Classification of Plants

Plants are classified in several different ways, and the further away from the garden we get, the more the name indicates a plant's relationship to other plants, and tells us about its place in the plant world rather than in the garden. Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern to the gardener, but we sometimes include subspecies, variety or cultivar to identify a particular plant.

Starting from the top, the highest category, plants have traditionally been classified as follows. Each group has the characteristics of the level above it, but has some distinguishing features. The further down the scale you go, the more minor the differences become, until you end up with a classification which applies to only one plant.

CLASS Angiospermae (Angiosperms) Plants which produce flowers

Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) Plants which don't produce flowers

SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) Plants with two seed leaves

Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots) Plants with one seed leaf

SUPERORDER A group of related Plant Families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor.

There are six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae), and four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae (Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae)

The names of the Superorders end in -idae

ORDER Each Superorder is further divided into several Orders.

The names of the Orders end in -ales

FAMILY Each Order is divided into Families. These are plants with many botanical features in common, and is the highest classification normally used. At this level, the similarity between plants is often easily recognisable by the layman.

Modern botanical classification assigns a type plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant.

The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow. Some botanists recognise only 150 or so families, preferring to classify other similar plants as sub-families, while others recognise nearly 500 plant families. A widely-accepted system is that devised by Cronquist in 1968, which is only slightly revised today. Links to the various methods of classification are on this website.

The names of the Families end in -aceae

SUBFAMILY The Family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the Family that have some significant botanical differences.

The names of the Subfamilies end in -oideae

TRIBE A further division of plants within a Family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants.

The names of the Tribes end in -eae

SUBTRIBE A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognisable to botanists.

The names of the Subtribes end in -inae

GENUS This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant - Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and so on. The plants in a Genus are often easily recognisable as belonging to the same group.

The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.

SPECIES This is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found. Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant. Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species that contain plants not quite so distinct that they are classified as Varieties.

The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.

VARIETY A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a form. The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to var.

The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name.

FORM A form is a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences, such as the colour of flower or shape of the leaves.

The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name.

CULTIVAR A Cultivar is a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridisation, and can be reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant.

The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. It is either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.

Example of Classification

The full botanical classification of a particular Lesser Spearwort with narrow leaves is

Category Scientific Name Common Name

CLASS Angiospermae Angiosperms

SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae Dicotyledons

SUPERORDER Magnoliidae Magnolia Superorder

ORDER Ranunculares Buttercup Order

FAMILY Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family

SUBFAMILY Ranunculoideae Buttercup Subfamily

TRIBE Ranunculeae Buttercup Tribe

GENUS Ranunculus Buttercup

SPECIES (Ranunculus) flammula Lesser Spearwort

SUBSPECIES (Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula Lesser Spearwort

VARIETY (Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius Narrow-leaved Lesser Spearwort

The traditional ways of classifying plants have been based on the visible physical characterists of the plant. However, since the discovery of DNA, plant scientists have been trying to classify plants more accurately, and to group them according to the similarities of their DNA. This has led to major changes in plant classification, as scientists have discovered that some plants have more in common with other plants which do not look the same, and that other plants which look similar have very different DNA make-up.

Citric acid cycle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  (Redirected from Krebs cycle)Jump to: navigation, search

Overview of the citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle — also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, or recently in certain former Soviet Bloc countries the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle[1][2] — is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells, especially those that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. In addition, it provides precursors for many compounds including some amino acids and is therefore functional even in cells performing fermentation. Its centrality to many paths of biosynthesis suggest that it was one of the earliest formed parts of the cellular metabolic processes, and may have formed abiogenically.[3]

The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by seminal work from the Nobel laureates Albert Szent-Györgyi and Hans Adolf Krebs.

Contents

[hide]

1 A simplified view of the process 2 Steps 3 Products 4 Regulation 5 Major metabolic pathways converging on the TCA cycle 6 Interactive pathway map 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links

[edit] A simplified view of the process

The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate).

The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing two carboxyl groups as CO2. The carbons lost as CO2 originate from what was oxaloacetate, not directly from acetyl-CoA. The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as CO2 requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they may not be lost, since many TCA cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules.[4]

Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy-rich electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced.

Electrons are also transferred to the electron acceptor Q, forming QH2. At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the

cycle continues.

[edit] Steps

Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO2, the energy from these reactions being transferred to other metabolic processes by GTP (or ATP), and as electrons in NADH and QH2. The NADH generated in the TCA cycle may later donate its electrons in oxidative phosphorylation to drive ATP synthesis; FADH2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme functioning both in the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. FADH2, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain.[5]

The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA, entering at step 1 below.[6]

Substrates Products Enzyme Reaction type Comment

1Oxaloacetate +Acetyl CoA +H2O

Citrate +CoA-SH

Citrate synthaseAldol condensation

irreversible,extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule

2 Citratecis-Aconitate +H2O Aconitase

Dehydrationreversible isomerisation

3cis -Aconitate +H2O

Isocitrate Hydration

4Isocitrate +NAD+

Oxalosuccinate +NADH + H + Isocitrate

dehydrogenase

Oxidationgenerates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)

5 Oxalosuccinateα-Ketoglutarate +CO2

Decarboxylationrate-limiting, irreversible stage,generates a 5C molecule

6

α-Ketoglutarate +NAD+ +CoA-SH

Succinyl-CoA +NADH + H+ +CO2

α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Oxidativedecarboxylation

irreversible stage,generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP),regenerates the 4C chain (CoA excluded)

7Succinyl-CoA +GDP + Pi

Succinate +CoA-SH +GTP

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

substrate-level phosphorylation

or ADP→ATP instead of GDP→GTP,[5]

generates 1 ATP or equivalent

8Succinate +ubiquinone (Q)

Fumarate +ubiquinol (QH2)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Oxidation

uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FAD→FADH2 in the first step of the reaction) in the enzyme,[5]

generates the equivalent of 1.5 ATP

9Fumarate +H2O

L-Malate Fumarase Hydration

10L -Malate +NAD+

Oxaloacetate +NADH + H+

Malate dehydrogenase

Oxidation

reversible (in fact, equilibrium favors malate), generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)

Mitochondria in animals, including humans, possess two succinyl-CoA synthetases: one that produces GTP from GDP, and another that produces ATP from ADP.[7] Plants have the type that

produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase).[6] Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely-associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix.[8]

The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase to form ATP (the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP).[5]

[edit] Products

Products of the first turn of the cycle are: one GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one QH2, two CO2.

Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two GTP, six NADH, two QH2, and four CO2

Description Reactants Products

The sum of all reactions in the citric acid cycle is:Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O

→ CoA-SH + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2

Combining the reactions occurring during the pyruvate oxidation with those occurring during the citric acid cycle, the following overall pyruvate oxidation reaction is obtained:

Pyruvate ion + 4 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O

→ 4 NADH + 4 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 3 CO2

Combining the above reaction with the ones occurring in the course of glycolysis, the following overall glucose oxidation reaction (excluding reactions in the respiratory chain) is obtained:

Glucose + 10 NAD+ + 2 Q + 2 ADP + 2 GDP + 4 Pi + 2 H2O

→ 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 2 QH2 + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO2

The above reactions are balanced if Pi represents the H2PO4- ion, ADP and GDP the ADP2- and

GDP2- ions, respectively, and ATP and GTP the ATP3- and GTP3- ions, respectively.

The total number of ATP obtained after complete oxidation of one glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is estimated to be between 30 and 38. A recent assessment of the total ATP yield with the updated proton-to-ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule.[9]

[edit] Regulation

Although pyruvate dehydrogenase is not technically a part of the citric acid cycle, its regulation is included here.

The regulation of the TCA cycle is largely determined by substrate availability and product inhibition. NADH, a product of all dehydrogenases in the TCA cycle with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and also citrate synthase. Acetyl-coA inhibits pyruvate

dehydrogenase, while succinyl-CoA inhibits succinyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthase. When tested in vitro with TCA enzymes, ATP inhibits citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; however, ATP levels do not change more than 10% in vivo between rest and vigorous exercise. There is no known allosteric mechanism that can account for large changes in reaction rate from an allosteric effector whose concentration changes less than 10%.[10]

Calcium is used as a regulator. It activates pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.[11] This increases the reaction rate of many of the steps in the cycle, and therefore increases flux throughout the pathway.

Citrate is used for feedback inhibition, as it inhibits phosphofructokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis that catalyses formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate,a precursor of pyruvate. This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme.

Recent work has demonstrated an important link between intermediates of the citric acid cycle and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). HIF plays a role in the regulation of oxygen homeostasis, and is a transcription factor that targets angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, glucose utilization, iron transport and apoptosis. HIF is synthesized consititutively, and hydroxylation of at least one of two critical proline residues mediates their interaction with the von Hippel Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which targets them for rapid degradation. This reaction is catalysed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases. Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylases, thus leading to the stabilisation of HIF.[12]

[edit] Major metabolic pathways converging on the TCA cycle

Several catabolic pathways converge on the TCA cycle. Reactions that form intermediates of the TCA cycle in order to replenish them (especially during the scarcity of the intermediates) are called anaplerotic reactions.

The citric acid cycle is the third step in carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). In eukaryotes, pyruvate moves into the mitochondria. It is converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle.

In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of energy by being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering into the citric acid cycle.

In fat catabolism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to break them into fatty acids and glycerol. In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In many tissues, especially heart tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation, which results in acetyl-CoA, which can be used in the citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number

of methylene groups produces propionyl CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle.[13]

The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules, in eukaryotes. The citric acid cycle is called an amphibolic pathway because it participates in both catabolism and anabolism.

[edit] Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[14]

[[File:

Amoeba Proteus (Sarcodina/Rhizopoda)

LIVERWORTS

HORNWORTS

MOSSES

CLUBMOSSES

HORSETAIL[[HHG

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FERNS [[

]][[ ]][[ [[ ]][[ ]] WHISKFERNS

]][[ ]][[ ]]

CYCADS

]][[

]] [[ ]][[ ]][[ ]][[ ]][[ ]][[ ]] [[

CONIFERS

]]]][[ ]][[ ]][[

]] GINKGO

[[ ]][[ ]][[ ]]

GNETAE

G

KINGDOM FUNGI:HH

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA

DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA

LICHENS

Foliose Crustose

Fructicose

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Plant-like Protists:

Diatoms Euglena

Spyrogira Caulerpa or Lato

Kappaphycus or Guso

Animal-Like Protists:

Paramacium (Ciliophora) Giardia (Mastigophora)

Amoeba Proteus (Sarcodina/Rhizopoda)

Plasmodium (Apicomplexa

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly

Actinidia arguta Hardy Kiwi

Actinidia chinensis Golden Kiwi Fruit

Actinidia deliciosa Kiwi Fruit

Adansonia digitata Baobab

Adenanthera pavonina Circasian Bean

Aegle marmelos Bael Fruit

Aiphanes aculeata Coyupe Palm

Aleurites moluccana Candlenut

Aleurites trisperma Otaheite Walnut

Alibertia edulis Marmelada, Purui

Anacardium excelsium Caja Acu

Anacardium giganteum

Anacardium humile Monkey Nut

Anacardium microcarpum Miniature Cashew

Anacardium microsepalum

Anacardium occidentale Cashew Nut

Anacardium spruceanum

Ananas comosus Pineapple

Annona cacans Araticum Cagao

Annona cherimola Cherimoya

Annona cherimola x squamosa Atemoya

Annona cornifolia

Annona crassiflora Marolo

Annona diversifolia Ilama

Annona glabra Pond Apple

Annona montana Mountain Soursop

Annona muricata Soursop

Annona palmeri Anonilla

Annona paludosa

Annona purpurea Soncoya

Annona reticulata Custard Apple

Annona salzmanii Beach Sugar Apple

Annona scleroderma Poshe-te

Annona sericea

Annona seneglaensis Wild Custard Apple

Annona squamosa Sugar Apple

Annonidium mannii Junglesop

Antidesma bunius Bignay

Antidesma dallachyanum Herbert River Cherry

Antidesma venosum Tassle Berry

Araucaria bidwillii Bunya-Bunya, False Monkey Puzzle Tree

Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree

Areca catechu Betel Nut

Argania spinosa Argan

Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit

Artocarpus ansiophyllus Entawak

Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit

Artocarpus hypargyraea Kwai Muk

Artocarpus integer Champedak

Artocarpus kemando Pudau

Artocarpus lakoocha Lakoocha

Artocarpus lanceifolius

Artocarpus nitidus Butong

Artocarpus odoratissimus Marang

Artocarpus rigidus Monkey Jackfruit

Artocarpus sarawakensis Pingan

Artocarpus sericicarpus Pedalai

Asiminia triloba Paw Paw

Astrocaryum vulgare Tucuma Palm

Averrhoa bilimbi Bilimbi

Averrhoa carambola Star Fruit

Azadirachta indica Neem

Azara petiolaris Holly Azara

B

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Baccaurea angulata Tampoi Belimbing

Baccaurea lanceolata

Baccaurea motleyana Rambai

Baccaurea ramiflora Mafai

Baccaurea reticulata

Baccaurea tampoi

Bactris maraja Maraja Palm

Balsamocitrus dawei Uganda Powder Flask

Berberis gracilis Mexican Barberry

Berberis nevinii Nevin's Barberry

Berchemia discolor Birdplum

Bertholletia excelsa Brazil Nut

Bixa orellana Lipstick Tree

Blighia sapida Akee

Bouea gandaria Gandaria

Bouea macrophylla Maprang

Brahea armata Mexican Blue Palm

Brahea edulis Guadalupe Palm

Brosimum alicastrum Breadnut

Brosimum gaudichaudii Mama-Cadela

Bunchosia armeniaca Peanut Butter Fruit

Bunchosia glandulosa

Butia capitata Jelly Palm

Butia eriospatha Wooly Jelly Palm

Butia purpurascens Purple Yatay Palm

Butia yatay Yatay Palm

Byrsonima basiloba Field Nance

Byrsonima crassifolia Nance

C

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Calyptropsidium sartorianum Sartre Guava, Arrayan

Camellia pitardii Camellia

Campomanesia adamantium White Guabiroba

Campomanesia guaviroba Guabiroba

Campomanesia lineatifolia Perfume Guava

Campomanesia obversa Guavira Mi

Campomanesia xanthocarpa Gabiroba

Canarium ovatum Pili Nut

Canarium odontophyllum Dabai

Canna edulis Achira, Arrowroot

Capsicum caballeroi

Capsicum eximium Wild Pepper

Capsicum flexuosum

Capsicum galapagoense

Capsicum praetermissum Cumari

Capsicum rhomboideum

Capsicum sp. Hot Pepper

Carica dodecaphylla Jaracatia

Carica goudotiana Papayuelo

Carica monoica

Carica papaya Papaya

Carica pentagona Babaco

Carica pubescens Mountain Papaya

Carica quercifolia Oak Leaved Papaya

Carissa bispinosa Num Num

Carissa carandas Karanda

Carissa congesta Karanda

Carissa grandiflora Natal Plum

Carissa lanceolata Australian Carissa

Carissa macrocarpa Natal Plum

Carissa wyliei Forest Num Num

Caryocar brasiliense Souari Nut

Caryocar coriaceum Pequi

Caryota urens Wine Palm, Toddy Palm

Casimiroa edulis White Sapote

Casimiroa sapota Matasano

Casimiroa tetrameria Wooly-Leaved Sapote

Cassia fruticosa

Ceratonia siliqua Carob

Cereus jamacaru Pleated Cereus

Cereus repandus Peruvian Apple Cactus

Cereus validus Orange Apple Cactus

Chrysobalanus icaco Coco Plum

Chrysophyllum africanum African Star Apple

Chrysophyllum albidum White Star Apple

Chrysophyllum cainito Star Apple

Chrysophyllum oliviforme Satin-Leaf Tree

Chrysophyllum soboliferum Armadillo Fruit, Fruta-de-tatu

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Cinnamon

Citriobatus pauciflorus Orange Thorn

Citrus articulata West African Cherry Orange

Citrus aurantifoliaKey Lime, Mexican Lime, West Indian Lime

Citrus auratium see Citrus

Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia Bergamot

Citrus australasica Australian Finger Lime

Citrus australis Australian Round Lime

Citrus depressa see Citrus

Citrus garrowayi Mount White Lime

Citrus hystrix Kaffir Lime

Citrus jambhiri see Citrus

Citrus junos Yuzu

Citrus inodora Russel River Lime

Citrus latifolia see Citrus

Citrus limon 'Ponderosa' Ponderosa Lemon

Citrus medicaEtrog Citron, Buddha's Hand Citron, see Citrus

Citrus maxima Pommelo, see Citrus

Citrus mitis Calamondin, see Citrus

Citrus paradisi x reticulata Ugli Fruit

Citrus reticulata Tangerine, see Citrus

Citrus sinensis Orange, see Citrus

Citrus sinensis 'Moro' Moro Blood Orange

Citrus sudachi Sudachi

Citrus x Meyeri Meyer Lemon

Clausena lansium Wampee

Coccoloba diversifolia Pigeon Plum

Coccoloba uvifera Sea Grape

Cocos nucifera Coconut

Coffea arabica Coffee

Coffea bengalensis

Coffea canephora Robusta Coffee

Coffea eugenoides

Coffea fadenii Wild Coffee

Coffea liberica Liberian Coffee

Coffea mongensis Wild Coffee

Coffea racemosa

Coffea stenophylla

Coffea zanguebariae

Cola acuminata Cola Nut

Couepia longipendula Egg Nut

Couepia polyandra Olosapo

Couma utilis Sorva

Couroupita guianensis Cannonball Tree

Cucumis metuliferus Horned Melon

Cucurbita ficifolia Malabar Gourd

Cucurbita pepo Spaghetti Squash

Cyclanthera explodens Exploding Cucumber

Cydonia oblonga Quince

Cynometra cauliflora Nam-nam

Cyphomandra abutiloides Dwarf Tamarillo

Cyphomandra betacea Tree Tomato

D

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Davidsonia pruriens Davidson's Plum

Dicella nucifera Chestnut Vine

Dillenia indica Elephant Apple

Dimocarpus didyma Alupag

Dimocarpus longan Longan

Diospyros austroafricana South African Star Apple

Diospyros blancoi Velvet Apple

Diospyros brasiliensis Bush Persimmon

Diospyros digyna Black Sapote

Diospyros discolor Velvet Apple

Diospyros montana Mountain Persimmon

Diospyros mespiliformis Jackal Berry

Diospyros whyteana Bladdernut

Dovyalis abyssinica Tropical Apricot

Dovyalis caffra Kei Apple

Dovyalis hebecarpa Ketembilla

Dovyalis zeyheri Wild Apricot

Duguetia lanceloata Pindaiba

Durio dulcis Durian

Durio grandiflorus Durian Manjit

Durio graveolens Tabelak

Durio kutejensis

Durio isu

Durio oxleyanus Kerantongan

Durio testudinarium Kura-Kura

Durio zibethinus Durian

E

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Elettaria cardamomum Cardamom

Eriobotrya japonica Loquat

Eugenia aggregata Cherry of the Rio Grande

Eugenia axillaris White Stopper

Eugenia brasiliensis Grumichama

Eugenia brogniartiana

Eugenia calycina Savannah Pitanga

Eugenia dombeyiGrumichama, see Eugenia brasiliensis

Eugenia lutescens Perinha

Eugenia confusa Red Stopper

Eugenia dysenterica Cagaita

Eugenia foetida Spanish Stopper

Eugenia klotzschiana Brazilian Pear

Eugenia luschnathiana Pitomba

Eugenia megacarpa Giant Lau Lau

Eugenia nitida

Eugenia patrisii Turtle Berry

Eugenia pseuopsidium Christmas Berry

Eugenia punicifolia Beach Cherry

Eugenia pyriformis Uvalha

Eugenia reinwardtiana Cedar Bay Cherry

Eugenia stipitata Araca-boi

Eugenia tomentosa Cabeluda, Yellow Jaboticaba

Eugenia uniflora Surinam Cherry

Eugenia uvalha Uvalha

Eugenia victoriana Guayabilla

Euterpe edulis Jussara Palm

Euterpe oleracea Acai Palm

Euterpe precatoria Forest Acai

F

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Feijoa sellowiana Feijoa

Feronia limonia Wood Apple

Flacourtia indica Governor's Plum

Flacourtia inermis Louvi

Flacourtia jangomans Indian Plum

Flacourtia ramontchi Ramontchi

Flacourtia rukam Rukam

Fuchsia arborescens Lilac Fuchsia

Fuchsia boliviana Bolivian Fuchsia

Fuchsia campos-portoi Fuchsia

Fuchsia colimae

Fuchsia denticulata Fuchsia

Fuchsia hatschbachii Fuchsia

Fuchsia procumbens Creeping Fuchsia, Trailing Fuchsia

Fuchsia ravenii Fuchsia

Fuchsia splendens (no common name)

Fuchsia triphylla Honeysuckle Fuchsia

G

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Garcinia acuminata Sour Bacuri

Garcinia atroviridis

Garcinia cochinchinensis Bacupari

Garcinia gardneriana False Mangosteen

Garcinia hombroniana Seashore Mangosteen, Luli

Garcinia integrifolia Imbe

Garcinia intermedia Monkey Fruit

Garcinia kola

Garcinia mangostana Mangosteen

Garcinia parvifolia Brunei Cherry

Garcinia prainiana Button Mangosteen, Cherapu

Garcinia spicata Bitter Garcinia

Garcinia nervosa Mountain Garcinia

Garcinia xanthochymus Gamboge

Genipa americana Genip

Genipa infudibuliformes Smooth Genip

Glycosmis pentaphylla Orangeberry, Gin Berry

Gnetum gnemon

Grewia subinaequalis Phalsa

H

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Halleria lucida Tree Fuchsia

Hancornia speciosa Mangaba

Harpephyllum caffrum Kaffir Plum

Herrania imbricata Monkey Cacao

Hylocereus undatus Dragon Fruit

I

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Inga acicularis Inga-acu

Inga cinnamomea

Inga edulis Ice Cream Bean

Inga fagifolia

Inga feuillei Pacay

Inga laurina White Inga

Inga macrophylla

Inga marginata Guabilla

Inga paterno

Inga ruiziana

Inga sessilis Monkey Inga

Inga spectabilis

Inga velutina

Inga vera

Inga vulpina Pink Flowered Inga

Inocarpus fagifer Polynesian Chestnut

J

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Jaltomata procumbens Jaltomato

K

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Kigelia pinnata Sausage Tree

L

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Lansium domesticum Langsat

Lecythis elliptica  

Lecythis minor  

Lecythis ollaria

Lecythis pisonis Monkey Pot

Leucaena leucocephala Koa Haole, Leadtree

Licania platypus Sunsapote

Licania salzmannii Bahia Sunsapote

Litchi chinensis Lychee

Litsea garciae Litsea

Litsea glaucescens Mexican Bay

Luffa cylindrica Luffa

Lycopersicon cheesmanii Galapagos Island Tomato

Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato

Lycopersicon melanocarpa Tomato

Lycopersicon skorospelka

M

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Macadamia integrifolia Smooth Shelled Macadamia Nut

Macadamia tetraphylla Rough Shelled Macadamia Nut

Mahonia nevinii Nevin's Barberry

Malpighia glabra Acerola

Malpighia mexicana

Malus pumila Apple

Mammea americana Mamey Apple

Mammea silvestre

Mangifera caesia Jack

Mangifera caloneura

Mangifera casturi

Mangifera cochinchenesis

Mangifera foetida Horse Mango

Mangifera indica Mango

Mangifera ordata  

Mangifera pajang Membangan

Mangifera pentrandra  

Mangifera quadrifida Asam Kambang

Mangifera sylvatica  

Mangifera torquenda Lamantan

Manilkara bidentata Ausubo

Manilkara huberi Massaranduba

Manilkara kauki  

Manilkara zapota Sapodilla

Marliera edulis Cambuca

Maruitia flexuosa Moriche Palm

Matisia cordata South American Sapote

Melicoccus bijugatus Mamoncillo

Mimusops elengi Kabiki

Monodora myristica Calabash Nutmeg

Morinda citrifolia Noni

Moringa oleifera Drumstick Tree, Horseradish Tree

Morus macroura Himalayan Mulberry

Morus nigra Black Mulberry

Mouriri guianensis  

Mouriri pusa Puca

Murraya koenigii Curry Leaf

Musa velutina Pink Fruited Banana

Musa yunnanensis Yunnan Banana

Mycianthes pungens Guabiyu

Myrciaria aureana White Jaboticaba

Myrciaria cauliflora Jaboticaba

Myrciaria dubia Camu-camu

Myrciaria floribunda Rumberry

Myrciaria glomerata

Myrciaria oblongata Sour Jaboticaba

Myrciaria jaboticaba

Myrciaria paraensis

Myrciaria tenella Cambui

Myrciaria vexator Blue Grape, False Jaboticaba

Myristica fatua Wild Nutmeg, False Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans Nutmeg

Myrtus communis Myrtle

N

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Nephelium cuspidatum Giant Rambutan

Nephelium echinulatum

Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan

Nephelium maingayi Nude Rambutan

Nephelium mutabile Pulasan

Nephelium uncinatum Hooked Rambutan

Nephelium xerospermoides Hairless Rambutan

O

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Oncoba spinosa Fried Egg Tree  

Opuntia ficus-india Prickly Pear, Indian Fig

P

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Pachira aquatica Malabar Chestnut

Pachira insignis Guiana Chestnut

Pandanus tectorius Screw Pine

Parartocarpus venenosus

Parkia biglobosa

Parkia speciosa

Parkia javanica Sataw

Parmentiera cereifera Candle Stick Tree

Parmentiera edulis Guajilote

Passiflora actinia

Passiflora alata Fragrant Granadilla

Passiflora antioquiensis Banana Passion Fruit

Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion Flower

Passiflora caudata

Passiflora coccinea Red Granadilla

Passiflora edulis Passion Fruit

Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Lilikoi

Passiflora foetida Wild Water Lemon

Passiflora gibertii

Passiflora herbertiana Native Passion Fruit

Passiflora incarnata Maypop

Passiflora laurifolia Water Lemon

Passiflora loefgrenii Garlic Passion Fruit

Passiflora ligularis Sweet Granadilla

Passiflora macrophylla Tree Passion Flower

Passiflora maliformis Sweet Calabash

Passiflora mollissima Banana Passion Fruit

Passiflora nitida Bell Apple

Passiflora parritae

Passiflora parritae x exoniensis

Passiflora platyloba Montesa Granadilla

Passiflora popenovii Quijos Granadilla

Passiflora quadrangularis Giant Granadilla

Passiflora serrato

Passiflora setacea Sururuca

Passiflora sidaefolia

Passiflora subpeltata White Passion Flower

Passiflora vitifolia Grape-Leaved Passion Fruit

Passiflora x 'Incense' Passiflora Incense

Patinoa almirajo Almirajo

Paullinia cupana Guarana

Peritassa campestris

Persea americana Avocado

Phyllanthus acidus Otaheite Gooseberry

Phyllanthus emblica Emblic

Physalis angulata Mullaca

Physalis cotztomatl Costomatl

Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo

Physalis minima Sunberry

Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry

Physalis pruinosa Ground Cherry

Piper nigrum Pepper

Pithecellobium dulce Manila Tamarind

Platonia insignis Bacuri

Pometia pinnata Fijian Longan

Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate Orange

Poraqueiba sericea Umari

Porcelia macrocarpa Monkey Banana

Posoqueria latifolia Needle Flower Tree

Pouroma cercopiaefolia Amazon Tree Grape

Pouteria bullata Abiurana

Pouteria campechiana Canistel

Pouteria caimito Abiu

Pouteria gardneriana Abuai

Pouteria hypoglauca Cinnamon Apple

Pouteria lucuma Lucuma

Pouteria multifloraBully Tree, Chocky Apple, Broadleaved Lucuma

Pouteria nawe

Pouteria pachycalyx Bapeba

Pouteria pariry Frutao

Pouteria ramiflora Macaranduba

Pouteria sapota Mamey Sapote

Pouteria torta Curiola

Pouteria ucuqui Ucuqui

Pouteria venosa Aboirana

Pouteria viridis Green Sapote

Prunus lyonii Catalina Island Cherry

Prunus salicifolia Capulin Cherry

Psidium acutangulum Para Guava

Psidium cattleianum Strawberry Guava

Psidium cattleianum lucidumLemon Guava, Yellow Strawberry Guava

Psidium copacabanensis Copacabana Guava

Psidium firmum Savanna Guava

Psidium friedrichsthalianum Cas Guava

Psidium guajava Guava

Psidium guineense Brazilian Guava

Psidium molle Guisaro

Psidium montanum Mountain Guava

Psidium rufum Purple Guava

Psidium sartorianum Sartre Guava, Arrayan

Punica granatum Pomegranate

Q

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Quararibea cordata South American Sapote  

Quararibea funebris Rosita de Cacao

R

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Randia aculeata White Indigoberry

Randia fitzalanii Yellow Mangosteen, Native Gardenia

Randia formosa Blackberry Jam Fruit

Rheedia brasiliensis Bakupari

Rheedia macrophylla Charichuela, Bakuripari

Rheedia madruno Madrono

Rhus integrifolia Lemonade Berry

Rollinia deliciosa  

Rollinia mucosa Biriba

Rollinia sylvatica

S

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Sacrocephalus xanthoxylon Ndea

Samanea saman Monkey Pod, Rain Tree

Sandoricum borneensis

Sandoricum koetjape Santol

Saurauia madrensis Saurauia

Sclerocarya birrea Marula

Selenicereus megalanthus Yellow Pitaya

Serenoa repens Saw Palmetto

Sicana odorifera Cassabanana

Sideroxylon foetidissimum Mastic

Sideroxylon obtusifolium Jungleplum

Simmondsia chinensis Jojoba

Solanum burbankii Wonderberry

Solanum caripense Tzimbalo

Solanum macrocarpon Gbogname

Solanum melanocerasium Garden Huckleberry

Solanum muricatum Pepino

Solanum quitoense Naranjilla

Solanum lycocarpum Fruit for Wolves, Fruta-de-Lobo

Solanum pseudolulo Pseudolulo

Solanum sessiliflorum Cocona

Solanum uporo Cannibal's Tomato

Spondias axillaris Himalayan Ambarella

Spondias dulcis Ambarella

Spondias macrocarpa Round Mombin

Spondias mombin Yellow Mombin

Spondias pinnata Malaysian Mombin

Spondias purpurea Purple Mombin, Red Mombin

Spondias tuberosa Brazil Plum, Imbu

Spondias venulosa Coarse Mombin

Stelechocarpus burahol Kepel

Syagrus oleracea Bitter Coconut

Syagrus vagans Wandering Palm

Synsepalum dulcificum Miracle Fruit

Synsepalum subcordatum Giant Miracle Fruit

Syzygium aqueum Water Apple

Syzygium aromaticum Clove

Syzygium cordatum Water Berry

Syzygium cumini Java Plum

Syzygium curranii Lipote

Syzygium forte White Apple

Syzygium grande Sea Apple

Syzygium jambos Rose Apple

Syzygium malaccense Mountain Apple

Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly

Syzygium paniculatum Brush Cherry

Syzygium pycnanthum Wild Rose Apple

Syzygium samarangense Java Apple, Wax Jambu

Syzygium suborbiculare Lady Apple

Syzygium versteegii

T

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Talisia esculenta Belizian Genip

Tamarindus indica Tamarind

Terminalia catappa Tropical Almond

Terminalia kaernbachii Okari Nut

Theobroma angustifolum

Theobroma bicolor Mocambo

Theobroma cacao Cacao

Theobroma glauca  

Theobroma grandiflorum Cupuassu

Theobroma obovatum  

Theobroma speciosum Cacaui

Theobroma subincanum Cupui

Treculia africana African Breadfruit

Triphasia trifolia Limeberry

U

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Ugni molinae Chilean Guava

Ugni myricoides Black Chilean Guava

V

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Vaccinium consanguineum Costa Rican Blueberry

Vaccinium gaultheriifolium Chinese Blueberry

Vanilla planifolia Vanilla

Vitis californica California Wild Grape

W

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Willughbeia angustifolia Pitabu

Willughbeia coriacea

Willughbeia elmerii

Willughbeia sarawakensis

Withania somnifera Ashwagandha

X

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Ximenia americana Sea Lemon

Xylopia aromatica Monkey Pepper

Z

Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Zizyphus joazeiro Jua

Zizyphus jujube Jujube

Zizyphus mauritiana Indian Jujube