v e r y l o w , t h e number o f

The 1927 E d u c a t i o n Law was i n t e n d e d t o make E n g l i s h ' w o u l d be taught o n l y t o t h o s e who

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E n g l i s h speakers was l i m i t e d t o a v e r y s m a l l number o f A f r i c a n s . B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l e d u c a t i o n p o l i c y was based o n s e p a r a t i o n o f r a c e s . A f r i c a n , A s i a n and European s c h o o l s were s e p a r a t e and d i f f e r e n t i n e v e r y a s p e c t as t h e r a c e s were d e s t i n e d t o d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s and f u n c t i o n s i n s o c i e t y . E n g l i s h was t o b e t h e l anguage o f t h e r u l e r s . H i n d i , Gu ja ra t i and E n g l i s h were t o be t h e l anguages o f t h e t r a d e r s ( A s i a n s ) and S w a h i l i and t h e v e r n a c u l a r w o u l d be t h e l anguages o f A f r i c a n worke rs . M i s s i o n a r i e s n o r m a l l y adop ted t h e v e r n a c u l a r l anguage o f t h e a r e a where t h e y were based, and t r a n s l a t e d s c r i p t u r e s i n t o t h o s e languages f o r l o c a l use . B u t S w a h i l i was i n c r e a s i r 7 l y used as t h e medium t h r o u g h w h i c h g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e m i s s i o n s c h o o l s were c a r r i e d o u t . Development and expans ion o f S w a h i l i f r o m t h e c o a s t t o t h e i n t e r i o r i s owed s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e work o f t h e s e m i s s i o n - a r i e s . T r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e B i b l e i n t o S w a h i l i f o r example d i d a l o t t o s t a n d a r d i z e S w a h i l i usage. Y e t , f o r o b v i o u s reasons , a d e f i n i t i v e language p o l i c y based o n a n a t i o n a l s e n t i m e n t c o u l d n o t emerge u n t i l a f t e r independence. O n 1 0 December 1962, when Tangany ika was d e c l a r e d a R e p u b l i c , S w a h i l i was d e c l a r e d t h e o f f i c i a l and n a t i o n a l language. I n 1964, i t was dec reed that i n s c h o o l s , S w a h i l i and E n g l i s h w o u l d be t h e o f f i c i a l languages o f i n s t r u c t i o n . I n 1968 i t was f u r t h e r d e c i d e d that S w a h i l i was t o be t h e medium o f i n s t r u c - t i o n i n pr imary s c h o o l s w h i l e E n g l i s h was t o be t h e medium o f i n s t r u c t i o n i n secondary s c h o o l s .

. I n 1974, t h e t h e n Pr ime M i n i s t e r , M r R.M. Kawawa i s s u e d a c i r c u l a r d i r e c t -

i ng government m i n i s t r i e s and o f f i c e s t o use S w a h i l i i n a l l o f f i c i a l commun- i c a t i o n s be tween S w a h i l i speakers , and t o use E n g l i s h o n l y when a d d r e s s i n g e x p a t r i a t e n o n - S w a h i l i speakers .

The e f f e c t o f t h e s e a t t i t u d i n a l changes and a c t i o n s was t o i n s t i t u t i o n - a l i s e S w a h i l i as t h e language o f o f f i c i a l and s o c i a l communica t ion and t o l i m i t g r e a t l y t h e u s e o f E n g l i s h .

The development o f K i s w a h i l i i n t o t h e n a t i o n a l l anguage d i d n o t a f f e c t E n g l i s h o n l y . The o t h e r v e r n a c u l a r languages have a l s o l o s t impor tance . F o r even t h o u g h no p o l i c y was e x p l i c i t l y l a i d down a g a i n s t t h e development o f t h e s e e t h n i c l anguages , t h e e f f e c t o f t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f S w a h i l i has been t o undermine them so much so that one can a l r e a d y f o r e s e e t h e e x t i n c t i o n o f many o f them i n t h e n o t so d i s t a n t f u t u r e . (1)

2. Cho ice o f t h e l anguage o f w r i t t e n e x p r e s s i o n

S w a h i l i h a s a t r a d i t i o n o f w r i t t e n l i t e r a t u r e g o i n g back s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s . U n l i k e i t , o t h e r Tanzan ia l anguages have a much more r e c e n t h i s t o r y o f w r i t i n g . V e r n a c u l a r l anguages were w r i t t e n when m i s s i o n a r i e s wanted t o use them t o r e a c h t h e i r f o l l o w e r s by t r a n s l a t i n g t h e B i b l e and o t h e r r e l i g i o u s t e x t s . A t a l a t e r s t a g e o f B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l p o l i c y a few a reas had p u b l i c a t i o n s i n t h e v e r n a c u l a r l anguages as f o r example newspapers p u b l i s h e d i n Mosh i , Bukoba, Arusha. As t h e s e were l a r g e l y n o n - p o l i t i c a l newspapers w h i c h c o n c e n t r a t e d o n s o c i a l q u e s t i o n s , l o c a l e v e n t s , and l i t e r a t u r e w h i c h p r o j e c t e d t r i b a l r a t h e r than n a t i o n a l consc iousness , t h e y were d i s c o u r a g e d a f t e r independence and t h e y s l o w l y d i e d o u t . A t p r e s e n t t h e r e a r e ha rd l y any newspapers i n t h e v e r n a c u l a r l anguages .

Tanzan ian w r i t e r s f r o m t h e e a r l i e s t days have w r i t t e n i n S w a h i l i u s i n g A r a b i c s c r i p t f i r s t and t h e n l a t i n a l p h a b e t w i t h t h e adven t o f European c o l o n i a l

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r u l e . Only t h o s e who w r o t e i n t h i s l anguage became known o u t s i d e t h e i r own e t h n i c g roups so t h a t f o r a l l w r i t e r s S w a h i l i , w i t h i t s w i d e r scope, was t h e l o g i c a l c h o i c e o f language t o use.

T h e o r e t i c a l l y t hough , a u t h o r s i n Tanzan ia have a w ide c h o i c e o f l anguages i n w h i c h t o w r i t e . They can w r i t e i n t h e i r v e r n a c u l a r , i n S w a h i l i o r i n E n g l i s h . I n p r a c t i c e , however , t h e y can o n l y w r i t e i n S w a h i l i o r i n E n g l i s h . W r i t i n g i n t h e v e r n a c u l a r i s e f f e c t i v e l y p r o h i b i t e d b y t h e s m a l l s i z e o f t h e marke t and i n some cases t e c h n i c a l p r o d u c t i o n l i m i t a t i o n s . Wr i t i ng i n E n g l i s h does expand t h e i r marke t a p p r e c i a b l y but t h e r e a r e none t h e l e s s o t h e r f a c t o r s w h i c h make i t d i f f i c u l t f o r Tanzan ian a u t h o r s t o o p t f o r E n g l i s h as t h e m a j o r l anguage o f l i t e r a r y c r e a t i v i t y . I n o r d e r o f p r e f e r e n c e , S w a h i l i b e a t s E n g l i s h as t h e most f a v o u r e d language o f a u t h o r s . O t h e r l anguages have been used but p u b l i s h i n g i n t h e s e languages i s b e l i e v e d t o be uneconomic.

There a r e o t h e r m i n o r i t y g r o u p languages f o r m i n o r i t y communi t ies but t h e s e have n o t deve loped a l o c a l community l i t e r a t u r e .

A u t h o r s i n Tanzan ia p r e f e r w r i t i n g i n S w a h i l i than i n any o t h e r l anguage and w r i t e m o s t l y i n t h e s o - c a l l e d s t a n d a r d S w a h i l i w h i c h has t e n d e d t o o v e r - shadow r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s . A few a u t h o r s have de fended and m a i n t a i n e d t h e use o f t h e i r own language v a r i a t i o n s . S w a h i l i has many speakers i n s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s and t h e S w a h i l i spoken i n each c o u n t r y d i f f e r s , even i f o n l y s l i g h t l y , f r o m t h a t spoken i n a n o t h e r . Even w i t h i n t h e same c o u n t r y and as an example, one as s m a l l as Z a n z i b a r , t h e r e can be s e v e r a l d i a l e c t s . The c h o i c e by an a u t h o r o f w h i c h v a r i a t i o n t o u s e i s e n t i r e l y h i s o r h e r own.

There a r e p rob lems and r e p e r c u s s i o n s o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f books as a r e s u l t o f t h e use o f S w a h i l i and i t s d i f f e r e n t v a r i a t i o n s e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t r a d e i n books i n d i f f e r e n t S w a h i l i s p e a k i n g c o u n t r i e s . S w a h i l i books w r i t t e n i n Z a i r e , Ruanda, B u r u n d i and even Kenya (where K i m v i t a v a r i a t i o n i s spoken and w r i t t e n ) do n o t f i n d easy r e c e p t i o n i n Tanzan ia and v i c e v e r s a and t h i s h a s t h e e f f e c t o f r e d u c i n g t h e m a r k e t and l i m i t i n g c o - o p e r a t i o n . Some c o u n t r i e s , n o t a b l y Rwanda, a r e s t a n d a r d i z i n g S w a h i l i by e m p l o y i n g S w a h i l i t e a c h e r s f r o m Tanzan ia t o t e a c h t h e l anguage i n t h e i r s c h o o l s . I t i s w o r t h n o t i n g that t h e K i m v i t a v a r i a t i o n o f Mombasa (Kenya) w h i c h has p roduced v e r y w e l l known and r e s p e c t e d p o e t s b o t h p a s t and l i v i n g and w h i c h p roduces c o m p a r a t i v e t o o t h e r v a r i a t i o n s a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f works annually, h a s g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o n w r i t i n g i n E a s t A f r i c a and i s t h e v a r i a t i o n u s e d by w r i t e r s and p o e t s f r o m t h e r e .

3. U n i f i c a t i o n and s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n

The work o f u n i f i c a t i o n and s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f t e r m i n o l o g y p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e t r a n s l a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l works i n Tanzan ia i s done by t h e N a t i o n a l S w a h i l i C o u n c i l (Ba raza l a K i s w a h i l i l a T a i f a ) i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e S w a h i l i Research a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar es Salaam. The N a t i o n a l S w a h i l i C o u n c i l h a s two s p e c i a l i s e d commi t tees f o r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f t e r m i n o l o g i e s and f o r g r a m m a r and i m p r i m a t u r . These, as t h e i r names sugges t , d e a l w i t h s t a n d a r d i z i n g t e r m i n o l o g y u s e d i n s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l f i e l d s as w e l l as g r a m m a r . The o t h e r a s p e c t o f t h e work o f t h e second commi t tee , c o n f e r r i n g i m p r i m a t u r o n books has n o t t a k e n o f f as most o f t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n book p r o d u c t i o n do n o t see i t s u s e f u l n e s s o r appear t o have n o t been made t o u n d e r s t a n d e x a c t l y what i t i s meant t o do. The Committee f o r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f t e r m i n o l o g i e s i s by f a r t h e most a c t i v e and t h e most c o n t r o v e r s i a l . The Committee meets s e v e r a l t i m e s a y e a r t o d i s c u s s

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t e r m i n o l o g i e s p roposed by a sub-commit tee w h i c h works i n c l o s e c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e I n s t i t u t e o f S w a h i l i Research. A f t e r e x h a u s t i v e d i s c u s s i o n s t h e p roposed t e r m i n o l o g i e s a r e a c c e p t e d o r r e j e c t e d . Those that a r e accep ted a r e b r o u g h t t h e r e a f t e r t o a m e e t i n g o f t h e who le N a t i o n a l S w a h i l i C o u n c i l . Only a f t e r t h e C o u n c i l approves t h e t e r m i n o l o g i e s a r e t h e y p r i n t e d and i s s u e d i n i t s p u b l i c a t i o n , T a f s i r i Sani fu , and d i s s e m i n a t e d f o r g e n e r a l use.

Many i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n and o u t s i d e Tanzan ia have shown a k e e n i n t e r e s t i n t h e work o f t h e N a t i o n a l S w a h i l i C o u n c i l and e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e work o f t h e Committee f o r s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n o f t e r m i n o l o g i e s . C r i t i c i s m h a s been v o i c e d o n some a s p e c t s o f t h e methods used by t h i s Committee i n c o i n i n g new words and a l s o i n t h e l a c k o f c o - o r d i n a t i o n be tween d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s and i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e same e x e r c i s e . T h i s l a c k o f c o - o r d i n a t i o n , i t i s n o t e d , h a s r e s u l t e d i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s u s i n g d i f f e r - e n t t e r m i n o l o g i e s f o r t h e same i d e a s and concepts . I t i s a rgued, f o r in- s t a n c e , tha t n o t enough r e s e a r c h i s done t o f i n d words i n o t h e r A f r i c a n l anguages w h i c h w o u l d be more a p p r o p r i a t e than f o r e i g n ones o r t h o s e w h i c h a r e c o i n e d m e c h a n i c a l l y .

( b ) L i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m

I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m i s a r e s u l t o f l i t e r a r y a c t i v i t y and a t t h e same t i m e a c t s as i t s impe tus . L i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m i s i t s e l f pa r t o f t h e l i t e r a r y scene and r e f l e c t s n o t o n l y t h e e x t e n t o f l i t e r a r y c r e a t i v i t y i n a g i v e n s o c i e t y a t a g i v e n p e r i o d but a l s o t h e s o c i a l s t r a i n s o u t o f w h i c h a r e d e r i v e d t h e themes and s t y l e s - c o n t e n t and f o r m - most c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f that p e r i o d . J u s t as one n o v e l o r one poem does n o t con- s t i t u t e a l i t e r a t u r e , so, one a r t i c l e o r book - rev iew c a n n o t c o n s t i t u t e l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m . ary works p roduced i n a g i v e n c o u n t r y o r i n a s p e c i f i c c u l t u r a l f ramework o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d , and i n w h i c h a r e r e f l e c t e d t h o s e a t t r i b u t e s that g i v e i t i t s p a r t i c u l a r i d e n t i t y .

A l i t e r a t u r e i s o n l y d e r i v e d f r o m - t h e t o t a l i t y o f l i t e r -

W r i t i n g i n E n g l i s h i n Tanzan ia was n o n - e x i s t e n t during B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e two p a r t s - mainland Tanzan ia and Z a n z i b a r and t h e few works w h i c h have been w r i t t e n i n E n g l i s h were a l l w r i t t e n a f t e r independence. Tanzan ia w r i t e r s , w r i t i n g i n E n g l i s h can be c o u n t e d o n o n e ' s f i n g e r t i p s and so c a n t h e number o f t h e i r p u b l i s h e d works.

The s i t u a t i o n i s v e r y d i f f e r e n t w i t h r e g a r d t o l i t e r a t u r e p roduced i n S w a h i l i . S w a h i l i l anguage t o b e g i n w i t h b o a s t s o f n e a r l y f o u r c e n t u r i e s o f w r i t t e n l i t e r a t u r e , main ly p o e t r y , and has p roduced l i t e r a r y p e r s o n a l i t i e s whose names and works have s u r v i v e d t h e t e s t o f t i m e .

I t i s p r e c i s e l y because o f t h e r i c h n e s s o f S w a h i l i l i t e r a t u r e - and e s s e n t i a l l y i t s p o e t r y - t h a t i t has p roduced an e q u a l l y r i c h t r a d i t i o n o f l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m . S w a h i l i p o e t r y h a s a lways addressed i t s e l f t o t h e i s s u e s o f t h e day and one p o e t ' s v i e w o f any i s s u e was i n s p i r a t i o n f o r a n o t h e r t o a g r e e o r d i s a g r e e o r t o shed new l i g h t on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e exchanges. There were n o p o e t s and c r i t i c s a s d i s t i n c t c a t e g o r i e s and c r i t i c i s m was i t s e l f made i n p o e t i c fo rm.

I n t h e 1 8 t h and 1 9 t h c e n t u r i e s , S w a h i l i p o e t r y was c o n s i d e r a b l y i n - f l u e n c e d by Arab and I s l a m i c c u l t u r e s , whether i t was i n r e s i s t a n c e t o conquest

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as f o r example t h e p o e t r y o f Muyaka b i n H a j i (1776-1840) o r by t h e dominance o f i s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s themes i n t h e p o e t r y o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . T r a d i t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e t o f o r e i g n d o m i n a t i o n was m a n i f e s t i n t h e p o e t r y a g a i n s t European i n v a s i o n . The f i r s t u p r i s i n g a g a i n s t German r u l e , 1888-1889, was r e c o r d e d i n an e p i c poem, U t e n z i vya V i t a vya Wadachi kutamalaki M r i m a w r i t t e n a b o u t 1895. The M a j i M a j i w a r w h i c h began i n 1895 was a l s o i m m o r t a l i s e d by Abdul K a r i m i n h i s e p i c poem, U t e n z i w a V i t a vya M a j i M a j i .

W i t h t h e d e f e a t o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e , p o e t r y degenera ted i n t o v a r i o u s fo rms o f escapism. I t was n o t u n t i l modern n a t i o n a l i s t s t r u g g l e s began i n t h e 1940s and c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1950s that new v i g o u r was b r e a t h e d i n t o i t . Numerous p o e t s emerged during t h i s p e r i o d , t h e g r e a t e s t o f them, t h e l a t e Shaban Rober t a c h i e v i n g u n d i s p u t e d ~ s t a t u s o f a n a t i o n a l p o e t . K a l u t a A m r i Abe id , M a t h i a s Mnyampala, Saadan Kandoro and o t h e r s n o t so w e l l known emerged w i t h i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e n a t i o n a l i s t independence movement t o g i v e i n s p i r a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i r poems and songs.

L i t e r a c y c r i t i c i s m a f t e r independence p l a y e d f i r s t t h e r o l e o f l i t e r a r y h i s t o r y b r i ng ing i n t o l i g h t work t h a t had f o r o b v i o u s reasons been suppressed b y t h e c o l o n i a l sys tem o f e d u c a t i o n . L i t e r a r y c r i t i c s were p r o f e s s o r s , r e - s e a r c h e r s and s t u d e n t s o f l i t e r a t u r e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar es Salaam where i n t e r e s t i n S w a h i l i i n a l l i t s a s p e c t s h a s a lways been s t r o n g .

L i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m , i n t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s , was domina ted by a deba te i n t h e l i t e r a r y c i r c l e s n o t o n l y o n t h e c o n t e n t o f S w a h i l i l i t e r a t u r e - p a s t and p r e s e n t - b u t e s p e c i a l l y on t h e f o r m o f c l a s s i c a l S w a h i l i p o e t r y . One s i d e o f t h e debate h o l d s t h e v i e w t h a t t h e c l a s s i c a l quatrain w i t h i t s r i g i d demand f o r m e t r e and rhyme i s u n i m a g i n a t i v e and s t i f l i n g ; w h i l e t o t h e o t h e r s i d e i t i s a s s e r t e d as t h e v e r y essence o f S w a h i l i p o e t r y w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e r e can be no S w a h i l i p o e t r y . T h i s debate w h i c h h a s r a g e d on unaba ted seems t o be l o s i n g i t s s team as each s i d e s e t t l e s down, ha rdened i n i t s p o s i t i o n , and as t h e more e n l i g h t e n e d o f b o t h s i d e s f i n d i n each o t h e r a r e a s o f un i ty and p o s s i b l y new c r e a t i v i t y .

The re a r e a number o f l i t e r a r y j o u r n a l s w h i c h c a r r y book r e v i e w s and w r i t i n g o n d i f f e r e n t l i t e r a r y i s s u e s . The I n s t i t u t e o f S w a h i l i Research pub- l i s h e s K i s w a h i l i and M u l i k a w h i l e t h e Depar tment o f L i t e r a t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar es Salaam p u b l i s h e s o r i g i n a l w r i t i n g b o t h i n S w a h i l i and E n g l i s h i n t h e i r j o u r n a l Umma (The P e o p l e ) . The N a t i o n a l S w a h i l i C o u n c i l ( B a r a z a l a K i s w a h i l i l a T a i f a ) p u b l i s h e s Lugha Y e t u ( O u r Language) i n w h i c h r e v i e w s and essays on d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f S w a h i l i appear as w e l l a s p r o c e e d i n g s and d e c i s i o n s o f t h e C o u n c i l ' s m e e t i n g s . I t a l s o c a r r i e s t h e v a l u a b l e s t a n d a r d t r a n s l a t i o n s o f s c i e n t i f i c and l i t e r a r y te rms .

The P a r t y owned S w a h i l i papers , Uhuru and Mzalendo a s w e l l as t h e Govern- ment owned D a i l y News and Sunday News c a r r y book r e v i e w s and o c c a s i o n a l l y a r t i c l e s o f l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t . Book r e v i e w s a r e m o s t l y done by t h e U n i v e r s i t y community but t h e r e a r e o t h e r c r i t i c s f r o m among p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n l i b r a r i e s , p u b l i s h i n g houses an0 i n s t i t u t i o n s r e l a t e d t o e d u c a t i o n .

O n t h e who le , r e v i e w s u s u a l l y t a k e t h e f o r m o f summary o f t h e work and comment o n i t s u s e f u l n e s s , t h a t i s , whe the r i t h e l p s p e o p l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r env i ronmen t b e t t e r as whe the r i t s m o r a l r e i n f o r c e s s o c i a l l y d e s i r e d b e h a v i o u r ; and whe the r t h e book i s w e l l w r i t t e n and i n t e r e s t i n g . The t e n d - ency seems w i t h r a r e e x c e p t i o n t o be t o q u a l i f y e v e r y work as ' e x c i t i n g ' and t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e who w o u l d b e n e f i t most by r e a d i n g t h e book. V e r y r a r e l y a r e r e v i e w s o f p o p u l a r books c r i t i c a l and i n t h i s r e s p e c t l i t e r a r y C r i t i c i s m misses one o f i t s u s e f u l r o l e s .

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Book r e v i e w s a r e i m p o r t a n t i n g e t t i n g books known and t h e r e i s no doubt that p u b l i s h e r s b e n e f i t f r o m h a v i n g t h e i r books r e v i e w e d i n t h e newspapers. They a r e c e r t a i n l y more e f f e c t i v e than announcements w h i c h do n o t c a r r y d e t a i l e d summaries o f t h e c o n t e n t s . Book r e v i e w s a r e a l s o r e a d on Rad io Tanzan ia and t h a t t o o i s e f f e c t i v e i n making p e o p l e aware o f new books . Bookshops i n u p - c o u n t r y towns r e p o r t improved s a l e s a f t e r books a r e r e v i e w e d i n t h e newspapers.

( c ) A u t h o r s and t r a n s l a t o r s

1. O b s t a c l e s t o a u t h o r s h i p and t r a n s l a t i o n

There a r e a number o f o b s t a c l e s t h a t a u t h o r s and t r a n s l a t o r s f a c e . F o r a u t h o r s p a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e p r i n c i p a l one i s t h e r e l a t i v e n o v e l t y o f t h e medium and i t s demand f o r a c e r t a i n d i s c i p l i n e on t h e p a r t o f b o t h a u t h o r s themse lves and r e a d e r s ( p r o d u c e r s and consumers) wh ich i s o n l y i n t h e p r o c e s s o f deve lop - ment . Fo r example, h i s t o r i c a l l y , and even i n t h e p r e s e n t , o r a l l i t e r a t u r e i s t h e c l o s e s t t o t h e p e o p l e by v i r t u e o f t h e m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e . Yet i t s s t y l e and even co r . ten t does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y l e n d i t s e l f e a s i l y t o t h e w r i t t e n medium and t h e m a r k e t f o r i t i s u n r e l i a b l e .

Ano the r p rob lem r e l a t e s t o language. A l t h o u g h a l l Tanzan ians who have r e c e i v e d any l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n speak, r e a d and w r i t e S w a h i l i , d e p t h o f i t s u n d e r s t a n d i n g and command d i f f e r c o n s i d e r a b l y . There a r e m a n y p e o p l e , es- p e c i a l l y academic ians who a r e g e n u i n e l y more c o m f o r t a b l e w r i t i n g i n E n g l i s h than i n S w a h i l i . The p rob lem i s e s p e c i a l l y m a n i f e s t i n t h e w r i t i n g o f s c i e n - t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l books . Aware o f t h e impor tance o f w r i t i n g i n S w a h i l i i n t h e i r f i e l d s and y e t f a i l i n g t o do so e f f e c t i v e l y a c t s as a d i s c o u r a g i n g f a c t o r t o some a s p i r i n g a u t h o r s . And 'even t h o s e who speak and w r i t e w e l l i n S w a h i l i must f a c e t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e language i t s e l f . A u t h o r s a r e o f t e n f a c e d w i t h e i t h e r having t o use f o r e i g n words i n t h e i r w r i t i n g o r w i t h having t o i n v e n t words t o e x p r e s s p r o f e s s i o n a l , s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l concep ts w h i c h a r e n o t y e t i n S w a h i l i . T h i s p rob lem i s even more a c u t e l y f e l t b y t h e r e a d e r s who a r e f o r c e d t o i n t e r p r e t words and concep ts used by t h e a u t h o r , and n o t c e r t a i n t h a t t h e y a r e r i g h t i n t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

Because o f numerous p rob lems , a u t h o r s a r e u n a b l e t o depend on t h e i r w r i t i n g as t h e i r p r i m a r y sou rce o f income. One o f t h e m a j o r p rob lems i n t h e nascen t p u b l i s h i n g i n d u s t r y i n Tanzan ia i s t h e g r e a t s h o r t a g e o f f a c i l i t i e s f o r p r i n t i n g books . Even t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y few p u b l i s h i n g houses tha t e x i s t i n t h e c o u n t r y a r e u n a b l e t o g e t a l l t h e m a n u s c r i p t s t h e y wou ld l i k e t o p u b l i s h p r i n t e d by t h e e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s . The l e a d t i m e be tween acceptance o f a m a n u s c r i p t and i t s p u b l i c a t i o n i n book f o r m can be as l o n g as t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s and w i l l o n l y v e r y r a r e l y be l e s s than 1 8 months. I n a d d i t i o n t o de- p r i v i n g a u t h o r s o f income t h e y w o u l d e a r n during t h i s w a i t i n g p e r i o d , t h e d e l a y i t s e l f has an e x t r e m e l y d e m o r a l i z i n g e f f e c t , and i n h i b i t s en thus iasm f o r p r o d u c i n g new m a n u s c r i p t s . A u t h o r s do n o t w r i t e o n l y f o r money. They a l s o w r i t e f o r t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f having t h e i r work r e a d and d i s c u s s e d and i n f l u e n c i n g s o c i e t y i n some way.

E a r l i e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n we d i s c u s s e d some o f t h e r a m i f i c a t i o n s i n h e r e n t i n u s i n g S w a h i l i as a m a j o r l anguage f o r w r i t t e n e x p r e s s i o n . The f a c t t ha t many a u t h o r s . choose t o w r i t e i n S w a h i l i a u t o m a t i c a l l y l i m i t s t h e marke t t o t h o s e c o u n t r i e s where S w a h i l i i s spoken. And even w i t h i n t h i s r e g i o n , r e a l - i t i e s o f p resen t -day t r a d e and t h e prob lems o f c i r c u l a t i o n , t r a n s f e r o f f unds

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between c o u n t r i e s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s and so on, s a l e and r e a d e r s h i p o f books p u b l i s h e d i n Tanzan ia i s l i m i t e d , i n e f f e c t , t o Tanzan ia o n l y . I t i s a f a c t t h a t p o t e n t i a l r e a d e r s h i p i n Tanzan ia i s v e r y l a r g e . The 1 9 7 8 census e s t i m a t e s 6 , 3 7 2 , 2 5 9 p e o p l e t o be l i t e r a t e i n t h e c o u n t r y . However, i n r e a l i t y t h i s r e a d e r s h i p i s l i m i t e d t o i n s t i t u t i o n s o f l e a r n i n g and more p r e - c i s e l y t o p r imary and secondary s c h o o l t e x t b o o k s and supp lemen ta ry r e a d e r s . Again because o f a l l e g e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l systems i n t h e d i f f e r - e n t c o u n t r i e s w h i c h u s e S w a h i l i , a u t h o r s a r e u n a b l e t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h e huge marke t t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x i s t s . Readersh ip o f g e n e r a l t i t l e s i s l i m i t e d by weaknesses i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem and more c r u c i a l l y , weaknesses i n pu rchas - ing power o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . W h i l e i t i s t r u e t ha t t r a d e i n g e n e r a l t i t l e s i s g r o w i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e m a j o r urban c e n t r e s ( h a l f o f t h e 7 9 b o o k s t o r e s l i s t e d i n 1 9 7 9 were i n Dar es S a l a a m , A rusha and Mwanza a l o n e ) , i t i s n o t l a r g e enough t o e n a b l e a u t h o r s t o l i v e e x c l u s i v e l y o n e a r n i n g s f r o m t h e s a l e s o f t h e i r books .

There i s a v a l i d argument t h a t a p o t e n t i a l e x i s t s f o r i n c r e a s e d r e a d e r - s h i p o f g e n e r a l t i t l e s p roduced i n Tanzan ia . There i s s t i l l a s u b s t a n t i a l i m p o r t o f books i n E n g l i s h w h i c h s e l l a t up t o f o u r t i m e s t h e B r i t i s h p r i c e s . C e r t a i n l y Tanzan ian a u t h o r s s h o u l d be a b l e t o c a p t u r e p a r t o f t h i s m a r k e t . W h i l s t t h e r e i s a marke t amongst t h i s e l i t e o f urban, moneyed and educa ted Tanzan ians o f a l l r a c e s and t h e f a i r l y l a r g e e x p a t r i a t e communi ty , f o r a u t h o r s t o make t h e c h o i c e t o w r i t e f o r i t means making t h e c h o i c e t o turn t h e i r back on t h e needs and a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f Tanzan ians , as w e l l as o n S w a h i l i as t h e i r l anguage o f e x p r e s s i o n a t a t i m e when i t s c o n t i n u i n g deve lop - ment i s n o t o n l y a n a t i o n a l g o a l , but i s a l s o t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e medium i n w h i c h t o communicate w i t h t h e p e o p l e . There i s a l s o t h e t e m p t a t i o n t o seek o u t s i d e p u b l i s h e r s by t h o s e w r i t i n g i n E n g l i s h , whe the r s c h o l a r l y o r l i t e r a r y works , f o r q u a l i t y and a l s o i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e l o n g d e l a y s e x p e r i e n c e d when p u b l i s h i n g l o c a l l y . T h i s f u r t h e r removes t h e i r work f r o m access by Tanzan ians , s i n c e t o make i t a c c e p t a b l e t o f o r e i g n p u b l i s h e r s t h e y must ' i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s e ' i t ; and a f t e r p u b l i c a t i o n , p r e s e n t - d a y T a n z a n i a ' s economic c o n s t r a i n t s make i t i m p o s s i b l e t o i m p o r t c o p i e s f o r i n t e r n a l d i s s e m i n a t i o n .

2. Tex t -book w r i t e r s

There a r e s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g n o t e x t - b o o k w r i t e r s i n Tanzan ia . A lmost a l l t h e books a u t h o r e d by p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s w h i c h a r e u s e d i n s c h o o l s a r e e i t h e T supp lemen ta ry r e a d e r s o r r e f e r e n c e books . The r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t a l l books f o r p r i m a r y s c h o o l s a r e w r i t t e n by t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h t e x t - b o o k w r i t i n g workshops u n d e r s u p e r v i s i o n o f s u b j e c t p a n e l s o f t h e i n s t i t u t e .

Due t o t h e r e b e i n g no books i n secondary s c h o o l s e s p e c i a l l y ( a s a r e s u l t o f l a c k o f f o r e i g n exchange f o r t h e i r i m p o r t a t i o n ) t h e r e has been a change o f m i n d and t e a c h e r s a n d ' u n i v e r s i t y p r o f e s s o r s a r e b e i n g encouraged t o w r i t e t e x t - b o o k s . The M i n i s t r y i s even p r e p a r e d t o pay a r o y a l t y o r t o make a s t r a i g h t pu rchase o f t h o s e m a n u s c r i p t s i t w i l l f i n d s u i t a b l e and i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d that t h i s new approach w i l l r e s u l t i n more books , and some a rgue , b e t t e r books , than t h o s e b e i n g e v o l v e d t h r o u g h workshops.

3 . F i c t i o n w r i t e r s

W i t h t h e g r o w t h o f l i t e r a c y i n Tanzan ia and t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e s c h o o l - g o i n g p o p u l a t i o n , f i c t i o n w r i t e r s were , u n t i l r e c e n t l y , d o i n g w e l l . D u r i n g

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t h e peak p e r i o d o f adu l t e d u c a t i o n campaign, f i c t i o n w r i t e r s who g e a r e d t h e i r work t o adu l t e d u c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s were c e r t a i n t o s e l l t o t h a t o u t l e t a l o n e be tween 3,000 and 6 , 0 0 0 c o p i e s . The main p rob lem o f f i c t i o n w r i t e r s i s that on t h e who le t h e i r works a r e o f m o s t l y l o w q u a l i t y and t h e r e a r e n o t enough p u b l i s h e r s t o g i v e them t h e e d i t o r i a l a d v i c e t h e y need o r encouragement that t h e y a r e l o o k i n g f o r .

The few p u b l i s h e r s t h a t e x i s t a l r e a d y f a c e t h e p rob lem o f t h e l a c k o f c a p a c i t y t o p r i n t even t h e few books t ha t t h e y e d i t and t h e i r e d i t o r i a l s t a f f w h i c h i s m o s t l y i n e x p e r i e n c e d can n o t h a n d l e e f f i c i e n t l y a l l t h e m a n r 3 c r i p t s w h i c h come u n s o l i c i t e d .

F i n a l l y t h e d i f f i c u l t economic c o n d i t i o n s b e i n g e x p e r i e n c e d i n Tanzan ia and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e h igh r a t e o f i n f l a t i o n h a s meant a r e - o r d e r i n g o f p r i o r - i t i e s among t h e consumers, w i t h books , and e s p e c i a l l y f i c t i o n , b e i n g s t r i c k e n o f f t h e s h o p p i n g l i s t . Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House 's e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e l a s t s i x y e a r s o r so shows t h a t whereas an i n i t i a l p r i n t run of 10,000 f o r a good n o v e l c o u l d be j u s t i f i e d i n 1 9 7 7 , t h e same c a n n o t be s a i d t o d a y . I t i s most d i s c o u r a g i n g that when more works o f f i c t i o n a r e a v a i l a b l e t h e m a r k e t has c o n t r a c t e d c o n s i d e r a b l y .

O n t h e o t h e r hand, i t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e books b e i n g p r i n t e d that a c e r t a i n k ind o f e s c a p i s t f i c t i o n ( f a s t mov ing c r i m e and d e t e c t i v e s t o r i e s ) as w e l l as i l l u s t r a t e d ' c o m i c s ' s t i l l e n j o y r e m a r k a b l e success.

4 . T r a n s l a t o r s

There a r e no p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a n s l a t o r s i n Tanzan ia and t h o s e who do t r a n s - l a t i o n i n t h e i r spa re t i m e f a c e t h e same prob lems as a u t h o r s do - d e l a y s i n p u b l i c a t i o n and t h e same economic u n c e r t a i n t y . I n a d d i t i o n t h e y f a c e some p rob lems p e c u l i a r t o t r a n s l a t o r s . Most t r a n s l a t i o n s a r e made i n t o K i s w a h i l i , m o s t l y f r o m E n g l i s h though t h e r e a r e a few works t r a n s l a t e d f r o m o t h e r languages n o t a b l y F rench . I n t h e 32 t r a n s l a t e d works l o d g e d w i t h t h e l e g a l d e p o s i t o r y o f Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s between 1973 and 1980, a l l but s i x o f them were t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o S w a h i l i . F o r t r a n s l a t o r s i n t o t h i s language, c e r t a i n p rob lems a r e posed. To t r a n s l a t e a work p a r t i c u l a r l y a l i t e r a r y work , i s n o t o n l y t o convey t h e meaning o f t h e o r i g i n a l . I t i s necessa ry a l s o t o make i t r e a l l y comprehens ib le t o t h e body o f new r e a d e r s and t o ove r - come c u l t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s so t h a t r e a d e r s o f t h e t r a n s l a t i o n a r e a l s o a b l e t o e n j o y t h e work i n a l l i t s a s p e c t s . The t r a n s l a t i o n , must , i t s e l f succeed as a l i t e r a r y work .

U n l e s s p u b l i s h e r s i d e n t i f y works t h e y w a n t t r a n s l a t e d and commiss ion t r a n s l a t o r s , i t i s m o s t l y t h e l a t t e r who approach t h e f o r m e r w i t h s u g g e s t i o n s . O b v i o u s l y t h i s p u t s them i n a weak p o s i t i o n o f bargaining w i t h t h e p u b l i s h e r s . A t p r e s e n t , i n Tanzan ia , t h e emphasis i s o n t r a n s l a t i n g t e c h n i c a l , s c i e n t i f i c , academic and p r o f e s s i o n a l m a t e r i a l . A l t h o u g h i n some ways t r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e s e t y p e s o f m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d have been e a s i e s t because t h e r e a r e no c u l - t u r a l d imens ions t o them, t h e r e a r e none t h e l e s s , i n h e r e n t p rob lems i n t r a n s l a t i n g f r o m languages w i t h a l o n g h i s t o r y o f i n d u s t r i a l development i n t o l anguages l i k e S w a h i l i where b o t h t h e t e r m s and t h e concep ts a r e a l i e n . As was i n d i c a t e d , a g r e a t d e a l o f work i s b e i n g done t o d e v e l o p S w a h i l i as a language o f i n d u s t r y and t e c h n o l o g y but i t i s n o t easy f o r t r a n s l a t o r s t o keep up w i t h t h e t e r m s deve loped b y t h e S w a h i l i N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l o r i n t r a n s l a t i n g t e r m s f o r w h i c h t h e C o u n c i l has n o t y e t deve loped a c c e p t a b l e S w a h i l i t e rms .

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F o r t r a n s l a t i o n s o f l i t e r a r y works t h e c o n s t r a i n t s a r e j u s t as complex. D r M a g o t i a rgues i n h i s a r t i c l e on 'The R o l e o f t r a n s l a t i o n i n t h e Deve lopment o f K i s w a h i l i and i t s e f f e c t s ' t h a t t r a n s l a t i o n s s h o u l d o n l y b e made i n o r d e r t o 'compensate f o r knowledge we do n o t have i n K i s w a h i l i ' . ( 2 ) B u t he sees danger i n h e r e n t i n t r a n s l a t i n g l i t e r a r y works i n t o K i s w a h i l i , o f o v e r shadowing t h e l anguage i t s e l f and ' d e n i g r a t i n g ' i t by t r a n s l a t i n g f r o m a 'dominan t ' o r h i s t o r i c a l l y s t r o n g language t o a language t h a t i s s t i l l d e v e l - o p i n g - as i s S w a h i l i w h i c h c o u l d cause i t t o assume concep ts , s t r u c t u r e s and genres o f o t h e r l anguage .

T h i s v i e w w o u l d n o t r e c e i v e m u c h s u p p o r t , f o r i n f a c t t h e more w i d e l y h e l d v i e w i s t h a t t r a n s l a t i o n s f r o m 'more deve loped ' l anguages t e n d t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e ones i n t o w h i c h t h e t r a n s l a t i o n s a r e b e i n g made. I t i s e q u a l l y u n a c c e p t a b l e as i t w o u l d deny t h e S w a h i l i speakers access t o t h e v a s t body o f w o r l d l i t e r a t u r e t h u s f o s t e r i n g a n a r r o w and c h a u v i n i s t i c v i e w o f t h e w o r l d among them. W i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o S w a h i l i pub- l i s h e d by Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House, have s o l d q u i t e w e l l . T h i s i s ample p r o o f o f p e o p l e s ' i n t e r e s t i n f o r e i g n l i t e r a t u r e .

A p r o b l e m w h i c h a f f e c t s t r a n s l a t i o n s and t h e r e f o r e t r a n s l a t o r s i s that t r a n s l a t i o n s a r e more e x p e n s i v e than o r i g i n a l works . As a r e s u l t p u b l i s h i n g houses a r e n o t v e r y keen t o p u b l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s . Those who c a n a f f o r d t h e p r i c e o f t r a n s l a t i o n s a r e a l s o most l i k e l y t o have r e a d t h e o r i g i n a l . These prob lems as w o u l d be e x p e c t e d deny t r a n s l a t o r s r e g u l a r work and t h e r e f o r e r e g u l a r income.

6. Encouragements and a i d s t o a u t h o r s h i p and t r a n s l a t i o n

S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g t h e r e a r e no c o n c r e t e encouragements t o a u t h o r s h i p and t r a n s l a t i o n i n Tanzan ia . A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s c o n s t a n t e x h o r t a t i o n t o a l l t h o s e w i t h a b i l i t y t o w r i t e t h e r e i s l i t t l e t h a t c o u l d be te rmed c o n c r e t e a id . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l examples o f c l e a r o b s t a c l e s p l a c e d i n t h e way o f w r i t e r s and t r a n s l a t o r s .

There a r e a number o f ways i n w h i c h a u t h o r s and t r a n s l a t o r s c o u l d be encouraged. The most i m p o r t a n t one i s w i t h o u t doub t f i n a n c i a l , g u a r a n t e e i n g a u t h o r s and t r a n s l a t o r s a decen t m i n i m u m income. The m y t h t h a t w r i t e r s must l i v e i n p o v e r t y t o be a b l e t o w r i t e w e l l i s as i n c o r r e c t as i t i s u n j u s t t o w r i t e r s . One way t o a s s i s t a u t h o r s , and t h e i r p u b l i s h e r s , s i n c e t h e l a t t e r must f u n c t i o n i n an u n p r e d i c t a b l e m a r k e t and c a n o n l y r a r e l y a f f o r d t o b e generous , w o u l d be f o r government t o g u a r a n t e e a r e a s o n a b l e m i n i m u m pu rchase o f books d e c i d e d upon t h r o u g h w e l l p u b l i c i s e d w r i t i n g c o m p e t i t i o n s .

No such c o m p e t i t i o n s a r e o r g a n i s e d i n Tanzan ia , and t h e r e i s no l i t e r a r y p r i z e o f any k ind f o r books i n any f i e l d .

There a r e no encouragements o r a l d s t o t r a n s l a t o r s e i t h e r and i n many ways t h e i r l o t i s worse o f f than even that o f w r i t e r s . I n t h i s a r e a t h e s i t u - a t i o n i n Tanzan ia i s v e r y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y and a g r e a t d e a l w i l l have t o b e done t o change i t .

Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House has r e c e n t l y s u b m i t t e d a memorandum t o gove rn - ment c a l l i n g f o r t h e exempt ion f r o m t a x a t i o n o f income e a r n e d by a u t h o r s as r o y a l t y . I f t h i s succeeds i t w i l l be a b i g s t e p f o r w a r d , f o r t h e p r o g r e s s i v e income t a x s t r u c t u r e i n Tanzan ia i s a g r e a t d i s i n c e n t i v e t o a u t h o r s . I t i s

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c a l c u l a t e d o n t h e a u t h o r s compos i te income and t h e r e have been o c c a s i o n s where an a u t h o r ’ s t a k e away pay was l e s s than i t w o u l d have been o n a s i n g l e income.

d ) P r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s

There e x i s t s a U n i o n o f T a n z a n i a Book W r i t e r s (Umoja w a Waand ish i w a V i t a b u Tanzan ia ) w h i c h was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1979. The Un ion , however , as f a r a s t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r i s aware, e x i s t s o n paper o n l y . No c l a u s e i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e U n i o n e x p r e s s l y s t a t e s t ha t t h e u n i o n i s t h e r e t o secu re and d e f e n d t h e m a t e r i a l ( f i n a n c i a l ) i n t e r e s t s o f t h e a u t h o r s o r t h e i r r i g h t t o h o l d i ndependen t o p i , n i o n s and t o exp ress them f r e e l y so l o n g a s t h e y do n o t go a g a i n s t t h e l a w . I t l i s t s t w e l v e o b j e c t i v e s : un i t i ng a l l w r i t e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y , e n c o u r a g i n g t h e w r i t i n g o f a l l t y p e s o f books among Tanzan ians , t r a i n i n g young w r i t e r s t h r o u g h seminars , a d v i c e e t c . ; a s s i s t i n g a u t h o r s t o s e c u r e p u b l i s h e r s , p r o d u c i n g j o u r n a l s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f a u t h o r s , s e c u r i n g f u n d s f o r a u t h o r s ’ r e s e a r c h , t o e v a l u a t e w r i t i n g s o f f o r e i g n a u t h o r s and t o v e r i f y w h a t t h e y w r i t e abou t Tanzan ia ; t o w r i t e books on t h e c o u n t r y ’ s p o l i - t i c a l , economic, s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l l i f e i n t h e n a t i o n a l and f o r e i g n l anguages and t o make t r a n s l a t i o n s , t o ensu re t h a t v a l u a b l e t r a d i t i o n a l edu- c a t i o n i s r e c o r d e d i n books and t o co -opera te w i t h o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n t h e development o f t h e n a t i o n a l l anguage such a s t h e I n s t i t u t e o f S w a h i l i Research , t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n , t h e M i n i s t r y o f C u l t u r e and o t h e r s .

The Tanzan ia O r g a n i z a t i o n o f T r a n s l a t o r s (Chama c h a W a t a f s i r i Tanzan ia - CHAWATA) was fo rmed i n 1982, and h a s a r e g i s t e r e d membership o f 1 3 t r a n s l a t o r s w o r k i n g i n S w a h i l i , E n g l i s h , F rench , Russ ian , German and A r a b i c . A l l o f t h e 1 3 members a r e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam.

CHAWATA ( w h i c h w i l l have t o change i t s acronym as i t i s a l s o t h e acronym f o r t h e T a n z a n i a S o c i e t y f o r t h e Handicapped) i s a l r e a d y a member o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a n s l a t o r s Un ions and i s i n c o n t a c t w i t h o t h e r A f r i c a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t r a n s l a t o r s .

The m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s t o t r a n s l a t e f o r e i g n works i n t o S w a h i l i a l t h o u g h some books c o u l d b e t r a n s l a t e d f r o m one f o r e i g n language i n t o a n o t h e r . The e x i s t e n c e o f t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , members o f w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y p r o d u c i n g an a p p r e c i a b l e amount o f work , w i l l encourage more t r a n s l a t i o n s a s w e l l a s d e v e l o p i n g t r a n s l a t o r s .

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II PUBLISHING

( a ) P u b l i s h i n g houses i n t h e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r s

1. M a j o r p u b l i s h i n g houses

F o r t h i s pamphle t a s u r v e y was c a r r i e d o u t w h i c h showed t h a t t h e r e a r e no l e s s than 150 p u b l i s h e r s i n Tanzan ia . T h i s s u r p r i s i n g l y l a r g e number o f p u b l i s h e r s i s , however , d e c e p t i v e , f o r i t i n c l u d e s even t h o s e who p u b l i s h o n l y o c c a s i o n a l b r o c h u r e s o r pamph le ts f o r non-commerc ia l d i s t r i b u t i o n . Most o f t h e government m i n i s t r i e s , i n s t i t u t e s , depar tmen ts as w e l l as pa ra - s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s c a r r y o u t some p u b l i s h i n g a c t i v i t i e s . S t i l l t h e t o t a l number of p u b l i c a t i o n s emana t ing f r o m them makes up a s i z e a b l e p a r t o f t h e t o t a l n a t i o n a l p u b l i s h i n g o u t p u t . I f o n t h e o t h e r hand d e f i n i t i o n o f a p u b l i s h i n g company/house i s l i m i t e d t o i n s t i t u t i o n s i n v o l v e d e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e b u s i n e s s o f p u b l i s h i n g o r i n w h i c h book p u b l i s h i n g c o n s t i t u t e s a l a r g e p a r t o f i t s n o r m a l a c t i v i t i e s , t h i s number w o u l d be g r e a t l y reduced . Based on n o r m a l o u t p u t o f p u b l i s h i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s i n Tanzan ia o v e r t h e y e a r s 1972-1982, 5 p u b l i c a t i o n s p e r y e a r appeared t o be an average number t o qua l i f y a p u b l i s h i n g i n s t i t u t i o n as ' m a j o r ' . U s i n g t h i s c r i t e r i a , m a j o r p u b l i s h e r s a v e r a g i n g 5 t i t l e s o v e r t h e l a s t 5 t o 1 0 y e a r s a r e :

- M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n

- Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House (T.P.H.)

- Dar es S a l a a m U n i v e r s i t y P ress (D.U.P.)

- Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s (T .L .S . )

- E a s t e r n A f r i c a P u b l i c a t i o n s (E.A.P.L.)

A p a r t f r o m t h e s e , p u b l i s h e r s w i t h marked i n f l u e n c e on t h e p o p u l a t i o n a r e t h e r e l i g i o u s p u b l i s h e r s . Ndanda M i s s i o n P ress , V o l u n t a r y Agency o f t h e B e n e d i c t i n e F a t h e r s , C e n t r a l Tangany ika P ress , N a t i o n a l M u s l i m C o u n c i l o f Tanzan ia (BAKWATA), Vuga M i s s i o n P r e s s ( E v a n g e l i c a l L u t h e r a n Church o f Tangany ika) and Tanzan ia M i s s i o n P r e s s ( C a t h o l i c ) have f o r many y e a r s been p u b l i s h i n g many books, m o s t l y , but n o t e x c l u s i v e l y , on r e l i g i o u s s u b j e c t s .

A p a r t f r o m government m i n i s t r i e s , agenc ies and i n s t i t u t e s and t h e 5 p a r a s t a t a l p u b l i s h i n g companies, t h e r e a r e a l s o a few p r i v a t e p u b l i s h e r s . B l a c k S ta r Agenc ies , A f r i c a n a P u b l i s h e r s , S w a l a P u b l i c a t i o n s , P r e s s and P u b l i c i t y C e n t r e and I n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l P u b l i s h e r s a r e t h e more a c t i v e ones. F i r m s w h i c h domina ted t h e p u b l i s h i n g scene i n T a n z a n i a i n t h e s i x t i e s and e a r l y s e v e n t i e s were O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s and Longmans, and t h e f o r m e r h a s r e t a i n e d i t s p l a c e t h o u g h i n a d i m i n i s h e d fo rm. T h e i r i n f l u e n c e and t h a t o f Longmans i n e d u c a t i o n a l p u b l i s h i n g has been g r e a t l y d i m i n i s h e d . O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ' s i t u a t i o n i s p a r t l y due t o t h e f a c t that t h e i r p r i n t e r , Tanzan ia L i t h o , h a s had no paper but more p r o b a b l y because s i n c e O.U.P. canno t r e p a t r i a t e t h e f a i r l y l a r g e sums made o n t h e s e books , i t does n o t see t h e n e c e s s i t y t o p u b l i s h more. I n t h e l a s t 8 y e a r s , O.U.P. p u b l i s h e d 1 0 t i t l e s , t h e most i m p o r t a n t b e i n g t h e S w a h i l i d i c t i o n a r y , o f w h i c h 85,000 were s o l d i n 1981/82.

I n Longmans' case, i t i s u n d e r s t o o d that o n l y t h e name h a s been k e p t , but i n r e a l i t y t h e y have ceased t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s i n Tanzan ia . The Tanzan ia Manager has been a l l o w e d t o u s e t h e name t o c a r r y o u t l i m i t e d p u b l i s h i n g a c t i v i t i e s .

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2. C o n s t i t u t i o n , o r g a n i z a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n

Most p r i v a t e p u b l i s h i n g companies o p e r a t e as l i m i t e d l i a b i l i t y companies based on i n d i v i d u a l i n v e s t o r s ' l i m i t e d c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t . On ly r e c e n t l y has p u b l i s h i n g begun t o a t t r a c t t h e i n t e r e s t o f i n d i v i d u a l e n t r e p r e n e u r s but i t i s n o t c e r t a i n t ha t many o f t h e s e who a l s o have o t h e r i n t e r e s t s ranging f r o m e x p o r t - i m p o r t t o management c o n s u l t a n c y , w i l l r e m a i n i n p u b l i s h i n g f o r l o n g . Some o f them who p u b l i s h e d one o r two good s e l l e r s e i t h e r i n v e s t e d t h e money t h e y made f r o m t h e books i n t h e i r o t h e r b u s i n e s s e s o r e l s e t h e y o v e r r e p r i n t e d a t t h e p o i n t when t h e marke t f o r t h e i r s u c c e s s f u l book was j u s t abou t s a t u r a t e d and f e l l i n t o f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s .

Many o f them o p e r a t e f r o m b r i e f c a s e s , w i t h o u t o f f i c e s o r warehouses but t h e y a r e so r e s o u r c e f u l that t h e y manage t o g e t t h e i r books o u t j u s t as f a s t and o f t e n f a s t e r than t h e more e s t a b l i s h e d p u b l i s h e r s .

The p a r a s t a t a l p u b l i s h i n g houses, T.P.H. and E a s t e r n A f r i c a P u b l i c a t i o n s a r e s u b s i d i a r y companies o f Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s - a g roup u n d e r t h e M i n i s t r y o f I n d u s t r i e s . The two companies o p e r a t e i n many ways as any p r i v a t e company w o u l d and a r e expec ted t o make p r o f i t s and s u p p o r t them- s e l v e s .

Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House w h i c h i s a t t h e p r e s e n t t h e b i g g e s t p u b l i s h i n g house was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1966 as a j o i n t v e n t u r e be tween N a t i o n a l Development C o r p o r a t i o n (NDC) and M a c m i l l a n o f t h e U.K. I n 1975 , a f t e r a t r o u b l e d r e l a t i o n - s h i p , M a c m i l l a n were bough t o u t and T.P.H. was f u l l y owned by N.D.C. I n 1979 i t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s . I t s t u r n o v e r i n 1982 was T.Shs. 26.8 m i l l i o n (US $2.23 m i l l i o n ) and a p r o f i t o f T.Shs. 6 . 1 m i l l i o n (US $ 0 . 5 m i l l i o n ) was r e a l i s e d .

3 . S p e c i a l i s a t i o n

There i s no p u b l i s h e r who s p e c i a l i s e s i n one o r two l i n e s o f p u b l i s h i n g t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f o t h e r s . I t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t t o see w h y . Even t h e r e - l i g i o u s p u b l i s h e r s , p r e c i s e l y because t h e y want t o i n f l u e n c e t h e i r f o l l o w e r s n o t o n l y on m a t t e r s s p i r i t u a l but a l s o i n o t h e r a s p e c t s , p u b l i s h books on h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , l i t e r a t u r e and p o l i t i c s . One i n t e r e s t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n abou t t h e r e l i g i o u s p u b l i s h e r s i s t h a t most o f them have t h e i r own p r i n t i n g p r e s s e s and use t h e i r r e l i g i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o d i s t r i b u t e t h e i r books w h i c h t h e y do q u i t e e f f i c i e n t l y . T h i s f o r m o f o r g a n i z a t i o n has g i v e n them an edge o v e r t h e commerc ia l p u b l i s h e r s w i t h o u t t h e i r own f a c i l i t i e s and who must r e l y on t h e few p r i n t e r s a v a i l a b l e . The U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar es Salaam Press w h i c h had been e x p e c t e d t o p u b l i s h s c h o l a r l y works o f r e s e a r c h e s done b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y community h a s n o t r i s e n t o e x p e c t a t i o n .

( b ) Tex tbooks and U n i v e r s i t y books

Tanzan ia h a s i n t h e m a i n become s e l f r e l i a n t i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t e x t - books f o r p r imary s c h o o l s c o v e r i n g t h e e n t i r e seven y e a r s and a l l s u b j e c t s . B u t a t secondary s c h o o l l e v e l and e s p e c i a l l y f o r s c i e n c e , and f o r t h e U n i v e r - s i t y t h e r e i s s t i l l g r e a t dependence o n books i m p o r t e d m a i n l y f r o m pub- l i s h e r s i n t h e U n i t e d Kingdom.

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E f f o r t s a r e b e i n g made t o w r i t e and p u b l i s h books f o r secondary s c h o o l s and f o r t h e 1983/84 y e a r t e x t b o o k s f o r P h y s i c s , f o r F'orms I - I V , Chemis t r y f o r A - l e v e l , B i o l o g y f o r Form I V and Economics f o r A - l e v e l s have been w r i t t e n . Mathemat ics t e x t b o o k s were t h e f i r s t t o be w r i t t e n . The t a r g e t i s f o r a l l t e x t b o o k s f o r secondary s c h o o l s t o be comp le ted by 1984/85.

A t t h e U n i v e r s i t y , i n p r a c t i c a l l y a l l f i e l d s t e x t b o o k s a r e i m p o r t e d . Due t o t h e v e r y l i m i t e d f o r e i g n exchange a l l o c a t i o n s made t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y bookshop f o r t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f t e x t b o o k s , i t has become common f o r p r o f e s - s o r s and l e c t u r e r s t o w r i t e up t h e i r l e s s o n n o t e s and t o c y c l o s t y l e them i n t h e f o r m o f bound handou ts and t o s e l l them t o s t u d e n t s . A most n e g a t i v e consequence o f t h i s s h o r t a g e o f t e x t b o o k s i s t h e i n c i d e n c e o f s t u d e n t s c u t t i n g o u t who le c h a p t e r s o r s e c t i o n s f r o m t h e books i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y f o r p r i v a t e use .

The p rob lems o f t e x t b o o k p u b l i s h i n g f o r secondary s c h o o l s , t h e v a r i o u s t e c h n i c a l c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t y a r e a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o v e r t h e e d u c a t i o n a l l anguage p o l i c y t o be used f o r secondary and u n i v e r s i t y edu- c a t i o n . Whereas t h e l anguage o f i n s t r u c t i o n i n p r i m a r y s c h o o l s i s S w a h i l i , and t h e o b j e c t i v e has been i n p r i n c i p l e i t s e v e n t u a l use as a medium o f i n s t r u c t i o n i n a l l h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n , absence o f c l e a r d e c i s i o n t o i n t r o d u c e S w a h i l i as t h e medium o f i n s t r u c t i o n has t e n d e d t o d i s c o u r a g e a u t h o r s , academic ians , and p ù b l i s h e r s f r o m p r o d u c i n g books f o r t h i s c a t e g o r y . I n a d d i t i o n t o o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h e c o s t f a c t o r argument by t h e p r o p o n e n t s o f E n g l i s h as t h e medium o f i n s t r u c t i o n - p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s b y t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E d u c a t i o n put t h e c o s t o f t r a n s l a t i n g and p u b l i s h i n g e x i s t i n g secondary . s c h o o l t e x t b o o k s a t U.S. 8 .4 m i l l i o n - has been c o n v e n i e n t l y u s e d t o s u p p o r t t h e i r use even t h r o u g h t h e i s s u e i t i s o b v i o u s t h e c o s t s f o r t h e same work i n f u t u r e w i l l i n c r e a s e g r e a t l y and i t w o u l d be advantageous t o do i t now. As t h e f o r m e r D i r e c t o r o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f S w a h i l i Research p o i n t e d o u t , ' . . . t h e s c a r c i t y o f c r e a t i v e as w e l l as f a c t u a l m a t e r i a l i n K i s w a h i l i i s t h e consequence o f t o o much dependence o n f o r e i g n and non- ind igenous med ia w h i c h n e i t h e r s t i m u l a t e s u f f i c i e n t l y b o t h t h e c o g n i t i v e and t h e a f f e c t i v e domains t o a l l o w f o r f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h o u g h t and f o r t h e f reedom o f e x p r e s s i o n . I t i s t h e r e f o r e b e l i e v e d t h a t more books and o t h e r t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l w i l l b e g i n t o f l o w when t h e i n d i g e n o u s medium i s a l l o w e d t o o p e r a t e . A p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f p r i m a r y s c h o o l m a t e r i a l o n t h e marke t may t e s t i f y t o t h e above m e n t i o n e d h y p o t h e s i s . ( 3 )

N e v e r t h e l e s s , a number o f books i n K i s w a h i l i have begun t o appear on t h e m a r k e t , s p e c i f i c a l l y c o n c e i v e d as t e x t b o o k s f o r secondary s c h o o l s and f o r 1 s t and 2nd y e a r U n i v e r s i t y cou rses . Some o f t h e s e f i r s t appear as g e n e r a l t i t l e s and i f f o u n d s u i t a b l e t h e y a r e t h e n adop ted as t e x t b o o k s , supp lemen ta ry o r r e f e r e n c e books.

I n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e s h o r t a g e o f f o r e i g n exchange t o meet i m p o r t s f o r a l l t h e U n i v e r s i t y book needs i s a c t i n g as a s t i m u l u s t o p r o f e s s o r s and l e c t u r e r s as w e l l as p u b l i s h e r s t o p r o v i d e a l t e r n a t i v e s .

I n l i n e w i t h T a n z a n i a ' s p o l i c y o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e , t h e w r i t i n g and p r o d u c t i o n o f t e x t b o o k s h a s a lways been c o n s i d e r e d b e s t done t h r o u g h workshops o r g a n i z e d by t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n o r t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E d u c a t i o n . The l a t t e r , w h i c h i s cha rged w i t h c u r r i c u l u m development has s u b j e c t p a n e l s o r g a n i z e d s p e c i f i c a l l y t o w r i t e t e x t b o o k s f o r each s u b j e c t . I n v o l v e d i n w r i t i n g workshops a r e t e a c h e r s under t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e head o f t h e s u b j e c t pan'el. Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f w r i t i n g t h e t e x t b o o k s , m a n u s c r i p t s a r e e d i t e d and a r e s e n t t o t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n where t h e I n s p e c t o r a t e D i v i s i o n w i l l g i v e f i n a l a p p r o v a l and t h e work o f p u b l i s h i n g w i l l t h e n b e g i n .

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D i s c u s s i o n has been g o i n g on f o r a l o n g t i m e as t o whe the r a u t h o r s h i p o f t e x t b o o k s s h o u l d be l e f t t o i n d i v i d u a l s o r whether t h e p r e s e n t method i s most advantageous. There a r e two arguments i n f a v o u r o f t h e p r e s e n t method.

F i r s t , i s t h a t i t i s now g e n e r a l l y agreed i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y that t e x t - books s h o u l d be w r i t t e n by more than one a u t h o r because t h i s a l l o w s f o r t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t w r i t e r s t o be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e book . Second ly , i t i s a rgued, encouragement o f i n d i v i d u a l t e a c h e r s ( t h e o n l y g r o u p f r o m w h i c h w r i t e r s a r e t o come) t o w r i t e books w i l l t e n d t o c r e a t e a s i t u a - t i o n o f u n h e a l t h y c o m p e t i t i o n among t e a c h e r s w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f a good number o f competent t e a c h e r s l e a v i n g t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n t o j o i n p r o b a b l y more l u c r a t i v e w r i t i n g c a r e e r s . So as a m a t t e r o f p r i n c i p l e t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n f a v o u r s t e x t b o o k s b e i n g w r i t t e n by t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E d u c a t i o n .

Whether one ag rees o r n o t w i t h e i t h e r o r b o t h o f t h e s e v iews t h e f a c t s t i l l r e m a i n s that some f o r m o f i n c e n t i v e and encouragement ough t t o be g i v e n t o t h e w r i t e r s whe the r t h e y b e i n g roup o r as i n d i v i d u a l s because t h i s i s t h e o n l y w a y t o ensu re t h a t t h e work w i l l be done e f f i c i e n t l y . I n t h i s r e s p e c t , where t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E d u c a t i o n approaches a p u b l i s h e r t o p u b l i s h t h e i r m a n u s c r i p t s , t h e n o r m a l r o y a l t y agreement i s s i g n e d between them and f r o m t h e r o y a l t y f e e p a y a b l e t o t h e I n s t i t u t e cash g r a n t s a r e p l a n n e d t o be made t o e v e r y o n e o f t h e a u t h o r s o f t h e books p u b l i s h e d . O the r fo rms o f r e c o g n i t i o n , f o r i n s t a n c e acknowledgement t o t h e a u t h o r s , and p r o m o t i o n s a r e g i v e n and i t i s hoped t h a t t h e s e w i l l be r e v i e w e d e v e r y now and t h e n i n f a v o u r o f w r i t e r s .

( c ) Books f o r g e n e r a l r e a d i n g

A number o f g e n e r a l r e a d i n g books s o l d w e l l o v e r 50,000 c o p i e s during t h e f i v e y e a r p e r i o d - 1975-1980. A few s o l d even more. S t i l l i t must be n o t e d t h a t whe the r d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y many o f t h e books w h i c h were pub- l i s h e d as g e n e r a l t i t l e s were adop ted i n t h e s c h o o l sys tem as supp lemen ta ry r e a d e r s o r r e f e r e n c e books . I t i s d o u b t f u l t h a t an average n o v e l c o u l d s e l l more than 10-20,000 c o p i e s o f f t h e s h e l f i n l e s s than two y e a r s . O n i n v e s - t i g a t i o n e v e n t h e most p o p u l a r t h r i l l e r s , one w i l l d i s c o v e r , do n o t S e l l t o t h e p u b l i c i n t h e thousands as i s o f t e n c la imed . What u s u a l l y happens i s that t h e i n i t i a l p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e book w i l l encourage Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s t o buy an e n t i r e e d i t i o n o f i t s r e p r i n t , but t h e r e p r i n t w i l l u s u a l l y t a k e a few y e a r s t o b e s o l d o f f .

Between 1975 and 1980, T a n z a n i a P u b l i s h i n g House, B l a c k S tar Agenc ies , Longman and Pan A f r i c a n P u b l i s h i n g Company i n that o r d e r p u b l i s h e d t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e g e n e r a l t i t l e s a l t h o u g h i n t h e case o f B l a c k S t a r Agenc ies i t w o u l d appear t h a t a l l i t s t i t l e s were p u b l i s h e d t o o r d e r by one o r o t h e r o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n depar tmen ts and i n s t i t u t i o n s . I n t h a t r e s p e c t t h e i r t i t l e s were n o t s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g o r d i n a r y t r a d e books coming on t h e m a r k e t on t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e i r l i t e r a r y m e r i t .

A number o f o u t s t a n d i n g works have been p u b l i s h e d i n t h e l a s t 10 y e a r s and a number o f w r i t e r s have become w e l l known as a r e s u l t o f t h e i r w r i t i n g s .

( d ) C h i l d r e n ' s Books

I n Tanzan ia as i n a l m o s t a l l . A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s , c h i l d r e n ' s l i t e r a t u r e has n o t been g i v e n t h e i m p o r t a n c e i t deserves . However, t h e r e i s now an awareness

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o f t h e need f o r c h i l d r e n ' s books and a number o f c h i l d r e n ' s books have begun t o appear on t h e m a r k e t .

Between 1970 and 1983 Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House p u b l i s h e d 2 1 t i t l e s o f c h i l d r e n ' s books i n a t o t a l o f 164,900 c o p i e s . B u t t h a t i s n o t enough even i f t w i c e t ha t number o f t i t l e s and c o p i e s were t o have been p u b l i s h e d by o t h e r p u b l i s h e r s .

C h i l d r e n ' s books p u b l i s h i n g d i d n o t d e v e l o p f o r s e v e r a l íseasons. F i r s t l y t h o s e who knew t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f books f o r c h i l d r e n had access t o books f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n t h e E n g l i s h l anguage . As a r e s u l t o f t h e e n t i r e p r imary e d u c a t i o n b e i n g i n S w a h i l i , E n g l i s h l anguage books can no l o n g e r do. Second ly , and t h i s i s more i m p o r t a n t a r e a s o n , t h e r e was n o t an o r g a n i z e d p r e - s c h o o l c h i l d c a r e sys tem i n w h i c h c h i l d r e n were i n t r o d u c e d t o books. B u t f r o m 1 9 7 4 , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f day c a r e c e n t r e s has been as f o l l o w s :

Year 1974 1975 1976/77 1978 1979 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

No. o f Day Care C e n t r e 670 750 1 5 4 3 2490 3242

Source: E d u c a t i o n s e c t o r s t u d y - URT/UNESCO/DANIDA W o r l d Bank 1980

A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e s t i l l many p rob lems t o be s o l v e d b e f o r e t h e s e day c a r e c e n t r e s can be as e f f e c t i v e as d e s i r e d , t h e n u c l e u s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , h a s been s e t up a round w h i c h p l a n s f o r p r o v i s i o n o f books and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s can be made. I t w o u l d be w o r t h w h i l e , f o r i n s t a n c e , t o f i n d o u t how many c o p i e s o f a s e r i e s f o r c h i l d r e n t h e s e day-care c e n t r e s c o u l d pu rchase ; f o r if f o r i n s t a n c e each day-care c e n t r e c o u l d a f f o r d two t o t h r e e c o p i e s o f each book , i t wou ld mean a t o t a l o f 7,000 c o p i e s f o r t h e c e n t r e s a l o n e . T a k i n g o t h e r p o s s i b l e u s e r s i n t o m i n d i t c o u l d mean anywhere f r o m 1 0 t o 15,000 c o p i e s . B u t o f cou rse one w o u l d hope t h a t g r e a t e r r e s o u r c e s c o u l d be s e c u r e d t o e n a b l e p a r e n t s t o buy books f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n a t p r i c e s t h e y c o u l d a f f o r d .

L e t us hope t h a t t h e number o f t h e day c a r e c e n t r e s w i l l be i n c r e a s e d and t h a t t h e i r e x i s t e n c e w i l l become an i n s p i r a t i o n f o r a u t h o r s and p u b l i s h e r s t o w r i t e and p u b l i s h books and f o r t h e p u b l i c t o b e i n t e r e s t e d i n them.

( e ) S c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l books

The m a j o r i t y o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s u n d e r t h e a p p l i e d and p u r e s c i e n c e s a r e r e p o r t s of r e s e a r c h o n v a r i o u s s u b j e c t s done f o r o r under t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c Research C o u n c i l , v a r i o u s government m i n i s t r i e s and u n i v e r s i t y depar tmen ts . Dar es S a l a a m U n i v e r s i t y P ress p u b l i s h e s a s e l e c t number o f inaugural l e c t u r e s by U n i v e r s i t y p r o f 2 s s o r 8 , many o f w h i c h a r e o f a s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l n a t u r e . Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House on i t s p a r t h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d o n p u b l i s h i n g s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l books i n t h e n a t i o n a l language. So f a r , 2 1 t i t l e s have been p u b l i s h e d under i t s U f u n d i ( t e c h n i c a l ) s e r i e s . The p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s s e r i e s h a s been welcomed n o t o n l y f o r i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e development o f t e c h n i c a l t e r m i n o l o g y i n S w a h i l i but more e s p e c i a l l y because i t h a s made i t p o s s i b l e f o r w o r k e r s w i t h o u t a knowledge o f E n g l i s h t o s t u d y and pass t r a d e t e s t s w h i c h i s a p r e c o n d i t i o n f o r p r o m o t i o n s and s a l a r y i n c r e a s e .

- 18 -

( f ) T r a n s l a t i o n s f r o m and i n t o n a t i o n a l languages

A l t h o u g h t h e p i c t u r e that emerges f r o m t h e data i s n o t v e r y p o s i t i v e y e t o n t h e who le t r a n s l a t i o n i n t o S w a h i l i has been i m p r e s s i v e . I t s h o u l d be k e p t i n m i n d t h a t t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o S w a h i l i o r books w r i t t e n i n f o r e i g n languages, e s p e c i a l l y i n E n g l i s h , a r e done i n a l l c o u n t r i e s w h i c h speak S w a h i l i . The number o f t r a n s l a t i o n s done can be f o u n d o u t by adding t h e o u t p u t o f each S w a h i l i - s p e a k i n g c o u n t r y and most e s p e c i a l l y o f Kenya.

There has been l i t t l e work o f t r a n s l a t i o n f r o m S w a h i l i i n t o E n g l i s ' i but f r o m q u e s t i o n s b e i n g r e c e i v e d by TPH t h e r e i s g r o w i n g i n t e r e s t by a number o f f o r e i g n p u b l i s h e r s i n books w r i t t e n i n S w a h i l i .

( g ) C o - p u b l i c a t i o n and r e g i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n

R e g r e t t a b l y t h e r e e x i s t l i t t l e C o - p u b l i c a t i o n o r r e g i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n i n p u b l i s h i n g . Fo r Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House, C o - p u b l i c a t i o n has been e a s i e r t o a r r a n g e w i t h f o r e i g n p u b l i s h e r s l i k e Zed, T o r o n t o U n i v e r s i t y P ress , Lawrence H i l l , Onyx P ress , P raeger , Heinemann, than w i t h p u b l i s h e r s i n A f r i c a o r even i n E a s t A f r i c a . We have had t h r e e e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h C o - p u b l i c a t i o n s i n A f r i c a ; I k e n g a P u b l i s h e r s i n N i g e r i a , Zimbabwe P u b l i s h i n g House and Heinemann i n Kenya.

A t t h e Zimbabwe Book F a i r w h i c h was h e l d i n H a r a r e i n August 1983 an a s s o c i a t i o n o f p u b l i s h e r s w i t h i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f Sou the rn A f r i c a n Development C o - o r d i n a t i n g Committee (SADCC) was fo rmed and one i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n i s t o d e v e l o p c o - o p e r a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n and t o f a c i l i t a t e , among o t h e r t h i n g s , C o - p u b l i c a t i o n s and c i r c u l a t i o ' n o f books .

( h ) Books p u b l i s h e d

I n o r d e r t o have an i d e a o f t h e t i t l e s and c o p i e s p u b l i s h e d , t a b u l a t i o n was made o f t h e f i g u r e s f r o m q u e s t i o n n a i r e s s e n t t o a l l p u b l i s h e r s and p r i n t e r s . B u t because o f t h e i n c o m p l e t e n e s s o f t h e p u b l i s h e r s ' f i g u r e s , o n l y t h e r e t u r n s o f 6 p r i n t e r s , whose r e c o r d s were f a i r l y comp le te and a c c u r a t e , were t a k e n . Between 1975 and 1980 t h e average number o f t i t l e s p e r m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s was 9.23. The average number o f c o p i e s p e r m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s f o r t h e same p e r i o d was 449,026.

I n t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e i n c l u d e d e d u c a t i o n a l books . The a c t u a l number o f c o p i e s p r i n t e d i s h i g h e r than t h a t i n d i c a t e d because n o t a l l p r i n t e r s r e t u r n e d t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ; but t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r cannot be more than 5 p e r c e n t s i n c e e f f e c t i v e l y o n l y t h e r e t u r n s o f one o r two p r i n t e r s whose o u t p u t o f books i s r e a s o n a b l e were n o t a v a i l a b l e .

The f i g u r e s f o r t i t l e s p e r annum i n c l u d e s r e p r i n t s and a good g u e s t i m a t e f o r new t i t l e s w o u l d b e abou t two t h i r d s o f t hese .

A f a i r pe rcen tage o f t h e s e books a r e p roduced f o r t h e adu l t e d u c a t i o n p r o - grammes, t h e e x p a n s i o n o f wh ich , i n t h e s e v e n t i e s , demanded an e q u a l l y expanded book p r o d u c t i o n campaign.

- 1 9 -

( i ) P r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s

There a r e no p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n p u b l i s h i n g i n Tanzan ia . The o n l y e x i s t i n g l i nk , and i t i s i n d i r e c t , between p u b l i s h e r s i s between T a n z a n i a P u b l i s h i n g House and E a s t e r n A f r i c a P u b l i c a t i o n s . The two p u b l i s h i n g houses b e l o n g t o t h e same g r o u p ( T a n z a n i a K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s ) and t h e i r Genera l Managers a r e members o f t h e same b o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s o f t h e h o l d i n g c o r p o r a t i o n . A p a r t f r o m t h a t t h e r e i s no p r o f e s s i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n g r o u p i n g p u b l i s h e r s t o g e t h e r . As t h e m a j o r p r i n t e r s a r e a l s o i n t h e g roup , t h e r e a l r e a d y e x i s t s , i n a w a y , a b i g g e r f o r u m than w o u l d be o f f e r e d by t h e few n o n - r e l i g i o u s p u b l i s h e r s f o r m i n g a p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .

- 20 -

III. PHYSICAL PRODUCTION

P r i n t i n g houses i n t h e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r s

P r i n t i n g c a p a c i t y i n Tanzan ia i s v e r y f a r be low demand. T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y e v i d e n t i n book p r i n t i ng f o r a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e more than 40 r e g i s t e r e d p r i n t e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y , o n l y seven - P r i n t p a k , N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company, Tanzan ia M i s s i o n P ress , Tanzan ia L i t h o , Tanzam, I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Ndanda M i s s i o n P r e s s and Vuga P ress a r e a c t u a l l y i n v o l v e d i n book p r i n t i ng . P r in tpak and N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company p roduce be tween them more than 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e books p r i n t e d i n Tanzania.

The o t h e r companies s p e c i a l i s e i n p r i n t i n g o f f i c e s t a t i o n e r y , i n manu- f a c t u r i n g e x e r c i s e books and l a b e l s . Even N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company, t h e second l a r g e s t p r i n t e r i n t h e c o u n t r y , does n o t p r i n t books o n l y . I n f a c t o n l y 20 p e r c e n t o f i t s c a p a c i t y i s a c t u a l l y used f o r book work .

Tanzan ia L i t h o who u s e d t o be by f a r t h e b e s t book p r i n t e r s s w i t c h e d t o p a c k a g i n g p r i m a r i l y due t o i n a b i l i t y t o p r o c u r e paper f o r book p r i n t i n g and a l s o because t h e i r o l d s h e e t - f e d p r i n t i n g p r e s s e s made them l e s s c o m p e t i t i v e i n t h e book p r i n t i n g m a r k e t .

P r i n t p a k i s t h e l a r g e s t book p r i n t i n g company.

I n i t i a l m a c h i n e r y i n s t a l l e d a t P r i n t p a k i n c l u d e d :

- Pho to t y p e s e t t i n g and composing and a c c e s s o r i e s

- A 2 - u n i t web f e d o f f s e t p r e s s capab le o f p r o d u c i n g 4000 books p e r h o u r .

- 1 g a t h e r i n g and b ind ing un i t

- 1 t h r e e k n i f e t r i m m e r

- v a r i o u s a u x i l l a r y i t e m s

- 1 f o r k l i f t t r u c k

A t p r e s e n t P r i n t p a k ' s f u l l c o n v e r s i o n c a p a c i t y i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7500 t o n s o f MF (60-70 gsm) papers p e r annum. A c t u a l m a c h i n i n g c a p a c i t y i s g r e a t e r but i t i s n o t complemented by m a t c h i n g c a p a c i t i e s i n t h e binding, s t i t c h i n g and t r i m m i n g s e c t i o n s . One, 4 unit Goss web o f f s e t , 1 So lna , 4- uni t and S o l n a 2 - u n i t machines w o r k i n g a t f u l l c a p a c i t y can p roduce an enormous amount o f p r i n t e d work; i n a d d i t i o n i t possesses 3 sheet -bed o f f - s e t p r i n t i ng mach ines , 2 o f f s e t L i t h o H e i d e l b e r g s and one s o l n a book c o v e r pnin,ting. The f a c t that t h e binding and f i n i s h i n g s e c t i o n have o n l y one f l e x i b i n d i n g ( r o t a r y b i n d e r ) 2 w i r e s t i t c h e r s , 1 s t i t c h e r - c u m - t r i m m e r and 2 , 3k t r i m m e r s , whose c a p a c i t i e s a r e o n l y abou t 60 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r i n t i n g c a p a c i t y i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s e c t i o n a l c a p a c i t y imba lances . The c a p a c i t y f o r p r i n t i n g i s g r e a t e r than t h a t f o r t h e b inding and t h e binding i s g r e a t e r than that f o r t r i m m i n g . I n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s , i t i s t h e most c r i t i c a l b o t t l e - neck t h a t d e t e r m i n e s t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e who le p r i n t i n g p r e s s .

- 2 1 -

I n s p i t e o f t h e s i z e o f P r in tpak and t h e amount o f work i t t u r n s o u t t h e r e a r e a l r e a d y c o n s t r a i n t s w h i c h i t must overcome i f i t i s t o meet t h e e v e r - g r o w i n g demand f o r p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l . W i t h o u t mov ing t o new p remises no e x p a n s i o n o r m o d e r n i s a t i o n c a n b e made as t h e r e i s no room a t i t s p r e s e n t p remises . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a new f a c t o r y was t o b e g i n i n 1 9 8 4 a t a new s i t e .

A p a r t f r o m t e c h n i c a l b o t t l e n e c k s , P r in tpak , l i k e a l l p r i n t e r s , exper - i e n c e s s e v e r e s h o r t a g e o f r a w m a t e r i a l s , paper b e i n g t h e most c r i t i c a l . Spare p a r t s a r e a l s o a p r o b l e m and l o c a l e f f o r t s t o m a n u f a c t u r e some p a r t s have been s u c c e s s f u l o n l y i n p r o d u c i n g g e a r s and s h a f t s and r e m o u n t i n g r u b b e r r o l l e r s . P r in tpak , however , has a w e l l - q u a l i f i e d team o f t e c h n i c i a n s t o do t h e s e r v i c i n g and main tenance o f mach ine ry and f o r s e r v i c i n g e l e c t r o n i c equipment t h e r e i s an agency i n Dar es S a l a a m .

P r in tpak a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e s p r i n t i n g i n k s t o meet i t s own needs and t h o s e o f t h e r e s t o f t h e p r i n t e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y and t o e x p o r t t o t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r i e s . I t p roduces l e t t e r p r e s s and o f f s e t ( o i l - b a s e d ) as w e l l as f l e x o - g r a p h i c ( a l c o h o l - b a s e d ) i n k s i n 40 d i f f e r e n t c o l o u r s . The ink f a c t o r y s t a r t e d p r o d u c t i o n i n 1978 w i t h p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y o f 1 2 0 t o n s o f t h e o i l - b a s e d i n k s p e r annum and 30 t o n s o f t h e f l e x o ink. A c t u a l n a t i o n a l consumpt ion i s between 70-80 t o n s p e r annum. Shor tage o f r a w m a t e r i a l s h a s o f t e n a l s o a f f e c t e d ink p r o d u c t i o n making f o r an average p r o d u c t i o n o f be tween 65 and 70 t o n s p e r annum.

The second l a r g e s t p r i n t i n g p r e s s i s N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company (K iwanda cha U c h a p a j i cha T a i f a - KIUTA). L i k e P r in tpak , NPC was a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1966 t h e n as t h e P a r t y p r i n t i n g p r e s s , and i t s m a i n j o b was t o p r i n t t h e P a r t y Newspapers Uhuru, t h e N a t i o n a l i s t , and o t h e r p a r t y p u b l i c a t i o n s . I n 1967 i t was i n c o r p o r a t e d as a s u b s i d i a r y o f t h e N a t i o n a l Development Corpor - a t i o n , and i n 1979 i t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o K a r a t a s i and A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s o f w h i c h m e n t i o n h a s been made e a r l i e r on.

NPC h a s a c a p a c i t y o f c o n v e r t i n g be tween 5 , 0 0 0 and 6,000 t o n s o f paper p e r annum, 20 p e r c e n t o f w h i c h i s r e s e r v e d f o r books . T h i s p e r c e n t a g e w o u l d go u p i f enough paper was a v a i l a b l e .

NPC's p r i n t i n g mach ine ry and o t h e r equipment c o n s i s t s o f 2 SORD, H e i d e l b e r g (7 -8 y e a r s o l d ) , 2 Goss P resses ( 5 and 8 y e a r s o l d ) , 1 TP M i l l e r p e r f e c t o r (1983) KORD H e i l d e l b e r g s i n g l e c o l o u r f o r c o v e r p r i n t i n g as w e l l as 1 Roland-Pava 2 c o l o u r p r e s s ; i n t h e b ind ing s e c t i o n NPC h a s 2 f o l d i n g machines, s e c t i o n c o l l a t o r , 2 p e r f e c t b inding, f u l l y a u t o m a t i c mach ines , one au togang s t i t c h e r ( M u l l e r ) and 2 , 3 - k n i f e t r i m m e r s . The c a p a c i t y i n t h e binding s e c t i o n i s by f a r g r e a t e r than that i n t h e p r i n t i n g s e c t i o n so that most o f t h e t i m e t h i s s e c t i o n i s i d l e .

A n example o f l a c k o f s u f f i c i e n t c o - o r d i n a t i o n i s t h a t w h i l e NPC have excess binding c a p a c i t y , P r i n t p a k w h i c h i s hams t rung by t h i s b o t t l e n e c k , has n o t t a k e n s t e p s t o use NPC's f a c i l i t i e s .

NPC h a s s u f f e r e d more than Pr in tpak f r o m s h o r t a g e o f s p a r e p a r t s f o r i t s mach ines and t h i s p r o b l e m became v e r y a c u t e i n 1982.

I t was a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t NPC d i d n o t have a s u f f i c i e n t number o f t e c h - n i c i a n s t o p r o v i d e main tenance s e r v i c e s and e s p e c i a l l y p r e v e n t i v e main tenance. f o r t h e mach ines t h e y had. Spare p a r t s have been t h e c r y o f a l l i n d u s t r i e s e v e r s i n c e t h e y were t a k e n o f f t h e l i s t o f i m p o r t s under Open Genera l L i c e n c e

- 2 2 -

and t h e p r o c e s s o f g e t t i n g i m p o r t a n t l i c e n c e s f o r spa re p a r t s t a k e s a v e r y l o n g t i m e and t h e Bank ha rd l y e v e r a l l o w s i m p o r t a t i o n o f a l l t h a t a company needs t o ensu re unbroken s e r v i c e o f i t s mach inery .

I n s p i t e o f t h e p rob lems w h i c h t h e company has e x p e r i e n c e d , NPC i s s t i l l v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n t h e p u b l i s h i n g i n d u s t r y i n Tanzan ia as i t i s t h e o n l y one p r o v i d i n g p r i n t i n g s e r v i c e s t o p u b l i s h e r s o f g e n e r a l t i t l e s .

O the r i m p o r t a n t p r i n t e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y a r e Tanzan ia L i t h o w h i c h i s owned b y Tangany ika Development F inance L i m i t e d . Tanzan ia L i t h o , u n t i l paper s h o r t - ages pushed i t t o t h e p a c k a g i n g was t h e b e s t commerc ia l book p r i n t e r i n t h e c o u n t r y . O c c a s i o n a l l y , T. L i t h o ' s i m p o r t a n t c l i e n t s s u p p l y i t w i t h p a p ' r f o r t h e i r books as f o r i n s t a n c e t h e S w a h i l i d i c t i o n a r y and t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s books p u b l i s h e d by O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P ress .

Tanzan ia L i t h o ' s p r i c e s have, o n t h e o t h e r hand, been h i g h e r than t h o s e o f t h e two o t h e r p r i n t e r s p r i m a r i l y because t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y o l d s h e e t - f e d mach ines a r e s l o w and canno t ma tch t h e speeds o f t h e b i g g e r and more modern web- fed p r e s s e s a t P r in tpak and NPC.

S h a r e h o l d e r s and management o f Tanzan ia L i t h o , i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e commencement o f paper p r o d u c t i o n a t M u f i n d i Paper and P u l p M i l l shedu led f o r end 1984 were planning an expans ion programme t o enab le them t o r e - e n t e r book p r i n t i n g more c o m p e t i t i v e l y than a t p r e s e n t .

O t h e r book p r i n t e r s a r e t h e ones owned by r e l i g i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Nganda M i s s i o n P r e s s , p a r t o f t h e V o l u n t a r y Agency o f B e n e d i c t i n e F a t h e r s , Ndanda, i n S o u t h e r n Tanzan ia , Tanzan ia M i s s i o n P ress , and Vuga M i s s i o n P ress have s i z e a b l e p r i n t i n g u n i t s w h i c h p r i n t r e l i g i o u s books and pamph le ts and occas ion - a l l y p u b l i s h g e n e r a l t i t l e s t h r o u g h p u b l i s h i n g houses and i n d i v i d u a l a u t h o r s . Most o f t h e machines t h e s e p r e s s e s u s e a r e L e t t e r Presses w h i c h a r e k e p t i n good w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s b y s t a f f o f t h e m i s s i o n s n o r m a l l y l e d by a p r i e s t / W h i t e F a t h e r o r B r o t h e r s p e c i a l i s i n g i n p r i n t i n g .

( b ) Qual i ty o f f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t o b t a i n e d

The q u a l i t y o f p r i n t i n g i n Tanzan ia i s g e n e r a l l y adequate but i t w i l l need a g r e a t d e a l o f improvement t o be c o m p e t i t i v e e s p e c i a l l y on t h e i n t e r - n a t i o n a l m a r k e t . One o f t h e reasons f o r t h e o f t e n p o o r q u a l i t y o f p r i n t i ng i s a r e s u l t o f t h e t remendous p r e s s u r e e x e r t e d on t h e p r i n t e r s by t o o g r e a t a demand. N o t o n l y i s t h e q u a l i t y s a c r i f i c e d f o r g r e a t e r volume o f o u t p u t , but t h e r e i s n o doubt that t h e n e a r monopoly s i t u a t i o n e n j o y e d b y t h e p r i n t e r s i n a s i t u a t i o n o f high demand a c t s as a d i s i n c e n t i v e . F u r t h e r m o r e , as t h e r e i s n o i n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h i s empowered t o check on t h e q u a l i t y o f p r i n t i n g w h i c h c o u l d a r b i t r a t e i n case o f d i s p u t e ( a n d t h e r e a r e many such d i s p u t e s ) , pub- l i s h e r s a r e e n t i r e l y a t t h e mercy o f p r i n t e r s . Lack o f a v a r i e t y o f q u a l i t y paper , b o a r d s , and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e f i n i s h i n g i s someth ing t h e p r i n t e r s can, o f c o u r s e , do n o t h i n g abou t .

P r i n t e r s w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n have a lways r e g i s t e r e d p r o f i t s even i f t h e i r o u t p u t i s down. They s i m p l y i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t t o t h e p u b l i s h e r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p e r c e n t a g e p r o f i t d e s i r e d . One p a r t i c u l a r l y o b v i o u s r e a s o n f o r t h e high c o s t o f p r i n t e d m a t t e r a r e t h e overheads w h i c h a r e i n c u r r e d by t h e p u b l i c l y owned p r i n t i n g p r e s s e s P r in tpak and N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Companies. The s o c i a l b e n e f i t s e n j o y e d b y w o r k e r s i n Tanzan ia - s u b s i d i s e d mea ls , t r a n s p o r t , s p o r t - i ng f a c i l i t i e s , and m e d i c a l c a r e c o n s t i t u t e one o f t h e b i g c o s t i t e m s . When

- 23 -

c o u p l e d w i t h o v e r s t a f f i n g , a huge wage b i l l and e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g f u e l c o s t s , i t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t t o see w h y c o s t s o f p r i n t i n g have been e s c a l a t i n g .

S t i l l , t h e r e i s r e a s o n t o applaud t h e e f f o r t s w h i c h have been d e p l o y e d by t h e s e companies i n a t t e m p t i n g t o meet demand. W i t h t h e means a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l , and t h e f r u s t r a t i o n s that can a r i s e o u t o f n o t b e i n g a b l e t o f i n d t h e paper , t h e spa re p a r t s o r t h e t r a i n e d manpower needed, t h e y have a c q u i t t e d themse lves f a i r l y w e l l .

( c ) P r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s

There i s no p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p r i n t e r s and c o n v e r t e r s i n Tanzan ia . The p u b l i c l y owned p r i n t e r s u n d e r Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s a r e gove rned by r e g u l a t i o n s w h i c h g o v e r n a l l t h e p a r a s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s and w h i c h a r e f o r m u l a t e d by SCOPO ( S p e c i a l Committee on Para- s t a t a l O r g a n i z a t i o n ) . These r e g u l a t i o n s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s i n g l e u n i o n o f Tanzania, g o v e r n r e l a t i o n s w i t h w o r k e r s and w i t h government .

The o t h e r p r i v a t e p r i n t e r s , r e l i g i o u s and n o n - r e l i g i o u s , p r e f e r t o go abou t t h e i r b u s i n e s s w i t h as l i t t l e p u b l i c i t y as p o s s i b l e and have n o t f o u n d t h e need o f an o r g a n i z a t i o n g r o u p i n g them t o g e t h e r .

( d ) Cul tura l paper and o t h e r r a w m a t e r i a l s

A l l c u l t u r a l paper consumed i n Tanzan ia i s i m p o r t e d . The o n l y paper p roduced l o c a l l y i s f r o m r e c y c l e d waste paper b l e n d e d w i t h i m p o r t e d pu lp a t K i b o Paper I n d u s t r i e s o n Pugu Road, Dar es S a l a a m . K i b o Paper I n d u s t r i e s i s a s u b s i d i a r y company o f Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s . Work ing a t f u l l c a p a c i t y , K i b o Paper I n d u s t r i e s has been p r o d u c i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 t o n s p e r day o f f l u t t i n g and k r a f t l i n e r paper w h i c h i t c o n v e r t s i n t o sacks , bags and c a r t o n s a t i t s o t h e r s i t e i n Chang'ombe.

There a r e o t h e r u n i t s p r o d u c i n g hand made paper f r o m c o t t o n r a g s , t e x t i l e and s i s a l was tes , as w e l l as bagasse, wheat s t r a w , papy rus r e e d s and o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l and i n d u s t r y based was tes . These u n i t s a r e o r g a n i z e d under t h e S m a l l I n d u s t r i e s Development O r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1973 f o r t h e pu rpose o f e s t a b l i s h i n g and d e v e l o p i n g s m a l l i n d u s t r i e s as i t s name i m p l i e s . A t one o f SIDO'S t r a i n i n g - c u m - p r o d u c t i o n c e n t r e a t K ibaha , 50 k m . . n o r t h o f Dar es S a l a a m , p r o d u c t i o n o f v a r i o u s k i n d s o f hand-made Paper app rox ima tes 850 t o n s p e r y e a r .

The papers p roduced a t t h e s e u n i t s , a r e l e d g e r p a p e r , c a r d b o a r d , s t r a w b o a r d and i n d e x b o a r d s . Some u n i t s such as Nyumba ya Sanaa (House o f A r t ) p roduce f a i r l y good q u a l i t y paper w h i c h i s u s e d by a r t i s t s o f t h e same p l a c e t o make g r e e t i n g , wedd ing c a r d s and enve lopes and p r i n t s o f o r i g i n a l a r t works w h i c h a r e v e r y p o p u l a r . The h e a v i e r b o a r d s a r e u s e d by s e v e r a l pack- aging and c o n v e r t i n g u n i t s i n t o d i f f e r e n t i t e m s .

The s i t u a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f c u l t u r a l paper s h o u l d have changed r a d i c a l l y i n 1 9 8 3 h a d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n t e g r a t e d pulp and paper m i l l a t Sao H i l l , M u f i n d i D i s t r i c t i n S o u t h e r n C e n t r a l T a n z a n i a been comp le ted as schedu led . The Muf ind i paper and p u l p m i l l w h i c h was e x p e c t e d t o commence p r o d u c t i o n a t t h e end o f 1984 and b e g i n n i n g o f 1985 w i l l in- i t i a l l y p roduce 6 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s o f paper and b o a r d s and 1,400 t o n s o f pu lp f o r use o u t s i d e t h e m i l l .

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The p r o j e c t w h i c h i s w h o l l y o w n e d by t h e N a t i o n a l Development C o r p o r a t i o n w i l l c o s t $251.7 m i l l i o n a n d has been f i n a n c e d b y t h e Tanzan ia government , N a t i o n a l Development C o r p o r a t i o n and l o c a l banks , $51.7 m i l l i o n , W o r l d Bank, $ 3 0 m i l l i o n l o a n , IDA, $30 m i l l i o n , Commonwealth Development Corpor - a t i o n , $20 m i l l i o n l o a n d , K r e d i t a n s t a l t fur Wiederau f tan , $ 3 4 m i l l i o n grant, K u w a i t Fund, $18 m i l l i o n l o a n , N o r d i c I n v e s t m e n t Bank, $12.5 m i l l i o n l o a n , OPEC S p e c i a l Fund, $10.5 m i l l i o n , o f w h i c h $ 5 m i l l i o n as a c r e d i t and $ 5 m i l l i o n as a grant, and Swedish I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development A u t h o r i t y , $ 4 5 m i l l i o n g r a n t . ( 4 )

The c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e m i l l and t h e s t a r t o f p r o d u c t i o n w i l l b r i n g t o an end t h e paper s h o r t a g e w h i c h has a f f e c t e d a d v e r s e l y t h e p u b l i s h i n g and p r i n t i n g i n d u s t r i e s . Assuming t h e g r o w t h r a t e o f consumpt ion o f n e w s p r i n t i n Tanzan ia t o be 2.6 p e r c e n t p e r annum - t h e average g r o w t h r a t e f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s - t h e p e r c a p i t a consumpt ion o f n e w s p r i n t i n Tanzan ia w i l l be 0.25 k g s i n 2,000 A.D.; i n o t h e r words, ' T a n z a n i a w i l l have accom- p l i s h e d w h a t A f r i c a ( e x c l u d i n g Sou th A f r i c a ) had a c h i e v e d i n 1 9 7 9 . ' ( 5 )

I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h needs were c o v e r e d during t h e p e r i o d u n d e r s t u d y and by t h e same t o k e n p r o j e c t i o n o f p e r c a p i t a consumpt ion o f c u l t u r a l paper can be v e r y m i s l e a d i n g . Tanzan ia has been a t t h e e d g e of a v e r i t a b l e reVOlU t iOn i n p r o v i d i n g b a s i c e d u c a t i o n t o i t s c h i l d r e n as books on b o t h p r imary e d u c a t i o n and adul t e d u c a t i o n programmes f a l l f a r s h o r t o f needs. Book p u b l i s h e r s canno t g e t even h a l f o f t h e i r m a n u s c r i p t s p r i n t e d and p r i n t i n g o f magazines has been s topped a l t o g e t h e r . I t i s i n v i e w o f a l l t h i s t h a t i n o u r o p i n i o n p r o j e c t i o n o f consumpt ion o f c u l t u r a l paper w o u l d have t o be made a f t e r t h e M u f i n d i pulp and paper m i l l has s t a r t e d p r o d u c t i o n f o r o n l y t h e n can we gauge w h a t e f f e c t i v e demand t h e r e e x i s t i n t h e c o u n t r y . I n o u r v i e w t h e r a t e o f g r o w t h o f c u l t u r a l paper consumpt ion i s l i k e l y t o be h i g h e r than t h e 2.6 p e r c e n t w h i c h i s supposed t o be t h e average f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s .

There a r e no s p e c i a l p rob lems i n v o l v e d i n i m p o r t i n g paper e x c e p t , o f c o u r s e , t h e f o r e i g n exchange p r o b l e m w h i c h i s a t t h e r o o t o f most o f t h e p rob lems o f t h e p r i n t i n g i n d u s t r y . The two m a j o r p r i n t i n g p r e s s e s , P r in tpak and N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company o n b e i n g g r a n t e d i m p o r t l i c e n c e s o r d e r paper f r o m any source and a f t e r t h e Banks have opened t h e r e q u i s i t e L e t t e r s o f C r e d i t , t h e paper i s sh ipped . There a r e no d u t i e s on p r i n t i n g paper f o r books but a 20 p e r c e n t duty i s imposed o n n e w s p r i n t .

Apar t f r o m t h e two p r i n t i n g companies w h i c h i m p o r t t h e i r paper d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e s u p p l i e r s , o t h e r p r i n t e r s o b t a i n t h e i r paper e i t h e r f r o m S t a t i o n e r y and O f f i c e S u p p l i e s ( S & O ) o r Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s .

There h a s been n e g l i g i b l e r e g i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n i n p r o d u c t i o n o r t r a d e i n c u l t u r a l paper . Among T a n z a n i a ' s many n e i g h b o u r s , (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, B u r u n d i , Z a i r e , M a l a w i , Zambia and Mozambique) and even beyond, o n l y Kenya p roduces book p r i n t i n g paper i n l a r g e enough q u a n t i t i e s f o r home consumpt ion and e x p o r t . The o n l y a s p e c t o f r e g i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n i s t h a t one o f t h e s h a r e h o l d e r s i n Kenya ' s Pan A f r i c a n paper m i l l s a t Webuye, i s E a s t A f r i c a n Development Bank owned j o i n t l y by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzan ia . EADB was t h e most i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h s u r v i v e d t h e b r e a k up o f t h e E a s t A f r i c a n Community i n 1977. W i t h t h e b o r d e r c l o s e d be tween Kenya and Tanzan ia between 1977 and t h e l a s t q u a r t e r o f 1983 and w i t h r e l a t i o n s be tween t h e two c o u n t r i e s b e i n g anything but a m i c a b l e , t h e r e was no p o s s i b i l i t y f o r c o - o p e r a t i o n . F u t u r e c o - o p e r a t i o n w i l l now b e p o s s i b l e , t h e b o r d e r b e i n g open, and as t h e r e e x i s t s a m a n i f e s t d e s i r e on b o t h s i d e s t o r e - e s t a b l i s h r e l a t i o n s as t h e y were during t h e days o f t h e E a s t A f r i c a n Community.

- 2 5 -

I t i s f r o m i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e that T a n z a n i a h a s had i t s paper and p r i m a r i l y f r o m t h e N o r d i c c o u n t r i e s and Sweden i n p a r t i c u l a r . SIDA has made many generous grants o f paper i n s u p p o r t o f t h e UNICEF-Unesco Tanzan ia P r o j e c t and i t s p u b l i s h i n g programme f o r p r i m a r y s c h o o l books . I t i s t h i s a s s i s t a n c e w h i c h h a s i n l a r g e p a r t s u s t a i n e d t h e programme. Canadian I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Agency h a s a l s o s u p p o r t e d t h e book i n d u s t r y i n T a n z a n i a t h r o u g h i t s i m p o r t s u p p o r t w h i c h has e n a b l e d P r i n t p a k and N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company t o pu rchase paper us ing l o c a l c u r r e n c y .

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I V DISTRIBUTION

There a r e 83 bookshops i n Tanzan ia , each bookshop s e r v i n g r o u g h l y abou t 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e . Of t h e s e bookshops, o n l y C a t h e d r a l Bookshop, Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s Bookshops, U n i v e r s i t y Bookshop, I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s Agency, Compr in t Bookshop, P o p u l a r Bookshop, Dar es S a l a a m Bookshop and Government P u b l i c a t i o n s Agency, F r i e n d s h i p Bookshop i n Dar es S a l a a m ; Kase Bookshop, Arusha Bookshop i n Arusha; I n land Bookshop, Church Bookshop and G i f t and Book C e n t r e i n Mwanza; C h r i s t i a n Bookshop i n M r s h i , TNP Bookshop i n Tabora , Ndanda M i s s i o n P ress i n Ndanda and Church Bookshop i n Bukoba, c a r r y o u t book b u s i n e s s o f s u b s t a n t i a l magn i tude . As a l l t h e bookshops t o w h i c h q u e s t i o n - n a i r e s were s e n t d i d n o t g i v e f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r annual t -ade, we a r e u n a b l e t o g i v e an a c c u r a t e f i g u r e o f t h e volume o f t h e book t r a d e b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t t h r o u g h bookshops.

The vo lume o f book t r a d e f o r most bookshops h a s c o n t r a c t e d . I n a few cases q u i t e d r a s t i c a l l y - f i r s t because t h e y have been u n a b l e f o r a number o f y e a r s now t o i m p o r t books and s e c o n d l y because s e l l i n g e d u c a t i o n a l books h a s been c o n f i n e d t o Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s and h a s t h e r e f o r e d e p r i v e d them o f t h e o n l y s e c u r e m a r k e t t h e y c o u l d have . We s h a l l r e t u r n t o Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s s h o r t l y .

O f t h e e x i s t i n g bookshops more than a h a l f a r e w h a t a r e te rmed C h r i s t i a n Bookshops because t h e y a r e owned and run b y r e l i g i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s even though t h e y do n o t l i m i t t hemse lves t o s e l l i n g o n l y r e l i g i o u s books . Dar es S a l a a m Bookshop i n Dar es S a l a a m w h i c h i s owned by t h e A n g l i c a n M i s s i o n a l s o owns 4 o t h e r bookshops i n Mbeya, I r i n g a , Tanga and Z a n z i b a r , and a c t s as t h e c e n t r a l p u r c h a s i n g agency f o r t h e o t h e r bookshops. Even o t h e r s m a l l bookshops used t o make t h e i r o r d e r s o f f o r e i g n books t h r o u g h Dar es S a l a a m Bookshop because t h e y were t h u s a b l e t o b e n e f i t f r o m h i g h e r d i s c o u n t s o f f e r e d t o i t by f o r e i g n p u b l i s h e r s . A n d f o r Dar es S a l a a m Bookshop t h e i r a r rangements o f c o n s o l i d a t i n g o r d e r s f r o m s m a l l bookshops i n c r e a s e d t h e i r power t o demand l a r g e r d i s c o u n t s . I t was a l s o e a s i e r f o r Dar es Salaam Bookshop t o o b t a i n C e n t r a l Bank l i c e n c e s and t o ensu re t h a t payments were e f f e c t e d t o t h e f o r e i g n p u b l i s h e r s than i t w o u l d have been f o r s m a l l bookshops i n t h e i n t e r i o r .

The bookshops owned by C a t h o l i c M i s s i o n seem t o a c t more i n d e p e n d e n t l y . One r e a s o n f o r t h i s w o u l d seem t o be t h a t each one i s q u i t e w e l l managed and f a i r l y a c t i v e and i s a b l e t o o b t a i n a t l e a s t t h e l o c a l l y p u b l i s h e d books w i t h o u t having t o go t h r o u g h c e n t r a l p u r c h a s i n g uni t .

A v i s i t t o bookshops i n Dar es S a l a a m w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f C a t h e d r a l Bookshop, I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s Agency, TPH bookshop and one o r two o t h e r s i s , however , d i s a p p o i n t i n g n o t o n l y because t h e r e a r e few books i n them as a r e s u l t o f t h e c u r t a i l e d book i m p o r t s but because even t h o s e that a r e pub- l i s h e d l o c a l l y a r e n o t t h e r e and t h e r e i s l i t t l e e f f o r t done t o d i s p l a y books i n a manner t h a t i s l i k e l y t o a t t r a c t cus tomers . The b r i g h t Dar es S a l a a m sun c o n t r i b u t e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o t h e d u l l n e s s o f t h e window d i s p l a y s as i t fades c o l o u r s o f t h e paper backs and d u s t j a c k e t s i n no t i m e and g i v e s t h e books and bookshops an a i r o f n e g l e c t . I t i s a l s o q u i t e e v i d e n t t ha t book- s e l l i n g as an a r t i s n o t y e t deve loped i n Tanzan ia and we c o u l d a l l l e a r n someth ing abou t window d i s p l a y .

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( a ) B o o k s e l l i n g

1. Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s (TES)

W i t h o u t doub t Tanzan ia E l i m u ( E d u c a t i o n ) S u p p l i e s i s t h e most i m p o r t a n t book d i s t r i b u t o r t h r o u g h o u t Tanzan ia . I t i s a l s o g e n e r a l l y ag reed that i t s s e r v i c e s l e a v e a l o t t o be d e s i r e d . To u n d e r s t a n d i t s h i s t o r y and how i t has f u n c t i o n e d , i s i n many ways t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p rob lem o f book d i s t r i b u t i o n i n Tanzan ia . F i r s t , i t s h i s t o r y .

T a n z a n i a E l i m u S u p p l i e s (TES) was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1967, t h e y e a r o f Arusha D e c l a r a t i o n , as a s u b s i d i a r y of t h e N a t i o n a l Development C o r p o r a t i o n . NDC was, i t s e l f , s e t up i n 1964, by P a r l i a m e n t I . . . t o f a c i l i t a t e and promote t h e economic development o f Tanganyika.’ The reasons b e h i n d t h e c r e a t i o n o f TES were f i r s t , that p r i v a t e s u p p l i e r s cha rged e x h o r b i t a n t p r i c e s ; s e c o n d l y , t h a t t h e r e were d e l a y s i n g e t t i n g s u p p l i e s t o s c h o o l s and f i n a l l y t h a t t h e r e was no s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f s c h o o l s u p p l i e s - books , equipment and so on.

I n a d d i t i o n , a y e a r b e f o r e , i n 1966, Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House had been fo rmed a l s o as a s u b s i d i a r y company o f NDC, i n w h i c h i t owned 60 p e r c e n t o f t h e s h a r e s w h i l e t h e B r i t i s h p u b l i s h i n g company o f M a c m i l l a n owned 40 p e r c e n t , and w h a t b e t t e r a r rangement c o u l d t h e r e be than having a p u b l i s h i n g house p u b l i s h i n g a l l t h e s c h o o l books , a p r i n t i ng company and TES d o i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n one g r o u p o f companies?

B u t a s e r i e s o f p rob lems i n t h e a c t u a l w o r k i n g o f t h e p roposed sys tem were soon a p p a r e n t . Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s , i n t e n t o n c o n t r o l l i n g c o s t s a t t h e p o i n t o f p r o d u c t i o n , a rgued s u c c e s s f u l l y t o r e p r i n t books t h a t had been p u b l i s h e d by Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House d e p r i v i n g i t s s i s t e r company o f i t s o n l y back l i s t . B u t even t h e n p r i c e s rema ined high. The o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s o f t h e company s k y r o c k e t e d . Books were n o t r e a c h i n g s c h o o l s as r e g u l a r l y as i t had been p r o j e c t e d and t h e o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s were n o t b e i n g a c h i e v e d e i t h e r .

O n t h e recommendat ion o f Mack insey and Co. C o n s u l t a n t s , t h e M i n i s t r y o f N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n t o o k o v e r TES i n 1973. A f t e r t h e t a k e - o v e r t h e company became e v e r y t h i n g f r o m p u b l i s h e r , p r i n t e r , book d i s t r i b i i t o r and b o o k s e l l e r t o j o u r n a l p r o p r i e t o r s , a d v e r t i s i n g a g e n t s , d e s i g n e r s and draughtsmen, d e a l e r s i n s t a t i o n e r y as w e l l as equipment and chemica ls o f a l l k i n d s f o r use i n s c h o o l s , c o l l e g e s and o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s .

I n 1972 t h e government d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n e x e r c i s e p l a c e d t h e p u r c h a s i n g o f p r imary s c h o o l s u p p l i e s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e D i s t r i c t Development D i r e c t o r s and t h e s e d i d n o t a lways c o n s i d e r purchase o f t e x t b o o k s one o f t h e i m p o r t a n t p r i o r i t i e s . There h a s been a tendency t o spend more money on b u i l d i n g s , s c h o o l desks and o t h e r l o c a l l y m a n u f a c t u r e d i t e m s than o n books w h i c h has meant that TES has o f t e n f o u n d i t s e l f s t u c k w i t h books f o r l o n g p e r i o d s o f t i m e because t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r book purchases i n t h e d i s t r i c t s d i d n o t have money t o do so.

TES f o u n d i t s e l f , i n t h e s e v e n t i e s , i n t h e e n v i a b l e p o s i t i o n o f b e i n g t h e c o n f i n e e f o r a l l i m p o r t s o f paper f o r use i n s c h o o l s and a l s o f o r commerc ia l p r i n t i ng . Because o f t h e s c a r c i t y o f paper , and t h e absence o f any c o n t r o l o f p r i c e s f o r p r i n t e d m a t t e r , p r i n t e r s were p r e p a r e d t o do anything t o o b t a i n i t .

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I n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i t was no wonder t ha t books d i d n o t r e c e i v e t h e p r i o r i t y t h e y s h o u l d have been g i v e n . A n d even i n t h e depar tment concerned w i t h e d u c a t i o n a l book purchases and d i s t r i b u t i o n , p r i o r i t y was n o t a lways g i v e n t o l e g i t i m a t e t e x t b o o k s and supp lemen ta ry r e a d e r s . Unsc rupu lous p u b l i s h e r s who were r e a d y t o pay c o u l d have t h e i r e n t i r e s t o c k s o f u s e l e s s books bough t and u n l o a d e d a t TES o n l y t o be l e f t t h e r e i n d e f i n i t e l y .

A w i d e l y h e l d v i e w o f TES i s t h a t i t i s t o o b i g t o d e a l e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h a l l t h e i t e m s i t i s supposed t o s u p p l y . I t does n o t have p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d s t a f f i n many depar tmen ts and i t s p a r e n t m i n i s t r y , e d u c a t i o n , n o t b e i n g b u s i n e s s - o r i e n t e d , does n o t e x e r c i s e s u f f i c i e n t c o n t r o l o v e r i t . I t s u f f e r s a l s o s e r i o u s l y f r o m l a c k o f v e h i c l e s t o t r a n s p o r t books and equ ipment t o u p - c o u n t r y d i s t r i c t s - a p r o b l e m w h i c h i s we l l -known.

I n s p i t e o f t h i s , TES has p l a y e d a r o l e w h i c h i s necessa ry and i m p o r t a n t . I t has become t h e n u c l e u s o f a n a t i o n w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n system, w h i c h i n t i m e can p r o v i d e an e f f i c i e n t n a t i o n w i d e book c h a i n . A l r e a d y i t has e s t a b l i s h e d 1 0 r e g i o n a l b ranches w h i c h s e r v e as depo ts f r o m w h i c h D i s t r i c t E d u c a t i o n O f f i c e r s c o l l e c t t h e i r s u p p l i e s . They a l s o s e r v e t h e r e g i o n s as i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t r e s abou t w h a t i s a v a i l a b l e .

A s e r i e s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f TES by t h e P a r t y and d i s m i s s a l s o f t h o s e f o u n d g u i l t y o f i r r e g u l a r p r a c t i c e s , has had a c o r r e c t i v e i m p a c t and t h e r e i s u n d o u b t e d l y more s e r i o u s n e s s p r e s e n t l y m a n i f e s t i n TES’ o p e r a t i o n s . I n 1982 TES had a t u r n o v e r o f T.Shs. 2 0 3 m i l l i o n ( $ 1 7 m i l l i o n ) and a p r o f i t o f T.Shs. 1 8 m i l l i o n ($1 .8 m i . ) o f w h i c h 7 0 p e r c e n t was f r o m t h e s a l e o f s c h o o l books and equ ipment . The p r o j e c t i o n s f o r 1983/84 were f o r a t u r n o v e r o f T.Shs. 240 m i l l i o n ( $ 2 0 m i l l i o n ) .

2 . The e f f e c t o f TES on bookshops and development o f g e n e r a l t i t l e s p u b l i s h i n g

The s c a r c i t y o f books , s t a t i o n e r y and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s i n s c h o o l s and t h e advantage t h a t u n s c r u p u l o u s b o o k s e l l e r s t o o k o f i t t o h i k e p r i c e s , was one o f t h e i n i t i a l reasons f o r want ing t o s e t up p a r a s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o d e a l w i t h t h e p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f books. I t was n o t , i t w o u l d appear , t h a t t h o u g h t was g i v e n t o w h a t w o u l d happen t o bookshops and b o o k s e l l e r s once t h e o n l y r e a l l y r e l i a b l e i t e m s - s c h o o l t e x t b o o k s , e x e r c i s e books and s t a t i o n - e r y - were t a k e n away f r o m them. And t h e f a c t t h a t TES was a l s o t o b e , t h e s o l e . i m p o r t e r o f books f o r s c h o o l s f r o m f o r e i g n p u b l i s h e r s s e a l e d t h e f a t e o f most o f t h e bookshops. The p r e s e n t s o r r y s t a t e o f bookshops can b e a t t r i b u t e d i n g r e a t p a r t t o t h e c o n f i n i n g o f e d u c a t i o n a l books t o TES as t h e o n l y d i s - t r i b u t o r / b o o k s e l l e r . As t h e n o t i o n o f bookshops as e x p l o i t e r s t o o k r o o t , t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f s a l e s o f a l l t h e i r s t o c k - and p rob lems r e l a t i n g t o i m p o r t - a t i o n , c o s t o f s t o c k i n g as w e l l as s m a l l d i s c o u n t s g i v e n by l o c a l p u b l i s h e r s ( 2 0 p e r c e n t - 2 5 p e r c e n t o n a l l books ) - were g i v e n as r e a s o n s f o r t h e r a t h e r high markups.

Bookshops depended on e d u c a t i o n a l books as t h e o n l y gua ran tee o f a r e a s o n - a b l e m i n i m u m income. As s u p p l i e r s o f s c h o o l books , bookshops were d e v e l o p i n g i n t o an i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n where s t u d e n t s and t h e i r p a r e n t s v i s i t e d o f t e n . I n t h e p r o c e s s g e n e r a l books a l s o e n j o y e d g r e a t e r exposure t o p o t e n t i a l b u y e r s . I t i s now e v i d e n t that new t y p e bookshops, c o - o p e r a t i v e and community owned, o r as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t Development C o r p o r a t i o n s s h o u l d be l o o k e d i n t o .

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F o r books do n o t compr i se o n l y e d u c a t i o n a l ones and a l i t e r a t e c u l t u r e can o n l y d e v e l o p on t h e b a s i s o f i n s t i t u t i o n s ; p u b l i s h i n g , p r i n t i n g , b o o k s e l l i n g b e i n g as c l o s e as p o s s i b l e t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n urban and r u r a l a reas .

I n Dar es Salaam and i n o t h e r medium s i z e towns, books a r e b e i n g s o l d , i n a d d i t i o n t o t r a d i t i o n a l bookshops, a t a l l p l a c e s where i t i s c o n s i d e r e d p o s s i b l e t o s e l l . Supermarke ts , newspaper k i o s k s , a t t h e a i r p o r t , a t t h e annual agr i - c u l t u r a l and t r a d e f a i r , e t c . D u r i n g p a r l i a m e n t s e s s i o n s and i m p o r t a n t P a r t y m e e t i n g s and Congresses, Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House and Government P u b l i c a t i o n s Agency e r e c t s t a n d s a t w h i c h t h e y s e l l books . A l t h o u g h t h e s e o c c a s i o n s do n o t b r i n g i n much by way o f r e c e i p t s , t h e y a r e s t i l l i m p o r t a n t f o r d i s s e m i n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n abou t t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e p u b l i s h i n g house and a n s w e r i n g q u e s t i o n s f r o m i n f l u e n t i a l l e a d e r s who come f r o m d i s t a n t r e g i o n s .

Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House i n a u g u r a t e d i n 1 9 8 3 w h a t m a y become an i n t e r e s t i n g s a l e s s t r a t e g y , as w e l l as f o r p r o v i d i n g o p p o r t u n i t y t o p u b l i s h e r s and t h e p u b l i c t o communicate d i r e c t l y . TPH has o r g a n i z e d e x h i b i t i o n s i n t h e s i x b i g g e s t f ood / v e g e t a b l e and f r u i t m a r k e t s . S t a r t i n g w i t h t h e b i g g e s t one a t K a r i a k o o , t h e book d i s p l a y s a r e i n t e g r a t e d i n t h e d a i l y p a t t e r n o f t r a d e o f t h e m a r k e t . Shoppers f r o m a l l w a l k s o f l i f e a r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h books and l i v e l y d i s c u s s i o n s o f t e n t a k e p l a c e be tween t h e p u b l i s h e r s and t h e p e o p l e o n a l l a s p e c t s o f books f r o m e d i t o r i a l m a t t e r s t o p r i n t i ng , t o p r i c e s and t o c o n t e n t o f t h e books . Sa les f r o m t h e e x h i b i t i o n s have a l s o j u s t i f i e d t h e i r h o l d i n g as w e l l .

There a r e no book c l u b s i n Tanzan ia but p l a n s a r e under way t o s t a r t one on an e x p e r i m e n t a l b a s i s . A t a r e c e n t m e e t i n g o f secondary s c h o o l headmasters and h e a d m i s t r e s s e s eagerness and p reparedness t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n i t were expressed.

3. Book p r o m o t i o n

Book p r o m o t i o n i n Tanzan ia has been as s l o w i n d e v e l o p i n g as book p r o d u c t i o n i t s e l f has been. One o f t h e reasons f o r t h i s s l o w development h a s been t h e u n w i l l i n g n e s s o f p u b l i s h e r s t o make s u b s t a n t i a l f i n a n c i a l o u t l a y s f o r p r o m o t i o n because book s e l l i n g u n t i l r e c e n t l y was n o t done o n a c o m p e t i t i v e b a s i s . I t was a lways enough f o r t h e most p a r t f o r a p u b l i s h e r t o t a k e h i s books i n h i s b r i e f case o r u n d e r h i s a r m and t o c o n v i n c e t h e p u r c h a s i n g o f f i c e r a t TES t o buy them.

The absence o f r e g u l a r and c r e a t i v e l y des igned c a t a l o g u e s i s p a r t l y e x p l a i n e d by t h e f a c t t h a t y e a r l y p r o d u c t i o n s - f i v e o r so books - d i d n o t warrant commit- t i n g f u n d s t o p roduce a new c a t a l o g u e . A mimeographed announcement, t a r g e t e d a t t h o s e most l i k e l y t o buy was more s e n s b l e than having t o p u b l i s h a new c a t a l o g u e e v e r y y e a r . Announcements o f books i n newspapers e i t h e r as r e v i e w s o r s t r a i g h t p u b l i s h e r s ' a d v e r t i s e m e n t i s one w a y o f p r o m o t i n g books and e x p e r i e n c e shows that f o r a l l books i n c l u d i n g f i c t i o n , book r e v i e w s a r e Very U s e f u l as a s a l e s and p r o m o t i o n a l s t r a t e g y . A good r e v i e w , summar is ing t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e book and i n v i t i n g p e o p l e t o r e a d i t h a s a lmos t immedia te i m p a c t . O n some o c c a s i o n s r e v i e w s o f books , m a i n l y on t o p i c a l p o l i t i c a l i s s u e s w r i t t e n i n E n g l i s h have opened up l o n g and h e a t e d debates i n t h e newspapers and t h i s had o f i n c r e a s i n g s a l e s .

had t h e e f f e c t

The D a i l y News and Sunday News c a r r y an i r r e g u l a r co lumn 'Rev iew l i n e ' w h i c h i s p o p u l a r and i n f l u e n t i a l i n a t t r a c t i n g i n t e r e s t i n books . The newspapers w o u l d p r o b a b l y make i t r e g u l a r , i f t h e r e were r e g u l a r r e v i e w e r s o f books p roduced i n and o u t s i d e Tanzan ia , i f t h e y were c o n s i d e r e d i m p o r t a n t , and e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e y

- 3 1 -

were a v a i l a b l e on t h e m a r k e t i n Tanzan ia . I t i s f r u s t r a t i n g t o r e a d a good book r e v i e w and n o t t o b e a b l e t o buy t h e book . The S w a h i l i newspapers, Uhuru and Mzalendo c a r r y book r e v i e w s as w e l l . I n f a c t , t h e y c o u l d r e g u - l a r i s e t h e i r book r e v i e w co lumn s i n c e t h e r e i s more c e r t a i n t y t h e r e o f new books.

The d i s c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p o p u l a r magazines because o f t h e paper p r o b l e m d e p r i v e d t h e p u b l i s h e r s and t h e p u b l i c o f one i m p o r t a n t sou rce o f i n f o r m a t i o n about books . A lmos t a l l t h e magazines c a r r i e d book r e v i e w s e i t h e r because t h e y d i d n o t have m a t e r i a l t o c o v e r a l l t h e pages o r because i t was one w a y towards i n f l u e n c i n g t h e p u b l i s h e r t o t a k e an 'ad ' i n t h e magazine.

Rad io r e v i e w s o c c a s i o n a l l y appear , u s u a l l y f o r s e v e r a l weeks o r months. D u r i n g 1982 Rad io T a n z a n i a ' s E n g l i s h Programme ran 1 7 , f i f t e e n m i n u t e week ly b r o a d c a s t s e n t i t l e d ' H o r i z o n s f o r Books ' t h e s c r i p t s f o r w h i c h t h e a u t h o r o f t h i s monograph w r o t e and r e a d . Ano the r s e r i e s o f b r o a d c a s t s i n K i s w a h i l i running f o r 1 2 weeks was a i r e d f r o m March t o May 1983. I n t h e s e r a d i o b r o a d - c a s t s g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n abou t p u b l i s h i n g , b o o k s e l l i n g , a u t h o r s h i p , p r i n t i n g and o t h e r a s p e c t s o f t h e l i f e o f a book was g i v e n . The response g i v e n t o t h e s e b r o a d c a s t s as e v i d e n c e d by l e t t e r s r e c e i v e d and q u e s t i o n s asked a t t e s t e d t o t h e p o t e n t i a l u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e r a d i o f o r p r o m o t i o n o f books .

The r a d i o a l s o o f t e n a d a p t s p u b l i s h e d p l a y s f o r r e a d i n g on t h e a i r and t h e c r e d i t s g i v e n t o t h e a u t h o r and p u b l i s h e r augur w e l l f o r t h e book . R e c e n t l y a c h i l d r e n ' s book S a m a k i Mdogo Mweusi, a t r a n s l a t i o n o f Samadi B e h r a n g i ' s The L i t t l e B l a c k F i s h by Ebrah im H u s s e i n was s e r i a l i s e d i n t h e S w a h i l i Sunday paper Mzalendo and n e g o t i a t i o n s a r e b e i n g made t o r e a d i t on t h e a i r . These a c t i o n s w i l l , h o p e f u l l y , h e l p t o p romote books b u t t o be e f f e c - t i v e t h e y must be r e g u l a r and s y s t e m a t i c .

4 . Methods used f o r s a l e , d i f f u s i o n , i n f o r m a t i o n and p r o m o t i o n

Tanzan ia N a t i o n a l B i b l i o g r a p h y (TNB)

The o l d e s t even i f uncomprehens ive b i b l i o g r a p h y o n Tanzania was p u b l i s h e d by Tanzan ia No tes and Records (TNR), t h e o l d e s t s c h o l a r l y j o u r n a l i n Tanzan ia . T h i s was c o m p i l e d i n p a r t f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar es Sa laam's Q u a r t e r l y B u l l e t i n and a c c e s s i o n s l i s t as f a r back as 1961. I t even p u b l i s h e d s p e c i a l - i s e d b i b l i o g r a p h i e s on s p e c i a l s u b j e c t s - I s l a m i n Tanzan ia , P l a n t D iseases ( i n p r e p a r a t i o n ) . I t a l s o c o v e r s a r t i c l e s i n p e r i o d i c a l s w h i c h t h e TNB does n o t c o v e r . I t was p u b l i s h e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y u n t i l 1976 when due t o m a t e r i a l and s t a f f p rob lems i t c o u l d n o t c o n t i n u e . A 5-year b i b l i o g r a p h y has j u s t been comp le ted f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n 1984. The TNR b i b l i o g r a p h y ' s s h o r t c o m i n g i s tha t i t does n o t c o v e r books i n S w a h i l i p u b l i s h e d i n Tanzan ia , p r i m a r i l y because s u b s c r i b e r s t o t h e j o u r n a l were f o r a v e r y l o n g t i m e e x - c o l o n i a l and e x p a t r i a t e s t a f f and a S w a h i l i b i b l i o g r a p h y w o u l d n o t be u s e f u l t o them. The m a j o r i t y o f t h e membership o f Tanzan ia S o c i e t y i s i n c r e a s i n g l y becoming Tanzan ian , but even t h e n t h e r e w o u l d be no need o f p r o d u c i n g a TNB c o v e r i n g S w a h i l i p u b l i c a t i o n s s i n c e t h i s i s a l r e a d y b e i n g done by Tanzan ia L ib ra ry S e r v i c e s .

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A n o f f i c i a l Tanzan ia N a t i o n a l B i b l i o g r a p h y h a s been p u b l i s h e d s i n c e 1969. I t i s c o m p i l e d by t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s i n c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y on t h e b a s i s o f books a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h t h e l e g a l d e p o s i t a t b o t h l i b r a r i e s . The N a t i o n a l B i b l i o g r a p h y i n c l u d e s books , pamph le ts , o f f i c i a l government r e p o r t s and r e p o r t s o f p a r a s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p e r i o d - i c a l s , u n i v e r s i t y t h e s e s and d i s s e r t a t i o n s , maps, f i l m s , r e c o r d s , e t c . T h i s

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N a t i o n a l B i b l i o g r a p h y appears i n a p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e c a l l e d P r i n t e d i n Tanzan ia . O the r sou rces o f i n f o r m a t i o n on p u b l i c a t i o n s i n T a n z a n i a a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e Tanzan ia P ress D i r e c t o r y p u b l i s h e d by t h e M i n i s t r y o f I n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h i s a l s o a g u i d e t o j o u r n a l s , newspapers and magazines p u b l i s h e d i n Tanzania.

I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o c a u t i o n t h e r e a d e r h e r e t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e l a w r e q u i r e s p u b l i s h e r s and p r i n t e r s t o d e p o s i t w i t h Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s n o t l e s s than two c o p i e s o f any p r i n t e d book ( T a n z a n i a L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s Board A c t 1 9 7 5 , S e c t i o n 5 ( 2 ) ) n o t a l l p u b l i s h e r s comply w i t h t h i s l a w . E i t h e r because o f i g n o r a n c e o r n e g l i g e n c e a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e e i t h e r neve r r e c o r d e d o r a r e r e c o r d e d s e v e r a l y e a r s a f t e r p u b l i c a t i o n and u s u a l l y b y chance d i s c o v e r y . The absence o f t r a d e l i s t s and c a t a l o g u e s f r o m p u b l i s h e r s make i t d i f f i c u l t f o r TLS t o a s c e r t a i n who p u b l i s h e d w h a t and when.

S a l e s o f books t o i n d i v i d u a l s t h r o u g h cor respondence a r e so s m a l l t ha t f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l pu rposes t h i s method can be l e f t o u t as a way o f d i f f u s i o n o f books . Bookshops f r o m u p - c o u n t r y send i n t h e i r o r d e r s t h r o u g h t h e m a i l u s u a l l y f o l l o w i n g cus tomer i n q u i r i e s but i n c r e a s i n g l y on r e c e i p t o f sample c o p i e s and c a t a l o g u e s o r l e a f l e t s f r o m p u b l i s h e r s . Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House sends t o each bookshop a copy o f e v e r y new book e x c e p t when t h e book i s expen- s i v e i n w h i c h case an announcement o n l y w i l l do.

P o s t a l r a t e s a r e high and t h e y a f f e c t m a i l o r d e r b u s i n e s s c o n s i d e r a b l y . F o r p a c k e t s c o m p r i s i n g books o n l y u p t o 3 kg. pos tage i s e q u a l t o $1.50 and $ 0 . 5 0 p e r each a d d i t i o n a l k i l o . I t i s h i g h e r f o r a i r m a i l . F o r 1 kg. (each 1 0 grams o r a p a r t t h e r e o f ) pos tage i s $0.83. I n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r m a i l p o s t a l r a t e s a r e f o r 1 kg. (each 10 grams o r p a r t t h e r e o f ) , $ 1 . 2 5 f o r A f r i c a zone, $1 .67 f o r A s i a zone and $2.08 f o r o t h e r s . A i r f r e i g h t i s cheaper but o n l y f o r l a r g e cons ignments . The same i s t r u e f o r s h i p p i n g . S m a l l packages t e n d t o g e t l o s t o r a r r i v e damaged.

5. I m p o r t s and E x p o r t s

Books i m p o r t e d i n t o Tanzan ia a r e ma in ly f o r secondary s c h o o l s , i n s t i t u - t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g , t h e U n i v e r s i t y , T e c h n i c a l c o l l e g e s , F i n a n c i a l and Management I n s t i t u t e s , and Research i n s t i t u t i o n s . Genera l books , f i c t i o n and o t h e r p o p u l a r books were u n t i l r e c e n t l y a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t o f t h e i m p o r t e d books . C h i l d r e n ’ s books a r e a l s o i n g r e a t demand e s p e c i a l l y f r o m t h e community o f e x p a t r i a t e Europeans w o r k i n g i n Tanzan ia , and a g r o w i n g number o f Tanzan ians .

The v a l u e o f i m p o r t e d e d u c a t i o n a l books i s n o t high compared w i t h t h o s e p roduced i n t h e c o u n t r y p a r t l y because t h e number o f secondary and p o s t - secondary s c h o o l s a r e few and t h e i r e n r o l m e n t s a r e n o t v e r y high, p a r t l y because t h e r e i s a l a c k o f enough f o r e i g n exchange funds t o e n a b l e t h e c o u n t r y t o i m p o r t a l l t h e books i t r e q u i r e s even f o r e d u c a t i o n a l pu rposes .

U n t i l May 1976 t h e r e were no r e s t r i c t i o n s on i m p o r t a t i o n o f books . A f t e r 1976, books were i m p o r t e d under open Genera l L i c e n c e i s s u e d t o i m p o r t e r s o n r e q u e s t . U s u a l l y , t h e o n l y e f f e c t s o f t h e l i c e n c e were r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e v a l u e o f t h e i m p o r t o r d e r r e q u e s t e d . No o u t r i g h t r e j e c t i o n was e v e r exper - i e n c e d . B u t as Tanzan ia e x p e r i e n c e d t h e f u l l e f f e c t s o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l economic c r i s i s and t h e f o r e i g n exchange s i t u a t i o n d e t e r i o r a t e d , book i m p o r t s were v e r y s e v e r e l y c u r t a i l e d .

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C u r r e n t p r o c e d u r e r e g a r d i n g i m p o r t a t i o n o f books i s as f o l l o w s : a b o o k s e l l e r s u b m i t s h i s a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e Exchange C o n t r o l Depar tment o f t h e Bank o f Tanzan ia f o r an i m p o r t l i c e n c e f o r a p e r i o d o f 6 months i n January-June and July-December, w i t h p r o fo rma i n v o i c e s f r o m t h e f o r e i g n sou rce , i n accordance w i t h Exchange C o n t r o l C i r c u l a r No.12. I f t h e a p p l i - c a t i o n i s s u c c e s s f u l , a c e r t i f i c a t e v e r i f y i n g t h e v a l u e o f t h e sh ipment f r o m t h e Genera l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y i f t h e v a l u e i s more than T.Shs. 10,000 ( $ 8 3 5 . 0 0 ) b e f o r e t h e books a r e s h i p p e d o r a i r f r e i g h t e d . Fo r cons ignments o f l e s s than t h i s amount t h e r e i s no need f o r Genera l Super- i n t e n d e n t ’ s C e r t i f i c a t e .

B u t , i n f a c t , ha rd l y any books have been i m p o r t e d i n t o Tanzan ia i n t h e no rma l book t r a d e i n t h e l a s t f ew y e a r s . A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r i m p o r t l i c e n c P s f o r books a r e a l m o s t a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e j e c t e d . Bookshops w h i c h u s e d t o b e f u l l y s t o c k e d w i t h c u r r e n t books have t h e i r s h e l v e s e i t h e r empty o r s t o c k e d w i t h o n l y l o c a l l y p u b l i s h e d books . C a t h e d r a l Bookshop and I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s Agency bookshop i n Dar es S a l a a m a r e t h e o n l y bookshops w h i c h s t i l l s t o c k l i m i t e d q u a n t i t i e s o f i m p o r t e d books , w h i c h means t h a t t h e y have access t o some f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y . The f o r m e r , t h e a u t h o r u n d e r s t a n d s , o b t a i n s t h e books f r o m t h e C a t h o l i c m i s s i o n s ab road who pay f o r them and send them h e r e on t h e b a s i s o f i n t e r n a l m i s s i o n ar rangements . The books a r e m o s t l y e d u c a t i o n a l , c h i l d r e n ’ s and r e l i g i o u s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s Agency w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s numerous B r i t i s h and Amer ican p u b l i s h e r s , s p e c i a l i s e s i n b e s t s e l l e r p o p u l a r n o v e l s and e x p e n s i v e t r a v e l and n a t u r e books .

The i m p o r t e d books w h i c h t h e y s t i l l have i n s t o c k a r e f r o m i m p o r t s made s e v e r a l y e a r s ago as no l i c e n c e s have been g i v e n t o them a f t e r 1980.

The book i m p o r t a t i o n f r e e z e has been a boon t o l o c a l p u b l i s h i n g . I n t e r - n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s Agency and t h e o t h e r m a j o r . b o o k s h o p s w h i c h u s e d t o s t o c k ma in ly i m p o r t e d books and a few o r no l o c a l l y p u b l i s h e d ones have been f o r c e d t o r e l y e n t i r e l y o n l o c a l p u b l i s h e r s . T h e i r shops w h i c h u s e d t o c a t e r m a i n l y f o r e x p a t r i a t e s , t o u r i s t s and h igh income book b u y e r s have now become acces- s i b l e t o o r d i n a r y p e o p l e . L o c a l p u b l i s h e r s a r e , o f c o u r s e , n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t e d as w e l l by t h e l a c k o f f o r e i g n exchange because t h e y canno t buy r i g h t s f r o m o t h e r p u b l i s h e r s , a t t e n d book f a i r s o r p r i n t books o u t s i d e . B u t t h e r e i s no doubt t ha t t h e y have i n c r e a s e d s a l e s o f t h e i r g e n e r a l t i t l e s as a r e s u l t o f t h e absence o f c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m i m p o r t s a l e s .

6. T r a n s p o r t p rob lems

T r a n s p o r t i s one o f t h e p rob lems w h i c h impede d i f f u s i o n as w e l l as promo- t i o n o f books . N o t o n l y i s i t d i f f i c u l t t o t r a n s p o r t books f r o m t h e c e n t r e s o f manufac tu re t o t h e r e g i o n s , but i n some a reas t h e r e i s no t r a n s p o r t a t a l l . Even when t h e books a r r i v e a t t h e r e g i o n a l and d i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s , t h e y n o r m a l l y r e m a i n t h e r e f o r l o n g p e r i o d s o f t i m e because t h e r e i s no t r a n s p o r t f r o m t h e r e t o c o v e r d i s t a n c e s w h i c h may be anywhere f r o m 80 t o 400 k i l o m e t e r s .

The p r o b l e m o f t r a n s p o r t i s n o t o n l y caused by a l a c k o f v e h i c l e s . Some r o a d s a r e impassab le f o r a lmos t h a l f o f t h e y e a r . V e h i c l e s a r e g rounded because o f l a c k o f t i r e s , spa res o r p e t r o l . And a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a r a i l w a y system w h i c h r u n s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y f r o m e a s t t o wes t , and t h e Tanzan ia Z a m b i a Rai lway w h i c h r u n s f r o m e a s t t o s o u t h w e s t , t h e r e a r e few f e e d e r r o a d s t o con- n e c t t h e towns a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s t o t h e a r e a s away f r o m t h e r a i l w a y .

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Where t h e r e i s r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i t i s i r r e g u l a r and n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o meet t h e demand f o r ca rgo and passenger s e r v i c e s .

The s t a t e i n w h i c h p a r c e l s s e n t t h i s way a r r i v e a t t h e bookshops f a r f r o m Dar es S a l a a m i s a l s o v e r y u n c e r t a i n because due t o l a c k o f m a t e r i a l s t h e c o r r u g a t e d paper used f o r p a c k i n g i s n o t v e r y s t u r d y and e a s i l y t e a r s .

7 . R e g i o n a l Exchanges

There has been v e r y l i t t l e exchange o f books i n t h e E a s t A f r i c a n r e g i o n f o r r e a s o n s w h i c h have been e x p l a i n e d e l sewhere . The open ing o f t h e b o r d e r between Kenya and Tanzan ia w i l l , h o p e f u l l y , u s h e r i n a new e r a o f r e g i o n a l book t r a d e . B u t f o r t h i s t o be i n d e e d r e g i o n a l t r a d e w i l l a l s o depend v e r y much on whether Tanzan ia and Uganda w i l l p roduce books w h i c h w i l l a p p e a l t o t h e i n c r e a s i n g l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d Kenya m a r k e t i n b o t h c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y o f manu fac tu re .

8. p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s

There u s e d t o be a Tanzan ia B o o k s e l l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n but t h i s f o l d e d u p i n 1 9 7 0 . A C h r i s t i a n B o o k s e l l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n e v o l v e d t h e r e a f t e r s i n c e 45 bookshops a r e owned by C h r i s t i a n m i s s i o n s . B u t as t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n n e i t h e r owned n o r c o n t r o l l e d any bookshop i t was m o s t l y u s e d as a c e n t r a l i m p o r t i n g agent because i t e n j o y e d a h igh d i s c o u n t r a t e ( 3 3 1 / 3 1 f r o m B r i t i s h p u b l i s h e r s . B u t as Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s gradual ly became t h e s o l e i m p o r t e r o f books f o r s c h o o l s , and as book i m p o r t a t i o n became v e r y r e s t r i c t e d as a r e s u l t o f t h e f o r e i g n exchange c r i s i s , t h e A s s o c i a t i o n had no work t o do and i t d i e d a na tura l dea th .

9 . P r i c e s and p r i c e p o l i c y

The l o w vo lume o f t h e book t r a d e , and e s p e c i a l l y o f g e n e r a l t i t l e s , and t h e r e f o r e , t h e l o w t u r n o v e r f o r most o f t h e p u b l i s h i n g houses has meant h igh p u b l i s h e r s and b o o k s e l l e r s ove rhead c o s t s and t h e r e f o r e high p r i c e s . The bookshops a r e g i v e n 20 p e r c e n t d i s c o u n t and r o y a l t i e s t o a u t h o r s a r e 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e l l i n g p r i c e . Overheads a r e u s u a l l y between 30 p e r c e n t and 40 p e r c e n t . The v e r y s m a l l p u b l i s h i n g houses ( o f t e n w i t h o n l y one p e r s o n ) do n o t have t h e s e overheads but t h e y p r i c e books on t h e same c a l c u l a t i o n s as t h e m a j o r p u b l i s h i n g houses . T h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e because t h e y f e e l l e s s secu re i n t h e i r work and must u s u a l l y pay t h e l o a n s t h e y t o o k w i t h p r o b a b l y high i n t e r e s t s .

The m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r o f be tween t h r e e and f o u r t i m e s t h e unit c o s t o f p r i n t i n g i s u s e d t o a r r i v e a t t h e p r i c e o f t h e book. I t i s w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g h e r e that ove rhead c o s t s d e r i v e a l s o f r o m t h e l o n g l e a d t i m e between r e c e i p t o f m a n u s c r i p t and i t s p u b l i c a t i o n . The t i m e can be as l o n g as f o u r :'.ears and i t i s r a r e l y l e s s than 1 8 months. A c o m b i n a t i o n o f weaknesses o f e d i t o r i a l s t a f f o f t h e p u b l i s h i n g houses and p r i n t e r s have c r e a t e d t h i s s i t u a t i o n w h i c h i s a m a j o r d i s i n c e n t i v e t o p u b l i s h i n g . Most bookshops mark-up t h e p r i c e by be tween 2 5 p e r c e n t and 50 p e r c e n t . The c o s t o f s a l e s i s r e p o r t e d t o be abou t 1 2 p e r c e n t .

The c r e d i t p e r i o d i s i n t h e o r y t h i r t y days but Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s who a r e i n an a l m o s t monopoly s i t u a t i o n do n o t keep t o t h e t h i r t y days ' l i m i t , paying when t h e y d e c i d e t h e y w a n t and can pay. T h i s c r e a t e s a p rob lem t o p u b l i s h e r s as i n t h e i r p o s i t i o n t h e y can n o t r e t a l i a t e o r impose a p p r o p r i a t e s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t i t .

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There i s no p r i c e c o n t r o l o n books and p r i c e s a r e n o t p r i n t e d on books . A l t h o u g h t h i s c o u l d i n d e e d be t h e o n l y way t o ensu re that t h e f i n a l b u y e r had t h e l e g i t i m a t e p r i c e , i t w o u l d n o t be f a i r f o r t h e b o o k s e l l e r s o u t s i d e Dar es S a l a a m who r e c e i v e t h e i r s t o c k i r r e g u l a r l y and because o f t h e s l o w s a l e s i n c u r more c o s t s .

( b ) L i b r a r i e s

1. L i b r a r i e s i n t h e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r s

A n e a r l y i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e commitment o f t h e Tanzan ia Government t o uni- v e r s a l l i t e r a c y c a n be seen f r o m i t s c r e a t i o n , i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s a f t e r i n d e - pendence ,o f a sys tem o f p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s . L i b r a r i e s i n Tanzan ia s t a r t e d o u t as t h e l e a s t p r i v i l e g e d o f l i b r a r i e s i n t h e t h r e e E a s t A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s . They had a b o o k s t o c k o f o n l y 99,000 and 7 l i b r a r i a n s o f whom o n l y one was A f r i c a n a g a i n s t Kenya ' s 304,000 books , 17 l i b r a r i a n s o f whom one was A f r i c a n . Uganda had 200,000 books and 1 0 l i b r a r i a n s o f whom one was A f r i c a n . I n t h e 1970s ' T a n z a n i a ( l e d ) t h e way i n l i b r a r y development p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e p u b l i c l i b r a r y f i e l d and ( h a d ) a l a r g e r number o f endogenous q u a l i f i e d l i b r a r i a n s . ' ( 6 )

Tangany ika L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s B o a r d A c t 1 9 6 3 was t h e l e g i s l a t i v e i n s t r u m e n t w h i c h spearheaded t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e l i b r a r y sys tem. The b o a r d was empowered t o ' p romote , e s t a b l i s h , e q u i p and d e v e l o p l i b r a r i e s i n Tanganyika' and w h i l e i t e n a b l e d g r e a t work o f expand ing t h e l i b r a r y sys tem t o b e done, by 1 9 7 5 i t was f o u n d t o be i n a d e q u a t e and was r e p e a l e d . Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s Board A c t , 1975, ex tended t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e B o a r d and put under i t s j u r i s d i c - t i o n a l l p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s , ' p u b l i c ' b e i n g d e f i n e d as mean ing ' a l l t y p e s o f l i b r a r i e s , i . e . any l i b r a r y t o w h i c h a member o f t h e p u b l i c has o r i s p e r m i t t e d t o have access . . . I . Other p r o v i s i o n s of t h e A c t r e l a t e t o L e g a l D e p o s i t , t r a i n i n g o f l i b r a r i a n s , r u r a l l i b r a r i e s , p r o d u c t i o n and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t r a d i - t i o n a l l i t e r a r y works , e t c .

To d a t e t h e r e a r e 88 l i b r a r i e s a t t h e c e n t r e o f w h i c h i s t h e T a n z a n i a L i b r a r y S e r v i c e . By any s t a n d a r d s , t h e e x p a n s i o n of TLS and t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f book s t o c k has been r e m a r k a b l e e s p e c i a l l y when one t a k e s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e v e r y d i f f i c u l t economic s i t u a t i o n w h i c h t h e c o u n t r y has t r a n s v e r s e d during t h e l a s t 1 0 y e a r s so so. By 1 9 7 4 , t e n y e a r s a f t e r i t s e s t a b l i s h m e n t TLS had i n c r e a s e d i t s book s t o c k f r o m 49,000 t o 900,000. Apar t f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t r a 1 , L i b r a r y based i n Dar es Salaam, w h i c h a l s o a c t s as t h e Dar es Salaam r e g i o n a l l i b r a r y , Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s a r e o r g a n i z e d a t t h e r e g i o n a l and d i s t r i c t l e v e l s and p r o v i d e r u r a l m o b i l e s e r v i c e s as w e l l . I n a d d i t i o n i t o p e r a t e s a s c h o o l s ' m o b i l e l i b r a r y s e r v i c e , a p o s t a l and book b o x s e r v i c e i n o v e r a l m o s t a l l o f t h e m a i n l a n d ' s twenty -one r e g i o n s . A t p r e s e n t t h e r e a r e 1 3 r e g i o n a l l i b r a r i e s and 5 d i s t r i c t l i b r a s i e s w i t h an average book s t o c k o f 35,000 f o r r e g i o n a l l i b r a r i e s and 15,000 f o r d i s t r i c t l i b r a r i e s . The s e a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e r e g i o n a l . a n d d i s t r i c t l i b r a r i e s i s 150 and 100 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The development o f l i b r a r i e s c l o s e l y f o l l o w e d t h e p e r i o d i c deve lopment p l a n s , w h i c h s t a r t e d w i t h t h e f i r s t F i v e Year Development P l a n o f 1964-1969. I t has been p l a n n e d t o e x t e n d l i b r a r y s e r v i c e s t o 1 5 r e g i o n a l h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a c o s t o f $416,666 ($166,666 f o r books , $250,000 f o r b u i l d i n g ) p e r l i b r a r y but o n l y 4 ( N a t i o n a l C e n t r a l L i b r a r y , I r i n g a , Bukoba, Mwanza) were comple ted . I n t h e Second F i v e Year Development P l a n 1969-1974 s i x l i b r a r i e s were p l a n n e d and b u i l t . I n t h e t h i r d F i v e Year P l a n 1975-1980 o n l y 3 o u t o f 9 p l a n n e d were

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b u i l t . I n t h e f o u r t h F i v e Year P l a n , 1981-1985, a t o t a l o f $1 .7 m i l l i o n has been earmarked f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and s t o c k i n g o f l i b r a r i e s i n Dodoma, Kigoma, Shinyanga, L i n d i , Singida and Coast r e g i o n .

A t t h e same t i m e , i t i s o n p lan t o e x t e n d m o b i l e s e r v i c e s w h i c h a t p r e s e n t c o v e r o n l y 5 r e g i o n s (Mosh i , K ibaha , Songea, Musoma and Sumbawanga) b y p r o - v i d i n g a book v a n t o each r e g i o n a l l i b r a r y .

2 . R u r a l L i b r a r i e s

The u l t i m a t e success o f t h e l i b r a r y sys tem i n Tanzan ia w i l l depend v e r y much on whe the r i t w i l l be a b l e t o e x t e n d i t s s e r v i c e s n o t o n l y t o t h e r e g i o n a l and d i s t r i c t c e n t r e s but t o t h e v i l l a g e s where t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e new l i t e r - a t e s a r e found. The success o f t h e l i t e r a c y campaigns wh ich l o w e r e d i l l i t e r - a c y i n t h e c o u n t r y t o l e s s than 25 p e r c e n t was i n g r e a t p a r t a r e s u l t o f t h e v i l l a g i s a t i o n programme. T h i s b r o u g h t h i t h e r t o s c a t t e r e d homesteads t o g e t h e r i n t o permanent v i l l a g e s and as a r e s u l t made i t p o s s i b l e f o r p a r t y and government t o m o b i l i s e t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n t o l i t e r a c y c l a s s e s and t o p r o v i d e m a t e r i a l s more e a s i l y than w o u l d have been p o s s i b l e o t h e r w i s e .

There a r e a l i t t l e o v e r 8,000 v i l l a g e s o f t h i s k ind and i f t h e n e w l y l i t e r - a t e s who l i v e i n t h e v i l l a g e s a r e n o t t o l a p s e back i n t o i l l i t e r a c y , some f o r m o f l i b r a r y f a c i l i t y w i l l have t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n each v i l l a g e t o s e r v e t h e v i l l a g e r s , A t p r e s e n t r u r a l a reas a r e s e r v e d t h r o u g h use o f m o b i l e l i b r a r i e s and bookboxes but t h e s e vans a r e t o o few ( 5 ) and p rone t o breakdowns w h i c h make t h e s e r v i c e e x t r e m e l y i r r e g u l a r . There a r e o t h e r p rob lems o f t h e r u r a l e n v i r o n - ment w h i c h make t h i s most necessa ry s e r v i c e a l s o t h e most d i f f i c u l t t o r e n d e r .

3. A d u l t e d u c a t i o n r u r a l l i b r a r i e s

The Depar tment of A d u l t E d u c a t i o n o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n o p e r a t e s , a c c o r d i n g t o sou rces i n t h e depar tment , abou t 2,500 v i l l a g e l i b r a r i e s . These l i b r a r i e s a r e housed i n o f f i c e s o f t h e ward h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e ru l i ng P a r t y , Chama c h a M a p i n d u z i (CCM). Books a r e p r o v i d e d by t h e depar tment o f A d u l t E d u c a t i o n and u s u a l l y each l i b r a r y r e c e i v e s 2 c o p i e s o f e v e r y new book w h i c h t h e depar tmen t pu rchases f r o m t h e p u b l i s h e r s . The r a t i o n a l e b e h i n d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e s e l i b r a r i e s i s t h a t s i n c e Tanzan ia L ib ra ry S e r v i c e s have no r e s o u r c e s t o s e t up l i b r a r i e s b e l o w t h e d i s t r i c t , and s i n c e t h e m o b i l e book vans and t h e r e f o r e t h e book b o x exchange s e r v i c e s a r e a lmos t i n o p e r a t i v e , t h e i r l i b r a r i e s a r e t h e o n l y ones w h i c h a r e now s e r v i n g r u r a l l i t e r a t e s . I n a d d i t i o n t h e P a r t y o f f e r s more s e c u r i t y than any o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e body and i t i s t h e one p l a c e t h a t a l m o s t a l l p e o p l e regu1ar ï . y v i s i t f o r v a r i o u s reasons . Books a r e t h e r e f o r e e a s i l y r e a c h e d by them.

I n t h e p a s t t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e Tanzan ia L ib ra ry S e r v i c e s , a d v i s e d a g a i n s t t h e s e t t i n g up o f t h e s e l i b r a r i e s . H i s o p i n i o n was tha t r a t h e r than spend s c a r c e r e s o u r c e s e s t a b l i s h i n g them, i t w o u l d be b e t t e r t o s t r e n g t h e n TLS and i t s Book Box Exchange S e r v i c e . S t a t i c l i b r a r i e s w i t h o n l y a few books and no l i b r a r i a n s can n o t work and w i t h i n a s h o r t p e r i o d t h e books d i s a p p e a r and w i t h no new ones r e p l a c i n g t h e o l d ones t h e l i k e l i h o o d i s t ha t t h e l i b r a r i e s e x i s t o n l y i n name. O n t h e o t h e r hand, w i t h book boxes b r i ng ing i n new books , and w i t h exchanges o f t h e s e boxes be tween d i f f e r e n t d e p o t s t h e sys tem c o u l d b e made t o work more e f f i c i e n t l y .

The TLS d i r e c t o r ' s argument w o u l d o n l y be s a t i s f a c t o r y t o t h e A d u l t Edu- c a t i o n Depar tment i f i n d e e d t h e y had m o b i l e vans t o v i s i t t h e book box depo ts .

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B u t i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t p r e v a i l , where no books a t a l l r e a c h v i l l a g e s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o c o n v i n c e anyone t h a t t h e adu l t e d u c a t i o n s o l u t i o n i s n o t more advantageous. I t must b e b o r n e i n m i n d t o o that t h r o u g h t h e o n g o i n g adul t e d u c a t i o n programmes, t h e depar tment has more p e o p l e w o r k i n g a t t h e v i l l a g e l e v e l and more c l o s e l y w i t h t h e P a r t y than Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e .

4. U n i v e r s i t y and s p e c i a l i s e d l i b r a r i e s

The U n i v e r s i t y L ib ra ry w h i c h was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1961 i s t h e second l a r g e s t and shares w i t h Tangany ika L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s t h e honour o f b e i n g l e g a l d e p o s i t - o r y f o r a l l p r i n t e d m a t t e r i n Tanzan ia . I t has a book s t o c k o f w e l l o v e r 5 O O , O O O , o v e r 8,150 s e r i a l s (1 ,300 t i t l e s on Sc ience and Techno logy ) , : I O 0 m i c r o f i c h e s and 422 m i c r o f i l m s . I t has a s i t t i n g c a p a c i t y o f n e a r l y 800. The book s t o c k o f t h e l i b r a r i e s o f t h e F a c u l t i e s o f A g r i c u l t u r e a t Morogoro and M e d i c i n e a t M u h i m b i l i a r e a round 3 0 , 0 0 0 and each has a s i t t i n g c a p a c i t y o f about 1 5 0 . The l i b r a r y a t M u h i m b i l i h a s more than 200 s e r i a l s and 5 0 0 m i c r o - f i c h e s m o s t l y dona ted by i n t e r n a t i o n a l donors .

Schoo l l i b r a r i e s a r e an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e l i b r a r y sys tem i n Tanzan ia and some o f them can b o a s t o f f a i r l y l a r g e book s t o c k s . They a r e a l s o i m p o r t a n t c e n t r e s f o r t h e i n c u l c a t i o n o f t h e v a l u e o f books and development o f t h e r e a d i n g hab i t and i t i s a p i t y that t h e c o u n t r y ' s economic s i t u a t i o n does n o t f a v o u r t h e i r development and g rowth .

T e c h n i c a l l y , each secondary s c h o o l s h o u l d have a l i b r a r y and a good many o f them do i n d e e d have them. The q u a l i t y o f t h e s e r v i c e s and t h e i m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d t o l i b r a r i e s , however , d i f f e r a g r e a t d e a l depend ing o n Headmasters ' / Headmis t resses ' i n t e r e s t i n books and i n t h e s c h o o l l i b r a r y . There a r e no f u n d s s p e c i f i c a l l y a l l o c a t e d f o r l i b r a r i e s and Headmasters/Headmistresses have d i s - c r e t i o n a r y powers t o u s e t h e p e r c a p i t a grant o n w h a t t h e y think a r e t h e most i m p o r t a n t and p r e s s i n g p r i o r i t i e s .

I n many o f t h e s e l i b r a r i e s one i s apt t o f i n d t h a t t h e o n l y books and p e r i o d i c a l s a r e t h o s e t h a t a r e dona ted b y embassies and o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s and t h e s e a r e m o s t l y i r r e l e v a n t and u n s u i t a b l e t o t h e s c h o o l s . I n f a c t t h e un- c r i t i c a l accep tance o f book g i f t s has been i d e n t i f i e d as a m a j o r p r o b l e m a r i s i n g f r o m t h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e s c h o o l s t o s e l e c t and buy t h e books t h a t t h e y need.

A number o f Teacher T r a i n i n g C o l l e g e s have r e m a r k a b l y good l i b r a r i e s as a r e s u l t o f a U.S.A.I.D. P r o j e c t w h i c h was s t a r t e d i n 1962. The programme was r e g r e t t a b l y phased o u t i n 1966 f o r l a c k o f government f u n d s but Dar es S a l a a m Teachers C o l l e g e w h i c h had been s e l e c t e d t o f o r m t h e n u c l e u s o f a sys tem o f l i b r a r i e s meant t o s u p p o r t t h e t ra in ing o f t e a c h e r s and t r a i n l i b r a r i a n s , h a s rema ined a model c o l l e g e l i b r a r y . I t has a book s t o c k o f 45,000 t i t l e s and h a s been g r o w i n g e v e r s i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n i n 1966.

The s p e c i a l i s e d i n s t i t u t e s such as t h e I n s t i t u t e o f F i n a n c e Management, Dar es Salaam, t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Development Management, i n Morogoro , and o t h e r s have good l i b r a r i e s . There a r e a l s o many s p e c i a l l i b r a r i e s run by M i n i s t r i e s , p a r a s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s and p r o f e s s i o n a l c e n t r e s such as t h e Bureau o f S tandards , N a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c Research C o u n c i l and so on. Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s h a s p u b l i s h e d a D i r e c t o r y o f T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n Resources i n Tanzan ia w h i c h i s a g u i d e t o t h e s e l i b r a r i e s .

O the r l i b r a r i e s i n Tanzan ia a r e t h o s e owned and run by i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s s t a t i o n e d i n Dar es S a l a a m n o t a b l y t h e B r i t i s h C o u n c i l L i b r a r y (book

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s t o c k abou t 18 ,000) , U n i t e d S t a t e s Communicat ion Agency, Goethe I n s t i t u t e ( 3 , 0 0 0 ) and t h e F r e n c h Cul tural C e n t r e (3,500). The U n i t e d N a t i o n s I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t r e h a s a s m a l l r e f e r e n c e l i b r a r y and so do o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z - a t i o n s .

5. C h i l d r e n s l i b r a r i e s

C h i l d r e n ' s l i b r a r i e s f o r m an i m p o r t a n t s e c t i o n o f t h e C e n t r a l L i b r a r y i n Dar es S a l a a m and of t h e r e g i o n a l l i b r a r i e s . We were u n a b l e t o o b t a i n t h e b o o k s t o c k f o r t h e c h i l d r e n ' s s e c t i o n o f t h e C e n t r a l L i b r a r y but a who le f l o o r i s d e v o t e d t o i t and i t i s q u i t e i m p r e s s i v e . I t has a s e a t i n g c a p a c i t y f o r 150 c h i l d r e n and i t i s v e r y p o p u l a r w i t h c h i l d r e n and v e r y w e l l used.

I n a d d i t i o n t o r e a d i n g , t h e c h i l d r e n ' s s e c t i o n h o l d s , on one a f t e r n o o n i n t h e week, a s t o r y - t e l l i n g s e s s i o n f o r c h i l d r e n o f up t o 10 y e a r s . I t a l s o p u b l i s h e s i n bound mimeograph f o r m a c r e a t i v e w r i t i n g j o u r n a l f o r c h i l d r e n .

The a c q u i s i t i o n depar tment o f TLS a t t h e C e n t r a l L i b r a r y a c t s on b e h a l f o f a l l r e g i o n a l and d i s t r i c t l i b r a r i e s . There i s a l s o an i n t e r - l i b r a r y l o a n sys tem w h i c h o p e r a t e s i n t h e c o u n t r y and i n w h i c h a l l l i b r a r i e s , p u b l i c , p r i v a t e s c h o o l s , U n i v e r s i t y and s p e c i a l i s e d ones p a r t i c i p a t e .

O n r e g i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchanges Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s h a s a lways m a i n t a i n e d c l o s e l i n k s w i t h t h e l i b r a r i e s i n Kenya, Uganda, M a l a w i and Zambia. I t a l s o h a s e x t e n s i v e c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h l i b r a r i e s i n t h e U.K. and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f Amer ica and i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s and h a s r e g u l a r exchanges o f m a t e r i a l s w i t h them.

O n t h e who le , t h e l i b r a r i e s have done a v e r y commendable j o b but as p o i n t e d o u t e a r l i e r t h e r e a r e s t i l l many a reas w h i c h a r e n o t s e r v e d by l i b r a r i e s o f any k ind a t a l l . I t w i l l t a k e many y e a r s a t t h e p r e s e n t r a t e o f development f o r Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s t o b u i l d r e g i o n a l and d i s t r i c t l i b r a r i e s t o c o v e r a l l t h e c o u n t r y . B u t t h e p l a n s a r e t h e r e as w e l l as t h e w i l l . Genera l economic r e c o v e r y w o u l d p r o v i d e t h e r e s o u r c e s t o advance towards bu i ld ing , s t o c k i n g and running l i b r a r i e s t o t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e peop le .

6. Tanzan ia L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n (TLA)

The Tanzan ia L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n was formed i n 1972 f o l l o w i n g t h e d e c i s i o n s t a k e n b y ' t h e E a s t A f r i c a n L ib ra ry A s s o c i a t i o n t o d i s s o l v e i n t o a s s o c i a t i o n s o f l i b r a r i a n s o f each c o u n t r y . I t h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s : 1) t o u n i t e a l l pe rsons w o r k i n g i n o r i n t e r e s t e d i n l i b r a r y work , by conven ing con fe rences and m e e t i n g s f o r t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g l i b r a r i e s - t h e i r r e g u l a t i o n s , management o r o t h e r w i s e ; 2 ) t o encourage t h e p r o m o t i o n , e s t a b l i s h m e n t and improvement o f l i b r a r i e s and l i b r a r y s e r v i c e s i n t h e c o u n t r y ; 3 ) t o p romote and encourage b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s t u d y and r e s e a r c h ; 4 ) t o improve t h e s t a n d a r d o f l i b r a r i a n s h i p and t h e s t a t u s o f t h e l i b r a r y p r o f e s s i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y ; 5 ) t o w a t c h any l e g i s l a t i o n a f f e c t i n g l i b r a r i e s , and t o a s s i s t i n t h e p r o m o t i o n o f such f u r t h e r l e g i s l a t i o n as may be c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e r e g u l a t i o n and management o r e x t e n s i o n o f l i b r a r y s e r v i c e s i n t h e c o u n t r y ; 6 ) t o c o l l e c t , c o l l a t e and p u b l i s h ( a s j o u r n a l s , t r a n s a c t i o n s , b u l l e t i n s ) , i n f o r m a t i o n o f b e n e f i t t o members o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n , o r f o r t h e p r o m o t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n ; 7 ) t o do a l l such l a w f u l t h i n g s as a r e i n c i d e n t a l o r con- d u c i v e t o t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e above o b j e c t i v e s .

- 39 -

Membership i n t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n i s open t o a l l l i b r a r i a n s i n t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l c a p a c i t y but membership i s a l s o open t o i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h run l i b r a r i e s o r a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e work o f t h e l i b r a - r i e s t o seek membership and t o c o n t r i b u t e t o i t s o b j e c t i v e s . TLA h a s 312 members.

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V. READING

( a ) O b s t a c l e s t o r e a d i n g

Tanzan ia has made g r e a t s t r i d e s i n w i p i n g o u t i l l i t e r a c y and i s o f t e n g i v e n as an example o f a c o u n t r y where t h e r e h a s i n d e e d been a r e v o l u t i o n i n adul t e d u c a t i o n . A t I ndependence i n 1 9 6 1 , i l l i t e r a c y was w e l l o v e r 90 p e r c e n t . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e f i r s t p o s t - I n d e p e n d e n c e p o p u l a t i o n census i n 1967 i t h a d dropped t o 69 p e r c e n t , O n New Y e a r ' s eve i n 1970, P r e s i d e n t N y e r e r e d e c l a r e d 1970 ' A d u l t E d u c a t i o n Y e a r ' , and i n 1 9 7 1 , t h e ru l ing par ty , t h r o u g h i t s N a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e Commit tee, t a r g e t e d a t 1975 t o be t h e y e a r when i l l i t e r a c y w o u l d be w i p e d o u t .

I n t h e 5 y e a r s t h a t f o l l o w e d a l l e f f o r t s were put i n t o e n s u r i n g tha t as many i l l i t e r a t e peop le as p o s s i b l e were taught r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g and d o i n g s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c a l p rob lems . The P a r t y , TANU o n t h e mainland and A f r o - S h i r a z on Z a n z i b a r were k e y e lemen ts i n t h e f u l l e s t m o b i l i s a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e w h i l e government m o b i l i s e d f i n a n c i a l and manpower r e s o u r c e s needed t o c a r r y t h r o u g h t h e campaign. The t h r e e n a t i o n a l l i t e r a c y t e s t s h e l d i n 1975, 1977 and 1981 were t o show how s u c c e s s f u l t h e i m p l i m e n t a t i o n o f t h e P a r t y d i r e c t i v e had been and a t t h e same t i m e t o show w h a t r e m a i n e d t o b e done.

The f o l l o w i n g summary o f t h e s i t u a t i o n r e g a r d i n g l i t e r a c y i s made f r o m t h e r e p o r t o n ' R e s u l t s o f t h e 1981 N a t i o n a l l i t e r a c y t e s t s ' , p u b l i s h e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n i n December 1982.

The 1975 l i t e r a c y t e s t c o n f i r m e d that i l l i t e r a c y i n t e r m s o f r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g and p e r f o r m i n g s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c a l p rob lems had gone down f r o m 69 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n 1967 t o 39 p e r c e n t . The 1 9 7 7 l i t e r a c y t e s t showed t h a t t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h o s e who c o u l d n o t r e a d , w r i t e and p e r f o r m s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c a l p rob lems had gone down t o 27 p e r c e n t . The 1981 t e s t showed that t h e number had gone down t o 2 1 p e r c e n t .

i. The number o f n o n - l i t e r a t e a d u l t s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 3,790,860 i n 1 9 7 7 t o 3,888,791 i n 1981. The c u m u l a t i v e f i g u r e i n 1977 was 6,099,197, t h e i n c r e a s e b e i n g accoun ted f o r , f i r s t l y by t h e much b e t t e r e n u m e r a t i o n made p o s s i b l e because a l l p e o p l e were now l i v i n g i n v i l l a g e s and s e c o n d l y because many c h i l d r e n o f s c h o o l - g o i n g age were n o t a t t e n d i n g s c h o o l and had been i n c l u d e d i n t h e i l l i t e r a t e p o p u l a t i o n .

ii. 3,524,445 p e o p l e , o f w h i c h 1,400,237 were men and 2,724,205 women were e x p e c t e d t o s i t f o r t h e l i t e r a c y t e s t i n 1981. E i g h t - e i g h t p e r c e n t , o r 3,107,506 c o m p r i s i n g 1,230,832 men and 1,876,674 women a c t u a l l y t o o k t h e t e s t .

From t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e two p r e v i o u s t e s t s and i n that o f 1981, t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f i l l i t e r a c y went down f r o m 27 p e r c e n t i n 1977 t o 2 1 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 8 1 - a much s m a l l e r d r o p than had been expec ted . There were many reasons a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h i s ; t h e l a c k o f adequate f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s , l a c k o f books due t o t h e s h o r t a g e o f paper and s p a r e p a r t s f o r t h e p r i n t i n g mach ines , t h e w a r a g a i n s t I d i Amin, and t h e q u a r a n t i n e imposed o n many v i l l a g e s as a r e s u l t o f c h o l e r a o u t b r e a k s during t h a t p e r i o d . T h a t t h e r e a r e a r o u n d 11 m i l l i o n l i t e r a t e Tanzan ians o u t o f 18,600,000 i s a l r e a d y a g r e a t ach ievement . The a i m o f t h e l i t e r a c y campaign i s t o e v e n t u a l l y b r i ng t h e l e v e l o f l i t e r a c y t o be tween 85 p e r c e n t and 90 p e r c e n t .

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A n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e l i t e r a c y campaign was made by t h e Unesco sponsored Mwanza L i t e r a c y P r o j e c t . T h i s p r o j e c t was s e t up a f t e r Tanzan ia was s e l e c t e d by Unesco t o be one o f 12 c o u n t r i e s f o r i t s e x p e r i - m e n t a l W o r l d F u n c t i o n a l L i t e r a c y Programme. The programme was ' t o d e t e r - m ine t h e n a t u r e and s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e l i n k s between l i t e r a c y and deve lopment and t o make i t p o s s i b l e t o work o u t t h e most e f f i c i e n t and economic approaches, means and methods f o r s u c c e s s f u l conduc t o f t h e campaign a g a i n s t i l l i t e r a c y and c o n s e q u e n t l y o f d e v e l o p m e n t ' . ( 7 )

Mwanza, o n Lake V i c t o r i a , i s t h e c e n t r e o f f o u r r e g i o n s w h i c h c u l t i v a t e c o t t o n and o t h e r c a s h c r o p s . I t was on t h i s b a s i s t h a t i t was chosen t o be t h e c e n t r e o f t h e p i l o t p r o j e c t . B u t w h i l e c o t t o n was t h e m a i n i d e a b e h i n d t h e c h o i c e o f t h e town, i t l a t e r p roduced manuals o n f i s h i n g , c a t t l e r e a r i n g , r i c e c u l t i v a t i o n , b e t t e r homes, c h i l d c a r e and so f o r t h . A t t h e end o f t h e p r o j e c t i n 1976, t h e e x p e r i e n c e s and l e s s o n s o f l i nk ing l i t e r a c y campaigns t o t h e adul t l e a r n e r ' s economic a c t i v i t y and w e l l b e i n g were s p r e a d t o t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n t r y and f u n c t i o n a l l i t e r a c y has become a most i m p o r t a n t p i l l a r o f adul t e d u c a t i o n i n Tanzan ia .

Ve ry o f t e n i t i s n o t r e a l i s e d t h a t f o r r e a d i n g t o b e a r e g u l a r a c t i v i t y o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e c e r t a i n economic c o n d i t i o n s must p r e v a i l . The m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f Tanzan ia a r e peasan ts and t h e y spend t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e day a t work i n t h e f i e l d s . When t h e y r e t u r n , o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s - l o o k i n g f o r f i r e w o o d and p r e p a r i n g f o o d ( f o r women), a t t e n d i n g t o p rob lems a round t h e house, v i s i t i n g and s o c i a l i s i n g - t a k e up t h e r e s t . I n t h e even ings i t i s dark, and t h e o n l y l i g h t i n t h e i r houses i s t h e f l a m e f r o m t h e f i r e - p l a c e , o r f r o m a w i c k suspended i n s m a l l p a r a f f i n t i n c o n t a i n e r s . The l i g h t f r o m t h e s e sou rces i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r r e a d i n g and books have n o t been pub- l i s h e d w i t h t h i s r e a d e r i n m i n d . The t y p e s i z e s a r e s m a l l and tha t makes i t even more d i f f i c u l t t o r e a d .

A p e r s o n who i s u s e d t o w o r k i n g a t a desk i n good r e a d i n g l i g h t may n o t r e a l i s e how i m p o r t a n t t h e desk and t h e l i g h t a r e i n m o t i v a t i n g h im/he r t o r e a d . I n t h e h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f most p e o p l e i n Tanzan ia (houses t h a t o f t e n a l s o keep a n i m a l s and w h i c h do n o t have w indows) , r e a d i n g i s s i m p l y n o t p o s s i b l e . Only 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f Tanzan ia h a s e l e c t r i c i t y and domes t i c u s e i s o n l y 22 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l consumpt ion . I n o t h e r words o n l y 3.9 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n uses e l e c t r i c i t y f o r l i g h t i n g and o t h e r domes t i c pu rposes . The o i l c r i s i s has a l s o meant l e s s o r no p a r a f f i n f o r use i n o i l lamps n o t o n l y i n r u r a l a r e a s but a l s o i n t h e urban a r e a s where worke rs l i v e .

A n o t h e r o b s t a c l e t o r e a d i n g i s o b v i o u s l y t h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e o r d i n a r y p e o p l e t o buy books . The m i n i m u m wage o f T.Shs. 600 ( $ 5 0 ) p e r month f o r t h e urban w o r k e r canno t p e r m i t h i m any s a v i n g s w i t h w h i c h t o buy books. hard ly enough t o p r o v i d e h i m o r h e r w i t h s u b s i s t e n c e . Y e t , i n s p i t e o f t h i s g loomy s i t u a t i o n , w o r k e r s i n t h e urban a reas show g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n books as w e l l as newspapers. I n r e c e n t book shows o r g a n i s e d by t h e w r i t e r a t t h e K a r i a k o o M a r k e t i n Dar es S a l a a m and i n 5 o t h e r m a r k e t s (Tand ika , K i n o n d o n i , I l a l a , Manzese, Mwananyamala) i n t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e c i t y , i t was a p l e a s a n t e x p e r i e n c e t o see t h e keen i n t e r e s t p e o p l e had f o r books. What was a l s o v e r y r e w a r d i n g was t h a t p e o p l e wanted t o buy books and d i d buy them. They comp la ined abou t t h e p r i c e s o f t h e books , c e r t a i n l y , but t h e y a l s o under - s t o o d w h y t h e p r i c e s were up. A t K a r i a k o o books w o r t h $2,500 were s o l d i n two days, i n mid-month when t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e money.

I t i s

- 4 3 -

A good g e n e r a l t i t l e book can s t i l l s e l l 10,000 c o p i e s i n one y e a r and TPH has t i t l e s w h i c h have done even b e t t e r . The same i n t e r e s t i s m a n i f e s t i n t h e r e a d e r s h i p o f newspapers. I n t h e morn ings ( a n d even l a t e i n t h e night under s t r e e t l i g h t s when newspapers a r e j u s t o f f t h e p r e s s ) i t i s a common s i g h t t o see w o r k i n g o r d i n a r y p e o p l e buy t h e i r c o p i e s o f t h e newspaper w h i c h t h e y r e a d a v i d l y f r o m t h e f i r s t t o l a s t page. When t h e c o s t o f t h e newspaper a t t h e end o f t h e month i s 7 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k e r ' s s a l a r y , one r e a l i s e s i t can o n l y be f r o m r e a l i n t e r e s t t h a t t h e w o r k e r s buy them.

Problems o f book d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e a l s o i m p o r t a n t h e r e . Even i n t h e urban c e n t r e s , bookshops a r e o f t e n l o c a t e d on smar t s t r e e t s and r a r e l y i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s d i s t r i c t s . So, even where t h e p e o p l e m i g h t w a n t t o buy books , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e that w o u l d h e l p them improve themse lves , t h e r e a r e no bookshops o r book k i o s k s .

( b ) Read ing m o t i v a t i o n s and t y p o l o g y o f r e a d e r s

Tanzan ia has a l r e a d y a c h i e v e d a v e r y high l e v e l o f l i t e r a c y . As a l r e a d y n o t e d , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e 1 9 8 1 n a t i o n a l l i t e r a c y t e s t show t h a t o u t o f a popu- l a t i o n o f 18,648,000 l e s s 24 p e r c e n t f o r c h i l d r e n be tween 0-7 y e a r s , 11.1 m i l l i o n o r 79 p e r c e n t were l i t e r a t e .

O r i g i n a l l y i t had been e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e 1981 n a t i o n a l l i t e r a c y t e s t wou ld r e g i s t e r n e a r comp le te l i t e r a c y f o r t h e c o u n t r y . Reasons f o r f a i l i n g t o a c h i e v e t h i s have been g i v e n . The l i t e r a c y campaign c o n t i n u e d and i t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e 1983 t e s t w o u l d b r i ng t h e l e v e l o f l i t e r - acy t o more than 90 p e r c e n t w h i c h w o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d as f u l l l i t e r a c y .

A r e a d e r p r o f i l e f o r t h e y e a r s 1971 and 1,981 o n t h e b a s i s o f e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l can be f o u n d i n t h e annexes. These f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t a c t u a l s c h o o l a t t e n d a n c e f o r t h e two y e a r s and show a b i g r i s e ( 3 3 p e r c e n t ) a t p r imary s c h o o l l e v e l , f r o m 922,083 c h i l d r e n i n 1971 t o 3,538,183 i n 1981. Growth has n o t been anywhere n e a r as high f o r secondary and h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n and t h e r e a r e no s i g n s t h a t i t w i l l be c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r i n t h e f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e .

( c ) Read ing hab i t

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , no s u r v e y h a s been made o f t h e p a t t e r n o f r e a d i n g among a d u l t s i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s . I f one has been done t h i s w r i t e r d i d n o t come a c r o s s i t s r e s u l t s .

The l a s t r e a d e r s u r v e y made by Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e was i n 1969. The r e s u l t s o f t h a t s u r v e y a r e summarised, i n E.E. Kaungamno and C.S . I l o m o ' s book , Books B u i l d N a t i o n s . ( 8 ) We have d e c i d e d n o t t o u s e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h a t s u r v e y because f i r s t l y i t i s v e r y much o u t o f d a t e and s e c o n d l y because i t seems t o have been p r e o c c u p i e d w i t h f ind ing o u t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r e a d i n g h a b i t s o f r a c i a l c a t e g o r i e s ( A f r i c a n , A s i a n and European) . I t must be remembered that u n t i l 1 9 7 1 t h e l i b r a r y s e r v i c e was run by non-Tanzanians and t h e s t a f f i n g o f t h e l i b r a r y was c l e a r l y i n f a v o u r o f n o n - A f r i c a n Tanzan ians .

R e g u l a r r e a d e r s h i p s u r v e y s a r e c l e a r l y i n demand. There h a s been an i n c r e a s e i n r e a d e r s h i p as a r e s u l t o f t h e adu l t e d u c a t i o n programmes as w e l l as t h e i n c r e a s e i n s c h o o l ' s e n r o l m e n t a t a l l l e v e l s . I t w o u l d be o f immense b e n e f i t t o a l l t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n book p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n t o know t h e p a t t e r n o f r e a d e r s h i p i n Tanzan ia f o r o n l y i n t h a t w a y c o u l d t h e y o r i e n t t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s towards s a t i s f y i n g t h e p e o p l e ' s needs.

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( d ) R o l e o f pedagogy, t h e s c h o o l , t h e mass med ia and p r o m o t i o n a l c amp a i n s

A g r e a t d e a l can and s h o u l d be done t o m o t i v a t e r e a d e r s than i s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g done. The r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l and t h e f a m i l y i s o f c r u c i a l i m p o r t a n c e . O b v i o u s l y , f a m i l i e s w h i c h do n o t r e a d Cannot h e l p o r encourage c h i l d r e n t o r e a d . The p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f p a r e n t s , on t h e o t h e r hand, can p lay an i m p o r t a n t r o l e as most o f them a r e educa ted o r a t l e a s t l i t e r a t e . A book e x h i b i t i o n i n Dar es S a l a a m has been a f e a t u r e o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l and t r a d e show f o r many y e a r s . However, t h e s t a n d where t h e books a r e e x h i b i t e d h a s n o t been i m a g i n a t i v e l y c o n s t r u c t e d and c o m p e t i t i o n s f r o m o t h e r more eye- c a t c h i n g s t a n d s has n o t made i t p a r t i c u l a r l y s u c c e s s f u l . The s o v i e t book p u b l i s h i n g company Mezhdunarodnaya K n i g a ( P r o g r e s s P u b l i s h e r ) have been o r g a n i z i n g w e l l p u b l i c i s e d and w e l l a t t e n d e d book e x h i b i t i o n s . A number o f o t h e r f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s have e x h i b i t e d books t h r o u g h t h e i r m i s s i o n s i n Dar es Salaam: China, t h e U n i t e d Kingdom, t h e German Democra t i c R e p u b l i c and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f Amer i ca a r e among t h o s e who have e x h i b i t e d books a t one t i m e o r a n o t h e r .

( e ) C o n t e n t s o f r e a d i n g manuals and c h i l d r e n ' s r e a d i n g

Most o f t h e books i n t h e c h i l d r e n ' s l i b r a r y a r e i n t h e E n g l i s h l anguage w h i c h means that o n l y E n g l i s h s p e a k i n g c h i l d r e n can b e n e f i t f u l l y f r o m t h e i r use . The number o f Tanzan ia c h i l d r e n who can r e a d E n g l i s h i s v e r y s m a l l and i t i s t h e r e f o r e t h e c h i l d r e n o f t h e E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g f o r e i g n community, and a few A f r i c a n c h i l d r e n whose p a r e n t s have l i v e d a b r o a d a t one t i m e o r who a t t e n d t h e one o r two E n g l i s h medium s c h o o l s who use t h e c h i l d r e n ' s l i b r a r y e f f e c t i v e l y .

T h i s p r o b l e m i s a c u t e as n o t o n l y a r e t h e r e more f o r e i g n books than l o c a l ones but w i t h o n l y one o r two e x c e p t i o n s t h e l o c a l l y p u b l i s h e d books a r e n o t i n c o l o u r and a r e q u i t e d u l l . T h i s may c r e a t e an i m p r e s s i o n i n t h e minds o f t h e c h i l d r e n t h a t t h e b e s t books a r e p u b l i s h e d f o r t h o s e who speak E n g l i s h w i t h a l l t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s that such a b e l i e f may have.

I n a l i m i t e d way c h i l d r e n ' s books p u b l i s h e d i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n and China have been t h e o n l y ones t o b r i d g e t h e gap as t h e y a r e i n S w a h i l i and a r e v e r y b e a u t i f u l l y p roduced. The f a c t that t h e y a r e based o n l i f e e x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s means t h a t t h e y a r e sometimes n o t s u i t e d t o t h e c h i l d r e n i n Tanzan ia . I t i s a p i t y t h a t t h e r e a r e such few books w r i t t e n f o r c h i l d r e n and t e c h n i c a l f a c i l i t i e s f o r c o l o u r p r i n t i n g a r e so u n s a t i s f a c t o r y !

The m a i n t h r u s t o f e d u c a t i o n a l and c u l t u r a l p o l i c i e s i n Tanzan ia h a s been t o g i v e t h e g r e a t e s t number o f p e o p l e a m i n i m u m l e v e l o f r e a d i n g . I n t h e r u r a l a reas adul t l e a r n e r s have n o t o n l y been taught t o r e a d and w r i t e . They have a l s o been taught t o do s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c and t h r o u g h t h e p r i m e r s u s e d i n t h e i r l i t e r a c y c l a s s e s t h e y have a l s o been taught how t o improve t h e i r fa rming , h e a l t h and t o a v o i d s i c k n e s s . A n i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n i s how t o p roduce books w h i c h w i l l keep t h e i r i n t e r e s t l o n g a f t e r t h e y have passed t h e i r l i t e r a c y t e s t s The P a r t y , t h e 52 f o l k development c o l l e g e s , t h e l i b r a r i e s and t h e p u b l i s h i n g houses w i l l have t o work c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r i n o r d e r t o ensu re t h a t t h e books t h e y p u b l i s h a p p e a l t o t h e p e o p l e .

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Read ing o f o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s

There i s need t o p roduce more books f o r hand icapped p e o p l e and e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e b l i n d than t h e r e a r e t o d a y . The Tanzan ia S o c i e t y f o r t h e B l i n d and t h e N a t i o n a l S o c i e t y f o r t h e Hand icapped a r e k e e n l y aware o f t h i s p r o b l e m and have p l a n s f o r i n c r e a s i n g books f o r t h e hand icapped.

There i s a b r a i l l e p r i n t i n g p r e s s i n Dar es Salaam w h i c h p r i n t s books f o r b l i n d c h i l d r e n . A t t e m p t s t o have t h i s u n d e r t h e l i b r a r y s e r v i c e so t h a t l i t e r - a t u r e f o r t h e b l i n d can be i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e g e n e r a l l i b r a r y a c t i v i t i e s have n o t been s u c c e s s f u l and i t i s n o t c e r t a i n that t h a t w o u l d i n any case be t h e b e s t p l a c e t o have i t . One o f TPH's p o p u l a r t i t l e s How Europe Underdeve loped A f r i c a , has been p u b l i s h e d i n b r a i l l e .

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V I . PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

( a ) T r a i n i n g systems

T h i s i s one a r e a i n t h e book p r o f e s s i o n s i n Tanzan ia where t h e r e a r e s t i l l g r e a t sho r t comings . I n modern i n d u s t r y , i t i s u n d e r s t o o d that t h e most u p - t o - d a t e t ra in ing must be m a i n t a i n e d i f one i s t o r e m a i n a b r e a s t o f new and c h a n g i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e a r e few o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r high l e v e l manpower t r a i n i n g l o c a l l y and ove rseas t ra in ing i s e x p e n s i v e , and demands f o r e i g n exchange w h i c h i s n o t a v a i l a b l e . I n t h e p a r a s t a t a l s e c t o r , t h e r e a r e more o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r overseas t ra in ing than i n t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , but because o f t h e b e t t e r i n c e n t i v e s t h a t p r i v a t e companies o f f e r , many t r a i n e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s u s u a l l y j o i n p r i v a t e companies a f t e r a w h i l e . The p o a c h i n g o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s be tween i n s t i t u t i o n s even w i t h i n t h e same s e c t o r i s p r e v a l e n t i n s p i t e o f t h e p r a c t i c e o f b o n d i n g and i n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t ha t i t i s d i s c o u r a g e d by t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l S p e c i a l Committee on P a r a s t a t a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s . The p r e v a i l i n g t ra in ing s i t u a t i o n i n p r i n t i ng , p u b l i s h i n g , a u t h o r s h i p , t r a n s l a t i o n , l i b r a r y and b o o k s e l l i n g i s summarised b e l o w :

1. P r i n t i n g

In-p lant t r a i n i n g and e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d on t h e j o b i s t h e most common t r a i n - i ng g i v e n t o p r i n t e r s but as P r in tpak management s t a t e d i n t h e i r 1983/1984 P l a n , t h i s f o r m o f t r a i n i n g ' . . . was i n f o r m a l l y d e s i g n e d and u s u a l l y l a c k e d p r o p e r m o n i t o r i n g t o o l s l i k e s y l l a b u s , e x a m i n a t i o n s and c e r t i f i c a t i o n ' .

I n p r i n t i n g companies t r a i n i n g i s u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d ma in l y f o r t h e t e c h - n i c a l s t a f f , shop f l o o r a t t e n d a n t s and so on. B u t o t h e r s t a f f e s p e c i a l l y i n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and management a r e e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t and i t w o u l d be b e t t e r s t i l l i f t h e s e c a d r e s were t r a i n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e p r i n t i n g i n d u s t r i e s ' r e q u i r e - ments.

A t N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company w h i c h has a s t a f f o f 740, i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t abou t 38 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t a f f i n a l l depar tmen ts a r e h i g h l y t r a i n e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s , 30 p e r c e n t a r e l o c a l l y t r a i n e d and t h e r e m a i n i n g a r e s e m i - s k i l l e d o r u n s k i l l e d . A t Pr in tpak , t h e number of p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n a l l depar tmen ts i s about 5 .5 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l s t a f f o f 433. The m i d d l e cad res - t r a i n e d l o c a l l y and ove rseas f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s - account f o r 25 p e r c e n t w h i l e t h e s e m i - s k i l l e d and u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r accoun t f o r t h e r e s t . I t i s c e r t a i n t ha t i n t h e p r i v a t e p r i n t i n g companies t h e number o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s i s much leSS s i n c e f o r t h e most p a r t , t h e i r p r i n t i ng , w h i c h i s m o s t l y o f s t a t i o n e r y and l a b e l s , does n o t demand t h e same q u a l i f i c a t i o n s as book p r i n t i n g .

Ndanda M i s s i o n P ress , an example o f a s m a l l but w e l l run p r e s s w h i c h p r i n t s s m a l l books and pamphle ts had, i n 1981, 6 f u l l t i m e and 2 p a r t t i m e mach ine o p e r a t o r s , 2 f u l l t i m e and 2 p a r t t i m e t y p e s e t t e r s , 3 p a r t t i m e p r o o f r e a d e r s and 8 f u l l t i m e and 2 p a r t t i m e b i n d e r s .

A t p r e s e n t l o c a l t r a i n i n g i s done a t t h e N a t i o n a l V o c a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g C e n t r e , Tanga f o r t h e f i r s t 2 y e a r s . An a p p r e n t i c e s h i p p e r i o d o f a n o t h e r 2 y e a r s f o l l o w s a t one o f t h e p r i n t i n g companies. D u r i n g t h e s e two y e a r s , t h e a p p r e n t i c e who i n v a r i a b l y w i l l be i n Dar es Salaam i s e x p e c t e d t o a l s o a t t e n d e v e n i n g c o u r s e s a t a n o t h e r v o c a t i o n a l c e n t r e a t Chang'ombe. A t t h e end o f t h e p e r i o d and success- f u l r e s u l t s o f an e x a m i n a t i o n he/she w i l l be awarded Trade T e s t C e r t i f i c a t e Grade III. F u r t h e r s t u d i e s w i l l l e a d t o Grade II and Grade I.

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2. P u b l i s h i n g

There a r e n o f o r m a l t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r p u b l i s h e r s i n Tanzan ia . T r a i n i n g f o r e d i t o r s and book d e s i g n e r s i s done on t h e j o b and r a r e l y a r e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r ove rseas t r a i n i n g o f f e r e d t o i n d i v i d u a l a s p i r a n t s f o r any j o b i n p u b l i s h i n g b e f o r e he/she j o i n s a p u b l i s h i n g f i r m .

A number o f s h o r t , i n t e n s i v e c o u r s e s were i n t h e p a s t o r g a n i z e d b y Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House w i t h t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e B r i t i s h C o u n c i l and were a t t e n d e d by t r a i n e e s f r o m p u b l i s h i n g and p r i n t i n g companies, t h e I n s t i t u t e o f A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E d u c a t i o n and o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d i n s t i - t u t i o n s . A number of seminars and workshops a r e o r g a n i s e d by t h e s e i n s t i - t u t i o n s a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s and a t w h i c h e d i t o r s and book d e s i g n e r s g i v e l e c t u r e s .

Fo rma l t r a in ing ove rseas has been m a i n l y i n t h e U n i t e d Kingdom ( a t t h e Oxford P o l y t e c h n i c and S t i r l i n g , S c o t l a n d ) , and a t t h e P u b l i s h e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n i n t e n s i v e one week c o u r s e s a t L e i c e s t e r ( E d i t i n g ) and O x f o r d ( F i n a n c e and Management). A t tachmen t o f s t a f f t o p u b l i s h i n g f i r m s i n deve loped c o u n t r i e s has been one w a y o f t r a i n i n g e d i t o r s and p r o d u c t i o n s t a f f and t h e U.K., Sweden and Canada have o f f e r e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h i s t y p e o f t r a i n i n g .

3. A u t h o r s h i p

T r a i n i n g o f a u t h o r s i s e s s e n t i a l l y p o s s i b l e o n l y f o r t h o s e who w r i t e e d u c a t i o n a l t e x t b o o k s . I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o t r a i n an a u t h o r t o w r i t e f i c t i o n o r p o e t r y a l t h o u g h a l l a u t h o r s i n o u r o p i n i o n b e n e f i t f r o m knowledge o f what goes i n t o e d i t i n g , p r o o f r e a d i n g symbols , t h e p u b l i s h e r s ' house s t y l e and so on. F o r t e x t b o o k w r i t e r s , t r a in ing i n b a s i c book d e s i g n and e d i t i n g w i t h t h e c o s t f a c t o r i n m i n d w o u l d be most b e n e f i c i a l . Q u i t e o f t e n l a c k o f t h i s b a s i c knowledge h a s l e d t o d e l a y s and o d d l y des igned books w h i c h c o s t more than wou ld have o t h e r w i s e done. There a r e no f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e c o u n t r y f o r a u t h o r t r a i n - ing e x c e p t workshops and seminars such as have been men t ioned above f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f p u b l i s h e r s .

4. T r a n s l a t o r s

There a r e no l o c a l t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t r a n s l a t o r s . Those who have t r a n s l a t e d works f r o m E n g l i s h i n t o S w a h i l i and v i c e v e r s a have done i t o n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e i r c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e i r c a p a b i l i t y . Ve ry few have a c t u a l ' i y had f o r m a l t r a i n i n g as t r a n s l a t o r s . f r o m F r e n c h i n t o S w a h i l i o r E n g l i s h had t h e i r t r a i n i n g i n F rance , m a i n l y as e x p e r t s i n t h e F r e n c h language and on t h e s t r e n g t h o f w h i c h t h e y a r e r e c o g n i z e d as t r a n s l a t o r s . The re a r e a few who a r e b e i n g t r a i n e d a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c h o o l s f o r t r a n s l a t o r s i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s overseas . There a r e a l s o a number o f t r a n s l a t o r s f r o m and i n t o A r a b i c , German, Russ ian and even Chinese. These a r e e x - s t u d e n t s who s t u d i e d i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s .

A number o f t r a n s l a t o r s w o r k i n g

5 . L i b r a r i a n s

T r a i n i n g o f l i b r a r i a n s has been more o r g a n i z e d and c o n s i s t e n t than t h e o t h e r book r e l a t e d p r o f e s s i o n s . O n employment i n t o t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e t h e p r o s p e c t i v e l i b r a r i a n who must have passed t h e O - l e v e l examin- a t i o n s , i s s t a r t e d o n an i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g a t t h e N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y Cen t re

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w h i c h l a s t s 7 months. O n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s c o u r s e t h e t r a i n e e s i t s f o r an e x a m i n a t i o n and i f s u c c e s s f u l a t t h e end o f one y e a r ' s s e r v i c e , he/she may be s e l e c t e d f o r t h e N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y A s s i s t a n t ' s C e r t i f i c a t e Course. I f t h e t r a i n e e i s h o l d e r o f t h e Form V I c e r t i f i c a t e he/she may t h e n go on f o r a two-year d i p l o m a c o u r s e a t Makerere o r a degree c o u r s e ove rseas . A f t e r a p e r i o d o f work a t t h e l i b r a r y - n o r m a l l y one y e a r , t h e l i b r a r i a n , now i n p o s s e s s i o n o f a d i p l o m a o r f i r s t degree may go o n t o a p o s t - g r a d u a t e d i p l o m a .

A word abou t t h e Makerere U n i v e r s i t y d i p l o m a c o u r s e o n l i b r a r i a n s h i p . I t was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1963 by t h e t h e n Senate o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f E a s t A f r i c a w h i c h compr i sed t h e t h r e e c o l l e g e s a t Makere re , N a i r o b i and Dar es Salaam. A C o u n c i l f o r L i b r a r y t r a i n i n g i n E a s t A f r i c a was a l s o s e t up. When i n 1 9 6 8 t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f E a s t A f r i c a b r o k e up i n t o t h e U n i v e r s i t i e s o f t h e t h r e e c o u n t r i e s i t was ag reed t h a t t h e S c h o o l o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t as a j o i n t i n s t i t u t i o n . T h i s E a s t A f r i c a n Schoo l o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p has gone t h r o u g h v e r y d i f f i c u l t p e r i o d s and has n o t had t h e success o r i m p a c t t h a t i t c o u l d have had. S t i l l i t was t h e f i r s t and i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e t ra in ing o f E a s t A f r i c a n L i b r a r i a n s .

There i s no s p e c i a l i s e d s c h o o l f o r t r a i n i n g l i b r a r i a n s i n Tanzan ia d e s p i t e t h e c l e a r demand t h a t e x i s t s f o r i t . Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e r u n s t h e N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y A s s i s t a n t s ' C e r t i f i c a t e Course a t i t s C e n t r a l L i b r a r y i n Dar es S a l a a m . The E a s t e r n and S o u t h e r n A f r i c a Management I n s t i t u t e i n Arusha a l s o o f f e r c o u r s e s on l i b r a r i a n s h i p but t h e y do n o t l e a d t o a c e r t i f i c a t e . They a r e g i v e n m a i n l y t o p r e p a r e t h e i r g r a d u a t e s t o know how t o s e t up and run modest l i b r a r i e s .

The TLS c o u r s e l a s t s f o r 1 8 months and e n t r a n t s t o t h e c o u r s e a r e p r a c - t i s i n g l i b r a r i a n s who a r e sponsored b y p a r a s t a t a l c o r p o r a t i o n s , m i n i s t r i e s , p r i v a t e companies and TLS i t s e l f , and t o whose s e r v i c e t h e y w i l l r e t u r n a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n . The c o u r s e t a k e s up t o 40 s t u d e n t s each t i m e . F o r t h e f i r s t 9 months s t u d e n t s a r e taught t h e t h e o r y o f l i b r a r i a n s h i p . The f o l l o w i n g 6 months a r e s p e n t o n p r a c t i c a l work a t l i b r a r i e s o t h e r than t h o s e f r o m where t h e y work and t h e f i n a l 3 months a r e s p e n t on i n t e r n s h i p a t t h e t r a i n e e s ' work p l a c e s . The c e r t i f i c a t e i s awarded o n s u c c e s s f u l c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e 1 8 months.

There i s s t i l l a r e c o g n i s e d need t o e s t a b l i s h , i n Tanzan ia , a p r o p e r i n s t i t u t i o n f o r t r a i n i n g l i b a r i a n s . The Dar es Salaam U n i v e r s i t y had, u n t i l 1981, u n d e r t h e Degree Course i n e d u c a t i o n , an o p t i o n f o r l i b r a r i a n s h i p but t h i s i s no l o n g e r o f f e r e d and as s t a t e d b e f o r e high l e v e l t r a in ing i s s t i l l done i n t h e U n i t e d Kingdom. T h i s i s due i n g r e a t p a r t because o f a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s c h o l a r s h i p s but a l s o because t h e E a s t A f r i c a n Schoo l o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p a t Makerere h a s n o t y e t been s t r e n g t h e n e d t o become an a l t e r n a t i v e t o ove rseas t ra in ing .

The o n l y p r o f e s s i o n a l j o u r n a l p roduced by l i b r a r i a n s i s Someni (Read) p u b l i s h e d by t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n .

6 . B o o k s e l l e r s

There a r e no t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e t ra in ing o f b o o k s e l l e r s . The sa lesmen and women one f i n d s i n t h e bookshops c o u l d j u s t as e a s i l y have been s e l l i n g o t h e r commodi t ies . The need f o r b o o k s e l l e r s as d i s t i n c t f r o m bookshop managers h a s n o t been r e c o g n i z e d and t h e n a t u r e o f t h e book t r a d e i t s e l f does n o t r e a l l y g i v e t h e b o o k s e l l e r any c h a l l e n g e . N o r m a l l y e i t h e r t h e books a r e b r o u g h t by t h e E d u c a t i o n O f f i c e r s o r t h e y a r e b r o u g h t o n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e

- 5 0 -

p e r s u a s i v e n e s s o f t h e p u b l i s h e r t o Tanzan ia E l i m u S u p p l i e s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n does n o t encourage t h e t ra in ing o f b o o k s e l l e r s .

( b ) R e g i o n a l Co-opera t i on i n T r a i n i n g

G e n e r a l l y , t h e number o f t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l i n t h e book i n d u s t r y i s v e r y s m a l l and t h e r e i s an u r g e n t need t o e s t a b l i s h i n s t i t u t i o n s e i t h e r l o c a l l y o r a t r e g i o n a l l e v e l t o c a r r y o u t t h e t ra in ing r e q u i r e d . I n v i e w o f t h e high c o s t s i n v o l v e d i n s e t t i n g up s p e c i a l t ra in ing i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e p r o f e s s i o n s , t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number ( f o r e n t i r e s c h o o l s ) o f t h e annual i n t a k e s o f each c o u n t r y and t h e c o s t s o f s e n d i n g p e o p l e t o s t u d y ove rseas , i t w o u l d seem t o u s t o be more l o g i c a l and economic f o r ' t h e c o u n t r i e s i n Eas t and C e n t r a l A f r i c a t o s e t up r e g i o n a l c e n t r e s t o o f f e r s p e c i a l i s e d t ra in ing i n t h e s e f i e l d s . One o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e r e c e n t l y c r e a t e d P u b l i s h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e ' f r o n t l i n e ' s t a t e s i s t o o rgan- i z e j o i n t t r a i n i n g programmes. I t w o u l d be p o s s i b l e and i n d e e d f e a s i b l e t o run c o u r s e s f o r a y e a r o r even l o n g e r f o r p u b l i s h e r s ( e d i t i n g , p r o d u c t i o n , m a r k e t i n g and s e l l i n g ) , as i t w o u l d a l s o b e t o e s t a b l i s h a t ra in ing s c h o o l f o r t r a n s l a t o r s a t one o f t h e l anguage i n s t i t u t e s .

The advantages w o u l d n o t o n l y b e t h e s a v i n g s w h i c h c o u l d be made by b r i ng ing i n ove rseas p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g s t a f f t o t r a i n a b i g number o f s t u d e n t s i n s t e a d o f s e n d i n g them a l l ove rseas . S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e s i n t h e r e g i o n as w e l l as br ing ing t o g e t h e r p r o f e s s i o n s i n t h e s e f i e l d s w o u l d go a l o n g way towards br inging abou t c o - o p e r a t i o n i n o t h e r a r e a s - C o - p u b l i c a t i o n s , j o i n t l y o r g a n i z e d b o o k f a i r s , r e g i o n a l awards, e x p o r t m a r k e t i n g , e t c .

( c ) P e r s o n n e l needed

I t was n o t p o s s i b l e , e x c e p t i n t h e case o f l i b r a r i e s , t o o b t a i n t h e a c t u a l number o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s employed. Tanzan ia l i b r a r i e s have 1 1 2 p r o f e s s i o n a l l i b r a r i a n s and 300 l i b r a r y a s s i s t a n t s .

As a l r e a d y i n d i c a t e d , t h e number o f a c t i v e ones i s v e r y much s m a l l e r than that i n d i c a t e d i n t h e d i r e c t o r y o f p u b l i s h e r s and p r i n t e r s . The number o f p r o f e s - s i o n a l p r i n t e r s f o r t h e two l a r g e s t p r i n t i n g companies based o n i n f o r m a t i o n ob- t a i n e d f r o m t h e Genera l Managers o f P r i n t p a k and N a t i o n a l P r i n t i n g Company i s 57 o u t o f a t o t a l o f 1 ,173 s t a f f . I f t h e m i d d l e cad res a r e t a k e n as p r o f e s s i o n a l s , t h e number w o u l d be 387. A f a i r e s t i m a t e o f t h e t o t a l number o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n a l l t h e p r i n t i n g companies w o u l d be no more than 450.

The number o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n t h e p u b l i s h i n g companies i s even more d i f f i - c u l t t o a r r i v e a t . Apar t f r o m t h e t h r e e p a r a s t a t a l p u b l i s h i n g companies, Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House, Dar es Salaam U n i v e r s i t y P ress , E a s t e r n A f r i c a P u b l i c a t i o n s L i m i t e d , w h i c h t o g e t h e r have abou t 40 p r o f e s s i o n a l e d i t o r s , and p r o d u c t i o n s t a f f , i t w o u l d be f a i r t o e s t i m a t e t h e number o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n t h e m i n i s t r i e s , para- s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s and p r i v a t e p u b l i s h i n g f i r m s a t no more than 50.

As f o r bookshops, i t i s f a i r t o assume t h a t o n l y t h e most i m p o r t a n t ones have p r o f e s s i o n a l l y t r a i n e d b o o k s e l l e r s . The number w o u l d n o t exceed 25 f o r a l l t h e bookshops.

I t i s easy t o see f r o m t h i s p i c t u r e t ha t t h e r e i s a g r e a t need f o r p r o f e s - s i o n a l t ra in ing i n t h e book i n d u s t r y . A t p r e s e n t t h e most p r e s s i n g needs a r e i n t h e p r i n t i ng s e c t o r , more ma in tenance e n g i n e e r s and mechan ics , q u a l i f i e d mach ine o p e r a t o r s and s t a f f i n t h e o r i g i n a t i n g depar tmen ts . D o u b l i n g t h e number o f t h o s e p r e s e n t w o u l d go some way i n i m p r o v i n g s e r v i c e s and speed.

- 5 1 -

I n t h e p u b l i s h i n g s e c t o r , t h e g r e a t e s t need i s f o r e d i t o r s who a r e t a l e n t e d and w e l l t r a i n e d . The number need n o t be i n c r e a s e d i n i t i a l l y - s e l e c t i o n and t ra in ing o f t h o s e who a r e c a p a b l e w o u l d a c h i e v e t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t s . The re i s need f o r s p e c i a l i s e d e d i t o r s f o r s c i e n c e , geography, c h i l d r e n ’ s books and f o r f i c t i o n and o t h e r g e n e r a l f i e l d s . S u b j e c t t o c r e a t i n g good c o n d i t i o n s f o r work and rewards as we s h a l l see be low, a medium p u b l i s h i n g house can do v e r y w e l l w i t h a maximum o f f i v e e d i t o r s , and two p r o d u c t i o n s t a f f .

As f o r b o o k s e l l e r s , t h e number o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s o u g h t t o be deve loped t o man t h e bookshops so t h a t t h e r e i s a m i n i m u m o f one p r o f e s s i o n a l b o o k s e l l e r f o r each bookshop. I f each r e g i o n and d i s t r i c t had one bookshop i t w o u l d a l r e a d y . mean a t o t a l o f o v e r 100 p r o f e s s i o n a l b o o k s e l l e r s .

( d ) Problems o f employment

The most i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n f o r t h e s l o w development o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n a l l s e c t o r s i s o f c o u r s e l a c k o f t r a in ing i n s t i t u t i o n s i n Tanzan ia . B u t t h e r e i s no doub t t o o t h a t s a l a r i e s and w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s have d i s c o u r a g e d many who m i g h t have wanted t o j o i n t h e s e p r o f e s s i o n s . . S a l a r i e s i n Tanzan ia as w e l l as b e n e f i t s and w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e u n i f o r m l y s e t by t h e S p e c i a l Committee on P a r a s t a t a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s . The s a l a r i e s do n o t , e x c e p t i n a few cases, t a k e i n t o accoun t t h e m a r k e t v a l u e o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s , t h e i r l o n g t r a i n i n g o r t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e t u r n o v e r o f companies where t h e y a r e employed o r t h e changes i n t h e c o s t o f l i v i n g .

No p rob lem i s e x p e r i e n c e d by a q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n w i s h i n g t o be employed i n any o f t h e book i n d u s t r i e s . Employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e w i t h o u t l i m i t . Problems e x p e r i e n c e d by emp loye rs s tem f r o m d i s c o n t e n t o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l cad res who f e e l t h e y a r e n o t r e w a r d e d a d e q u a t e l y . i s h i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y , change o f j o b s and e v e n t u a l l y l e a v i n g t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r t o j o i n t h e p r i v a t e one. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i s n o t d e v e l o p e d enough so t h a t i t can p r o v i d e a l t e r n a t i v e s e r v i c e t o t h o s e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r . A s a r e s u l t h igh ly q u a l i f i e d p r i n t e r s a r e sometimes f o u n d i n l i t t l e p r e s s e s where t h e i r knowledge and e x p e r i e n c e a r e was ted but where t h e income i s b e t t e r .

The r e s u l t i s u s u a l l y d i m i n -

O t h e r p rob lems a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h s c a r c i t y o f m a t e r i a l s w h i c h w o u l d e n a b l e t h e p r i n t i n g and p u b l i s h i n g companies t o b r i n g o u t t h e b e s t r e s u l t s i n book p r o d u c t i o n . Most p r o f e s s i o n a l s a r e f r u s t r a t e d by t h i s and a few have l e f t t h e f i e l d e n t i r e l y .

- 53 -

V I I . LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

( a ) N a t i o n a l l e v e l

T a n z a n i a ' s c o p y r i g h t l a w i s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h r e c o g n i z e s and p r o t e c t s t h e r i g h t o f e v e r y c i t i z e n t o e n j o y i n peace and s e c u r i t y , p r o p e r t y l e g a l l y g a i n e d and f r o m i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e w i t h r e g a r d t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f c o p y r i g h t a t n a t i o n a l l e v e l . The C o p y r i g h t A c t , 1966, w h i c h d i s a p p l i e d t h e I . . . C o p y r i g h t A c t 1911 of t h e U n i t e d Kingdom h e r e t o i n f o r c e i n Tangany ika and t o make p r o v i s i o n f o r C o p y r i g h t i n L i t e r a r y , M u s i c a l and A r t i s t i c Works, Cinema- t o g r a p h y F i l m s , Sound Record ings and B r o a d c a s t s , i s t h e r e l e v a n t l e g i s l a t i o n o p e r a t i v e i n T a n z a n i a ' .

Works p r o t e c t e d by t h e A c t i n c l u d e :

- n o v e l s , s t o r i e s and p o e t i c works - p l a y s , s t a g e d i r e c t i o n s , f i l m s c e n a r i o s and b r o a d c a s t i n g s c r i p t s - t e x t b o o k s , t r e a t i s e s , h i s t o r i e s , b i o g r a p h i e s , essays and a r t i c l e s - e n c y c l o p a e d i a s and d i c t i o n a r i e s - l e t t e r s , r e p o r t s and memoranda - l e c t u r e s , addresses and sermons.

The t e r m o f c o p y r i g h t i n a l i t e r a r y work i n Tanzan ia a c c o r d i n g t o t h e A c t , i s 25 y e a r s a f t e r t h e end o f t h e y e a r i n w h i c h t h e a u t h o r d i e s . T h i s i s f o r works c r e a t e d by c i t i z e n s and r e s i d e n t s o f Tanzan ia . F o r works by non-Tanzanians but w h i c h a r e p u b l i s h e d f i r s t i n Tanzan ia , t h e t e r m o f c o p y r i g h t i s 25 y e a r s f r o m t h e f i r s t day o f p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e work . O the r s a l i e n t p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e A c t a r e :

- that c o p y r i g h t i s o n p u b l i s h e d works and a work i s ' t a k e n t o have been p u b l i s h e d o n l y where c o p i e s have been i s s u e d i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s t o s a t i s f y t h e r e a s o n a b l e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p u b l i c . '

- ' A l i t e r a r y ... work s h a l l n o t be e l i g i b l e f o r c o p y r i g h t u n l e s s ( a ) s u f - f i c i e n t e f f o r t has been expended i n mak ing t h e work t o g i v e i t an o r i g : - i n a l c h a r a c t e r . '

- ' A work s h a l l n o t b e i n e l i g i b l e f o r C o p y r i g h t by r e a s o n o n l y t h a t t h e making o f t h e work , o r t h e d o i n g o f any a c t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e work , i n v o l v e d an i n f r i n g e m e n t o f c o p y r i g h t i n some o t h e r w o r k ' .

- ' C o p y r i g h t i n a l i t e r a r y ... work ... s h a l l be t h e e x c l u s i v e r i g h t t o c o n t r o l ... namely t h e r e p r o d u c t i o n i n any m a t e r i a l f o r m ... r e c o g - n i z a b l y d e r i v e d f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l .

P r o v i d e d that c o p y r i g h t i n any such work s h a l l n o t i n c l u d e t h e r i g h t t o c o n t r o l ; ( v i i ) any use made o f a work enumerated i n s e c t i o n 3 ( l ) o f t h i s A c t i n any s c h o o l r e g i s t e r e d i n accordance w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e e d u c a t i o n o r d i n a n c e o r any U n i v e r s i t y f o r t h e e d u c a t i o n a l pu rposes o f tha t s c h o o l o r U n i v e r s i t y . '

C o p y r i g h t l a w i s o n l y one o f t h e many r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a h e a l t h y book i n d u s - t r y . Genera l i l l i t e r a c y , c e n s o r s h i p , absence o f l i b r a r i e s and e n t e r p r i s e s f o r book p r o d u c t i o n and d i s s e m i n a t i o n a r e o t h e r o b s t a c l e s . A number o f p r a c t i c e s based o n some f o r m o f l e g i s l a t i o n have e v o l v e d i n Tanzan ia o v e r a number o f

- 54 -

y e a r s . These r e l a t e t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t and o p e r a t i o n o f p u b l i s h i n g , p r i n t i n g houses and book d i s t r i b u t i o n . The c r e a t i o n o f Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s t o g r o u p t o g e t h e r t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s we have a l r e a d y seen h a s been i n s t r u m e n t a l i n i m p r o v i n g c o - o r d i n a t i o n between them and s e c u r i n g o t h e r bene- f i t s w h i c h u l t i m a t e l y s e r v e t h e cause o f books and r e a d i n g .

H a p p i l y t h e r e i s no c e n s o r s h i p i n Tanzan ia . T h i s h a s c r e a t e d a good atmos- phe re f o r c r e a t i o n o f l i t e r a r y works . P u b l i s h e r s a r e r e q u i r e d by l a w t o d e p o s i t two c l e a n c o p i e s o f e v e r y book t h e y p u b l i s h a t t h e C e n t r a l L i b r a r y w i t h i n a s h o r t p e r i o d a f t e r p u b l i c a t i o n and t h i s i s n o t o n l y i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f k e e p i n g p u b l i c r e c o r d s but i t i s a l s o a f o r m o f making t h e book known.

I n d i r e c t l y adul t e d u c a t i o n programmes a l s o promote awareness o f t h e u s e f u l - ness and i m p o r t a n c e o f books among t h e l a r g e s t s e c t i o n o f t h e Tanzan ia p o p u l a t i o n . The Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s and o t h e r l i b r a r i e s a l s o p lay t h e i r p a r t i n d e v e l - o p i n g g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t i n books . I n a d d i t i o n , a l l a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h f a v o u r p r o - m o t i n g books a r e welcomed i n Tanzan ia and t h e P a r t y and government t a k e i n t e r e s t i n such a c t i v i t i e s . The P a r t y c o u l d , however , do a l o t more by i n i t i a t i n g t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s .

I t h a s g e n e r a l l y become a c c e p t e d that n a t i o n a l book development c o u n c i l s w h i c h have been p romoted b y Unesco and w h i c h have been s e t up i n many c o u n t r i e s , a r e i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e development o f s t r a t e g i e s and s o l v i n g p rob lems i n f a v o u r o f book p r o d u c t i o n and d i s s e m i n a t i o n .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i n s p i t e o f t h e i n t e r e s t w h i c h has been shown by many p e o p l e i n t h e book p r o f e s s i o n s , i n Tanzan ia , a book development c o u n c i l i s s t i l l t o be formed.

Many m e e t i n g s i n v o l v i n g Tanzan ia L ib ra ry S e r v i c e s , M i n i s t r y o f N a t i o n a l Edu- c a t i o n , Tanzan ia P u b l i s h i n g House, Dar es Salaam U n i v e r s i t y P ress and o t h e r s , were h e l d o n many o c c a s i o n s i n t h e p a s t . The mode l c o n s t i t u t i o n and s e t up o f a n a t i o n a l book development c o u n c i l w h i c h Unesco s e n t t o Member S t a t e s were s t u d i e d and on t h e who le a c c e p t e d as a b a s i s f o r f o r m i n g t h e c o u n c i l i n Tanzan ia . The i d e a rema ined i n l i m b o f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s u n t i l i t s u r f a c e d again when a m e e t i n g was c a l l e d by t h e M i n i s t r y o f I n f o r m a t i o n and C u l t u r e o n 4 November 1981. A t t h i s m e e t i n g p r e v i o u s work on e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e c o u n c i l was examined and a commit- t e e was s e t up t o d r a f t a c o n s t i t u t i o n and l e g i s l a t i o n t o be t a b l e d i n p a r l i a m e n t by t h e M i n i s t e r who w i l l be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o u n c i l . Ano the r m e e t i n g was h e l d o n 11 November 1 9 8 1 and a t t h a t m e e t i n g M r E. Kaungamno, D i r e c t o r o f t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s who h a s been i n t i m a t e l y i n v o l v e d i n a l l t h e p r e v i o u s work o n t h e m a t t e r , a t t e n d e d and p r e s e n t e d a paper i n w h i c h h e p o i n t e d o u t a l l t h e b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s e t t i n g up a book development c o u n c i l . The c o u n c i l s t i l l r e m a i n s f a r f r o m b e i n g r e a l i s e d .

The p r o b l e m w i t h p r e s e n t e f f o r t s towards e s t a b l i s h i n g a book development c o u n c i l i s that i t i s b e i n g c o n c e i v e d as a n o t h e r p a r a s t a t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h many depar tmen ts and a b i g s t a f f . I t i s n o t s e e n as p lay ing an a d v i s o r y r o l e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e knowledge and e x p e r i e n c e o f a' s m a l l but d e d i c a t e d g r o u p o f i n d i - v i d u a l s who have an i n t i m a t e knowledge o f t h e b u s i n e s s and s i t u a t i o n o f books i n Tanzan ia . A n o t h e r d i f f i c u l t y i s t h a t t h e r e i s a p l e t h o r a o f i n s t i t u t i o n s i n Tanzan ia and a s u s p i c i o n by government that a n o t h e r one i s ' one t o o many', p a r t i - c u l a r l y when i t canno t be e a s i l y shown t h a t t h e new i n s t i t u t i o n w i l l be s e l f f i n a n c i n g . Concommitant t o t h i s i s t h e f e a r by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r p u b l i s h e r s t h a t t h e ' r e g u i a t o r y ' r o l e o f t h e book development c o u n c i l m i g h t l e a d t o e x c e s s i v e con- t r o l . O the rs v i e w a book development c o u n c i l as b e i n g a l s o p o t e n t i a l l y a censor - s h i p b o a r d .

- 55 -

F i n a l l y , t h e most i m p o r t a n t o b s t a c l e t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a book deve lop - ment c o u n c i l i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e e x i s t i n t h e c o u n t r y o n l y a few s m a l l pub- l i s h i n g houses i n r a t h e r p r e c a r i o u s f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n s and i n v a r i a b l y t h e y f i n d s u r v i v a l , r a t h e r than deve lopment , t h e m a j o r p r e o c c u p a t i o n .

The e s t a b l i s h m e n t , u n d e r t h e M i n i s t r y o f I n d u s t r i e s , o f Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i (Paper ) A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s , g r o u p i n g t h e m a i n p r i n t e r s and p u b l i s h e r s and i n some ways mandated t o do what a book development c o u n c i l w o u l d be d o i n g , h a s r a i s e d f r e s h q u e s t i o n s as t o whe the r a book development c o u n c i l i s necessa ry . L u c k i l y , t h e management o f TKAI and e s p e c i a l l y t h e p u b l i s h e r s do r e a l i z e that i t s scope goes beyond t h e commerc ia l i n t e r e s t s o f t h e g r o u p i n v o l v i n g as i t does, p r i v a t e companies as w e l l as w r i t e r s , l i b r a r i a n s , b o o k s e l l e r s , a r t i s t s , e t c . and s u p p o r t t h e e a r l y e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f one.

There a r e no i n s t i t u t i o n s known w o r k i n g i n t h e f i e l d o f r e s e a r c h o n books and r e a d i n g o n a permanent b a s i s . The re a r e i n s t i t u t i o n s such as t h e N a t i o n a l S w a h i l i C o u n c i l , t h e I n s t i t u t e o f S w a h i l i Research , t h e Tanzan ia Bureau o f S tandards , t h e Tanzan ia L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s and p u b l i s h i n g houses w h i c h a r e in- t e r e s t e d i n t h i s a r e a . I n o u r v iew , o n l y Tanzan ia L ib ra ry S e r v i c e s and t h e Depar tment o f S t a t i s t i c s a r e t h e ones most q u a l i f i e d t o c a r r y o u t t h i s r e s e a r c h .

( b ) I n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l

Tanzan ia i s n o t a p a r t y t o any o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o p y r i g h t agreements. D i s a p p l y i n g t h e U n i t e d Kingdom C o p y r i g h t A c t o f 1911, Tanzan ia P a r l i a m e n t e n a c t e d i t s own c o p y r i g h t l a w w h i c h has been examined i n t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s s e c t i o n . There a r e no p r o v i s i o n s i n t h e Tanzan ia C o p y r i g h t L a w f o r r e c i p r o c i t y a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f t h e Berne Conven t ions o r UCC and books p u b l i s h e d o u t s i d e Tanzan ia a r e n o t . p r o t e c t e d i n Tanzan ia .

There have been many d i s c u s s i o n s o n T a n z a n i a ' s p o s i t i o n on c o p y r i g h t and many p e o p l e have u r g e d Tanzan ia t o o p t f o r one o f t h e s e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n s . I t does n o t appear though t h a t Tanzan ia i s l i k e l y t o t a k e t h i s s t e p i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e e s p e c i a l l y as i n p r a c t i c e Tanzan ia a c t s as i f i t were a member o f t h e s e agreements and does n o t v i o l a t e c o p y r i g h t o f works p u b l i s h e d l o c a l l y o r o u t s i d e .

As Tanzan ia does n o t l e v y any d u t i e s on t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f books , i t s p r a c - t i c e i s i n l i n e w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e ' F l o r e n c e Agreement ' and i t s P r o t o c o l w i t h r e s p e c t t o books . I n s p i t e o f t h e v e r y d i f f i c u l t f o r e i g n exchange s i t u a t i o n i t has been i n f o r a l o n g t i m e , i t h a s s t i l l managed t o p e r m i t some i m p o r t a t i o n o f books c o n s i g n e d t o l i b r a r i e s .

Books l i k e a l l o t h e r i t e m s o f t r a d e a r e and canno t be i m p o r t e d f r o m o r e x p o r t e d t o Sou th A f r i c a i n l i n e w i t h T a n z a n i a ' s p o l i c y o f i s o l a t i n g S o u t h A f r i c a because o f i t s p o l i c i e s o f a p a r t h e i d and r a c i s m .

- 57 -

ANNEX

STATISTICAL TABLES

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FOOTNOTES

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5.

6.

7.

F o r an i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e l anguage p o l i c i e s o f German and B r i t i s h C o l o n i a l reg imes , see M. W r i g h t ' s a r t i c l e S w a h i l i Language P o l i c y 1890 - 1940, i n S w a h i l i , J o u r n a l o f I n s t i t u t e o f S w a h i l i Research, V o l . 35 /1 , .1965, p. 40 - 48, and W. W h i t e l e y ' s S w a h i l i , t h e r i s e o f a n a t i o n a l language, Methnen and Co. Ltd.

A. M a g o t i , t h e r o l e o f t r a n s i a t i o n i n development o f K i s w a h i l i and i t s e f f e c t s , S t u d i e s and Documents, EACROTANAL No. 2 , 1981, p. 55.

M.M. Khamis, t h e r i s e o f S w a h i l i as a medium o f i n s t r u c t i o n , S t u d i e s and Documents, EACROTANAL, v o l . 2, 1981, p.10.

W o r l d Bank, Bank News Re lease No. 79/42, January 8, 1979.

Tanzan ia K a r a t a s i A s s o c i a t e d I n d u s t r i e s , S e c t o r a l Study o n Paper and A l l i e d I n d u s t r i e s , DCIL, V o l . III, S e c t i o n 6, p.7.

E.E. Kangamno and C.S. I l o m o , Books b u i l d nc ic ions , v o l . 1 , p. 110, T r a n s a f r i c a / T L S , 1979.

Maheu, R. ' S i t u a t i o n R e p o r t o n t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t i l l i t e r a c y ' , Unesco C h r o n i c l e , V o l . X V , No.11, November 1969, p .372.

8. E.E. Kangamno na C.S. I l o m o , Books b u i l d n a t i o n s , v o l . II, pp. 205-213.

- 76 -

REFERENCES

Many documents have been u s e d and sources f o r s t a t i s t i c a l data have been i n d i c a t e d o n t h e annex concerned. Below i s a l i s t o f t h e more i m p o r t a n t books and documents:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

E.E. Kangamno and C.S. I l o m o ; Books b u i l d n a t i o n s , V o l . I and II, T r a n s a f r i c a / T L S

MTUU (Un ice f /Unesco Tanzan ia P r o j e c t ) , i t s R o l e i n t h e Reform o f P r i m a r y E d u c a t i o n i n Tanzan ia , 1969 - 1976, V o l . I.

W. W h i t e l y , The R i s e o f a N a t i o n a l language, Methnen & Co. Ltd.

Tume ya R a i s , Mfumo w a E l i m u ya Tanzan ia 1981 - 2000, R i p o t i na Mapendekezo ( P r e s i d e n t i a l Commission, Tanzan ia E d u c a t i o n a l S t r u c t u r e 1981 - 2000, Repor t and Recommendations).

W i z a r a ya E l i m u ya T a i f a , I d a r a ya E l i m u ya Watu wazima, Matokeo ya U p i m a j i w a t a t u w a Maendeleo ya Kisomo K i t a i f a , 1981 ( M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n , Depar tment o f A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , r e s u l t s o f t h e t h i r d n a t i o n a l adul t l i t e r a c y t e s t ) .

R i p o t i ya mkutano wa K i m a t a i f a ya u s a n i f i s h a j i w a i s t i l a h i z a K i s w a h i l i , Dar es Salaam, 26 Septemba, 1983 - 1 Oktoba, 1983. ( R e p o r t o f t h e ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference o n s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n s o f S w a h i l i t e r m i n o l o g i e s , Dar es Salaam 26 September - 1 October 1 9 8 3 ) .

Bu reau o f S t a t i s t i c s , M i n i s t r y o f Planning and Economic A f f a i r s , 1978 P o p u l a t i o n Census, V o l . V I 1 1

SIDO/TANRIS/TIRDO/NSCO D i r e c t o r y o f T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n Resources i n Tan z a n i a

T a n z a n i a L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s , D i r e c t o r y o f L i b r a r i e s , Museums and A r c h i v e s i n Tanzan ia , 1978.

E.E. Kangamno, Tanzan ia L ib rary S e r v i c e s O c c a s i o n a l Papers , No.15, The Book I n d u s t r y i n Tanzan ia .

W i z a r a ya E l i m u ya T a i f a , Takwimu z a E l i m u 1981. E d u c a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c s 1 9 8 1 ) .

( M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n ,

Depar tment o f Customs and E x c i s e , Annual T rade R e p o r t s 1971 - 1981.