booting power point presentation

8/8/2019 Booting Power Point Presentation

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BOOTING AND POSTING

Prepared By : HARSH PATEL



INTRODUCTION

In computing , booting (also known as "booting up")is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computersystem.

A boot sequence is the initial set of operationsthat the computer performs when power isswitched on.

The boot loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer.



HISTORY

The computer word boot is short for'bootstrap' .

In computers in the 1950s, pressing abootstrap button caused a hardwired prog ramto read a bootstrap prog ram.

The bootstrap concept was used in the IBM701 computer (1952-1956) .



WHAT IS BOOT ?

´ The small prog ram that starts this sequence of loading into RAM, is known as a bootstrap loader , bootstrap orboot loader .

´ This small boot loader prog ram's only job is to load otherdata and prog rams which are then executed f rom RAM.

´ In BOOT process f irst POST takes place.

´ Commonly, the Booting process has 12 Working steps forvarious operating Systems(Thi s procedure may diff er slightly f or Mac, UNIX, OS/2, or other operating systems.)



BOOT LOADER

´ The small prog ram that starts this sequence of loading intoRAM, is known as a bootstrap loader , bootstrap or bootloader .

´ Second-stag e boot loader: GRUB, BOOTMGR, LILO orNTLDR

´ Network booting : Most computers are also capable of booting over a computer network. In this scenario, theoperating system is stored on the disk of a server, andcertain parts of it are transf erred to the client using a simpleprotocol such as the Trivial File Transf er Protocol



BOOT DEVICES (IBM PC)

´ The boot device is the device f rom which the operating system is loaded.

´

A modern PC BIOS supports booting f rom variousdevices, typically a local hard disk drive ,an optical

disc drive, a USB device , or a network interf ace card

(using PXE).

´ Older, less common bootable devices include f loppy

disk drives, SCSI devices, Zip drives, and LS-120

drives.



BOOT SEQUENCE ON STANDARD PC

(IBM-PC COMPATIBLE)

´ Other kinds of Boot sequences: Some modern CPUs

and microcontrollers may have boot ROM with boot code

integ rated directly into their silicon, so they could perform quite

sophisticated boot sequence on its own and load boot

prog rams f rom various sources like NAND f lash, SD or MMC

card.

´ It is also possible to take control over a system by using a

hardware debug interf ace such as JTAG

´ Most dig ital signal processors have the following boot

modes:

´ Serial mode boot

´ Parallel mode boot



INITIAL PROGRAM LOAD

´ In IBM mainf rame systems, the boot process is known

as IPL (Initial Prog ram Load).

´ The term was coined by IBM for the design of the

System/360 and continues to be used in those

environments today

´ In systems that share the System/360 heritag e³and

in some that have been inspired by it, including

smaller systems such as the IBM 1130³IPL is a

hardware f unction, not a prog ram run on the system

itself .



REBOOTING

´ Hard Reboot : A hard reboot (also known as a cold reboot, coldboot or cold start) is when power to a computer is cycled (turned off and then on) or a special reset signal to the processor is trigg ered. This restarts the computer without f irst performing any shut-down procedure

´ Sof t reboot :A sof t reboot (also known as a warm reboot) isrestarting a computer under sof tware control, without removing power or (directly) trigg ering a reset line.

´ Random reboot :Random reboot is a non-technical term ref erring to an unintended (and of ten undesired) reboot for which the cause isnot immediately evident to the user. Such reboots may occur due to amultitude of sof tware and hardware problems, such as triple f aults.



WHAT IS POST ?

Power-on self -test (POST) is the common term

for a computer.

It is the f irst step of the more g eneral processcalled BOOTING.

Systems Power-on self -test (POST) ref ers to the

testing sequence that occurs when a system is

f irst powered on.



THE STEPS OF A POST

Test the power supply to ensure that it is turned on

CPU must exit the reset status mode to be able to

execute instructions

BIOS & CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.

CPU must be able to read all forms of memory

The f irst 64KB of memory must be operational and

have the capability to be read and write.

I/O bus / controller must be accessible and able to

write / read f rom the video subsystem



GENERAL INTERNAL

WORKINGS OF POST The principal duties of the main BIOS during POST are as

follows:

verif y the integ rity of the BIOS code itself

f ind, size, and verif y system main memory discover, initialize, and catalog all system buses and

devices

pass control to other specialized BIOS (if and when required)

provide a user interf ace for system's conf ig uration identif y, org anize, and select which devices are available

for booting

construct whatever system environment that is required bythe targ et OS



ERROR REPORTING

´ Orig inal IBM POST beep codes

´ POST AMI BIOS beep codes

´ POST beep codes on A+ Hardware Core exam

´ IBM POST diagnostic code descriptions



MACINTOSH POST

Apple's Macintosh computers also perform a POSTaf ter a cold boot. In the event of a f atal error, theMac will not make its startup chime.

Old World Macs (until 1998)

New World Macs (1998-1999)

New World Macs (1999 onward) and Intel-basedMacs



AMIGA POST

´ POST Sequence of Amig a

´ Sequence for all main Amig a models

´ Amig a Color Screens Scheme´ 16.4 - Correct Tests Color Sequence Scheme

´ Failed Tests Color Scheme

´ Amig a Keyboard LED error signals



Thank Y ou

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