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    China, Democracy, and Law

    A Historical and Contemporary Approach

    Edited by

    Mireille Delmas-Marty and Pierre-tienne WillWith a Foreword by

    Philip A. Kuhn

    Translated by

    Naomi Norberg

    LEIDEN BOSTON2012

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    This book is printed on acid-free paper.

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

    China, democracy, and law : a historical and contemporary approach / edited by Mireille Delmas-

    Marty and Pierre-Etienne Will ; translated by Naomi Norberg.p. cm.Includes index.ISBN 978-9-4-787-7 (hardback : alk. paper)

    . LawChinaHistory. . DemocracyChinaHistory. I. Delmas-Marty, Mireille. II. Will, Pierre-Etienne. III. Norberg, Naomi.

    KNQ.C45 3.973dc3

    43664

    La Chine et la dmocratie , sous la direction de Mireille Delmas-Marty et Pierre-tienne Will.World Copyright LIBRAIRIE ARTHME FAYARD 7.

    This publication has been typeset in the multilingual Brill typeface. With over 5, characterscovering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities.For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface.

    ISSN 69-95ISBN 978 9 4 787 7

    Copyright by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

    Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NVprovided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, Rosewood Drive, Suite 9, Danvers, MA 93, USA.Fees are subject to change.

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    CHAPTER FOUR

    THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY AND LEGAL RULESIN THE CHINESE LEGAL TRADITION

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