bournemouth lng-eia summary part 1

7/24/2019 Bournemouth LNG-EIA Summary Part 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bournemouth-lng-eia-summary-part-1 1/90

LT[BH ;4<:

Kgurc`eguta HCI

Zueelry

[`pgrt



HCI m`v`hgpe`ct lcm gp`rltbgclh fljbhbty

Bepljt lss`sse`ct lcm elcliè`ct stumb`s

T[@FLJ@

]a` Bcmustrblh Mbvbsbgc gf Clturlh [`sgurj`s (BMCM) prgvbm`s h lm`rsabp tg mrbv` r`spgcsbkh`

m`v`hgpe`ct fgr Y`st`rc @cihlcm‒s futur`. Ygrobci jhgs`hy wbta bcmustry, jgeeucbtb s lcmigv`rce`ct li`cjb`s ta` M`plrte`ct m`hbv`rs sbicbfbjlct Ztlt` bcbtbltbv`s lcm fljbhbtlt`s elngr

r`sgurj`, bcmustrblh lcm bcfrlstrujtur` prgn`jts. Bt lhsg wgros tg lttrljt strltìbj bcv`ste`ct tg

Y`st`rc @cihlcm, lssbst ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf `xpgrt elro`ts, lcm `clkh` ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf

strltìbj bcmustrblh hlcm lcm bcfrlstrujtur` fgr ta` k`c`fbt gf ta` Ztlt` lcm bts p`gph`.

]a` Ztlt` gf Y`st`rc @cihlcm, targuia ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct, bs prgpgsbci tg

m`v`hgp lc gcsagr`, prgj`ssbci Hbqu`fb`m Clturlh Ils (HCI) s`jtgr tg prgj`ss clturlh ils

frge ta` Klsbc auk fb`hm gff ta` Kgurcèguta jglst. Bc m`hbv`rbci ta` Tr`jbcjt, ta` Y`st`rc

@cihlcm‒s Igv`rce`ct bs jgeebtt`m tg klhlcjbci ta` c``ms gf bcmustry, ta` hgjlh jgeeucbty

lcm ta` cvbrgce`ct fgr ta` k`c`fbt gf lhh Y`st`rc @cihlcm. ]a` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjtwguhm r`suht bc kbhhbgcs gf mghhlrs gf jlpbtlh bcv`ste`ct, jr`lt` taguslcms gf ngks lcm prgvbm`

sbicbfbjlct gppgrtucbty fgr `xbstbci lcm futur` hgjlh kusbc`ss`s. ]a` m`v`hgpe`ct wbhh lhsg

prgvbm` ta` gppgrtucbty tg sukstlctblhhy beprgv` ta` mujltbgc, a`lhta, sgjblh lcm jgcgebj

w`hh-k`bci gf hgjlh p`gph` lcm sbicbfbjlcthy r`muj` mbslmvlctli` wbtabc ta` Kgurcèguta

jgeeucbty.

MZM als k``c wgrobci bc plrtc`rsabp wbta bcmustry, ta` Kgurcèguta Hlcm Jgucjbh lcm

]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs tg bm`ctbfy ta` egst subtlkh` hgjltbgc lcm tg jggrmbclt` ta` stlkhbsae`ct

gf ta` fljbhbty. ]abs Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct prgj`ss bs ta` juhebcltbgc gf fgur y lrs gf wgro tg

bm`ctbfy ta` egst subtlkh` sbt`, kls`m gc t`jacbjlh, `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm a`rbtli` jrbt`rbl. Gc :4Nuc` ;4<< ta` [ìbgclh Igv`rce`ct rlbs`m ta` lir`è`cts tg s`jur` ljj`ss tg ta` hlcm

r`qubr`m fgr ta` HCI fljbhbty lcm tg s`jur` k`c`fbts wgrta egr` talc $<.0 kbhhbgc gv`r l :4-

y`lr p`rbgm fgr ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs, lcm ta` krglm r Kgurcèguta Bcmbi`cgus Jgeeucbty.

]abs [`spgcs` tg Zukebssbgcs r`pgrt als k``c pr`plr`m bc ljjgrmlcj` wbta iubm`hbc`s

`stlkhbsa`m ky ta` @cvbrgce`ct Li`cjy . ]a` purpgs` gf ta` pukhbj r`vb`w bs tg `clkh`

trlcsplr`cjy lcm ljjguctlkbhbty ky prgvbmbci ta` gppgrtucbty fgr ta` pukhbj tg prgvbm`

jgee`ct gc ta` prgpgslh lcm tg `clkh` ta` prgvbsbgc gf c`w r`h`vlct bcfgreltbgc fgr

jgcsbm`rltbgc ky rìuhltgrs. Yabh` ta` Ztlt` r`jgicbz`s talt ta`r` bs sge` gppgsbtbgc wbtabc

sìe`cts gf ta` hgjlh jgeeucbty, bt bs jgcsbm`r`m talt, ibv`c ta` `xt`csbv` stumb`s, krglmjgeeucbty jgcsuhtltbgc, lcm ta` lir`è`ct gf ta` ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs gf ta` hlcm bc

qu`stbgc, tabs hgjltbgc m`hbv`rs ta` k`st gv`rlhh cvbrgce`ctlh lcm sgjblh gutjge` fgr Y`st`rc

@cihlcm.





Bc r`hltbgc tg ta` prgpgslh fgr ta` m`v`hgpe`ct, gv`r <<,444 sukebssbgcs w`r` r`j`bv`m murbci

ta` pukhbj r`vb`w p`rbgm. ]a` elngrbty gf ta`s` w r` ‑prgfgrel‒ sukebssbgcs, gf wabja ta`r

w`r` lpprgxbelt`hy `biat mbff`r`ct v`rsbgcs. Bc tgtlh, ta`r` w`r` ;4; bcmbvbmulh sukebssbgcs

(bcjhumbci ta` biat prgfgrel v`rsbgcs), rlcibci frge sbcih` pli` h tt`rs targuia tg sukstlctblhr`pgrts. Gf ta`s` ;4; sukebssbgcs, ;6 w`r` sukebtt`m ky ‑cle`m‒ grilcbsltbgcs wabja

jgeprbs`m l ebx gf Cgc-Igv`rce`ct Grilcbsltbgcs (CIGs), Igv`rce`ct li`cjb`s lcm

stloàghm`r irgups. L jgeprà`csbv` prgj`ss gf lclhysbci lcm r`spgcmbci tg lhh ;4;

sukebssbgcs wls ucm`rtlo`c.

L cuek`r gf jgeegc jgcj`rcs è`ri`m frge ta` sukebssbgcs r`j`bv`m. Zge` gf ta`s`

jgcj`rcs lr` r`h`vlct lt ta` i`c`rlh prgn`jt lcm pghbjy h`v h, wabh` gta`rs lpphy tg ta` t`jacbjlh

m`tlbh gf ta` lss`sse`ct prgj`ss. Zge` gf ta` jgcj`rcs r`hlt`m tg agw ta` bcfgreltbgc wls

grbibclhhy pr`s`ct`m lcm m`sjrbk`m bc ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct

[`pgrt (ZL[ ). ]abs Zueelry [`pgrtr`spgcms tg jgeegc bssu s lrbsbci ls plrt gf ta` pukhbj

r`vb`w prgj`ss, lcm m`tlbh`m r`spgcs`s tg bcmbvbmulh qu`stbgcs lr` pr`s`ct`m bc l

jgeprà`csbv` jgep`cmbue lpp`cm`m tg tabs r`pgrt (Lpp`cmbx L). Lc h`jtrgcbj v`rsbgc gf

kgta tabs Zueelry [`pgrt lcm Lpp`cmbx L bs prgvbm`m bc l pguja lt ta` kljo gf tabs

mgjue`ct.





Cge`cjhltur`, Ljrgcyes, E`lsurè`cts lcm Pcbts Hbst


[`spgcs` tg Zukebssbgcs

< Gv`rvb`w lcm Trgn`jt K`c`fbts

<.< Kljoirgucm 1

<.; Trgn`jt K`c fbts <=

<.: Zukebssbgc Trgj`ss <1

<.= Mgjue`ct Ztrujtur` ;;

; Elcliè`ct [`spgcs`

;.< ]a` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Trgj`ss :=

;.; M`rbv`m Trgpgslh Trgj`ss :1

;.: Igv`rclcj` Bssu`s =;

;.= Elcliè`ct Thlcs =1

;.0 Hlcm Ljj ss lcm Bcfgre`m Jgcs`ct 00

: Ztloàgh m`r @ciliè`ct Trgj`ss

:.< Tlst Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct Trgj`ss 6:

:.<.< Cgrta`rc M`v`hgpe`ct ]lsofgrj` Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct 9=

:.<.; Zgjblh Bepljt Lss sse`ct @ciliè`ct Ljtbvbtb`s 90

:.<.: Tukhbj [`vb`w T`rbgm 92

:.; Futur` Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct 1<

:.;.< Gppgrtucbtb`s fgr @ciliè`ct wbta Futur` Jgee`rjblh Trgpgc`cts 16





:.;.; Gppgrtucbtb`s fgr @ciliè`ct wbta ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct 2;

:.;.: Tr`jbcjt @ciliè`ct Thlc 20

= O`y ]aè`s lcm [`spgcs` tg Bssu`s [lbs`m

=.< Gv`rvb`w gf O`y ]aè`s lcm Bssu`s 21

=.; Zbt` Z`h`jtbgc lcm Lpprgvlhs Trgj`ss <4:

=.: Trgn`jt M`sjrbptbgc <<<

=.= I`c`rlh lcm Tghbjy Bssu`s

=.=.< @e`ri`cjy [`spgcs` <<:

=.=.; Ir``cagus` Ils @ebssbgcs <<1

=.0 Elrbc` Fljtgrs

=.0.< Elrbc` Flucl <;<

=.0.; Elrbc` @jgsystè Bctìrbty <:=

=.0.: Ylt`r \ulhbty <=<

=.6 ]`rr`strblh Fljtgrs

=.6.< ]`rr`strblh Flucl ;<=

=.6.; ]`rr`strblh @jghgiy ;:9

=.6.: Lbr \ulhbty ;:2

=.9 Zgjblh Fljtgrs

=.9.< Zgjblh Bepljt Elcliè`ct Jgephblcj` ;=<

=.9.; Auelc A`lhta ;69

=.9.: Ygro`r Kàlvbgr ;9<

=.9.= Jgeeucbty Z`rvbj`s ;90

=.9.0 Jgeeucbty Bm`ctbty lcm ]gurbse ;92

=.9.6 Jgst gf Hbvbci lcm Ljjgeegmltbgc ;14





=.9.9 @mujltbgc, ]rlbcbci lcm @ephgye`ct ;1:

=.9.1 Hgjlh Trgjurè`ct ;11

=.9.2 [`jgee`cmltbgcs ;2<

=.1 A`rbtli` Fljtgrs

=.1.< Hìbshltbv` Frle`wgro ;2=

=.1.; Cltbgclh A`rbtli` Hbstbci ;26

=.1.: Juhturlh A`rbtli` Elcliè`ct :4=

0 Jueuhlt bv` @cvbrgce`ctlh Bepljts6 Trgpgs`m Jalci`s tg Jgeebte`cts bc ta` ZL[

9 [`f`r`cj`s

Lcc`xur`

Lcc`xur` < - Bcm`x gf \u`stbgcs lcm Lcsw`rs bc Lpp`cmbx L

Lcc`xur` ; - Cltbv` ]bth` Mgjue`ctltbgc

Lcc`xur` : - Igv`rclcj` lcm @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Jgeebte`cts

Lcc`xur` = - Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s

Lcc`xur` 0 - Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl Thlccbci Ztrltìy

Lcc`xur` 6 - Irgucmwlt`r M`p`cm`ct @jgsystè [`vb`w

Lcc`xur` 9 - LZBL [`jgee`cmltbgcs

Lcc`xur` 1 - Jueuhltbv` @cvbrgce`ctlh Bepljts

]lkh`s

]lkh` <.< Zueelry gf Kgurcèguta Jgcs`rvltbgc Bcbtbltbv`s

]lkh` <.; Hbst gf Cle`m Grilcbzltbgcs talt Elm` l Zukebssbgc





]lkh` <.: Gv`rvb`w gf O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m bc Zukebssbgcs

]lkh` ;.< Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s ‚ [`qubr`m fgr Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct

]lkh` ;.; Ztlt` Frle`wgro fgr Elcliè`ct gf Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljts

]lkh` :.< Zueelry gf Ztloàghm`r Tlrtbjbpltbgc bc CM] Ygrobci Irgup E` tbcis

]lkh` :.; LZBL Jgeeucbty E` tbcis (Z`ptèk`r ;442 ‚ Nlculry ;4<4)

]lkh` =.< Zueelry gf Zbt` Z`h jtbgc Lclhys`s Jgcmujt`m =1

]lkh` =.; Zueelry gf O`y Trgpgslh Jalrljt`rbstbjs

]lkh` =.: O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m ky Zukebssbgcs - Elrbc` Fljtgrs

]lkh` =.= O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m ky Zukebssbgcs - ]`rr`strblh Fljtgrs

]lkh` =.0 Z`csbtbvbty gf Aymrgi`c Zuhpabm` Egm`hhbci [`suhts tg Ils-fb`hm Jgepgsbtbgc

]lkh` =.6 O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m ky Zukebssbgcs - Zgjblh Fljtgrs

]lkh` =.9 Zueelry gf Trgpgs`m Auelc A`lhta Bepljt Elcliè`ct E`lsur`s

]lkh` =.1 O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m ky Zukebssbgcs - A rbtli` Fljtgrs

]lkh` 6.< Trgpgs`m Jalci s tg ta` Jgeebte`cts bc ta` ZL[

]lkh` L:.< Jgepgsbtbgc gf TJE

]lkh` L=.< Mrlft KHCI Tr`jbcjt Lbr \ulhbty Elcliè`ct Ztrltìy

]lkh` L=.; Mrlft KHCI Tr`jbcjt @e`ri`cjy [`spgcs` Ztrltìy

]lkh` L=.: Mrlft KHCI Tr`jbcjt ]`rr`strblh @jghgibjlh Elcliè`ct Ztrltìy

]lkh` L=.= Mrlft KHCI Tr`jbcjt Zurrgucms Fbr` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìy

]lkh` L=.0 Mrlft KHCI Tr`jbcjt Tr`hbebclry Jhgsur` lcm M`jgeebssbgcbci Ztrltìy

]lkh` L=.6 Mrlft KHCI Tr`jbcjt Tgrt @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Ztrltìy

]lkh` L=.9 Zueelry gf Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljt Elcliè`ct Thlcs ky Bepljt Jltìgry

Fbiur`s

Fbiur` <.< Mbstrbkutbgc gf Bssu`s [lbs`





Fbiur` ;.< Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Trgj`ss

Fbiur` ;.; M`rbv`m Trgpgslh M`jbsbgc Trgj`ss Fhgw Mblirle

Fbiur` ;.: Trgpgs`m Igv`rclcj` Ztrujtur`

Fbiur` ;.= Zjaèltbj gf Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct [`spgcsbkbhbtb`s

Fbiur` :.< [`hltbgcsabp gf Abia H`v`h Krb`fbcis lcm Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct Jgepgc`ct Ztumb s

Fbiur` :.; Trgn`jt Ztloàghm`rs

Fbiur` =.< I`c`rbj Hlygut gf KHCI Tr`jbcjt

Fbiur` 0.< @xleph` Jueuhltbv` Bepljt Zueelry ]lkh` I`c`rltbgc Trgj`ss

Fbiur` L6.< Mbibtlh @h`vltbgc Egm`h Zagwbci Hgjltbgc gf Vì`tltbgc Jgeeucbtb`s

Fbiur` L6.; Zbephbfb`m Jgcj`ptulh Egm`h

Fbiur` L6.: [lbcflhh Mltl frge Krgge` Lbrpgrt ;440 & ;441

Fbiur` L6.= [lbcflhh Mltl frge Krgge` Lbrpgrt <221-;4<<

Fbiur` L6.0 Krgge` CMVB ;440

Fbiur` L6.6 Krgge` CVMB ;441

Fbiur` L6.9 Zjaèltbj gf Jalci`s bc Jgeeucbty Ztrujtur` mu` tg Trghgci`m Ylt`r Ztr`ss






Ljrgcye M`fbcbtbgc

LJEJ Lkgrbibclh Juhturlh Elt`rblhs Jgeebtt`` Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`ct L p`rsgc gr p`rsgcs lppgbct`m ky ta` Ztlt` bc ljjgrmlcj`

wbta jhlus` :6 tg m`v`hgp lcm jgcmujt lc Lmmbtbgclh

Trgpgc`ct Trgn`jt bc ta` HCI Tr`jbcjt wag als rltbfb`m ta`

KHCI Tr`jbcjt Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct ky sbicbci l

[ltbfbjltbgc M``m.

Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`ct Trgn`jt ]a` Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`ct's prgn`jt fgr ta` prgj`ssbci lcm

`xpgrtbci gf HCI wbtabc ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt jlrrb`m gut

pursulct tg lcm bc ljjgrmlcj` wbta ta` Trgn`jt [biats.

LZBL Lkgrbibclh Zgjblh Bepljt Lss`sse`ct

KTTA K`ctabj Trbelry Trgmuj`r Alkbtlt

Jltìgry L ]a`s` lr` ta` jgr` `hè`cts gf ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt,

bcjhumbci lssgjblt`m bcfrlstrujtur`, c`j`sslry tg prgj`ss

lcm xpgrt aymrgjlrkgcs.

Jltìgry K ]a`s` lr` bcmbr`jt ljtbvbtb`s lcm ljtbgcs ls l r`suht gf ta`

KHCI Tr`jbcjt talt lr` jgcsbm`r`m bc ta` bepljt

lss sse`ct kut mg cgt fgre plrt gf ta` lpprgvlhs prgj`ss.

Jltìgry J [`hlt`m prgn`jts talt lr` gutsbm` ta` sjgp` gf ta` Ztrltìbj

Lss sse`ct kut fgre plrt gf ta` jueuhltbv` bepljt

lss`sse`ct.

J@ET Jgcstrujtbgc @cvbrgce`ct Elcliè`ct Thlc

JAET Juhturlh A`rbtli` Elcliè`ct Thlc

JG; Jlrkgc Mbgxbm`

Jgee`rjblh prgpgc`ct(s) ]a` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct lcm lcy Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`ct

J[I Jgeeucbty [`f`r`cj` Irgup

Jwta Jgeegcw`lhta

M@J M`plrte`ct gf @cvbrgce`ct lcm Jgcs`rvltbgcM@] M`plrte`ct gf @mujltbgc lcm ]rlbcbci

MBL M`plrte`ct gf Bcmbi`cgus Lfflbrs

MEL(s) M`jbsbgc-elobci Lutagrbtb`s

MET M`plrte`ct gf Ebc`s lcm T`trgh ue

MgJ M`plrte`ct gf Jgee`rj`





MgF M`plrte`ct gf Fbsa`rb`s

MgT M`plrte`ct gf Thlccbci

MgY M`plrte`ct gf Ylt`r

MTB M`plrte`ct fgr Thlccbci lcm Bcfrlstrujtur`

M[F M`jhlr`m [lr` Fhgrl

M`jhlr`m [lr` Fhgrl M`plrte`ct gf Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct

MZMET Mr`mibci lcm Mr`mi` Zpgbh Mbspgslh Elcliè`ct Thlc

M]YM M`plrte`ct gf ]rlbcbci lcm Ygrofgrj` M`v`hgpe`ct

@BL @cvbrgce`ctlh Bepljt Lss sse`ct

@ET @cvbrgce`ct Elcliè`ct Thlc

@T Ljt @cvbrgce`ctlh Trgt`jtbgc Ljt <216

@TL @cvbrgce`ctlh Trgt`jtbgc Lutagrbty

@TKJ Ljt @cvbrgce`ct Trgt`jtbgc lcm Kbgmbv`rsbty Jgcs rvltbgc Ljt <222@P @urgp`lc Pcbgc

F@@M Frgct @cm @cibc``rbci M`sbic

F@ZL Fbr` lcm @e`ri`cjy Z`rvbj`s Lutagrbty

FBFG Fhy bc/Fhy gut

FHCI Fhgltbci Hbqu`fb`m Clturlh Ils

IKZ Irlvbty Kls`m Ztrujtur`

IJL Ilffc`y Jhbc` lcm Lssgjblt`s

IM@(s) Irgucmwlt`r M`p`cmlct @jgsystè(s)

IILT Ir``cagus` Ils Lkltè`ct ThlcIAI Ir``cagus` Ils

IZ] Iggms lcm Z`rvbj`s ]lx

A;Z Aymrgi`c Zuhpabm`

Al A`jtlr`

ABL A`rbtli` Bepljt Lss sse`ct

ATL A`rbtli` Trgt`jtbgc Lir`è`ct

A[L A`lhta [bso Lss sse`ct

BEZ Bcvlsbv` Elrbc` Zp`jb`s

BT(s) Bct`r`st`m Tlrtb`s

BTT Bcmustry Tlrtbjbpltbgc Thlc

NTT Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct

Oe Obhge`t`r

HLB H`lf-lr`l Bcm`x

HBL Hbiat bcmustrblh lr`l

HBI] Hlri` Bcmustrblh Ils ]urkbc`





HCI Hbqu`fb`m Clturlh Ils

E@T Elrbc` @cvbrgce`ct Tghhutbgc

EC@Z Eltt`rs gf Cltbgclh @cvbrgce`ctlh Zbicbfbjlcj`

Etpl ebhhbgc tgcc`s p`r lccue

EV] Egcsggc Vbc` ]abjo`t

EYMET Elrbc` Ylst`wlt`r Mbsjalri` Elcliè`ct Thlc

Cltbv` ]bth` Ljt Cltbv` ]bth` Ljt <22: (Jta)

CM] Cgrta`rc M`v`hgpe`ct ]lsofgrj`

CMVB Cgrelhbs`m Mbff`r`cj` Vì tltbgc Bcm`x

C@TE Cltbgclh @cvbrgce`ct Trgt`jtbgc E`lsur`

C@Z Cltbgclh @cvbrgce`ctlh Zbicbfbjlcj` (b.`. eltt`rs gf C@Z)

CIG(s) Cgc-Igv`rce`ct Grilcbsltbgc(s)

CE Clutbjlh ebh`CTB Cltbgclh Tghhutlct Bcv`ctgry

C] Cgrta`rc ]`rrbtgry

GJJ Gp`rltbgcs Jggrmbcltbgc Jgeebtt``

TFJ@ET Tgrt Fljbhbtb`s Jgcstrujtbgc @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct

Thlc

TFJs T`r fhugrgjlrkgcs

Tpk Tlrts p`r kbhhbgc

Tpe Tlrts p`r ebhhbgc

Tpt Tlrts p`r taguslcm

Trgpgc`ct ]a` Trgpgc`ct fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt bs ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt`

M`v`hgpe`ct

[KL [ìbgclh K`c fbts Lir`è`ct

ZL[ Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct [`pgrt

Z@L Ztrltìbj @cvbrgce`ctlh Lss sse`ct

Z@YTLJ Jgeegcw`lhta M`plrte`ct gf Zustlbclkbhbty,

@cvbrgce`ct, Ylt`r, Tgpuhltbgc lcm Jgeeucbty

ZBL Zgjblh Bepljt Lss sse`ct

ZEJ Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``

ZgZL Zjgp` gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct

Z[@ Zagrt [lci` @cmèbj

ZZBET Ztrltìbj Zgjblh Bepljt Elcliè`ct Thlc

Z]M Z`xulhhy ]rlcsebtt`m Mbs`ls`

Z]B Z`xulhhy ]rlcsebtt`m Bcf`jtbgc

] ]gcc`





]LF@ ]`jacbjlh lcm Furta`r @mujltbgc

]JP ]a`relh Jgekustbgc Pcbts

]@J ]ar`lt`c`m @jghgibjlh Jgeeucbty

]BL ]gurbse Bepljt Lss sse`ct

]G(s) ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`r(s)

]g[ ]`res gf [`f`r`cj`

]]Z ]`epgrlry ]ar`saghm Zabft

VET V`i`tltbgc Egcbtgrbci Trgirle

VGJ(s) Vghltbh` Grilcbj Jgepgucm(s)

Y@] Yagh` @ffhu`ct ]gxbjbty

YYF Ygrhm Ybhmhbf` Fucm





< Gv`rvb`w lcm Trgn`jt K`c`fbts

<.< Kljoirgucm

]a` Ztlt` gf Y`st`rc @cihlcm (YL), targuia ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct (ta`

Trgpgc`ct), prgpgs`s tg m`v`hgp lc gcsagr`, jgeegc-us`r Hbqu`fb`m Clturlh Ils (HCI) tg

prgj`ss clturlh ils frge Krgws` Klsbc ils fb`hms gff ta` Kgurcèguta jglst. ]a` M`plrte`ct

gf Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct (MZM) als k``c jalri`m wbta lmvlcjbci tabs prgpgslh ucm`r mbr`jtbgc

gf ta` Trgpgc`ct. Yggmsbm` @c`riy Hbebt`m (Yggmsbm`) wls lppgbct`m ls l pgt`ctblh

Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt ucm`r ta` Tr`hbebclry M`v`hgpe`ct Lir`è`ct

sbic`m bc Gjtgk`r ;442.

]abs Lir`è`ct `stlkhbsa`m Yggmsbm` ls l plrtc`r wbta ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct bc krbcibcita` prgn`jt tg jgeph`tbgc. ]a` Krgws` Hbqu`fb`m Clturlh Ils Tr`jbcjt wguhm jgcsbst gf HCI

prgj`ssbci fljbhbtb`s lcm lssgjblt`m bcfrlstrujtur`, lcm wguhm k` hgjlt`m bc ta` vbjbcbty gf

Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct, lpprgxbelt`hy 64 obhge`t`rs (oe) cgrta gf Krgge`, gc ta` w`st

Kgurcèguta jglst gf Y`st`rc @cihlcm. ]a` Tr`jbcjt wguhm prgvbm` l hgjltbgc fgr

prgj`ssbci ils lcm lssgjblt`m prgmujts frge ta` Krgws` Klsbc wbta lc HCI prgmujtbgc

jlpljbty gf up tg 04 ebhhbgc tgcs p`r lccue (Etpl ). Bf bt w`r` tg gjjur, fuhh m`v`hgpe`ct gf

ta` Tr`jbcjt wguhm egst hbo`hy k` pals`m bc ls mèlcm fgr lmmbtbgclh prgj`ssbci jlpljbty

lrbs`s. ]a` Tr`jbcjt wguhm ljjgeegmlt` l ebcbeue gf twg prgpgc`cts lt gc` hgjltbgc lcm

`clkh` salrbci gf jgeegc-us`r fljbhbtb`s suja ls ta` pgrt, rglms, bcfrlstrujtur` jgrrbmgrs lcmwgro`rs‒ ljjgeegmltbgc. L Tr`jbcjt Thlc als k``c m`v`hgp`m tg e``t ta` r`qubrè`cts gf

ta` Jgeegcw`lhta Igv`rce`ct.

L m`tlbh`m lcm jgeprà`csbv` lss`sse`ct als jgcsbm`r`m ta` `cvbrgce`ctlh, sgjblh,

`jgcgebj, a`rbtli` lcm strltìbj bephbjltbgcs gf ta` Tr`jbcjt saguhm bt r`lja bts fuhh jlpljbty.

]a` lss`sse`ct prgj`ss als bcvghv`m m`sotgp stumb`s, fb`hm surv`ys, egm`hhbci, mltl lclhysbs,

bepljt lss`sse`ct lcm stloàghm`r jgcsuhtltbgc, ta` r`suhts gf wabja lr` mgjue`ct`m bc ta`

KHCI Tr`jbcjt Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct [`pgrt (ZL[ ). ]a` purpgs` gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct

[`pgrt bs tg e``t ta` r`qubrè`cts gf ta` Ztlt` lcm Jgeegcw`lhta igv`rce`cts bc

ljjgrmlcj` wbta ta` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj`. ]a` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct bcjhum`s l abia h`v hbepljt lss`sse`ct (bcjhumbci sgjblh fljtgrs), l m`sjrbptbgc gf ta` strltìbj prgpgslh,

bm`ctbfybci 'futur` prgpgslhs' (tg k` lpprgv`m ucm`r ta` @cvbrgce`ctlh Trgt`jtbgc Ljt <216 (ta`

@T Ljt)) lcm ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc (tg k` `cmgrs`m ucm`r ta @cvbrgce`ct Trgt`jtbgc lcm Kbgmbv`rsbty

Jgcs`rvltbgc Ljt <222 (ta` @TKJ Ljt)), lcm bcjhum`s ta` Trgpgc`ct‒s





prgpgs`m mrlft jgcmbtbgcs talt ely k` lpphb`m tg futur` prgpgslhs. ]a` mgjue`ct bcjhum`s l

sueelry gf `xbstbci bcfgreltbgc, bm`ctbfybci elbc bepljt lr`ls lcm s`ts gut ta` prgpgs`m

elcliè`ct lrrlciè`cts, ebtbiltbgc lcm slfìulrms tg csur` bepljts lr` elcli`m.

]a` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct [`pgrt bs pr`s`ct`m bc s`v`c plrts>

Tlrt <> @x`jutbv` Zueelry?

Tlrt ;> Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Trgj`ss bcjhumbci Zbt` Z`h`jtbgc, Fljbhbtb`s M`sjrbptbgc lcm

Jgcsuhtltbgc Trgj`ss?

Tlrt :> @cvbrgce`ctlh Lss`sse`ct ‚ Elrbc` Bepljts?

Tlrt => @cvbrgce`ctlh Lss`sse`ct ‚ ]`rr`strblh Bepljts?

Tlrt 0> Zgjblh lcm A`rbtli` Lss`sse`ct?

Tlrt 6> Jgeegcw`lhta Eltt`rs bcjhumbci Tr`jbcjt Thlc, Elcliè`ct Lrrlciè`cts lcm

Eltt`rs gf Cltbgclh @cvbrgce`ctlh lcm Zgjblh Zbicbfbjlcj`? lcm

Tlrt 9> Zupphè`ctlry Bcfgreltbgc gc Ylst`wlt`r Mbsjalri`s, Aymrgjlrkgc Zpbhhs, K`ctabj

Trbelry Trgmuj`r Alkbtlts lcm Jglstlh Trgj`ss`s.

]a` Trgpgc`ct‒s [`spgcs` tg Zukebssbgcs jgeprbs`s l Zueelry [`pgrt (tabs mgjue`ct)

wabja m`sjrbk`s ta` pukhbj sukebssbgcs prgj`ss. Bt sueelrbs`s lcm bct`rpr`ts ta` elbc taè`s

jgebci gut gf ta` pukhbj r`vb`w lcm abiahbiats lcy elcliè`ct r`spgcs`s prgpgs`m tg

lmmr`ss ta`s . ]abs bcjhum`s c`w e`lsur`s talt alv` lrbs`c ls l r`suht gf ta` bcfgreltbgc lcm

jgee`cts jgctlbc`m bc ta` pukhbj sukebssbgcs. L jgcsghbmlt`m hbst gf qu`stbgcs rlbs`m murbci

ta` pukhbj sukebssbgc prgj`ss lhgci wbta ta` Trgpgc`ct's r`spgcs` tg lja bcmbvbmulh qu stbgc

bs prgvbm`m ls Lpp`cmbx L. ]a` ]lkh` gf Jgct`cts gf qu`stbgcs rlbs`m ky lhh sukebtt`rs bs

pr`s`ct`m bc 'Lcc`xur` < - Bcm`x gf \u`stbgcs lcm Lcsw`rs bc Lpp`cmbx L'. @h`jtrgcbjjgpb`s gf kgta ta` Zueelry [`pgrt lcm Lpp`cmbx L lr` prgvbm`m gc l mbso bc l pguja lt ta`

kljo gf tabs mgjue`ct.





<.; Trgn`jt K`c`fbts

]a` Y`st`rc @cihlcm Igv`rce`ct bs jgeebtt`m tg mrbvbci r`spgcsbkh` m`v`hgpe`ct tg e` t

ta` c``ms gf ta` Ztlt` cgw lcm bctg ta` futur`. Zuja lc gppgrtucbty jlc k` m`hbv`r`m targuiata` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Krgws` Klsbc, gc` gf @cihlcm's egst prgsp`jtbv` ils rìbgcs sbtult m

:44oe gff ta` Kgurcèguta jglst. ]a` Krgws` Klsbc jurr`cthy als r`pgrt`m ils r`s`rv`s gf

lrgucm :=.6 trbhhbgc jukbj f``t (tjf ) lcm sge` 644 ebhhbgc klrr`hs gf jgcm`cslt`. Yabh`

`xphgrltbgc jgee`cj`m bc ta` Krgws` Klsbc bc <269 wbta pgt`ctblhhy @cihlcm‒s hlri`st ils

fb`hm (Zjgtt [``f) mbsjgv`r`m bc <29<, tabs aymrgjlrkgc-rbja prgvbcj` bs y`t tg k` m`v`hgp`m.

]a` elbc gkstljh` als k``c ta` r`hltbv` bsghltbgc ibv`c ta` mbstlcj` frge ta` elbchlcm gr l

sbicbfbjlct mge`stbj elro`t.

C`v`rta`h ss, abstgrbjlhhy abia `c`riy prbj`s, rbsbci mèlcm bc bct`rcltbgclh elro`ts,

lmvlcj`s bc t`jacghgiy lcm l ihgklh egv` tgwlrms jh`lc`r `c`riy sgurj`s, als h`m tg r`j`ct

bct`r`st frge l vlrb`ty gf HCI prgmuj`rs. L cuek`r gf jgeplcb`s alv`, gv`r ta` plst fbv`

y`lrs, `xpr`ss`m bct`r`st bc m`v`hgpbci prgn`jts lt vlrbgus hgjltbgcs lhgci ta` s`csbtbv`

Kgurcèguta jglsthbc`.

]a` lm agj m`v`hgpe`ct gf euhtbph` HCI ils prgj`ssbci fljbhbtb`s lt vlrbgus hgjltbgcs lhgci

ta` Kgurcèguta jglst wguhm jr`lt` euhtbph` fggtprbcts lhgci tabs cvbrgce`ctlhhy s`csbtbv

jglsthbc`. ]a` stlkhbsae`ct gf ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh lvgbm suja lc gutjge` targuia

ta` jr`ltbgc gf l sbcih` HCI prgj`ssbci Tr`jbcjt c`lr Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct. ]abs strltìy wbhh

fljbhbtlt` ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta`s` vlhulkh` ils r`s`rv`s wabh` prgvbmbci ta` k`st gv`rlhh

gutjge` fgr ta` Ztlt` lcm rìbgc.

Bcmbi`cgus jgeeucbtb`s bc ta` Y`st Kgurcèguta suff`r frge abia h`v hs gf `jgcgebj lcm

sgjblh mbslmvlctli`. ]a` `stlkhbsae`ct gf ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt wguhm elo` l sbicbfbjlct

jgctrbkutbgc tgwlrms beprgvbci ta` `jgcgebj lcm sgjblh jgcmbtbgcs gf ta` rìbgc‒s

Bcmbi`cgus p`gph`s. ]a` Ztlt` lcm Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct alv` wgro`m jhgs`hy wbta ta`

Kgurcèguta Hlcm Jgucjbh (OHJ) tg cìgtblt` lir`è`cts tg krbci k`c`fbts tg ta`

Igghlrlkgghgg Nlkbrr Nlkbrr (INN) Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup lcm gta`r Bcmbi`cgus p`gph`s

bc ta` Y`st Kgurcèguta lcm Kgurcèguta [ìbgc. Gc :4 Nuc` ;4<< ta` Ztlt`, ta` INN

Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup, lcm Yggmsbm` ls ta` pgt`ctblh Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct, fbclhbs mlir`è`cts tg s`jur` ljj`ss tg hlcm c`lr Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct fgr ta` `stlkhbsae`ct gf ta`

Tr`jbcjt. ]a` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup als lir``m tg r`hbcqubsa ta`br cltbv` tbth` bct`r`sts

bc ta` hlcm lcm wlt`r r`qubr`m fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt, bc r`turc fgr sukstlctblh k`c`fbts fgr Bcmbi`cgus

p`gph` lcm jgctbcubci `ciliè`ct bc `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm juhturlh a`rbtli` elcliè`ct lt

ta` Tr`jbcjt. ]a` lir`è`ct lhsg bcjhum`s hgci t`re jgeebte`cts tg hbebt ta` Tr`jbcjt fgr





HCI prgj`ssbci lcm r`hlt`m ljtbvbtb`s, ls w`hh ls ta` ràlkbhbtltbgc gf ta` hlcm lcm r`turc gf

ta` hlcm tg ta` ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs lt ta` `cm gf ta` Tr`jbcjt‒s hbf`.

]a` gkn`jtbv` gf ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt prgpgslh bs tg jr`lt` l sbcih`, jgee`rjblhhy vblkh`prgj`ssbci hgjltbgc wbta subtlkh` hlcm t`cur`, igv`rclcj` prbcjbph`s, lcm strltìbj lpprgvlhs

bc phlj`, tg lttrljt lcm fljbhbtlt` l ebcbeue gf twg HCI prgn`jts tg jgee`rjblhbz` ils frge

ta` Krgws` Klsbc lcm suppgrt ta` c``ms gf ta` Ztlt`. ]a` uhtbelt` gutjge` bs `xp`jt`m tg

m`hbv`r `jgcgebj, sgjblh lcm `cvbrgce`ctlh k`c`fbts.

<.;.< @cvbrgce`ctlh K`c`fbts

]a` prgpgs`m m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt als lhr`lmy prgvbm`m l cuek`r gf `cvbrgce`ctlh

k`c`fbts fgr ta` rìbgc lcm wbhh i`c`rlt` egr` bf lpprgv`m lcm uhtbelt`hy m`v`hgp`m. Yabh`

bcmbvbmulh prgn`jt prgpgc`cts eust gp`rlt` ljjgrmbci tg strbjt `cvbrgce`ctlh jgcmbtbgcs tghbebt bepljts, ta` wbm`r cvbrgce`ct bs s`t tg k`c fbt targuia>

ebcbebzbci `cvbrgce`ctlh bepljts lcm fggtprbcts targuia ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf l

jgeegc-us`r HCI Tr`jbcjt?

bcjr`ls`m `cvbrgce`ctlh mltl lcm ocgwh`mi` tg lssbst wbta ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf

elcliè`ct r`spgcs`s lcm phlccbci?

fucmbci fgr beprgv`m `cvbrgce`ctlh elcliè`ct, bcjhumbci fbr` elcliè`ct

rìbe`s lcm jgeebte`cts tg lmmbtbgclh jgcs`rvltbgc r`s`rv`s gc ta` Mlepb`r

T`cbcsuhl wabja lr` tg k` ngbcthy elcli`m wbta ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs?

lcm ta` prgvbsbgc gf HCI ls l hgw jlrkgc `c`riy sgurj`.

@stlkhbsabci l jgeegc-us`r HCI Tr`jbcjt bc gc` hgjltbgc, rlta`r talc mbsp`rs`m HCI

fljbhbtb`s lhgci ta` jglst, bs lctbjbplt`m tg i`c`rlt` `cvbrgce`ctlh k`c`fbts ky `csurbci talt

jgeegc bcfrlstrujtur` bs us`m lcm s`csbtbv` lr`ls lr` lvgbm`m (r`f`r tg Z`jtbgc =.; 'Zbt`

Z`h`jtbgc lcm Lpprgvlhs Trgj`ss').

Bc r`hltbgc tg ta` k`c`fbts talt bcjr`ls`m ocgwh`mi` gf ta` `cvbrgce`ct wbhh krbci, ta` sjlh`

gf r`s lrja lcm stumb`s bs sbicbfbjlct. ]arguia ta` Cgrta`rc M`v hgpe`ct ]lsofgrj` (CM])

lcm ta` sbt` s`h jtbgc prgj`ss wabja jgcsbm`r`m =: sbt`s spr`lm lhgci ta` wagh` h`cita gf ta`

Kgurcèguta jglst, l krglm lrrly gf ocgwh`mi` wls jghhlt`m bc lmmbtbgc tg l cuek`r gf egr`

lcm egr` r`fbc`m stumb`s m`sbic`m tg bcfgre ta` prgj`ss. Bc lmmbtbgc, ta`r` alv` k``c l

cuek`r gf v`ry sbicbfbjlct stumb`s jgeebssbgc`m ky Yggmsbm`, bcjhumbci ta` egst

jgeprà`csbv` v`r mgc` gc ta` Y`st jglst pgpuhltbgc gf auepkljo walh`s. Yggmsbm` als

lhr`lmy sp`ct egr` talc $14 ebhhbgc gc `cvbrgce`ctlh stumb`s tg suppgrt ta` Krgws` HCI

M`v`hgpe`ct lcm l furta`r $;0 ebhhbgc bs k`bci bcv`st`m bc





;4<<. ]a` k`c`fbt gf elcy gf ta`s` stumb`s tg ta` krglm`r sjb`ctbfbj jgeeucbty bs

mègcstrlt`m ky ta` pukhbjltbgc gf elcy bc ta` r`j`ct Ngurclh gf ta` [gylh Zgjb`ty gf

Y`st rc @cihlcm Zyepgsbue gc Kgurcèguta Elrbc` lcm Jglstlh Zjb`cj . ]abs lcm ta`

gta`r stumb`s talt suppgrt ta` ZL[ wbhh a`hp suppgrt phlccbci lcm elcliè`ct fgrjgcs`rvltbgc ky ta` r`h`vlct li`cjb`s.

]arguia ta` cìgtbltbgc tg gktlbc ]rlmbtbgc Gwc`r jgcs`ct fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt, fucms alv` k` c

elm` lvlbhlkh` tg jr`lt` a`rbtli` lcm jgcs`rvltbgc lr`ls lcm suppgrt elcliè`ct

beprgvè`cts tg ta` clturlh cvbrgce`ct gc ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl suja ls beprgvbci fbr`

elcliè`ct lcm bephè`ctbci w``m lcm p`st jgctrgh prgirles. Bc lmmbtbgc, lcm

bepgrtlcthy, HCI ls lc `c`riy sgurj` gff`rs bepgrtlct ihgklh `cvbrgce`ctlh k`c`fbts ls

fghhgws> HCI bs l hgw-èbssbgc jgcv`ctbgclh fu`h talt wbhh alv` l prgebc`ct rgh` bs a`hpbci

ta` wgrhm trlcsbtbgc tg `c`riy sgurj`s wbta hgw`r ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs.

]a` m`v`hgpe`ct gf Krgws` ils r`sgurj`s wbhh prgvbm` lc lht`rcltbv` tg jglh ls lc `c`riy

sgurj` bc elngr elro`ts suja ls Lsbl. ]a` jgekustbgc gf jglh èbts 14% egr` ir``cagus`

ils p`r ucbt gf `c`riy prgmuj`m talc clturlh ils. Ls w`hh ls ta` lkgv` jgcs rvltbgc gr

`cvbrgce`ct k`c`fbts talt wguhm r`suht frge ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt prgpgslh ta`r` lr` l cuek`r

gf gta`r elngr jgcs`rvltbgc bcbtbltbv`s talt lr` ucm`rwly wabja wbhh prgvbm` sbicbfbjlct

`cvbrgce`ctlh k`c`fbts tg ta` Kgurcèguta. ]a`s` lr` sueelrbs`m bc ]lkh` <.< 'Zueelry

gf Kgurcèguta Jgcs`rvltbgc Bcbtbltbv s'. ]abs tlkh lhsg bcjhum`s hbcos tg sbt`s wa r` egr`

m`tlbh m bcfgreltbgc jlc k` fgucm.

<.;.; @jgcgebj K`c`fbts]a` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt wguhm r`suht bc kbhhbgcs gf mghhlrs gf jlpbtlh bcv`ste`ct,

jr`lt` taguslcms gf ngks lcm prgvbm` gppgrtucbtb`s fgr sp`jblhbst s`rvbj` prgvbm`rs. Bt wguhm

`cjgurli` ta` `stlkhbsae`ct gf bcmustry-fgjus`m trlbcbci, `mujltbgc lcm r`s`lrja bcstbtut`s,

lcm sp`jblhbst rbso elcliè`ct lcm e`ri`cjy r`spgcs` r`sgurj`s bc ta` rìbgc. ]a` prgpgslh

wguhm lhsg prgvbm` sbicbfbjlct `jgcgebj k`c`fbts tg ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup lcm

Y`st Kgurcèguta Bcmbi`cgus jgeeucbtb`s. K`c`fbts tg ta` cltbgc, ta` Ztlt` lcm ta` rìbgc

lrbsbci frge HCI m`v`hgpe`ct wguhm bcjhum >

egc`tlry lcm cgc-egc`tlry k`c`fbts tg ta` rìbst`r`m INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup,

gta`r lff`jt`m cltbv` tbth` jhlbelcts lcm Bcmbi`cgus p`gph`?

prgvbsbgc gf s`rvbj`s tg m`sbic, kubhm lcm elbctlbc prgn`jts wbtabc ta` Tr`jbcjt?

prgvbsbgc gf suppgrt s rvbj`s bcjhumbci (kut cgt hbebt`m tg) jlt rbci, jh`lcbci, pgrt

s`rvbj`s, s`jurbty, `cvbrgce`ctlh elcliè`ct, eljabcbci lcm tgghbci, gffbj` suppgrt

lcm trlcspgrtltbgc?





prgvbsbgc gf ngks targuia ta` èphgye`ct gf jgcstrujtbgc lcm gp`rltbgclh wgro

fgrj`s? ngks lcm jgctrljts lrbsbci frge ta` m`sbic, elcliè`ct lcm jgcstrujtbgc gf

r`hlt`m bcfrlstrujtur` suja ls rglms lcm agus`s?

`xp`cmbtur` lrbsbci frge ta` ngks lcm jgctrljts h`lmbci tg elcy bcmbr`jt k`c fbts?

Ztlt` tlx`s lcm mutb`s lpphybci tg Tr`jbcjt prgn`jts lcm gta`r s`rvbj` jgeplcb`s?

vlrbgus s`rvbj` f``s tg Igv`rce`ct trlmbci `ct`rprbs`s jalri`m wbta elclibci ta`

Tr`jbcjt?

hgjlh igv`rce`ct jalri`s lpphybci tg tags` prgn`jts lcm jgeplcb`s usbci s`rvbj`s?

l salr` gf rgylhtb`s frge m`v`hgp`m ils r`sgurj`s wabja flhh bctg Ztlt` wlt rs?

l salr` gf Iggms lcm Z`rvbj`s ]lx (IZ]) lcm gta`r Jgeegcw`lhta r`v`cu` str`les

talt lrbs` frge tabs prgn`jt? lcm

m`v`hgpe`ct gf fbt -fgr-purpgs` bcfrlstrujtur` bcjhumbci jgeegc-us`r bcfrlstrujtur , l

‘prgn`jt r`lmy― hgjltbgc, lcm jgcsbst`ct elcliè`ct lpprglja tg lttrljt futur`

m`v`hgpe`ct.

Zp`jbfbj `jgcgebj k`c fbts jlc k` qulctbfb`m ls fghhgws>

]a` Krgws` HCI M`v`hgpe`ct bs `xp`jt`m tg jgctrbkut` $04 kbhhbgc tg @cihlcm's

IMT.

Bt bs `stbelt`m tg jgctrbkut` $2 kbhhbgc tg @cihlcm igv`rce`ct r`v`cu` targuia

tlxltbgc plye`cts. 6444 mbr`jt ngks wbhh k` jr`lt`m murbci gcsagr` jgcstrujtbgc, lcm

up tg ;444 murbci gffsagr` jgcstrujtbgc lcm bcstlhhltbgc.

]a` k`c fbts pljoli` fgr Kgurcèguta Bcmbi`cgus p`gph` lir``m wbta ta` INN Cltbv`]bth` Jhlbe Irgup bs wgrta bc `xj`ss gf $<.0 kbhhbgc lcm bcjhum`s trlbcbci,

èphgye`ct, kusbc`ss gppgrtucbtb`s lcm cltbv` tbth` jgep`csltbgc plye`cts.

]a` `stlkhbsae`ct gf l sbcih`, jgeegc-us`r Tr`jbcjt wguhm lhsg r`muj` muphbjltbgc gf

bcfrlstrujtur` suja ls pgrts, ljjgeegmltbgc lcm rglms talt wguhm k` r`qubr`m fgr bcmbvbmulh

‑stlcmlhgc`‒ fljbhbtb`s. ]abs wguhm gff`r `jgcgebj `ffbjb`cjb`s tg prgpgc`cts, wabh` r`mujbci

ta` m`v`hgpe`ct fggtprbct ‚ taus hbebtbci ta` pgt`ctblh mbsturklcj` tg cvbrgce`ctlh, juhturlh

lcm a`rbtli` vlhu`s. L jgeegc-us`r Tr`jbcjt wguhm lhsg clkh` l jggrmbclt`m lcm jgcsbst`ct

lpprglja tg> elcliè`ct gf pgt`ctblh `cvbrgce`ctlh, a`rbtli` lcm sgjblh bepljts?

egcbtgrbci gf jueuhltbv` ff jts? lcm lumbtbci lcm jgctrgh e`jalcbses.





<.;.: Zgjblh K`c`fbts

]a` jgcgebj lcm sgjblh bepljts lcm k`c`fbts lr` jhgs`hy r`hlt`m. Elcliè`ct strltìb`s suja

ls ta` Y`st Kgurcèguta Bcmustry Tlrtbjbpltbgc Bcbtbltbv` wbhh `cjgurli` lcm suppgrt hgjlh kusbc`ss`s bc prgjurbci supphb`s lcm s rvbj`s fgr ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt. ]abs wbhh a hp mbv`rsbfy

ta` Y`st Kgurcèguta jgcgey lcm cjgurli` egr` sgjblhhy sustlbclkh` jgeeucbtb`s. ]a`

jgeebte`cts ky ta` Ztlt` lcm Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct wbta r`sp`jt tg trlbcbci gf hgjlh

wgro`rs, Bcmbi`cgus èphgye`ct tlri`ts lcm jgctrljtbci, wbhh elo` l pgsbtbv` jgctrbkutbgc

tg jhgsbci ta` ilp fgr s`jtgrs gf ta` jgeeucbty talt lr` jurr`cthy sgjblhhy mbslmvlctli`m.

]a` gp`rltbgcs pals` gf ta` Tr`jbcjt wbhh krbci c`w flebhb`s tg ta` Y`st Kgurcèguta,

`sp`jblhhy tg Krgge`. ]a` lmmbtbgc gf c`w r`sbm`cts lcm bcjr`ls`m `jgcgebj vbigur wbhh

beprgv` ta` tlxply`r rlt` kls` lcm `clkh` ir`lt`r hgjlh igv`rce`ct bcv`ste`ct bc jgeeucbty

fljbhbtb`s lcm s`rvbj`s. ]a` jr`ltbgc gf l KHCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh prgvbm` bcjr`ls`m j`rtlbcty fgrta` jgeeucbty wbta r`sp`jt tg ta` futur` m`v`hgpe`ct gf HCI fljbhbtb`s bc ta` Kgurcèguta.

Ls plrt gf ta` Krgws` (Hlcm) Lir`è`ct k`tw``c ta` Ztlt` lcm ta` Igghlrlkgghgg Nlkbrr

Nlkbrr T`gph`s, ta` Ztlt` als jgeebtt`m tg cgt gp`rltbci, lutagrbsbci gr p`rebttbci ta`

gp`rltbgc gf lcy ils prgj`ssbci fljbhbtb`s lhgci ta` Kgurcèguta Jglsthbc` gta`r talc lt ta`

KHCI Tr`jbcjt.

<.;.= K`c`fbts tg ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs

]a` Ztlt` lcm Yggmsbm` jgeebte`cts bc ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct lcm

[ìbgclh K`c fbts Lir`è`ct wbhh lssbst bc str`cita`cbci Bcmbi`cgus jgeeucbtb`s bc ta` Y st

Kgurcèguta lcm ta` [ìbgc. ]a` lir`è`cts stlkhbsa l ucbqu` lcm jgeprà`csbv` rìbe`

gf k`c`fbts kgta fgr ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup lcm Bcmbi`cgus jgeeucbtb`s ljrgss

ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl lcm ta` wbm`r Kgurcèguta rìbgc. K`c fbts lr` vlhu`m lt egr` talc

$<.0 kbhhbgc gv`r l :4 y`lr p`rbgm lcm wbhh bcjhum`>

fucms fgr l Kgurcèguta [`lmbci [`jgv ry Trgirle?

r`fgre gf Bcmbi`cgus hlcm t`cur` gc ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl tg lhhgw fgr age`

gwc`rsabp lcm jr`lt` jgcgebj m`v hgpe`ct gppgrtucbtb`s?

fucms tg `stlkhbsa kusbc`ss s lcm bcv`ste`ct?

fucms fgr ngbct v`ctur s?

fucms fgr ta` kubhmbci gf age`s fgr INN lcm gta`r Bcmbi`cgus p`gph ? fucms fgr trlbcbci

lcm mujltbgc bcbtbltbv`s?

hlcm fgr agusbci lcm kusbc`ss s?

mbr`jt ephgye`ct targuia ta` jgcstrujtbgc lcm gp`rltbgc gf ta` Tr`jbcjt?

bcmbr`jt ephgye`ct targuia kusbc`ss s elbctlbcbci lcm s`rvbjbci ta` Tr`jbcjt?

Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct (Tgrt Lutagrbty lcm HlcmJgrp) lcm prgpgc`ct trlbcbci prgirles?





Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct (Tgrt Lutagrbty lcm HlcmJgrp) lcm prgpgc`ct èphgye`ct

gkhbiltbgcs lcm tlri`ts?

jgctrljt lcm t`cm rbci gppgrtucbtb`s fgr INN kusbc`ss s?

fucms tg suppgrt, prgegt` lcm prgt`jt Lkgrbibclh juhtur` lcm a`rbtli` bc ta`

Kgurcèguta?

fucms fgr ta` jr`ltbgc lcm ngbct elcliè`ct gf jgcs`rvltbgc lr`ls wbta ta` Ztlt`

Igv`rce`ct (M`plrte`ct gf @cvbrgce`ct lcm Jgcs`rvltbgc (M@J))?

fucms tg suppgrt ta` trlbcbci gf eèk`rs gf ta` Cltbv` ]bth` jhlbe irgup ls Bcmbi`cgus

[lci`rs tg `cili` bc `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm juhturlh a`rbtli` egcbtgrbci lt ta` HCI

Tr`jbcjt lcm bts surrgucms? lcm

ta` Ztlt` fucmbci jgepgc`ct gf $;06 ebhhbgc bcjhum`s l Kgurcèguta @calcjè`ct

Zjaè` wabja wbhh bcv`st bc Bcmbi`cgus sgjblh prgirles.





Bcmbvbmulh qu stbgcs lcm m`tlbh`m r`spgcs`s lr` jgctlbc`m bc Lpp`cmbx L. ]a`y lr` grilcb s m

ky tgpbj, i`c`rlhhy bc hbc` wbta ta` strujtur` gf ta` ZL[, wbta xj`ptbgcs ls cgt`m k`hgw>

Tlrt <> @x`jutbv` Zueelry _\u`stbgcs talt w`r` rlbs`m wbta r`sp`jt tg ta` @x`jutbv`Zueelry (Tlrt <) w`r` r`-lhhgjlt`m tg jgrr`spgcmbci s`jtbgcs bc Tlrts ; tg 9 sg talt

plrtbjuhlr fljtgrs gr tgpbjs wguhm k` irgup`m tgi`ta`r, fgr ls gf clvbiltbgcU?

Tlrt ;> Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Trgj`ss _cgt`> tabs jltìgry gf qu`stbgcs wls r`-cle`m

I`c`rlh/Tghbjy‒ tg jgv`r lcy cgc-stumb`s r`hlt`m qu`stbgcs cgt jlptur`m `hs`wa`rÙ?

Tlrt :> @cvbrgce`ctlh Lss sse`ct ‚ Elrbc` Bepljts?

Tlrt => @cvbrgce`ctlh Lss sse`ct ‚ ]`rr`strblh Bepljts?

Tlrt 0> Zgjblh lcm A`rbtli` Lss sse`ct?

Tlrt 6> Jgeegcw`lhta Eltt rs? lcm Tlrt 9> Zupphè`ctlh Egm`hhbci Ztumb`s.

@lja qu`stbgc wls rbigrgushy lclhyz`m ky l t`le gf sp`jblhbsts lcm l r`spgcs` pr`plr`m gc

kàlhf gf ta` Trgpgc`ct. Gv`r <;44 qu`stbgcs w`r` rlbs`m frge ta` bcmbvbmulhhy rìbst`r`m

sukebssbgcs lcm ta` prgfgrel sukebssbgcs. Lc gv`rvb`w gf o`y bssu`s rlbs`m bc `lja gf ta`

elbc jltìgrb`s (pr`s`ct`m bc suks`qu`ct s`jtbgcs bc tabs Zueelry [`pgrt) bs prgvbm`m bc

]lkh` <.: 'Gv`rvb`w gf O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m bc Zukebssbgcs'. Lmmbtbgclhhy, Fbiur` <.<

'Mbstrbkutbgc gf Bssu`s [lbs`m' bhhustrlt`s ta` cuek`r gf qu`stbgcs rlbs`m wbta r`sp`jt tg lja

tgpbj, fgr lhh sukebssbgcs.





<.= Mgjue`ct Ztrujtur`

]a` rèlbcm`r gf tabs mgjue`ct jgctlbcs ta` fghhgwbci s`jtbgcs>

Z`jtbgc ; 'Elcliè`ct [`spgcs`'prgvbm`s l m`sjrbptbgc gf ta` strltìbj lss`sse`ct prgj`ss

lcm r`h`vlct hìbshltbv` frle`wgro ucm`rpbccbci ta` prgj`ss lt kgta l Ztlt` lcm F`m`rlh h`v h,

bcjhumbci ta` M`rbv`m Trgpgslh Trgj`ss. Lc guthbc` gf bssu`s r`hltbci tg igv`rclcj` lcm

elcliè`ct phlcs bs prgvbm`m. L m`sjrbptbgc gf hlcm ljj`ss lcm bcfgre`m jgcs ct bs lhsg

guthbc`m.

Z`jtbgc : 'Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct Trgj`ss' prgvbm`s lc gv`rvb`w gf ta` stloàghm`r prgj`ss

ucm`rtlo`c, guthbcbci kgta plst `ciliè`ct ljtbvbtb`s lcm phlcc`m futur` `ciliè`ct

strltìb`s.

Z`jtbgc = 'O`y ]aè`s lcm [`spgcs` tg Bssu`s [lbs`m' sueelrbs`s ta` o`y taè`s lcmjgeegc jgcj`rcs talt alv` e`ri`m frge ta` sukebssbgcs r`j bv`m. Zge` gf ta s` jgcj`rcs

lr` r`h`vlct lt ta` i`c`rlh prgn`jt lcm pghbjy h`v`h, wabh` gta`rs lpphy tg ta` t`jacbjlh m`tlbh

gf ta` lss`sse`ct prgj`ss.

Z`jtbgc 0 'Jueuhltbv @cvbrgce`ctlh Bepljts' sueelrbs`s ta` jueuhltbv` lss`sse`ct

prgj`ss, jgcmujt`m bc grm`r tg sycta`sbs` ta` sujj`ssbv`, bcjrè`ctlh lcm jgekbc`m bepljts

gf Jltìgry L ljtbvbtb`s.

Z`jtbgc 6 'Trgpgs`m Jalci`s tg Jgeebte`cts bc ta` ZL[' sueelrbs`s ta` prgpgs`m

jalci`s tg jgeebte`cts bc ta` ZL[, wabja alv` lrbs`c targuia ta` pukhbj r`vb`w prgj`ss.

Z`jtbgc 9 '[`f`r`cj`s', bcjhumbci frge kgta Zueelry [`pgrt lcm Lpp`cmbx L. ]a`

fghhgwbci Lcc`xur`s prgvbm` furta`r m`tlbhs lcm suppgrtbci elt`rblh tg ta` bcfgreltbgc

pr`s`ct`m bc tabs mgjue`ct>

'Lcc`xur` < - Bcm`x gf \u`stbgcs lcm Lcsw`rs bc Lpp`cmbx L' prgvbm`s l jgeph`t` ]lkh`

gf Jgct`cts gf lhh qu`stbgcs lcm lcsw rs, sgrt`m ky tgpbj.

'Lcc`xur` ; - Cltbv` ]bth` Mgjue`ctltbgc' m`tlbhs ta` Cltbv` ]bth` bcfgreltbgc r`h`vlct tg

ta` Tr`jbcjt.

'Lcc`xur` : - Igv`rclcj` lcm @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Jgeebte`cts (ls p`rBcmbi`cgus

Lir`è`cts)' prgvbm`s l sueelry gf ta` Igv`rclcj` lcm @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct

bssu`s ls m`sjrbk`m bc ta` Bcmbi`cgus Lir`è`cts.

'Lcc`xur` = - Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s' jgctlbcs l cuek`r gf tlkh`s m`tlbhbci ta`

`cvbrgce`ctlh lcm sgjblh





strltìb`s lcm phlcs fgr ta` prgn`jt.

'Lcc`xur` 0 - Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl Thlccbci Ztrltìy' prgvbm`s furta`r kljoirgucm lcm

jurr`ct stltus gf phlccbci fgr ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl.

'Lcc`xur` 6 - Irgucmwlt`r M`p`cm`ct @jgsystè [`vb w' pr`s`cts lc lpprlbslh gf ta`

Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct egcsggc vbc` tabjo`t lcm mrlbcli` klsbc vì`tltbgc wlt`r m`p`cm`cj .

'Lcc`xur` 9 - LZBL [`jgee`cmltbgcs' prgvbm`s l jgcsghbmlt`m tlkh` gf lhh LZBL

r`jgee`cmltbgcs lcm agw ta`y lr` lmmr`ss`m.

'Lcc`xur` 1 - Jueuhltbv` @cvbrgce`ctlh Bepljts' guthbc`s ta` e`tagmghgiy talt als k``c

bephè`ct`m tg m`t`rebc` pgt`ctblh jueuhltbv` bepljts lssgjblt`m wbta Jltìgry L

ljtbvbtb`s. L jgcsghbmlt`m hbst gf qu`stbgcs lcm lcsw`rs bs prgvbm`m bc Lpp`cmbx L, sgrt`m ky

tgpbj.

; Elcliè`ct [`spgcs`

;.< ]a` Ztrlt ibj Lss`sse`ct Trgj`ss

]a` Igv`rce`ct gf Y`st`rc @cihlcm `ct`r`m bctg lc lir`è`ct wbta ta` Jgeegcw`lhta

Igv`rce`ct tg ucm`rtlo` l Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc. L Ztrltìbj

Lss`sse`ct Lir`è`ct wls `stlkhbsa`m ucm`r Z`jtbgc <=6(<) gf ta` @TKJ Ljt. Bt prgvbm`s

fgr ta` lss`sse`ct gf bepljts gf ljtbgcs ucm`r ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc fgr l jgeegc-us`r HCI

pr`jbcjt gc lhh eltt`rs prgt`jt`m ky Tlrt : gf ta` @TKJ Ljt lcm bs bct`cm`m tg e``t ta`

prgvbsbgcs gf Z`jtbgc :1 gf ta` @T Ljt, targuia l jgcjurr`ct lcm jghhlkgrltbv` prgj`ss.

]a` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct prgj`ss, ucm`r ta` @TKJ Ljt, lhhgws ta` Jgeegcw`lhta Ebcbst r

fgr Zustlbclkbhbty @cvbrgce`ct Ylt`r Tgpuhltbgc lcm Jgeeucbtb`s (Jgeegcw`lhta

Ebcbst`r ) tg `cmgrs` l Tr`jbcjt Thlc fghhgwbci l strltìbj lss`sse`ct lcm lhsg tg lpprgv`

"jhlss`s gf ljtbgcs" talt lr` ucm`rtlo`c bc ljjgrmlcj` wbta ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc.

]a` lss`sse`ct prgj`ss ucm`r ta` Ztlt` @T Ljt lhhgws fgr ta` lss`sse`ct gf strltìbj

prgpgslhs. Ebcbst`rblh lpprgvlh gf l strltìbj prgpgslh m`fbc`s ta` bephè`ctltbgc jgcmbtbgcs

wabja wbhh k` lpphb`m tg futur` prgpgslhs bm`ctbfb`m bc ta` strltìbj prgpgslh. L futur` prgpgslhbm`ctbfb`m bc l strltìbj prgpgslh jlc k` m`jhlr`m l m`rbv`m prgpgslh ky ta` @cvbrgce`ctlh

Trgt`jtbgc Lutagrbty (@TL) lcm, suks`qu`cthy, ta` @TL bs cgt r`qubr`m tg lss`ss ta` prgpgslh.

Gcj` m`jhlr`m, ta` Ztlt` Ebcbst`r fgr ta` @cvbrgce`ct (Ztlt` Ebcbst`r ) ely, ky wrbtt`c

cgtbj`, bcmbjlt` wabja gf ta` bephè`ctltbgc jgcmbtbgcs (bf lcy) lpphy tg ta` m`rbv`m prgpgslh.





Fgr kgta prgj`ss`s bt saguhm k` cgt`m talt, ls tabs strltìbj lss`sse`ct jgv`rs ta` bepljt gf

euhtbph` prgpgc`cts gv r l sbicbfbjlct tbe`sjlh , ta`r` wbhh k` bca`r`ct ucj`rtlbctb`s bc jh`lrhy

lrtbjuhltbci gutjge`s lcm ta` egst lpprgprblt` lcm `ff`jtbv` ebtbiltbgc, elcliè`ct lcm

gffs`t e`lsur`s. ]a` ZL[ elo`s jgcs`rvltbv` lssueptbgcs tg guthbc` ta` ‘wgrst-jls`― bepljt

`cv`hgp`s sg talt ta`s` ucj rtlbctb`s wbhh k` lmmr`ss`m hlt`r targuia ta` ucm`rtlobci gf furta`r

`cvbrgce`ctlh surv`ys lcm egcbtgrbci, vlrbgus i`gt`jacbjlh bcv stbiltbgcs lcm targuia ta`

lmvlcjè`ct gf `cibc``rbci m`sbic ky bcmbvbmulh prgpgc`cts.

;.<.< Jgeegcw`lhta Igv`rce`ct @TKJ Ljt Lpprgvlhs Trgj`ss

]a` Tr`jbcjt Thlc wguhm `clkh` prgj`ssbci gf ta` Krgws` Klsbc ils r`s`rv`s lt l sbcih`

hgjltbgc lcm fgr jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts tg utbhbs` fbt-fgr-purpgs` bcfrlstrujtur` bcjhumbci

jgeegc-us`r bcfrlstrujtur`. ]a` bephè`ctltbgc gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc lhsg prgvbm`s j rtlbcty

tg futur` jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts talt ta`r` bs l ‘prgn`jt r`lmy― hgjltbgc wa`r` ta`

`stlkhbsae`ct gf HCI fljbhbtb`s wguhm k` str`lehbc`m. Gta`r k`c`fbts talt wguhm fhgw frge

ta` bephè`ctltbgc gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc bcjhum`> ta` jgcj`ctrltbgc gf HCI m`v`hgpe`ct bc

gc` phlj` r`mujbci gv`rlhh `cvbrgce`ctlh bepljt? jggrmbclt`m lcm jgcsbst`ct `cvbrgce`ctlh

elcliè`ct? lcm `calcj`m `jgcgebj lcm sgjblh k`c`fbts fgr ta` Kgurcèguta [ìbgc lcm

fgr Y`st`rc @cihlcm.

]a` Tr`jbcjt Thlc fgr ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt bs sukn`jt tg strltìbj `cvbrgce`ctlh bepljt

lss`sse`ct ucm`r ta` prgvbsbgcs gf ta` @TKJ Ljt, kls`m gc ta` pgssbkbhbty talt ta`

bephè`ctltbgc gf ljtbgcs ucm`r ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc ely lmv`rs`hy lff`jt eltt`rs gf Cltbgclh

@cvbrgce`ctlh Zbicbfbjlcj` (C@Z). ]a` o y st`ps gf ta` @TKJ Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct prgj`ss

lr` ls fghhgws>

<. Ztrlt ibj Lss`sse`ct Lir`è`ct> ]a` ta`c Jgeegcw`lhta Ebcbst`r trbii`r`m l Ztrltìbj

Lss`sse`ct ucm`r ta` @TKJ Ljt ky fgrebci l Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Lir`è`ct wbta ta`

lutagrbty r`spgcsbkh` fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc (bc tabs jls` ta` Y`st`rc @cihlcmc Ztlt`

Igv`rce`ct) tg ucm`rtlo` lc lss`sse`ct pursulct tg s<=6. ]a` lir`è`ct lhsg m`tlbh`m ta`

r`qubrè`cts fgr ta` lss`sse`ct gf bepljts ucm`r gta`r hìbshltbgc? bc tabs jls` ta` @T Ljt.

]a` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Lir`è`ct bcjhum`m `cmgrsè`ct jrbt`rbl talt s`t gut walt ta`

Ebcbst`r eust jgcsbm`r wa`c `cmgrsbci ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc.

;. ]`res gf [`f r`cj`> Kls`m gc ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Lir`è`ct, ]`res gf [`f`r`cj`

w`r` mrlft`m tg m`tlbh walt bcfgreltbgc eust k` jgctlbc`m bc ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct. ]a`

]`res gf [`f`r`cj` w`r` fbclhbz`m bc Nuhy ;441 (MZM, ;4<4j? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx L-:).

:. Tr`plrltbgc lcm fbclhbsltbgc gf ta` ZL[> ]a` mrlft ZL[ (Tlrt < tg 6) wls r`h`ls`m fgr l

<0 w`ò (bcbtblhhy <; w`òs kut hlt`r `xt`cm`m) pukhbj r`vb`w p`rbgm frge Egcmly <:





M`j`ek`r ;4<4. Ls r`qubr`m ky ta` @TL, supph`e`ctlry bcfgreltbgc (Tlrt 9) wls r`h`ls`m

gc <= F`krulry ;4<<.





L m`tlbh`m Zjgp` gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct (ZgZL) wls `cmgrs`m ky ta` @TL gc <

M`jèk`r ;442 wbta r`f`r`cj` tg ta` Tr`flj` talt wls prgvbm`m ky MZM tg jhlrbfy ta` purpgs

gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct lcm ta` bcfgreltbgc `xp`jtltbgcs lt `lja stli` gf ta` lpprgvlhs

prgj`ss (r`f`r tg MZM, ;4<4l? MZM ;4<4k).

]a` ZL[ wls pr`plr`m bc ljjgrmlcj` wbta ta` ZgZL lcm ]`res gf [`f`r`cj , lcm bcjhum m

l strltìbj h`v h bepljt lss`sse`ct gf cvbrgce`ctlh, a`rbtli` lcm sgjblh fljtgrs, l m`sjrbptbgc

gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc (tg k` `cmgrs`m ucm`r ta` @TKJ Ljt), ta` bm`ctbfbjltbgc gf futur`

prgpgslhs (tg k` lpprgv`m ucm`r ta` @T Ljt), lcm ta` Trgpgc`ct‒s vb`w gc mrlft jgcmbtbgcs

talt ely k` lpphb`m tg lcy futur` prgpgslh talt ta` @TL ely m`jhlr` tg k` m`rbv`m. ]a` ZL[

wls sukn`jt tg l <0-w`ò pukhbj r`vb`w p`rbgm frge Egcmly <: M`jèk`r ;4<4 lcm

sukebssbgcs w`r` r`j`bv`m frge Igv`rce`ct Li`cjb`s, CIGs lcm ta` pukhbj murbci tabs

p`rbgm. ]abs mgjue`ct guthbc`s ta` Trgpgc`ct's [`spgcs` tg Zukebssbgcs lcm ta` egmbfbjltbgc

gf ta` prgpgslh lcm elcliè`ct r`qubrè`cts tg k` r`fh`jt`m bc lcy lpprgvlhs, wa`r`

c`j sslry. Ya`c ta` [`spgcs` tg Zukebssbgcs lcm r`h vlct plrts gf ta` ZL[ lr` ljj`pt`m ky

ta` @TL, ta` @TL wbhh ta`c pr`plr` l r`pgrt guthbcbci bts lss`sse`ct lcm lcy r`jgee`cm m

jgcmbtbgcs.

L p`rsgc wag mbslir``s wbta ta` jgct`ct lcm/gr r`jgee`cmltbgcs bc ta` @TL lss`sse`ct

r`pgrt ely hgmi` lc lpp`lh wbta ta` YL Ebcbst`r fgr ta` @cvbrgce`ct wbtabc <= mlys gf ta`

r`h`ls gf ta` @TL r`pgrt. ]a` Ebcbst`r wbhh vlhult` ta` e`rbt gf ta` lpp`lhs lcm jgcsuht wbta

m`jbsbgc-elobci lutagrbtb s gc wa ta`r ta` strltìbj prgpgslh ely k` bephè`ct`m lcm bf sg,

walt jgcmbtbgcs saguhm k` lpphb`m. Bf ta`r` bs lir`è`ct talt ta` prgpgslh jlc k`

bephè`ct`m, ta` Ebcbst`r wbhh bssu` l stltè`ct talt ta` strltìbj prgpgslh ely k`

bephè`ct`m lcm ta` Ebcbst`r wbhh pr`sjrbk` ta` bephè`ctltbgc jgcmbtbgcs tg k` lpphb`m.

Fghhgwbci tabs l prgpgc`ct fgr prgn`jts wbtabc ta` Tr`jbcjt bs lkh` tg sukebt l m`rbv`m

prgpgslh. M`tlbhs gf tabs prgj`ss lr` prgvbm`m bc ta` c`xt s jtbgc. Bt saguhm k` cgt`m talt ucm r

ta` @T Ljt, sgjblh lcm `jgcgebj fljtgrs mg cgt fgre plrt gf ta` fgrelh lss sse`ct lcm lr`

taus cgt pr`sjrbk`m bc ta` m`rbv`m lpprgvlhs prgj`ss.

;.; M`rbv`m Trgpgslh Trgj`ss

Zukn`jt tg lc lpprgvlh m`jbsbgc fgr ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt strltìbj prgpgslh, jgee`rjblh

gp`rltgrs ely r`f`r ta`br m`v`hgpe`ct prgpgslh tg ta` @TL, ucm`r Z`jtbgc :1 gf ta` @T Ljt,r`qu`stbci talt ta`br prgpgslh k` m`jhlr`m l m`rbv`m prgpgslh (b.`. m`rbv`m frge l strltìbj

prgpgslh) ucm`r Z`jtbgc :2K.

Ya`c l prgpgslh bs r`f`rr`m wbta l r`qu`st ky ta` prgpgc`ct fgr bt tg k` m`rbv`m, ta` @TL wbhh

m`jhlr` bt ls l m`rbv`m prgpgslh bf>





]a` prgpgslh wls bm`ctbfb`m bc ta` strltìbj prgpgslh talt als k``c lss`ss`m ky ta`

@TL.

L m`jbsbgc wls elm` talt ta` strltìbj prgpgslh jguhm k` bephè`ct`m.

]a` @TL ely jaggs` tg cgt m`jhlr` ta` prgpgslh m`rbv`m bf>

]a` `cvbrgce`ctlh bssu s rlbs`m alv` cgt k``c lm`qult`hy lmmr`ss`m.

]a`r` bs sbicbfbjlct c`w gr lmmbtbgclh bcfgreltbgc talt nustbfb`s r`lss`sse`ct gf ta`

bssu`s rlbs`m ky ta` prgpgslh.

]a`r` als k``c l sbicbfbjlct jalci` bc ta` r`h`vlct `cvbrgce`ctlh fljtgrs sbcj` ta`

strltìbj prgpgslh wls lss`ss`m (@TL ;4<4l).

Bf ta` @TL m`jhlr`s ta` r`f`rr`m prgpgslh tg k` l m`rbv`m prgpgslh, ta`r` wbhh k` cg furta`r

lss`sse`ct ky ta` @TL, lhtaguia ta` @TL ely r`jgee`cm jalci`s tg jgcmbtbgcs tg lpphy

tg l m`rbv`m prgpgslh. ]a` @TL wbhh ta`c pukhbjhy r`jgrm ta` m`jhlrltbgc lcm cgtbfy ta` Ztlt

Ebcbst`r gf bts m`jbsbgc. ]a` Ztlt` Ebcbst`r ely ta`c lpphy r`h`vlct bephè`ctltbgc

jgcmbtbgcs (ls pukhbsa`m bc ta` Ztltè`ct fgr ta` strltìbj prgpgslh) tg ta` m`rbv`m prgpgslh

lcm bssu` l cgtbj` talt tabs prgpgslh ely k` bephè`ct`m, sukn`jt tg ta`s` jgcmbtbgcs, ucm r

Z`jtbgc =0L gf ta` @T Ljt.

Lt tabs stli` ta` Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup (s`` Z`jtbgc ;.: 'Igv`rclcj` Bssu`s') wguhm lhsg

egcbtgr ta` p`rfgrelcj` gf ta` r`h vlct cgc-`cvbrgce`ctlh r`qubrè`cts ls bm`ctbfb`m bc ta`

Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljt Elcliè`ct Thlcs (s`` 'Lcc`xur` = - Elcliè`ct

Ztrltìb`s') fgr bephè`ctltbgc ky ta` prgpgc`ct gf ta` m`rbv`m prgpgslh. ]a` m`rbv`m

prgpgslh m`jbsbgc prgj`ss bs sueelrbs`m bc Fbiur` ;.; 'M`rbv`m Trgpgslh M`jbsbgc Trgj ss

Fhgw Mblirle'. ]a` prgj`ss als k``c bm`ctbfb`m frge ta` @T Ljt lcm ;4<4 Lmebcbstrltbgc

Trgj`mur`s (@TL ;4<4k) fghhgwbci jgcsuhtltbgc wbta ta` Gffbj` gf @cvbrgce`ct Trgt`jtbgc

Lutagrbty (G@TL). Ztloàghm`rs wguhm k` `cili`m bc ta` prgj`ss gf m`v hgpbci ta` m`rbv`m

prgpgslh, prbgr tg ta` stltutgry 9 mly pukhbj jgee`ct p`rbgm. L jgeebte`ct als k``c elm`

tg r`qubr` ta` prgpgc`cts gf m`rbv`m prgpgslhs tg jgcsuhtwbta stloàghm`rs bcjhumbci walt ta`

@TL jgcsbm`rs ls M`jbsbgc-elobci Lutagrbtb`s (MELs) lcm Bct`r`st`m Tlrtb`s (BTs) murbci

ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf m`rbv`m prgpgslhs lcm lssgjblt`m elcliè`ct phlcs





;.: Igv`rclcj` Bssu`s

]a` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt igv`rclcj` strujtur` s`ts gut agw m`jbsbgcs rìlrmbci ta` Tr`jbcjt

wbhh k` elm` gv`r bts hbf` jyjh . ]a` igv`rclcj` strujtur` wbhh>

@stlkhbsa jh`lr hbc`s gf r`spgcsbkbhbty lcm r`pgrtbci fgr ta` elcliè`ct gf bepljts

bcjhumbci ta` pr`plrltbgc lcm bephè`ctltbgc gf elcliè`ct phlcs tg e``t Ztrltìbj

Lss sse`ct jgeebte`cts lcm rìuhltgry lpprgvlhs gkhbiltbgcs.

@ffbjb`cthy lcm `ff`jtbv`hy jggrmbclt` ta` `ffgrts gf ta` r`h`vlct Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct

li`cjb`s lcm Zbt` Elcli`rs bc ljab`vbci ta` Tr`jbcjt ‒s gkn`jtbv`s bcjhumbci

elxbebzbci ta` m`hbv`ry gf k`c`fbts lcm gppgrtucbtb`s lrbsbci frge ta` Tr`jbcjt.

Trgvbm` mbr`jtbgc tg lcy prgpgc`cts wbsabci tg `stlkhbsa lt ta` Tr`jbcjt ls tg ta`br

r`spgcsbkbhbtb`s lcm Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct r`qubrè`cts. Egcbtgr ta` Tr`jbcjt‒s bepljts

gv`r bts hbf` jyjh`, jgcsbm`r lcm elo` r`jgee`cmltbgcs lkgut lmnuste`cts tg

elcliè`ct e`lsur`s.

Trgvbm` l e`jalcbse fgr lmmr`ssbci lcy bepljts talt ely è`ri` wabja lr` cgt

jurr`cthy ta` fgjus gf elcliè`ct phlcs (egcbtgrbci, r`pgrtbci, jgephblcj`, lmlptbv`

elcliè`ct).

Trgvbm` jh`lr pgbcts gf jgctljt fgr bssu`s rlbs`m ky stloàghm`rs bcjhumbci hgjlh

jgeeucbtb`s, ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs, Zbt` Elcli`rs lcm lssgjblt`m Tr`jbcjt us`rs, lcm

rìuhltgry li`cjb`s.

Bcfgre ta` pukhbj gf ta` stltus gf ta` Tr`jbcjt lcm ta` r`suhts gf bepljt egcbtgrbci

bcjhumbci lcy sbicbfbjlct jalci`s tg elcliè`ct e`lsur`s.

;.:.< Bssu`s [lbs`m

L cuek`r gf sukebssbgcs alv` rlbs`m jgcj`rcs wbta r`sp`jt tg lsp`jts gf igv`rclcj`

lrrlciè`cts ls prgpgs`m bc ta` mrlft ZL[. ]a`s` jgcj`rcs typbjlhhy r`hlt` tg ta` h`v`h gf

r`pr`s`ctltbgc gc vlrbgus jgeebtt``s bc ta` strujtur` lcm ta` lkbhbty gf r`pr`s`ctltbv`s tg

bcfhu`cj` gutjge`s. Zbcj` ta` pukhbjltbgc gf ta` mrlft ZL[, furta`r jgeebte`cts alv` k``c

ibv`c tg ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup talt ta`y wguhm alv` r`pr`s`ctltbgc bc lhh Krgws`

Tr`jbcjt gv`rsbiat irgups ls sp`jbfb`m bc Z`jtbgc ;.:.: 'Trgpgs`m Igv`rclcj` Ztrujtur`'.

;.:.; Tr`vbgus Igv`rclcj` Egm`h

]a` mrlft ZL[ prgpgs`m l igv`rclcj` strujtur` gv`rs``c ky l Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup (TJI)

r`pgrtbci mbr`jthy tg ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct ls ta` r`pr`s`ctltbv` gf ta` Tr`jbcjt

Trgpgc`ct. ]a` TJI, jgcsbstbci gf





MZM, HlcmJgrp lcm Krgge` Tgrt Lutagrbty (KrTL), r`pr`s`cts ta` o`y Ztlt` li`cjb`s wbta

mbr`jt r`spgcsbkbhbty fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt. Pcm`r talt strujtur`, tar`` furta`r jgeebtt``s wguhm

alv` r`pgrt`m tg ta` TJI> l Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt`` (ZEJ) ‚ r`spgcsbkh` fgr wgrobci

wbta stloàghm`rs, bcjhumbci jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts, Igv`rce`ct M`plrte`cts lcm]rlmbtbgclh Gwc rs, tg `csur` sgjblh elcliè`ct phlcs lcm strltìb`s lr` bephè`ct`m lcm

lmlpt`m ls c`j sslry? lc Gp`rltbgcs Jggrmbcltbgc Jgeebtt` (GJJ) ‚ r`spgcsbkh` fgr ta`

bephè`ctltbgc gf `cvbrgce`ctlh elcliè`ct phlcs (@ETs)? lcm l Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct

Jgeebtt`` (TEJ) ‚ `stlkhbsa`m ucm`r ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct wbta

]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs tg fljbhbtlt` lcy ljtbgcs ucm`r ta` lir`è`ct bcjhumbci juhturlh a`rbtli ,

`cvbrgce`ctlh elcliè`ct, lcm ephgye`ct lcm trlbcbci gkhbiltbgcs.

;.:.: Trgpgs`m Igv`rclcj` Ztrujtur`Bt als lhsg k``c gks`rv`m talt ta`r` bs l h`v`h gf muphbjltbgc bephbjbt bc ta` pr`vbgushy prgpgs m

strujtur`. L sbephbfb`m strujtur` bs cgw `cvbsli`m bc r`spgcs` tg ta` sukebssbgcs r`j`bv`m ls

m`sjrbk`m bc Fbiur` ;.: 'Trgpgs`m Igv`rclcj` Ztrujtur`'.





Bc r`spgcs` tg ta` rlci` gf f``mkljo bc sukebssbgcs bc r`hltbgc tg ta` fucjtbgc lcm strujtur`

gf ta` prgpgs`m Tr`jbcjt elcliè`ct frle`wgro prgpgs`m bc ta` mrlft ZL[, ta` fghhgwbci

jhlrbfbjltbgcs lcm egmbfbjltbgcs lr` cgw prgpgs`m fgr ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt igv`rclcj`

strujtur`> ]a` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct bs ta` Trgpgc`ct fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt lcm bsr`spgcsbkh` fgr ta` bephè`ctltbgc gf ta` @T Ljt lcm @TKJ Ljt lpprgvlhs fgr ta` Ztrltìbj

Lss sse`ct. ]a` Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup wbhh k` `stlkhbsa`m targuia Ebcbst`rblh mbr`jtbv` ky

ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v hgpe`ct tg fgrelhbs` bts jlpljbty tg r`pr`s`ct ta` Trgpgc`ct.

]a` Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup wbhh r`pgrt lcm elo` r`jgee`cmltbgcs gc prgpgs`m ljtbvbtb s

r`hlt`m tg ta` Tr`jbcjt tg Jlkbc`t targuia ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct gc ta`

bephè`ctltbgc gf ta` Tr`jbcjt m`v hgpe`ct. ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs (INN) wbhh k` r`pr`s`ct`m

gc lhh Jgeebtt``s - cgtlkhy ta` Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup. ]abs `csur`s ta` ljtbv` `ciliè`ct

lcm r`spgcsbkbhbty fgr r`jgee`cmltbgcs bc r`jgicbtbgc gf ta` ]rlmbtbgclh

Gwc`rs' stltus ls justgmblcs gf ta` hlcm. Bt lhsg bctrgmuj`s l mbr`jt hbc` gf jgeeucbjltbgc

wbta ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct ls ta` Trgpgc`ct. ]a` strujtur` wbhh lhsg cgw k`

sbephbfb`m targuia ta` règvlh gf ta` Gp`rltbgcs Jggrmbcltbgc Jgeebtt`` wabja r`fh jts l

rbso gf muphbjltbgc lcm gv`rhlp wbta ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``.

Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup

]a` Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup (TJI) wguhm r`jgee`cm ljtbgcs, phlcs, lcm strltìb`s tg ta`

Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct lcm egcbtgr ta` m`hbv`ry gf tags` ljtbvbtb`s tg `csur` talt

Tr`jbcjt `cvbrgce`ctlh, a`rbtli` lcm sgjblh jgcmbtbgcs lcm jgeebte`cts lr` e`t. ]a`s`

bcjhum` stltutgry r`qubrè`cts talt wbhh k` s`t gut bc ta` Thlc cmgrs`m ky ta` Jgeegcw`lhta

Ebcbst`r lcm ta` jgcmbtbgcs gr r`qubrè`cts s`t ucm`r YL Ztlt` Hìbshltbgc suja ls

`cvbrgce`ctlh lcm a`lhta prgt`jtbgc. Bt wbhh lhsg elo` r`jgee`cmltbgcs gc gta`r cgc-

stltutgry jgeebte`cts r`hlt`m tg ebtbiltbci sgjblh bepljts. ]a` TJI wguhm lhsg elo`

r`jgee`cmltbgcs gc lcy m`rbv`m prgpgslhs sukebtt`m wbta r`sp`jt tg ta` Tr`jbcjt, gr lcy

c`w jgee`rjblh prgpgc`ct jgcsbm`rbci ta` Tr`jbcjt.

]wg gta`r jgeebtt` s wbhh prgvbm` lmvbj` lcm r`pgrts tg ta` TJI>

ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``, wabja bs stlkhbsa`m ucm`r ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt

Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct? lcm ta` Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``, wabja wbhh k` stlkhbsa`m ky ta` TJI.

]a` [uh`s fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt`` lr` m`tlbh`m bc ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt

Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct. ]a` TJI wbhh alv` ta` rgh` gf fbclhbzbci ta` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj`

fgr ta` Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt`` bc jgcsuhtltbgc wbta stloàghm`rs.

Bt wguhm typbjlhhy elo` r`jgee`cmltbgcs ky jgcs`csus, wabh` plrtb`s wguhm rèlbc fr`` tg

rlbs` lcy jgcj`rcs





mbr`jthy wbta ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct. Frge l hìlh p`rsp`jtbv`, lcm wbtagut

lssbicbci hblkbhbty tg gta`r plrtb`s, ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct eust uhtbelt`hy r`tlbc ta` lkbhbty tg

elo` m`jbsbgcs wbta r`sp`jt tg ta` Tr`jbcjt. ]a` TJI wbhh jgcsbst gf s`cbgr r`pr`s`ctltbv`s

gf> KrTL, ls ta` Elcli`r gf ta` Tgrt? HlcmJgrp, ls ta` Elcli`r gf ta` Bcmustrblh Tr`jbcjt?MZM, ls ta` gv`rlhh Tr`jbcjt Elcli`r? lcm l cgebc`` gf ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup.

Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``

]a` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt`` (TEJ) bs tg k` `stlkhbsa`m ucm`r ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt

Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct wbta ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup. ]a` TEJ wbhh k` jgeprbs`m gf

r`pr`s`ctltbv`s fgr `lja gf ta` r`h`vlct Ztlt` li`cjb`s (MZM, KrTL, HlcmJgrp), ta` INN

Cltbv` ]bth` Tlrty, ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct lcm lcy Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`cts. Bc lmmbtbgc,

gta`r eèk`rs gf ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup ely ltt`cm Jgeebtt`` e``tbcis ls

gks`rv`rs.

Legci ta` fucjtbgcs gf ta` TEJ lr` ta` fghhgwbci>

egcbtgr jgephblcj` wbta ta` Jgeebtt`` Mgjue`cts lcm bm`ctbfy lr`ls wa`r`

jgephblcj` jlc k` beprgv`m?

r`vb`w p`rfgrelcj` lcm elo` r`jgee`cmltbgcs jgcj`rcbci bephè`ctltbgc gf ta`

Jgeebtt`` Mgjue`cts? lcm

elo` r`jgee`cmltbgcs lkgut wa`ta`r le`cme`cts saguhm k` elm` tg ta`

Jgeebtt`` Mgjue`cts.

]a` fucjtbgcs r`hlt` tg ta` gp`rltbgclh prgvbsbgcs gf ta` Jgeebtt`` Mgjue`cts>

ta` Juhturlh A`rbtli` Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`?

ta` @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`?

@ephgye`ct lcm ]rlbcbci Elcliè`ct Zja muh`s fgr lja prgpgc`ct?

Kusbc`ss M`v`hgpe`ct lcm Jgctrljtbci Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`s fgr `lja prgpgc`ct?

ta` Ztlt` @ephgye`ct lcm Kusbc`ss M`v hgpe`ct Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`?

ta` Juhturlh Lwlr`c`ss ]rlbcbci Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`?

ta` M`jgeebssbgcbci Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`?

ta` Hlcm Ljj ss Elcliè`ct Zja`muh`? lcm

lcy gta`r mgjue`ct ls lir``m ky ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``.

Ibv`c ta` gv`rhlp gf elcy sp`jbfb`m Jgeebtt`` Mgjue`cts lcm mgjue`cts sp`jbfb`m bc ta`

ZL[ (suja ls `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm sgjblh elcliè`ct phlcs), ta` lir`è`ct gf ta` TEJ wbhh

k` sguiat tg alv` ta`s` bcjhum`m ls Jgeebtt`` Mgjue`cts lcm tg p`rfgre lmmbtbgclh

fucjtbgcs bc suppgrt gf ta` TJI bcjhumbci>





jggrmbclt` r`vb`ws gf m`rbv`m prgpgslhs, `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm a`rbtli` elcliè`ct phlcs gr

strltìb`s? egcbtgr ta` bephè`ctltbgc gf elcliè`ct phlcs r`hlt`m tg ta` `cvbrgce`ct,

juhturlh a`rbtli`, kusbc`ss m`v`hgpe`ct lcm jgctrljtbci, hlcm ljj`ss, lcm jrgss-juhturlh

trlbcbci? lcm suppgrt ta` `ff jtbv` bephè`ctltbgc gf lhh cvbrgce`ctlh r`qubrè`cts gf ta`Tr`jbcjt ls lpprgv`m ucm`r @T Ljt lcm @TKJ Ljt targuia ta` jggrmbcltbgc gf ljtbvbtb`s gf

`ctbtb`s gp`rltbci lt ta` Tr`jbcjt.

]a` Jgeebtt`` jlc lhsg elo` fgrelh r`jgee`cmltbgcs tg Zbt` Elcli`rs (`.i. ta`

jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts, HlcmJgrp gr KrTL) bc r`hltbgc tg eltt`rs talt flhh wbtabc ta`

fucjtbgcs guthbc`m lkgv`. ]a` Zbt` Elcli`r eust jgcsbm`r lcy Fgrelh [`jgee`cmltbgcs

r`j`bv`m frge ta` Jgeebtt`` ucm`r tabs btè lcm wbtabc tar`` egctas gf r`j`bvbci talt

Fgrelh [`jgee`cmltbgc prgvbm` l r`pgrt tg ta` Jgeebtt`` ls tg ta` prgir`ss gf

bephè`ctltbgc gf talt Fgrelh [`jgee`cmltbgc gr gta`r r`spgcs`. Zbt` Elcli`rs wbhh

prgvbm` ta` Jgeebtt`` wbta wrbtt`c r`lsgcs bf ta`y mg cgt bephè`ct ta` Fgrelh[`jgee`cmltbgc (r f`r tg 'Lcc`xur` ; - Cltbv` ]bth` Mgjue`ctltbgc' lcm 'Lcc`xur` : -

Igv`rclcj` lcm @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Jgeebte`cts (ls p`r Bcmbi`cgus

Lir`è`cts)').

Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``

]a` Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt`` (ZEJ) prgvbm`s l e`jalcbse fgr lmmr`ssbci tags` sgjblh

lcm `jgcgebj bepljt bssu`s talt mg cgt gta`rwbs` alv` l sp`jbfbj rìuhltgry gr jgctrljtulh

r`spgcsbkbhbty. T`cmbci m`v`hgpe`ct lcm lir`è`ct gf ]`res gf [`f`r`cj` bt bs xp`jt`m talt

ta` fucjtbgcs gf ta` ZEJ wguhm bcjhum` ta` fghhgwbci> suppgrt ta` bephè`ctltbgc gf sgjblhelcliè`ct e`lsur`s? jgcsuht lcm lmvbs` ta` TJI? lcm jgeeucbjltbgc lcm `ciliè`ct.

Zge` gf ta` bssu`s lmmr`ss`m ky ta` ZEJ (`.i. èphgye`ct lcm trlbcbci) wguhm gv`rhlp tg

sge` mìr`` wbta ta` sp`jbfbj jgeebte`cts tg ta` INN ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs lmmr`ss`m targuia

ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``. Zyc`rib`s wbhh k` sguiat bc ta` m`hbv`ry gf ta`s`

jgeebte`cts. ]a` ZEJ wguhm bcjhum` r`pr`s`ctltbgc frge ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcli`rs,

Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct lcm lcy Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`cts, ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup

lcm gta`r o`y rìbgclh stloàghm`rs wbta l fgjus gc sgjblh bepljt bssu`s. ]a`s` lmmbtbgclh

jgeebtt`` eèk`rs wbhh k` m`t`rebc`m murbci stloàghm`r jgcsuhtltbgc bc pr`plrbci ta`

Igv`rclcj` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj` (s`` k`hgw)

Jgeeucbty [`f`r`cj` Irgup

L Jgeeucbty [`f`r`cj` Irgup (J[I) wbhh k` `stlkhbsa`m tg lssbst bc kubhmbci l krbmi` gf

ucm`rstlcmbci k`tw``c ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt elcliè`ct, Tr`jbcjt-kls`m HCI jgeplcb`s

lcm ta` hgjlh jgeeucbty. ]a` J[I wbhh prgvbm`





l fgrue fgr jgeeucbty stloàghm`rs cgt lhr`lmy r`pr`s`ct`m bc ta` Tr`jbcjt Igv`rclcj`

strujtur` tg `cili` bc lc gcigbci mblhgiu` wbta ta` Tr`jbcjt Zbt` Elcli`rs gc lcy bssu`s gf

jgcj rc. ]a` J[I wguhm k` lc lmvbsgry kgmy r`pgrtbci tg ta` TEJ lcm ZEJ, m`p`cm`ct

upgc ta` sukn`jt eltt`r. Fbiur` ;.: 'Trgpgs`m Igv`rclcj` Ztrujtur`' mbsphlys ta` prgpgs mr`hltbgcsabp k`tw``c ta` J[I lcm ta` Tr`jbcjt Igv rclcj` egm`h.

Igv`rclcj` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj`

]a` Trgpgs`m Igv`rclcj` Ztrujtur` wbhh k` fbclhbs`m bc jgcsuhtltbgc wbta o`y stloàghm`rs,

bcjhumbci ta` rìuhltgry li`cjb`s, tg `csur` l rgkust systè gf ljjguctlkbhbty bcjhumbci

stltutgry r`spgcsbkbhbtb`s fgr jgcmbtbgcs s t ls plrt gf ta` lpprgvlhs prgj`ss. ]a` strujtur` wbhh

lhsg k` `stlkhbsa`m targuia Ebcbst`rblh mbr`jtbv`, lcm wbhh bcjhum` t`res gf r`f`r`cj`, tg

prgvbm` jh`lr mbr`jtbgc lcm ljjguctlkbhbty fgr `lja gf ta` jgeebtt``s `stlkhbsa`m. ]a` t`res

gf r`f`r`cj` fgr ta` TEJ lr` bcjhum`m ls plrt gf ta` lir`è`cts fgr hlcm ljj`ss lcm lr`prgvbm`m lt 'Lcc`xur` : - Igv`rclcj` lcm @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Jgeebte`cts (ls

p`r Bcmbi`cgus Lir`è`cts)'. ]a` t`res gf r`f`r`cj` fgr `lja gf ta` TJI, ZEJ lcm J[I

wbhh k` furta`r jgcsbm`r`m fghhgwbci jgcsuhtltbgc wbta stloàghm`rs lcm prgpgs`m

eèk`rsabp.

]a` fghhgwbci bssu`s wbhh k` lmmr`ss`m bc ta` pr`plrltbgc gf t`res gf r f`r`cj`>

ta` rgh`s lcm r`spgcsbkbhbtb`s?

ta` fbclh jgepgsbtbgc gf bts eèk`rsabp?

s`h jtbgc gf l jalbr p`rsgc?

e``tbci hgjltbgc(s) lcm fr`qu`cjy gf e``tbcis?

r`sgurjbci (`.i. `x`jutbv` gffbj`r, fucmbci, sbttbci lrrlciè`cts)?

r`pgrtbci lcm prgvbsbgc gf bcfgreltbgc tg ta` pukhbj? lcm

bc ta` jls` gf ta` Jgeeucbty [`f`r`cj` Irgup, ta` bssu` gf jgeeucbty

r`pr`s`ctltbv`c`ss, ta` s`h jtbgc

jrbt`rbl fgr jgeeucbty eèk`rs, lcm ta` t`res gf eèk`rsabp.

Bt bs cgt`m talt ta` ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs wbhh `stlkhbsa l s`plrlt` igv`rclcj` strujtur` tg

suppgrt ta` elcliè`ct gf ta`br Cltbv` ]bth` k`c`fbts. ]a` fgre lcm gp`rltbgc gf lcy suja

igv`rclcj` strujtur` bs l eltt`r fgr ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs lcm ls suja bs cgt mbsjuss`m a`r .

Bt saguhm lhsg k` cgt`m talt ta` Tr`jbcjt igv`rclcj` strujtur` mg`s cgt r`pr`s`ct ta` sgh`

e`jalcbse ky wabja plrtb`s jlc prgvbm` bcput wbta r`sp`jt tg Tr`jbcjt ljtbvbtb`s. MZM wbhh

hblbs` ls lpprgprblt` wbta sbicbfbjlct plrtb`s lff`jt`m ky, gr wbta lc bct`r`st bc, ta` Tr`jbcjt. Bt

ely ta`c tlo` jgcj`rcs, bssu`s lcm r`jgee`cmltbgcs kljo tg ta` r`h`vlct jgeebtt``s gr

mbr`jthy tg Igv`rce`ct ls ta` Trgpgc`ct fgr jgcsbm`rltbgc.





]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs' [gh` bc @cvbrgce`ct, Zlf`ty lcm A`lhta Zt`wlrmsabp

Bc lmmbtbgc tg ta` usulh prgj`ss`s, ta` Ztlt` als ibv`c ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs strgci lssurlcj`s

wbta r`sp`jt tg `cvbrgce`ctlh elcliè`ct. ]abs ljocgwh`mi`s ta` sbicbfbjlcj` gf ta``cvbrgce`ct tg ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup lcm ta` bepgrtlcj` gf ebcbebzbci lcm

elclibci ta` bepljt gf ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt gc ta` `cvbrgce`ct.

]arguia ta` Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct Jgeebtt``, l plrtbjuhlr r`spgcsbkbhbty gf `lja plrty

gp`rltbci wbtabc ta` Tr`jbcjt (Zbt` Elcli`rs) wbhh k` tg elcli` ta` `cvbrgce`ct lcm tlo`

bctg ljjguct ta` vb`ws gf ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup murbci lhh pals`s gf ta`

bephè`ctltbgc gf ljtbvbtb`s. ]abs wbhh tlo` phlj` targuiagut ta` hbf` gf ta` prgn`jt frge m`sbic

tg m`jgeebssbgcbci lcm wbhh k` suppgrt`m ky gcigbci r`s lrja tg beprgv` ucm`rstlcmbci gf

ta` `cvbrgce`ct lcm lcy pgt`ctblh bepljts. Zbt` Elcli`rs eust lhsg egcbtgr ljtbvbtb`s lcm

lmgpt prljtbj`s tg r`muj` bepljts tg h v`hs ljj`ptlkh` tg `cvbrgce`ctlh rìuhltgrs.

Pcm`r ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt Trgn`jt Lir`è`ct, bf ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Tlrty r`lsgclkhy

k`hb`v s talt lc ljtbvbty bs hbo`hy tg jlus` Z`rbgus @cvbrgce`ctlh Alre ta`c ta` INN Cltbv`

]bth` Tlrty ely bcbtblt` l prgj`ss tg r`sghv` ta` jgcj`rc. ]a` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Tlrty wbhh alv`

ta` gppgrtucbty tg s`ò bcm`p`cm`ct lmvbj` wbta r`sp`jt tg bcfgreltbgc prgvbm`m ky Zbt`

Elcli`rs. Bf ta` jgcj`rc jlccgt k` r`sghv`m, ta`c ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Tlrty als ta`

gppgrtucbty tg bcfgre ta` r`h vlct cvbrgce`ctlh rìuhltgr gf ta` p`rj`bv`m rbso.

Bc ta` `v`ct gf l kr`lja ky lcy Zbt` Elcli`r gf lc `cvbrgce`ctlh hlw wabja jlus`s Z`rbgus

@cvbrgce`ctlh Alre lcm l mbr`jt bepljt gc ta` a`lhta lcm slf`ty gf eèk`rs gf Bcmbi`cgus

p`gph` gf ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl, ta` jgee`rjblh prgpgc`ct eust, wa`r` prljtbjlkh` tg mgsg, elo` iggm talt Z`rbgus @cvbrgce`ctlh Alre tg ta` stlcmlrm pr`sjrbk`m ky hlw. Ya`r` bt

bs cgt prljtbjlkh` tg elo` iggm, ta` jgee`rjblh prgpgc`ct eust tlo` gta`r st`ps bc

jgcsuhtltbgc wbta ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Tlrty. ([`f`r tg 'Lcc`xur` ; - Cltbv` ]bth`

Mgjue`ctltbgc' lcm 'Lcc`xur` : - Igv`rclcj` lcm @cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct

Jgeebte`cts (ls p`r Bcmbi`cgus Lir`è`cts)').

;.= Elcliè`ct Thlcs

;.=.< @cvbrgce`ctlh lcm Zgjblh Bepljt Elcliè`ct

L cuek`r gf sukebssbgcs rlbs`m jgcj`rcs lt ta` jgeph`xbty lcm hljo gf jhlrbty bc ta`

m`sjrbptbgc gf ta` elcliè`ct strltìb`s lcm phlcs bc t res gf ab`rlrjay, r`spgcsbkbhbtb`s lcm

bephè`ctltbgc jggrmbcltbgc. Bc grm`r tg jhlrbfy ta` jgcj`rcs, ta` jhlrbfbjltbgcs, jalci`s lcm

lmmbtbgcs tg `lja gf ta` elcliè`ct irgups prgpgs`m bc ta` ZL[ (Tlrts :, =, 0 lcm 6) lr`

hbst`m k`hgw lcm `xplcm`m upgc bc tabs s`jtbgc> li`cjy r`spgcsbkbhbtb`s lcm h ilh bcstrue`cts

fgr ZL[ bephè`ctltbgc? r`vbs`m Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Frle`wgro - r`hltbgcsabps k`tw``c

Ztrltìb`s lcm Elcliè`ct Thlcs?





mrlft prgpgs`m Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb s? lcm jhlrbfbjltbgc lcm rltbgclhbsltbgc gf Zgjblh

lcm @jgcgebj Elcliè`ct Thlcs. L sjaèltbj guthbcbci Li`cjy r`spgcsbkbhbtb`s lcm hìlh

bcstrue`cts fgr ZL[ bephè`ctltbgc bs bhhustrlt`m bc Fbiur` ;.= 'Zjaèltbj gf Ztlt`

Igv`rce`ct [`spgcsbkbhbtb s'. ]a` purpgs` gf tabs fbiur` bs tg r`bcfgrj` lc ucm`rstlcmbcitalt ta`r` lr` l cuek`r gf `xbstbci Ztlt` h`v`h hìbshltbv` e`jalcbses lcm pghbjy tgghs talt

wbhh suppgrt ta` `ff`jtbv` elcliè`ct gf `cvbrgce`ctlh, a`rbtli`, lcm sgjblh bepljts

bm`ctbfb`m fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt wbtabc ta` ZL[ fgr kgta Ztlt` lcm Jgeegcw`lhta jgcj`rcs. ]a`

lpphbjltbgc gf ta`s` tgghs bs mègcstrlt`m bc ta` rlci` gf Elcliè`ct

Ztrltìb`s lcm Elcliè`ct Thlcs m`tlbh`m bc ]lkh` ;.< 'Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s ‚

[`qubr`m fgr Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct', ]lkh` ;.; 'Ztlt Frle`wgro fgr Elcliè`ct gf

Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljts' lcm 'Lcc`xur` = - Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s'

L r`vbs`m Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Frle`wgro als k``c m`v`hgp`m wabja sagws ta` r`hltbgcsabps k`tw` c Ztrltìb`s lcm Elcliè`ct Thlcs. ]a`s` elcliè`ct strltìb`s lr` sphbt bctg twg

jltìgrb`s> Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s ‚ [`qubr`m fgr Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct ‚ ta`s`

strltìb`s lr` r`qubr`m tg fljbhbtlt` l jggrmbclt`m lpprglja tg ta` cvbrgce`ctlh elcliè ct

lcm egcbtgrbci gf ta` Tr`jbcjt. Z`` ]lkh ;.< 'Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s ‚ [`qubr`m fgr

Tr`jbcjt Elcliè`ct'. Ztlt` Frle`wgro fgr Elcliè`ct gf Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljts

‚ ta`s` strltìb`s bcjhum` phlcs, prgirles lcm bcbtbltbv`s lcm wbhh k` m`v`hgp`m tg elcli`

krglm`r [ìbgclh sgjblh lcm `cvbrgce`ctlh bssu`s, ls plrt gf gcigbci m`v`hgpe`ct

lir`è`cts, tg mbstrbkut` k`c`fbts gf ta` Tr`jbcjt tg ta` krglm`r Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl gr bc grm`r

tg elcli` s`jgcmlry bssu`s lrbsbci frge ta` Tr`jbcjt. ]a`s` Ztrltìb`s lr` m`tlbh`m bc ]lkh`;.; 'Ztlt Frle`wgro fgr Elcliè`ct gf Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljts'.

Ls l jalci`m jgeebte`ct, mrlft prgpgs`m Ztlt` Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s alv` k` c m`v`hgp`m

lcm lr` pr`s`ct`m bc Lcc`xur` = - Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s . Tr`vbgushy bc ta` ZL[ bt wls

prgpgs`m talt elcy gf ta`s` Ztrltìb`s wguhm k` m`v`hgp`m pgst ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct. Ls

l mbr`jt r`spgcs` tg sukebssbgcs jgcj`rc`m wbta ta` s`qu`cjbci gf lpprgvlhs, jgee`cjè`ct

gf Tr`jbcjt ljtbvbtb`s lcm ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf Elcliè`ct Thlcs, ta`s` Elcliè`ct

Ztrltìb`s alv` cgw k``c mrlft`m lt tabs stli` bc ta` lpprgvlhs prgj`ss lcm wbhh k` fbclhbs`m

targuia jgcsuhtltbgc wbta o`y stloàghm`rs lcm ta` [ìuhltgrs lcm r`h`vlct Li`cjb`s hbst`m

bc Zjaèltbj gf Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct [`spgcsbkbhbtb s.

;.=.; Zgjblh Elcliè`ct Thlcs

Tlrt 0 gf ta` ZL[ bm`ctbfb`s l rlci` gf sgjblh lcm jgcgebj elcliè`ct phlcs tg k` pr`plr`m

lcm bephè`ct`m





`bta`r ky l sp`jbfbj Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct li`cjy, ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct gr lcy lmmbtbgclh

prgpgc`cts. ]lkh ;.;

'Ztlt Frle`wgro fgr Elcliè`ct gf Zgjblh lcm @jgcgebj Bepljts' prgvbm`s l sueelrygf ta` sgjblh lcm

`jgcgebj elcliè`ct phlcs tg k` m`v`hgp`m ls plrt gf ta` bephè`ctltbgc gf ta` ZL[ lcm

guthbc`s ta`br jgct`ct.

Bc lmmbtbgc, `lja gf ta` elcliè`ct phlcs wbhh lmmr`ss ta` fghhgwbci>

elcliè`ct e`lsur`s tg ebtbilt` pr`mbjt`m cìltbv` bepljts lcm calcj` pgt`ctblh k`c`fbts?

gkn`jtbv`s wbta e`lsur`s gf p`rfgrelcj` bm`ctbfb`m?

egcbtgrbci gf pr`mbjt`m bepljts, `vlhultbgc gf ta` `ff`jtbv`c`ss gf elcliè`ct e`lsur`s,

lcm lmlptbv`

elcliè`ct prgj`ss`s?

r`pgrtbci lcm igv`rclcj lrrlciè`cts?

stloàghm`r ciliè`ct talt jgctrbkut`m tg ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` phlc lcm walt stloàghm`r

`ciliè`ct

wbhh gjjur murbci ta` phlc‒s bephè`ctltbgc? lcm

mègcstrlt` jgephblcj` wbta lcy jgeebte`cts (uch`ss jgcfbm`ctblh) bc ta` KHCI Trgn`jtLir`è`ct lcm

[ìbgclh K`c`fbts Lir`è`ct wbta ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup.

;.=.: Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl Thlccbci Ztrltìy

]a` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct targuia ta` M`plrte`ct gf Thlccbci lcm Y`st`rc @cihlcmc Thlccbci

Jgeebssbgc bs pr`plrbci l hlcm us` phlc fgr ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl (MT). ]a` prgj`ss fgr

ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` phlc stlrt`m bc ;449 lft`r Ebcbst`rblh r`qu`st fghhgwbci ta` pukhbjltbgc

gf ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl Ljj`ss Elcliè`ct Thlc.

]a` ta`c M`plrte`ct gf Thlccbci lcm Bcfrlstrujtur` bcbtblt`m ta` pr`plrltbgc gf l MT hlcm

us` phlc. Lt ta` jgee`cjè`ct gf tabs prgn`jt tabs phlc wls bm`ctbfb`m wbta ta` tbth` gf

Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl Hlcm Ps` lcm Bcfrlstrujtur` Thlc―. Jgcsuhtltbgc wbta jgeeucbtb`s gc

ta` MT lcm t`jacbjlh lmvbsgry irgup murbci ;449 lcm ;441 r`suht`m bc ta` pr`plrltbgc gf l

cuek`r gf bct`rclh r`pgrts lcm plp`rs. ]a` prgn`jt wls put gc aghm p`cmbci cìgtbltbgcs fgr





ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt lcm fucmbci bssu`s.

Furta`r bcfgreltbgc bs prgvbm`m bc 'Lcc`xur` 0 - Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl Thlccbci Ztrlt`iy'.





;.0 Hlcm Ljj`ss lcm Bcfgre`m Jgcs`ct

Jgcj`rcs w r` rlbs`m bc l cuek`r gf sukebssbgcs lkgut ta` h`v h gf ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc r (]G)

suppgrt gr jgcs`ct fgr ta` prgn`jt. Zbcj` ta` stlkhbsae`ct gf ta` Cgrta`rc M`v`hgpe`ct ]lsoFgrj` bc Nuc` ;449, ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs alv` k``c ljtbv`hy `cili`m bc ta` prgj`ss fgr ta`

`stlkhbsae`ct gf ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt. ]a` ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs ]lso Fgrj`, jgeprbsbci s`cbgr

‒hlw kgss`s' frge Obek`rh`y jglstlh cltbv` tbth` jhlbes, wls stlkhbsa`m ky ta` Obek`rh`y Hlcm

Jgucjbh (OHJ) tg `csur` talt ta`r` wls jgeprà`csbv` lcm lpprgprblt` jgcsuhtltbg c wbta

]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs targuiagut ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt sbt` `vlhultbgc lcm s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss.

Lhtaguia tabs prgj`ss bm`ctbfb`m jgcj`rcs lkgut ta` pgssbkh` bepljt gf ta` Tr`jbcjt gc

Bcmbi`cgus jgeeucbtb`s lcm a`rbtli`, ta`r` wls jgeeucbty suppgrt fgr m`v`hgpe`ct,

èlcltbci frge l m`sbr` tg egv` lwly frge w`hflr` m`p`cm`cjy targuia èphgye`ct,

kusbc`ss m`v`hgpe`ct, lcm gta`r gppgrtucbtb`s talt wguhm lrbs` frge l KHCI Tr`jbcjtTrgn`jt Lir`è`ct.

]a` lr`l r`qubr`m fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt bs Pclhhgjlt`m Jrgwc Hlcm lcm bcjhum`s ta` s`lk`m gut tg

ta` tar`` clutbjlh ebh` (CE) Ztlt` t rrbtgrblh hbebt. Bt bs sukn jt tg l rìbst`r`m jhlbe ucm`r ta`

Cltbv` ]bth` Ljt <22: (Jta) (C]L) ky ta` INN p`gph`. ]a` Ztlt` wls r`qubr`m tg jgephy wbta

ta` prgj`murlh rbiats s`t gut ky ta` C]L tg s`jur` ta` lpprgprblt` hlcm t`cur` (ucm`r ta` Hlcm

Lmebcbstrltbgc Ljt <229 (YL))fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt.

Gc :4 Nuc` ;4<< ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup ilv` bts jgcs`ct tg ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt

lcm lir``m tg surr`cm`r ta`br cltbv` tbth` rbiats lcm bct`r`sts bc ta` hlcm lcm wlt`rs r`qubr`m

fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt, bc r`turc fgr sukstlctblh k`c`fbts lcm jgctbcubci `ciliè`ct bc taèlcliè`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt, bcjhumbci cvbrgce`ctlh, sgjblh lcm a`rbtli` elcliè`ct. ]a`

lir`è`cts lr` sueelrbs`m bc Z`jtbgc <.;.= 'K`c`fbts tg ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs' bc tabs

[`spgcs` tg Zukebssbgcs Zueelry [`pgrt lcm m`tlbhs gf ta`s` lir`è`cts lr` lttlja`m lt

'Lcc`xur` ; - Cltbv` ]bth` Mgjue`ctltbgc' lcm 'Lcc`xur` : - Igv`rclcj` lcm

@cvbrgce`ctlh Elcliè`ct Jgeebte`cts (ls p`r Bcmbi`cgus Lir`è`cts)'.

]a` Tr`jbcjt r`pr`s`cts l selhh p`rj`ctli` gf ta` tgtlh INN cltbv` tbth` jhlbe lr`l wabja jgv`rs

lpprgxbelt`hy ;0<,044al gf hlcm lcm wlt`r. ]a` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct‒s pr`f`r`cj` wls lhwlys

tg gktlbc hlcm ljj`ss ky lir`è`ct lcm ta` m`jbsbgc gf ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup tgjgcs`ct tg ta` Tr`jbcjt jle` lft`r fgur y`lrs gf jgcsuhtltbgc lcm cìgtbltbgc. Lhtaguia tabs

lir`è`ct r`qubr`s ta` surr`cm`r gf cltbv` tbth` rbiats lcm bct`r`sts, wa`c ta` Tr`jbcjt jhgs s,

ta` hlcm wbhh k` r`turc`m tg ta` ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs bc l fgre gf t`cur` talt wbhh k`st e``ts

ta`br c``ms lcm lspbrltbgcs. ]a` Ztlt` jgctbcu`s tg wgro jhgs`hy wbta ta` OHJ ls ta` Cltbv`

]bth` [`pr`s`ctltbv` Kgmy ljtbci gc kàlhf gf ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup. Ybta ta`

gkn`jtbv` gf jgctbcubci ta` gutjge` gf bcfgre`m m`jbsbgc-elobci gv r bts trlmbtbgclh hlcms,





ta` INN Cltbv` ]bth` Jhlbe Irgup als k``c ibv`c l sukstlctblh rgh` bc ta` gv`rlhh igv`rclcj`

gf ta` Tr`jbcjt ls lc `qulh eèk`r gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Jgctrgh Irgup, bc lmmbtbgc tg sp`jbf bj

pgw`rs tg s`ò furta`r bcfgreltbgc frge Zbt` Elcli`rs targuiagut ta` prgn`jt hbf`, lcm bc

plrtbjuhlr wa`r` ta`r` lr` jgcj`rcs lkgut ta` pgt`ctblh fgr `cvbrgce`ctlh alre.

]a` INN lcm eèk`rs gf bts ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc rs' Cìgtbltbgc Jgeebtt`` alv` lss`rt`m ta`br

jgeebte`ct tg kubhmbci a`lhtay jgeeucbtb`s kls`m gc ta` r`spgcsbkh` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta`br

trlmbtbgclh hlcms lcm clturlh r`sgurj`s. ]a` INN bs wgrobci tg ljab`v` `jgcgebj

èpgw`re`ct fgr bts jgeeucbty, lcm bc mgbci sg lvgbmbci l futur` kls`m upgc w`hflr`

m`p`cm`cjy. Bc grm`r tg elxbebs` ta` k`c`fbts tg Bcmbi`cgus p`gph`s lcm tg `csur` ta`br

jgctbcubci `ciliè`ct bc ta` elcliè`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt, `lja gf ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct

`ctbtb`s wbta l sbicbfbjlct rgh` bc ta` Tr`jbcjt wbhh pr`plr` lcm bephè`ct lc Bcmbi`cgus

Tlrtbjbpltbgc Thlc bc r`hltbgcs tg ta`br Tr`jbcjt-r`hlt`m ljtbvbtb`s. [ f`r lhsg tg Z`jtbgc =.9

'Zgjblh Fljtgrs' lcm Z`jtbgc =.1 'A`rbtli` Fljtgrs'gf tabs mgjue`ct.

: Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct Trgj`ss

:.< Tlst Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct Trgj`ss

Tukhbj plrtbjbpltbgc bc m`jbsbgc-elobci bc r`hltbgc tg ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt jlc k` trlj`m kljo

tg ta` CM] prgj`ss wabja `ff`jtbv`hy jgeprbs`m gf l sjr``cbci pals` gf lc `cvbrgce`ctlh

lcm ZBL tg bcfgre s`h`jtbgc gf lc lpprgprblt` KHCI Tr`jbcjt m`v`hgpe`ct sbt`. ]a` Fbclh

Zbt` @vlhultbgc [`pgrt (CM], ;441m? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx K-6) sueelrb`s ta` jgcsuhtltbgcprgj`ss.

Jgcsbst`ct wbta ta` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj` fgr ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct, jgcsuhtltbgc murbci ta`

lss`sse`ct als jgeprbs`m twg elbc suk-prgj`ss s> (b) abia h v`h krb`fbcis lcm jgeeucbjltbgc

gc ta` Tr`jbcjt lss sse`ct prgn`jt? lcm (bb) sp`jbfbj jgcsuhtltbgcs bc suppgrt gf ta` ZBL (MZM,

;4<4j? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx L-:). ]a` r`hltbgcsabp k`tw``c ta` abia h`v`h

krb`fbcis/jgeeucbjltbgc lcm prgir`ss gf stumb`s gf a`rbtli`, `cvbrgce`ct lcm ZBL talt

jgeprbs` ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct lr` r`pr`s`ct`m bc Fbiur` :.< '[`hltbgcsabp gf Abia H`v`h

Krb`fbcis lcm Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct Jgepgc`ct Ztumb s'.





:.<.< Cgrta`rc M`v`hgpe`ct ]lsofgrj` Ztloàghm r @ciliè`ct

]a` Igv`rce`ct gf Y`st`rc @cihlcm `stlkhbsa`m ta` Cgrta`rc M`v`hgpe`ct ]lsofgrj`

(CM]) bc Nuc` ;449.]a` CM] elcli`m lc ljrgss-igv`rce`ct phlccbci prgj`ss lcmstloàghm`r jgcsuhtltbgc bc rìlrm tg ta` s`h`jtbgc lcm m`v`hgpe`ct gf l subtlkh` hgjltbgc gr

hgjltbgcs fgr ta` prgj`ssbci gf Krgws` Klsbc Ils r`s`rv`s.

]a` o`y gkn`jtbv`s gf ta` CM] jgcsuhtltbgc strltìy w r` tg>

bcfgre ta` jgeeucbty talt ta` ]lsofgrj` wls `cilibci bc l jgcsuhtltbv`, trlcsplr`ct

prgj`ss gf sbt` s`h`jtbgc wabja wguhm h`lm tg k`c`fbjblh gutjge`s fgr `cvbrgce`ctlh,

bcmbi`cgus lcm jgeeucbty vlhu`s?

lssbst bc ta` jgeprà`csbv` vlhultbgc gf prbgrbty sbt`s fgr l ils prgj`ssbci Tr`jbcjt tg

s`rvbj` ta` Krgws` Klsbc? lcm

gktlbc l r`spgcs` tg ta` strltìbj cvbrgce`ctlh lss sse`ct gf ta` Y`st Obek`rh`y, ls

bt r`hlt`s tg l ils prgj`ssbci Tr`jbcjt lcm ta` bm`ctbfbjltbgc gf pgt`ctblh Cltbgclh

A`rbtli` vlhu`s.

]a` CM] alm l jhgs` wgrobci r`hltbgcsabp wbta ta` Jgeegcw`lhta Igv`rce`ct, bc

plrtbjuhlr, ta` Jgeegcw`lhta M`plrte`ct fgr ta` @cvbrgce`ct, Ylt`r, A`rbtli` lcm ta`

Lrts (M@YAL), cgw Jgeegcw`lhta M`plrte`ct gf Zustlbclkbhbty, @cvbrgce`ct, Ylt r,

Tgpuhltbgc lcm Jgeeucbtb`s (Z@YTLJ), lcm ta` M`plrte`ct gf [`sgurj`s @c`riy lcm

]gurbse. Z`cbgr gffbj`rs frge M@YAL ltt`cm`m ta` bcbtblh Bssu`s sjgpbci wgrosagp bc

Krgge`, <9-<1 Gjtgk`r ;449, lt wabja ta` ]lsofgrj` e`t wbta r`pr`s`ctltbv`s frge ta`

`cvbrgce`ctlh Cgc-Igv`rce`ctlh Grilcbsltbgcs (CIGs), ta` OHJ, ta` ]gurbse s`jtgr lcm

ta` jgeeucbty.

]abs r`suht`m bc ta` ;441 Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct Lir`è`ct k`tw``c ta` Jgeegcw`lhta lcm

Ztlt` Igv`rce`cts. ]a` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj` fgr ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct w`r` pukhbsa`m fgr

pukhbj jgee`ct lcm fbclhbs`m bc Nuc` ;441. ]`res gf [`f`r`cj` fgr lja gf ta` wgrobci lcm

r`f`r`cj` irgups, xj`pt ta` Bcmustry irgup, stlt`m talt ta` irgups w`r` r`qubr`m tg plrtbjbplt`

bc>

r`vb`w gf mrlft sbt` s h`jtbgc jrbt`rbl lcm jgcsbm`rltbgc gf l sagrt hbst gf sbt`s kls m gc

lvlbhlkh` bcfgreltbgc?

bm`ctbfbjltbgc gf l pr`f rr`m sbt`? lcm

jgcsuhtltbgc murbci strltìbj `cvbrgce`ctlh lss`sse`ct prgj`ss`s fgr r`vb`w gf l

pr`f`rr`m euhtb-us`r Tr`jbcjt sbt`, lcm r`vb`w gf Cltbgclh A`rbtli` vlhu`s.





:.<.; Zgjblh Bepljt Lss`sse`ct @ciliè`ct Ljtbvbtb`s

]a` Zgjblh Bepljt Lss`sse`ct (ZBL) s`rv`m ls ta` prbelry e`jalcbse fgr jgeeucbty

plrtbjbpltbgc murbci ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` ZL[. ]a` fghhgwbci bs lc gv`rvb`w gf ta`

`ciliè`ct ljtbvbtb`s ucm`rtlo`c. ]a` fbrst pals` gf jgcsuhtltbgc (Nlculry ‚ Ely ;442)

prgvbm`m bcfgreltbgc tg stloàghm`rs gc ta` lss`sse`ct prgj`ss lcm fgjuss`m gc prgfbhbci lcm

lss`ssbci xbstbci jgcmbtbgcs. Ztloàghm`rs bcjhum`m ta` Zabr` gf Krgge` jgucjbh lcm gffbj`rs,

Krgge`-kls`m Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct m`plrte`cts lcm li`cjb`s, Krgge`-kls`m s rvbj` prgvbm`rs,

lcm ta` hgjlh Jalek`r gf Jgee`rj`.

]a` s`jgcm pals` gf jgcsuhtltbgc (Nuc` ;442 ‚ Nlculry ;4<4) bcjhum`m sbx wgrosagps bc

Krgge`, elbchy wbta s`rvbj` prgvbm`rs, tg bcfgre taè gf ta` prgpgs`m m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta`

Tr`jbcjt lcm ta` pgt`ctblh m`v hgpe`ct sj`clrbgs, lcm tg prgvbm` lc gppgrtucbty fgr bcput tg

ta` bm`ctbfbjltbgc gf bepljt bssu`s. @lja wgrosagp fgjus`m gc l mbff`r`ct taè` (b.`. spgrt lcm

r`jr`ltbgc, s`cs` gf phlj`, hlcm lcm agusbci, a`lhta, lcm `mujltbgc lcm trlbcbci). L cuek r





gf jgeeucbty s`ssbgcs w`r` a`hm wa`r` ta` krglm`r jgeeucbty w`r` prgvbm`m lc

gppgrtucbty tg ljj ss bcfgreltbgc lkgut ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct prgj`ss. ]a`s` bcjhum`m>

Cgrta Y`st @xpg (;442 lcm ;4<4)? MZM ZBL Gp`c Mly?

Zabr` HCI Fgrue? lcm

sagppbci j`ctr` bcfgreltbgc s`ssbgcs (Tlsplh`y Thlzl =-0 M`jèk`r ;442? Kguh`vlrm

Zagppbci J`ctr` ;2-:4 Nlculry ;4<4).

]a` `ciliè`ct prgj`ss bcjhum`m ta` prgvbsbgc gf fljt sa` ts lcm jgeeucbty upmlt`s (twg-

w`òhy) bc ta` Krgge` Lmv`rtbs`r. ]a` fljt sa``ts w`r` elm` lvlbhlkh` lt ta` Zabr` gffbj`s,

ta` hbkrlry lcm lt lhh jgeeucbty `v`cts ls w`hh ls MZM‒s w`ksbt`.

Bc lmmbtbgc, `lja gf ta` sp`jblhbst stumb`s fgr ta` ZBL (tgurbse, fbsabci, p`lrhbci lcm

lquljuhtur`) bcjhum`m ta`br gwc jgcsuhtltbgc ljtbvbtb`s. @ciliè`ct ljtbvbtb`s sp`jbfbjlhhy

fgjus`m gc gktlbcbci bcput frge Lkgrbibclh jgeeucbtb`s lcm stloàghm`rs w`r` lc bctìrlh

plrt gf ta` Lkgrbibclh Zgjblh Bepljt Lss`sse`ct (LZBL) jgeebssbgc`m ky ta` OHJ lcm

fucm`m ky ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct. Lhh cltbv` tbth` jhlbe irgups wbta bct`r`sts bc Krgge` lcm

ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl (b.`. Igghlrlklhgg & Nlkbrr Nlkbrr (INN), Rlwuru, Cyuh Cyuh, Klrmb

Nlwb lcm Cbeuckurr) w`r` jgctljt`m ky h`tt`r, wbta fghhgw-up jgctljt ky pagc` lcm/gr `-

elbh, lcm bcvbt`m tg plrtbjbplt` bc ta` LZBL.

]a` fgrelt gf ta` plrtbjbpltbgc ljtbvbtb`s r`fh`jt`m ta` pr`f`r`cj`s gf ta` mbff`r`ct irgups.

Zge` plrtbjbpltbgc tggo ta` fgre gf wbm`hy-lmv`rtbs`m, mlyhgci e``tbcis wbta ta` irgup

jgcj`rc`m, wabja bc sge` jls`s lttrljt`m ltt`cm``s frge targuiagut ta` Y`st Obek`rh`y lcm

frge gutsbm` ta` rìbgc (fgr `xleph` frge ta` Tbhklrl). Bc gta`r jls`s, ta` irgup pr`f`rr`m

e``tbcis wbta l cltbv` tbth` jhlbe irgup st``rbci jgeebtt`` gr qubvlh`ct kgmy, gr w`r` alppy

fgr l e``tbci gf ta` cltbv` tbth` irgup tg k` jgekbc`m wbta l jgeeucbty e``tbci. ]a`

jgeeucbty e``tbcis a hm fgr ta` LZBL lr` sueelrbs`m bc ]lkh` :.; 'LZBL Jgeeucbty

E``tbcis (Z`ptèk`r ;442 ‚ Nlculry ;4<4)'.





:.<.: Tukhbj [`vb`w T`rbgm

Mbstrbkutbgc lcm Ljj`ss tg ta` ZL[ Mgjue`ctltbgc

Fuhh prbct`m s`ts gf ta` ZL[ wbta l JM jgctlbcbci lhh lpp`cmbj`s w`r` lvlbhlkh` fgr pukhbj

`xlebcltbgc lt l rlci` gf hgjltbgcs bcjhumbci Krgge` Hbkrlry lcm ta` Klttb` Hbkrlry. ]a`

ZL[ wls lhsg mbstrbkut`m tg ta` fghhgwbci li`cjb`s lcm grilcbsltbgcs bc Krgge` lcm

`hs`wa`r` bc ta` [`ibgc>

Krgge`> M`plrte`ct gf @cvbrgce`ct lcm Jgcs`rvltbgc, Krgge` Mbstrbjt Gffbj`?

Krgge` Tgrt Lutagrbty?

@cihlcm's Cgrta Y`st? Krgge` Zabr`? Krgge` Hbkrlry? @cvbrgcs Obek`rh`y?

M`plrte`ct gf @mujltbgc, @ephgye`ct lcm Ygrofgrj` [`hltbgcs? Obek`rh`y

M`v hgpe`ct Jgeebssbgc? Obek rh`y Hlcm Jgucjbh?





Obek`rh`y ]LF@ Hbkrlry? Krgge` Jgeeucbty [`sgurj` J`ctr`? @h`jtgrlt` Gffbj gf

Jlrgh Elrtbc EHL.

Oucucurrl> M`plrte`ct gf @cvbrgce`ct lcm Jgcs`rvltbgc? M`plrte`ct gf Ylt`r.

M`rky> M`rky Hbkrlry lcm M rky/Y`st Obek`rh`y Zabr` Gffbj`.

Fbtzrgy Jrgssbci> Obek`rh y Lkgrbibclh Hlw lcm Juhtur` J`ctr .

Jgpb`s w`r` lhsg prgvbm`m tg l rlci` Ztlt` lcm Jgeegcw`lhta li`cjb`s lcm grilcbsltbgcs

suja ls `cvbrgce`ctlh CIGs. L cuek`r gf fuhh s`ts w`r` prgvbm`m tg bcmbvbmulhs gc r`qu st

wbta elcy egr` r`j`bvbci ta` @x`jutbv` Zueelry wabja wls ljjgeplcb`m ky l JM

jgctlbcbci ta` fuhh ZL[ lcm lhh Lpp`cmbj`s. Bc lmmbtbgc tg fljbhbtltbci ljj`ss tg ta` alrm

jgpb`s gf ta` ZL[, gc-hbc` ljj ss fgr r`lmbci lcm jgee`ctbci wls lhsg prgvbm`m targuia l

s`plrlt` Bct`rc t pgrtlh.

MZM `stlkhbsa`m l paysbjlh pr`s`cj` bc bts gffbj`s fgr o`y p`rbgms murbci ta` pukhbj r`vb`wp`rbgm. ]abs prgvbm`m ta` jgeeucbty wbta ta` gppgrtucbty tg lso qu`stbgcs mbr`jthy gr tg k`

lmvbs`m gf agw lcm wa r` tg ljj`ss plrtbjuhlr bssu`s gf bct`r`st tg jgeeucbty eèk`rs.

Ztloàghm`r @cili e`ct lt ta` [`h`ls` gf ta` ZL[ fgr Tukhbj [`vb`w

MZM elm` l pr`s`ctltbgc gc ta` ZL[ tg Igv`rce`ct li`cjb`s(M`jèk`r ;4<4). Li`cjb`s

bc ltt`cmlcj` w`r`>

HlcmJgrp

Elbc [glms

M`plrte`ct gf @cvbrgce`ct lcm Jgcs`rvltbgc (M@J) M`plrte`ct gf Ylt`r (MgY)

Yggmsbm`

M`plrte`ct gf Thlccbci (MgT)

@cvbrgce`ct Trgt`jtbgc Lutagrbty (@TL)

]gurbse YL

M`plrte`ct gf Bcmbi`cgus Lfflbrs (MBL)

M`plrte`ct gf Fbsa`rb`s (MgF)

M`plrte`ct gf Ebc`s lcm T`trghùe (MET)

M`plrte`ct gf A`lhta





MZM elm` l pr`s`ctltbgc lt ta` Krgge` hlucja gf ZL[ (2/<4 M`jèk`r ;4<4). Ltt`cm``s

r`pr`s`ct`m ta` fghhgwbci grilcbzltbgcs>

Zabr` gf Krgge` M`plrte`ct gf Thlccbci (MgT)

Obek`rh`y M`v`hgpe`ct Jgeebssbgc (OMJ)

HlcmJgrp

M`plrte`ct gf Agusbci

Krgge` Tgrt Lutagrbty (KrTL)

]gurbse YL

Alcms Gff Jguctry

Ygrhm Ybhmhbf` Fucm (YYF)

Fbr` lcm @e`ri`cjy Z`rvbj`s Obek`rh y Elrbc` ]gurbse

Lutgr` T`lrhbci

Zabr` gf M`rky

Yggmsbm`

Gffbj` gf O`c Klstgc, EHL

Gffbj` gf Klrry Alls`, ET

Krgge` Jalek`r gf Jgee`rj`

M`plrte`ct gf Bcmbi`cgus Lfflbrs (MBL)

M`plrte`ct gf A`lhta

M`plrte`ct gf @mujltbgc lcm ]rlbcbci (M@])

Ylt`rjgrp

Zlv` ta` Obek`rh`y

Jgeeucbty Bcfgreltbgc Z`ssbgcs

MZM jggrmbclt`m Jgeeucbty Bcfgreltbgc Z`ssbgcs fgr ta` pukhbj tg fbcm gut egr`

bcfgreltbgc lkgut ta` ZL[ lcm ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt. ]a`s` w`r` a`hm bc Krgge` gc ;=, ;0

lcm ;6 F`krulry ;4<< lcm ilv` eèk`rs gf ta` pukhbj ta` gppgrtucbty tg tlho gc` tg gc` wbtar`pr`s`ctltbv`s frge MZM lcm Yggmsbm` @c`riy Htm, bcjhumbci p`gph` wag alm a`hp`m

pr`plr` ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct [`pgrt. ]a` ;= F`krulry ;4<< s`ssbgc (lpprgxbelt`hy 64

ltt`cm``s) bcjhum`m l =4-ebcut` qu`stbgc lcm lcsw`r s`ssbgc, murbci wabja lcy eèk`r gf

ta` pukhbj jguhm lso qu`stbgcs lkgut lcy lsp`jt gf ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt. K`tw``c <4-;4

p`gph` ltt`cm`m `lja gf ta` jgeeucbty bcfgreltbgc s`ssbgcs gc Frbmly ;0 lcm Zlturmly ;6

F`krulry ;4<<.





Lmv`rtbsbci ]a` pukhbj r`vb`w p`rbgm lcm r`qu sts fgr sukebssbgcs w`r` lmv`rtbs`m hgjlhhy

lcm bc ]a` Y`st @cihlcm ls r`qubr`m ucm`r @TL prgj`ss`s. ]abs gjjurr`m lt ta`

jgee`cjè`ct gf ta` pukhbj r`vb`w p`rbgm lcm lt mbff`r`ct pgbcts murbci ta` r`vb`w p`rbgm.

]a` Jgeeucbty Bcfgreltbgc Z`ssbgcs w`r` lmv`rtbs`m vbl l h`tt`rkgx mrgp tg lhh r`sbm`ctblh

pgst gffbj` kgx`s bc Krgge` bc ta` w`ò <= tg<1 F`krulry ;4<<, lcm vbl MZM Jgeeucbty

Ppmlt`s bc ta` Krgge` Lmv`rtbs`r gc <4, <9 lcm ;= F`krulry ;4<<. ]arguiagut ta` pukhbj

r`vb`w p`rbgm, bcfgreltbgc gc vlrbgus lsp`jts gf ta` ZL[ wls pukhbsa`m bc MZM Jgeeucbty

Ppmlt`s bc ta` Krgge` Lmv`rtbs`r.

[lmbg e`ssli`s sp`jbfbjlhhy tlri`t`m tg `cili` Bcmbi`cgus jgeeucbtb`s, pukhbjbz` vbsbts ky

MZM tg jgeeucbtb`s, lcm cjgurli` lwlr`c`ss gf ta` pukhbj r`vb`w p`rbgm, w r` krglmjlst

gc ta` Tbhklrl lcm Obek`rh`y Lkgrbibclh E`mbl (TLOLE) murbci Elrja.

:.; Futur` Ztloàghm`r @ciliè`ct

MZM, r`pr`s`ctbci ta` Ebcbst`r fgr Ztlt` M`v`hgpe`ct ls Tr`jbcjt Trgpgc`ct, bs jgeebtt`m

tg `csurbci talt ta`r` lr` lpprgprblt` h`v hs gf jgeeucbty `ciliè`ct targuiagut o`y

p`rbgms gf ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt. ]abs wbhh k` jggrmbclt`m targuia ta` Tr`jbcjt

Jgctrgh Irgup. MZM bs lwlr` talt bt bs hbo`hy talt ta`r` wbhh k` elcy ljtbvbtb`s gjjurrbci lt

ta` sle` tbe` (p`ralps ky mbff`r`ct prgpgc`cts) talt ely k` gv`rwa`hebci fgr ta`

jgeeucbty. MZM wbhh hggo fgr gppgrtucbtb`s tg jr`lt` syc`rib`s wbta r`sp`jt tg jgeeucbty

`ciliè`ct lcm wbhh lhsg hggo tgwlrms l rlci` gf e`jalcbses fgr `ciliè`ct talt prgvbm`

fh`xbkbhbty fgr ta` jgeeucbty wabh` stbhh elbctlbcbci gp`c lcm krglm ljj`ss tg bcfgreltbgc.

]a` pgt`ctblh sjgp` gf jgeeucbty ciliè`ct jlc k` s``c frge jurr`ct lcm prgpgs`m ljtbgcs

fgr ta` futur` prgpgc`cts ls m`sjrbk`m bc Z`jtbgc :.;.< 'Gppgrtucbtb s fgr @ciliè`ct wbta

Futur` Jgee`rjblh Trgpgc`cts' lcm Z`jtbgc :.;.; 'Gppgrtucbtb`s fgr @ciliè`ct wbta

ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct'. ]a` ZL[ lhsg prgvbm`s ta` jgeebte`ct fgr stloàghm`r

`ciliè`ct bc ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf o`y elcliè`ct phlcs bcjhumbci ta` Ir``cagus` Ils

Lkltè`ct Thlc lcm ta` Mr`mibci lcm Mr`mi` Zpgbh Mbspgslh Elcliè`ct Thlc. Furta`r

`ciliè`ct wbhh lhsg gjjur targuia ta` m`v`hgpe`ct prgj`ss fgr m`rbv`m prgpgslhs.

:.;.< Gppgrtucbtb`s fgr @ciliè`ct wbta Futur` Jgee`rjblh Trgpgc`cts

Jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts gf prgn`jts wbsabci tg hgjlt` lt ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh k`

`xp`jt`m tg ucm`rtlo` stloàghm`r `ciliè`ct murbci ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta`br m`rbv`m

prgpgslhs. ]a` gkn jtbv`s gf tabs `ciliè`ct lr` m`sjrbk`m k`hgw> prgvbm` stloàghm`rs wbta

l ir`lt r ucm`rstlcmbci gf ta` m`rbv`m prgpgslh prgj`ss lcm ta`br gppgrtucbtb s fgr f``mkljo?

bcfgre lcm s` o bcput frge stloàghm`rs gf ta` `vlhultbgc prgj`ss lcm ta` lmmbtbgclh stumb s

lcm bcv`stbiltbgcs prgpgs`m tg suppgrt ta` m`rbv`m prgpgslh prgj`ss?





upmlt` o`y stloàghm`rs gf ta` bct`ct, prgir`ss lcm fbcmbcis gf stumb`s lcm bcv`stbiltbgcs talt

lr` k`bci jgcmujt`m pgst sukebssbgc gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct [`pgrt (ZL[ )?

bm`ctbfy o`y bssu`s lcm prgpgs`m/pgt`ctblh elcliè`ct strltìb`s? lcm bcfgre lcm s`ò bcput frge stloàghm`rs gf ta` gutjge`s gf ta` egcbtgrbci prgj`ss,

bc jgeplrbsgc tg tags`

pr`s`ct`m bc ta` ZL[, bcjhumbci hbo`hy bepljts, prgpgs`m ebtbiltbgcs lcm

bephè`ctltbgc jgcmbtbgcs.

L iubm` tg prgn`jt stloàghm`rs bs jlptur`m bc Fbiur` :.; 'Trgn`jt Ztloàghm`rs'. @ciliè`ct

saguhm bcjhum` stloàghm`r jgcsuhtltbgcs bc ta` `lrhy stli`s gf m`fbcbci ta` prgpgslh, sg talt

pgt`ctblh bssu`s jlc k` bm`ctbfb`m ls ta` prgpgslh bs m`v hgp`m lcm talt stloàghm`r vb`ws lr`

pr`s`ct`m tg rìuhltgrs wbta m`rbv`m prgpgslhs.





:.;.; Gppgrtucbtb`s fgr @ciliè`ct wbta ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct

]a` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct lt ta` Tr`jbcjt, Yggmsbm`, als m`v`hgp`m lcm bs bephè`ctbci bts

stloàghm`r `ciliè`ct prgirle. ]abs bcjhum`s> `stlkhbsae`ct gf l Krgge` gffbj` wbta lm`mbjlt`m jgeeucbty r`hltbgcs lcm Bcmbi`cgus lfflbrs t`les?

Krgws` Zgjblh Bepljt Lss`sse`ct?

`stlkhbsae`ct gf ta` Elrbc` Ps`rs Ygrobci Irgup?

suppgrt fgr ta` obek`rh`ykbz.jge.lu pgrtlh, bc plrtc`rsabp wbta ta` Obek`rh`y

M`v hgpe`ct Jgeebssbgc lcm

Krgge` Jalek`r gf Jgee`rj`?

Zabr` gf Krgge` jgcsuhtltbgc phlc?

jgeeucbty fgrues lcm krb`fbcis? lcm

w`ksbt` lcm pukhbj bcfgreltbgc t`h`pagc` hbc`.

:.;.: Tr`jbcjt @ciliè`ct Thlc

Bc ta` jls` gf ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt ta`r` lr` l wbm` vlrb`ty gf stloàghm`rs. L stloàghm`r bs

lcy irgup gr bcmbvbmulh pgt`ctblhhy lff`jt`m ky ta` ljab`vè`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt‒s gkn`jtbv`s gr

lcy irgup gr bcmbvbmulh wag jlc lff`jt ta` Tr`jbcjt e``tbci bts gkn`jtbv`s.

Ls ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt trlcsbtbgcs frge strltìbj prgpgslh tg lpprgv`m prgn`jt, MZM wbhh

pr`plr` lcm bephè`ct l KHCI Tr`jbcjt @ciliè`ct Thlc. ]a` `ciliè`ct phlc wbhh k`

m`sbic`m bc jgcsuhtltbgc wbta l rlci` gf stloàghm`rs (`.i. hgjlh igv`rce`ct, stlt` li`cjb`s,

CIGs, INN lcm Rlwuru r`pr`s`ctltbv`s, lcm HCI prgn`jt prgpgc`cts). Fghhgwbci lc bcbtblh

rgucm gf stloàghm`r jgcsuhtltbgc, l mrlft @ciliè`ct Frle`wgro wbhh k` s`ct tg ta`s`

stloàghm`rs fgr ta`br r`vb`w lcm jgee`ct lcm suks`qu`cthy k` elm` lvlbhlkh` fgr pukhbj

jgee`ct k fgr` k`bci fbclhbz`m.

]a` @ciliè`ct Thlc wbhh lmmr`ss ta` fghhgwbci>

gkn`jtbv`s lcm prbcjbph`s?

agw ta` Thlc wbhh prgvbm` mbff`r`ct h`v hs gf ciliè`ct (`.i. bcfgreltbgc /`mujltbgc,jgcsuhtbci, plrtc`rbci,

jghhlkgrltbgc)?

ljtbgcs tg règv` klrrb`rs tg `ff`jtbv` `ciliè`ct wbta Bcmbi`cgus p`gph` lcm gta`r

trlmbtbgclhhy

ucm`r-r`pr`s`ct`m s`jtgrs gf ta` jgeeucbty?

egcbtgrbci lcm lmlptbv` elcliè`ct gf ta` Thlc?





r`pgrtbci e`jalcbses?

hbcoli`s tg ta` Tr`jbcjt Igv`rclcj` strujtur`? lcm

ta` r`hltbgcsabp gf ta` Tr`jbcjt @ciliè`ct Thlc wbta ta` `ciliè`ct prgj`ss`s gf

ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct lcm lcy Lmmbtbgclh Trgpgc`cts.

]a` fghhgwbci bs l pr`hbebclry hbst gf Tr`jbcjt `ciliè`ct gkn`jtbv`s talt wbhh k` r`fbc`m

targuia stloàghm`r jgcsuhtltbgc murbci pr`plrltbgc gf ta` @ciliè`ct Thlc>

tg fgst`r eutulh trust lcm r`sp`jt wbta bct`rclh lcm `xt`rclh stloàghm`rs?

tg bcjr`ls` ta` Tr`jbcjt‒s pukhbj ljjguctlkbhbty lcm trlcsplr`cjy bc bts m`jbsbgc-

elobci?

tg k` l iggm c`biakgr lcm tg jgctrbkut` tg sustlbclkh` m`v`hgpe`ct bc ta` rìbgc?

tg bcjr`ls` stloàghm`r ocgwh`mi` lcm ucm`rstlcmbci gf ta` wlys bc wabja ta`

Tr`jbcjt wbhh elcli` bts

bepljts gv`r ta` hbf` jyjh` gf ta` Tr`jbcjt?

tg ilbc l k tt`r ucm`rstlcmbci gf stloàghm`r vlhu s, p`rj`ptbgcs lcm bssu`s? lcm

tg ilbc ljj`ss tg hgjlh ocgwh`mi .

Gc` jgepgc`ct gf ta` @ciliè`ct Thlc wbhh k` ta` stlkhbsae`ct gf l Jgeeucbty [`f`r`cj

Irgup ls plrt gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Igv`rclcj` strujtur` (s` Z`jtbgc ;.: 'Igv`rclcj` Bssu`s').

= O`y ]aè`s lcm [`spgcs` tg Bssu`s [lbs`m

=.< Gv`rvb w gf O`y ]aè`s lcm Bssu`s

]a` fghhgwbci s`jtbgc pr`s`cts l sueelry gf ta` o`y jgcj`rcs lrbsbci frge ta` pukhbj

jgcsuhtltbgc prgj`ss. ]abs bcjhum`s jgcj`rcs talt w`r` jgeegc ljrgss l sbicbfbjlct

prgpgrtbgc gf sukebssbgcs lcm tags` talt alv` l rìuhltgry lcm/gr pghbjy jgct`xt.

@lja suk-s`jtbgc i`c`rlhhy fghhgws l sbebhlr strujtur` wabja jgeprbs`s l krb`f bctrgmujtbgc tg

ta` jgcj`rcs rlbs`m lcm wa`r` pgssbkh` lcm lpprgprblt`, l sueelry r`spgcs` bs prgvbm`m.

M`tlbh`m r`spgcs`s tg bcmbvbmulh qu`stbgcs gr jgee`cts r`j`bv`m lr` jgctlbc`m bc Lpp`cmbx

L.

=.; Zbt` Z`h`jtbgc lcm Lpprgvlhs Trgj`ss

=.;.< Ztrlt ibj Lss`sse`ct Trgj`ss

]a` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct als k``c ucm`rtlo`c gv`r l fgur -y`lr p`rbgm lcm bs gc` gf ta` egst

jgeprà`csbv` bcmustrblh sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss `v`r ucm`rtlo`c bc @cihlcm. ]a` strltìbj

lpprglja jgcsbm`r`m ta` lvgbmlcj` gr ebcbebzltbgc gf bepljts ljrgss l rlci` gf fljtgrs frge

ta` guts`t. ]abs mbff`rs frge l trlmbtbgclh lpprglja





wa`r`ky l sbt` bs bm`ctbfb`m gc t`jacbjlh irgucms lhgc` lcm, sukn`jt tg cgt jgctlbcbci fltlh

fhlws bc ta` `cvbrgce`ctlh lpprgvlhs jgct`xt, bs ta`c lclhyz`m lcm m`f`cm`m ls k`bci

ljj`ptlkh`.

Bssu`s tlo`c bctg ljjguct murbci ta` sbt` s`h jtbgc prgj`ss bcjhum`m>

ta` subtlkbhbty gf hgjltbgcs bc t`res gf `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm Bcmbi`cgus a`rbtli`

jgcstrlbcts?

prgxbebty tg ta` Krgws` Klsbc ils fb`hms?

subtlkbhbty fgr a`lvy bcmustry lcm sabppbci?

bepljts gc xbstbci jgeeucbtb`s lcm gc jgeeucbty lcm bcmustry us`s? lcm

t`jacghgibjlh bccgvltbgcs wabja ely k` lvlbhlkh`.

]`jacbjlh lcm `jgcgebj lclhys`s w`r` ucm`rtlo`c gc ta` klsbs gf l 04Etpl Tr`jbcjt ls tabs

wls jgcsbm`r`m suffbjb`ct tg jlt`r fgr l abia irgwta sj clrbg fgr m`v`hgpe`ct gf Krgws` Ils

gv`r ta` c`xt <44 y`lrs. ]a` ZL[ wls pr`plr`m bc ljjgrmlcj` wbta ta` ]`res gf [`f`r`cj`

`stlkhbsa`m ucm`r ta` Ztlt` lcm Jgeegcw`lhta Igv`rce`cts‒ Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct

Lir`è`ct, sbic`m bc F`krulry ;441. ]abs Lir`è`ct prgvbm`s ta` krglm sjgp` fgr ta`

lss`sse`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt Thlc lcm lssgjblt`m futur` prgpgslhs, ucm`r kgta ta` Y`st`rc

@cihlcm @T Ljt <216 lcm ta` Jgeegcw`lhta @TKJ Ljt <222 .

Zge` sukebssbgcs alv` jrbtbjbz`m ta` hljo gf prgn`jt sp`jbfbj m`tlbhs jgctlbc`m bc ta` ZL[. Bt

saguhm k` cgt`m talt ta` ZL[ bs l strltìbj h v`h mgjue`ct. Bt mg`s cgt pr`sue` lcy plrtbjuhlr

prgpgc`ct, `cibc``rbci m`sbic, gr t`jacghgiy ls bt bs hbo`hy talt euhtbph` prgpgc`cts wbhhgjjupy ta` Tr`jbcjt utbhbzbci l vlrb`ty gf lpprglja`s. Bcst`lm ta` ZL[ als elm` jgcs`rvltbv

lssueptbgcs bc grm`r tg m`fbc` ta` xt`ct gf hbo`hy bepljts. Bc elcy jls`s ta`r` bs l abia h`v`h

gf j`rtlbcty rìlrmbci cvbrgce`ctlh gutjge`s. Ya`r` hbtth` kls`hbc` bcfgreltbgc bs lvlbhlkh

l pr`jlutbgclry lpprglja tg lss`sse`ct lcm elcliè`ct als k``c tlo`c tg r`lja ta`

r`qubr`m h`v`h gf j`rtlbcty rìlrmbci cvbrgce`ctlh gutjge`s. ]abs wbhh m`fbc` ta` plrle`t`rs

wbtabc wabja lhh pgt`ctblh prgn`jts eust gp`rlt`.

[ìuhltgry li`cjb`s wbhh m`t`rebc` wa`ta`r m`rbv`m prgpgslhs fbt wbtabc ta` hbebts s`t ky ta`

Tr`jbcjt lcm wa`ta`r lcm agw tags` bepljts ely k` furta`r ebcbebz`m. ]a` gkn`jtbv` wls

tg phlc fgr ta` wgrst jls` sj`clrbg tg ljjgeegmlt` m`v hgpe`ct w hh bctg ta` futur`.

=.;.; Zbt` Z`h`jtbgc

L rbigrgus sbt` s`h jtbgc prgj`ss wls ucm`rtlo`c ky ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct wabja jgcsbm`r`m

l rlci` gf m`v`hgpe`ct gptbgcs bcjhumbci fhgltbci HCI lcm sbt`s bc ta` Tbhklrl lcm Mlrwbc,

bc lmmbtbgc tg =: sbt`s bc ta` Obek`rh`y. Fghhgwbci `xt`csbv` t`jacbjlh, `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm

sgjblh stumb`s, l sbt` c`lr Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct wls s h`jt`m ls





k`bci ta` egst subtlkh` hgjltbgc. ]a` prgvbsbgc gf lmvbj` ucm`r s`jtbgc <6 (`) gf ta` @T Ljt

<216 ky ta` @TL gc <2 M`jèk`r ;441, lcm ta` Trèb`r's suks`qu`ct lccgucjè`ct gf l sbt`

fgr ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt bc ta` vbjbcbty gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct, fghhgw`m l jgcsbm`rlkh` <;-

egcta sbt` s`h`jtbgc lcm lss`sse`ct prgj`ss. L cuek`r gf stumb`s talt jgcsbm`r ta` hgjltbgcgf ta` Tr`jbcjt lr` m`tlbh`m bc ]lkh` =.< 'Zueelry gf Zbt` Z`h`jtbgc Lclhys`s Jgcmujt`m'

k`hgw.





L o`y taè` lrbsbci frge ta` sukebssbgcs bcjhum`m ta` jgcj`rc talt lht`rcltbv` sbt`s w`r` cgt

jgcsbm`r`m lcm / gr w`r` gv`rhggo`m.

]a` sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss us`m lclhys`s lcm bcput ky Y`st`rc @cihlcmc igv`rce`ctli`cjb`s, Jgeegcw`lhta igv`rce`ct li`cjb`s, ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs, `cvbrgce`ctlh CIGs

lcm bcmustry, tg bm`ctbfy ta` egst subtlkh hgjltbgc fgr ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt (Tlrt ;, Z`jtbgc =

gf ta` ZL[).

@cvbrgce`ctlh grilcbzltbgcs bcjhumbci ta` @cihlcmc Jgcs`rvltbgc Fgucmltbgc, Ybhm`rc ss

Zgjb`ty, Ygrhm Ybhmhbf` Fucm, Jgcs`rvltbgc Jgucjbh lcm @cvbrgcs Obek`rh`y w`r` lhh

`xt`csbv`hy jgcsuht`m wbta r`sp`jt tg ta` sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss, plrtbjbpltbci bc ta` Y`st

Obek`rh y @cvbrgce`ct Ygrobci Irgup. ]a`s` irgups sbic`m l Ngbct Tgsbtbgc Ztltè`ct

wabja ljocgwh`mi`m ta` sbicbfbjlct pgt`ctblh fgr k`c`fbjblh gutjge`s fgr ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc rs

frge lc HCI m`v`hgpe`ct lcm lmvgjlt`m talt ta` HCI m`v`hgpe`ct saguhm gjjur lt l

sbcih` hgjltbgc bc grm`r tg ebcbebz` ta` fggtprbct gf m`v`hgpe`ct. ]a` pgsbtbgc ljocgwh mi m

ta` c``m tg jgcmujt l jueuhltbv` lss`sse`ct gf ta`

Obek`rh`y's `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm juhturlh vlhu`s, lcm tg lpphy jgcsbst`cthy abia stlcmlrms gf

`cvbrgce`ctlh lcm juhturlh elcliè`ct tg lcy suja m`v`hgpe`ct jgcsbst`ct wbta ta`

e`tagmghgiy lcm gutjge`s bct`cm`m gf ta` jurr`ct Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct prgj`ss.

]a` prgj`ss lcm rltbgclh` fgr bm`ctbfybci ta` pr`f`rr`m sbt` bc ta` vbjbcbty gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct

wls kls`m gc l cuek`r gf jgcsbm`rltbgcs bcjhumbci>

sbt` s`h`jtbgc t`jacbjlh jgcsbm`rltbgcs?

`cvbrgce`ctlh jgcsbm`rltbgcs? sgjblh lcm jgcgebj jgcsbm`rltbgcs? lcm

Bcmbi`cgus jgcsbm`rltbgcs.

L rlci` gf m`v`hgpe`ct gptbgcs w`r` jgcsbm`r`m tg m`t`rebc` ta` subtlkbhbty gf ta` Ztlt` ‒s

prgpgslh ls w hh ls tg m`fbc` ta` pr`f`rr`m hgjltbgc fgr ta` prgpgs`m m`v`hgpe`ct. L twg-y lr

sbt` s`h jtbgc prgj`ss wls ucm`rtlo`c ky ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct jgcsbm`rbci =: sbt`s wbtabc ta`

Obek`rh`y (bcjhumbci gffsagr` lt Zjgtt [``f, ta` Elr`t Bshlcms gr lt Ybhsgc Tgbct bc ta`

Jlem`c Zgucm). Bc lmmbtbgc, tabs prgj`ss lhsg jgcsbm`r`m gptbgcs fgr> l fhgltbci HCI

(FHCI) prgj`ssbci fljbhbtb`s? sbt`s bc ta` Tbhklrl rìbgc tg ta` sguta gf ta` Obek`rh`y

(Gcshgw, Kurrup T`cbcsuhl, Jlp` Hlek`rt gr Tgrt A`mhlcm)? lcm sbt`s tg ta` cgrta-`lst gfta` Obek`rh y bc ta` Cgrta`rc ]`rrbtgry (Ebmmh` Lre, Ihym` Tgbct gr Kycg` Alrkgur).

]arguia tabs s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss ta` << sbt`s wbtabc ta` Obek`rh`y w`r` sagrt-hbst`m lcm ta`c

furta`r r`fbc`m tg fgur sbt`s fghhgwbci `xt`csbv` t`jacbjlh, `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm sgjblh stumb`s.

Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct wls s`h jt`m ls ta` egst subtlkh` hgjltbgc kls`m gc>





@TL lmvbj` bc ;441 talt `cvbrgce`ctlh bepljts lcm rbsos lr` hbo`hy tg k` elcli`lkh`

lt ta` hgjltbgc?

mbstlcj` frge ta` hgjlh pgpuhltbgc (ta`r` lr` cg p`gph` hbvbci wbtabc <4 obhge`tr`s gf

ta` sbt`)?

mbstlcj` tg xbstbci bcfrlstrujtur` (64 obhge`t rs tg Krgge` Lbr Tgrt)?

prgxbebty tg ta` ils fb`hms? lcm

subtlkbhbty fgr a`lvy bcmustry lcm sabppbci.

]a` r`vb`w gf sbt`s gutsbm` ta` Obek`rh`y rìbgc bcmbjlt`m talt ta`s` gptbgcs wguhm>

k` jgst prgabkbtbv`?

k` t`jacbjlhhy jalhh`cibci?

v`ry hbo`hy jgcstrlbc ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Krgws` Klsbc? lcm

hbebt ta` gppgrtucbty tg m`hbv`r bepgrtlct `jgcgebj lcm sgjblh k`c fbts tg ta` Y`stObek`rh`y.

L cuek`r gf sukebssbgcs elm` sp`jbfbj r`f`r`cj` tg vlrbgus gptbgcs r`hltbci tg pbpbci ta` ils

tg `xbstbci phlcts gutsbm` gf ta` Obek`rh`y (bcjhumbci ta` us` gf `xbstbci fljbhbtb`s gc ta`

Kurrup T`cbcsuhl gr usbci ta` KAT Kggmlrb` sbt` bc Tgrt A`mhlcm), lcm gffsagr` fhgltbci

HCI fljbhbtb`s.

]a` sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss us`m lclhys`s lcm bcput ky Y`st`rc @cihlcm‒s igv`rce`ct

li`cjb`s, Jgeegcw`lhta igv`rce`ct li`cjb`s, ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs, `cvbrgce`ctlh CIGs

lcm bcmustry, tg bm`ctbfy ta` egst subtlkh hgjltbgc fgr ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt (Tlrt ;, Z`jtbgc =

gf ta` ZL[).

@cvbrgce`ctlh grilcbzltbgcs bcjhumbci ta` @cihlcm Jgcs`rvltbgc Fgucmltbgc, Ybhm`rc`ss

Zgjb`ty, Ygrhm Ybhmhbf` Fucm, Jgcs`rvltbgc Jgucjbh lcm @cvbrgcs Obek`rh`y w`r` lhh

`xt`csbv`hy jgcsuht`m wbta r`sp`jt tg ta` sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss, plrtbjbpltbci bc ta` Y`st

Obek`rh y @cvbrgce`ct Ygrobci Irgup. ]a`s` irgups sbic`m l Ngbct Tgsbtbgc Ztltè`ct

wabja ljocgwh`mi`m ta` sbicbfbjlct pgt`ctblh fgr k`c`fbjblh gutjge`s fgr ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc rs

frge lc HCI m`v`hgpe`ct lcm lmvgjlt`m talt ta` HCI m`v`hgpe`ct saguhm gjjur lt l

sbcih` hgjltbgc bc grm`r tg ebcbebz` ta` fggtprbct gf m`v`hgpe`ct. ]a` pgsbtbgc ljocgwh mi m

ta` c``m tg jgcmujt l jueuhltbv` lss`sse`ct gf ta` Obek`rh`y's `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm juhturlh

vlhu`s, lcm tg lpphy jgcsbst`cthy abia stlcmlrms gf `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm juhturlh elcliè`ct

tg lcy suja m`v`hgpe`ct jgcsbst`ct wbta ta` e`tagmghgiy lcm gutjge`s bct`cm`m gf ta`

jurr`ct Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct prgj`ss.

]a` prgj`ss lcm rltbgclh` fgr bm`ctbfybci ta` pr`f`rr`m sbt` bc ta` vbjbcbty gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct

wls kls`m gc l cuek`r gf jgcsbm`rltbgcs bcjhumbci>





sbt` s`h`jtbgc t`jacbjlh jgcsbm`rltbgcs?

`cvbrgce`ctlh jgcsbm`rltbgcs?

sgjblh lcm jgcgebj jgcsbm`rltbgcs? lcm

Bcmbi`cgus jgcsbm`rltbgcs.

L rlci` gf m`v`hgpe`ct gptbgcs w`r` jgcsbm`r`m tg m`t`rebc` ta` subtlkbhbty gf ta` Ztlt`‒s

prgpgslh ls w hh ls tg m`fbc` ta` pr`f`rr`m hgjltbgc fgr ta` prgpgs`m m`v`hgpe`ct. L twg y`lr

sbt` s`h jtbgc prgj`ss wls ucm`rtlo`c ky ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct jgcsbm`rbci =: sbt`s wbtabc ta`

Obek`rh`y (bcjhumbci gffsagr` lt Zjgtt [``f, ta` Elr`t Bshlcms gr lt Ybhsgc Tgbct bc ta`

Jlem`c Zgucm). Bc lmmbtbgc, tabs prgj`ss lhsg jgcsbm`r`m gptbgcs fgr> l fhgltbci HCI

(FHCI) prgj`ssbci fljbhbtb`s? sbt`s bc ta` Tbhklrl r`ibgc tg ta` sguta gf ta` Obek`rh`y

(Gcshgw, Kurrup T`cbcsuhl, Jlp` Hlek`rt gr Tgrt A`mhlcm)? lcm sbt`s tg ta` cgrta-`lst gf

ta` Obek`rh y bc ta` Cgrta`rc ]`rrbtgry (Ebmmh` Lre, Ihym` Tgbct gr Kycg` Alrkgur).

]arguia tabs s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss ta` << sbt`s wbtabc ta` Obek`rh`y w`r` sagrt-hbst`m lcm ta`c

furta`r r`fbc`m tg fgur sbt`s fghhgwbci `xt`csbv` t`jacbjlh, `cvbrgce`ctlh lcm sgjblh stumb`s.

Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct wls s`h jt`m ls ta` egst subtlkh` hgjltbgc kls`m gc>

@TL lmvbj` bc ;441 talt `cvbrgce`ctlh bepljts lcm rbsos lr` hbo`hy tg k` elcli`lkh`

lt ta` hgjltbgc?

mbstlcj` frge ta` hgjlh pgpuhltbgc (ta`r` lr` cg p`gph` hbvbci wbtabc <4 obhge`tr`s gf

ta` sbt`)?

mbstlcj` tg xbstbci bcfrlstrujtur` (64 obhge`tr`s tg Krgge` Lbr Tgrt)?

prgxbebty tg ta` ils fb`hms? lcm

subtlkbhbty fgr a`lvy bcmustry lcm sabppbci.

]a` r`vb`w gf sbt`s gutsbm` ta` Obek`rh`y r`ibgc bcmbjlt`m talt ta`s` gptbgcs wguhm>

k` jgst prgabkbtbv`?

k` t`jacbjlhhy jalhh`cibci?

v`ry hbo`hy jgcstrlbc ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Krgws` Klsbc? lcm

hbebt ta` gppgrtucbty tg m`hbv`r bepgrtlct `jgcgebj lcm sgjblh k`c fbts tg ta` Y`st

Obek`rh`y.

L cuek`r gf sukebssbgcs elm` sp`jbfbj r`f`r`cj` tg vlrbgus gptbgcs r`hltbci tg pbpbci ta` ils

tg `xbstbci phlcts gutsbm` gf ta` Obek`rh`y (bcjhumbci ta` us` gf `xbstbci fljbhbtb`s gc ta`

Kurrup T`cbcsuhl gr usbci ta` KAT Kggmlrb` sbt` bc Tgrt A`mhlcm), lcm gffsagr` fhgltbci

HCI fljbhbtb`s.





L sbt` gutsbm` ta` Obek`rh`y wls cgt s`h jt`m k`jlus`>

]a` jgeplrltbv` mbstlcj` tg ta` ils fb`hms (`.i. ta` ils fb`hms lr` k`tw` c ;04oe lcm

044oe tg Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct lcm bc `xj`ss gf 144oe lcm <444oe tg ta` Tbhklrl lcmMlrwbc r`sp`jtbv`hy).

]a` ir`lt`r mbstlcj`s lr` rìlrm`m ls jgst prgabkbtbv` ibv`c talt ta` lmmbtbgclh h`cita

gf ta` suks`l pbp`hbc` bs stbelt`m tg jgst $= ebhhbgc/oe, lcm ils wabja bs trlcspgrt m

gffsagr` ky pbp`hbc`, gv`r mbstlcj`s gf =44oe gr egr`, r`qubr`s jgepr`ssbgc stltbgcs

wabja lr` stbelt`m tg jgst up tg $< kbhhbgc.

Zplj` r`strbjtbgcs wbtabc h ls` kgucmlrb`s, sabppbci jalcc`h r`strbjtbgcs, HCI k`rta

lvlbhlkbhbty lcm pbp`hbc` jgcstrlbcts lssgjblt`m wbta ta` us` gf xbstbci pgrts/fljbhb tb s,

jguhm lhsg jgcstrlbc ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf Krgws` Klsbc.

]a` Ztlt` bs jgeebtt`m tg elxbebsbci ta` k`c`fbts tg ta` Y`st Obek`rh`y frge ta`

hlri` Krgws` Klsbc r`sgurj`, h`lmbci tg bcjr`ls`m bcv`ste`ct, kusbc`ss lcm

èphgye`ct.

Zuja gptbgcs lhsg mg cgt tlo` bctg ljjguct ta` jgepgucmbci fljtgr gf euhtbph` prgn`jts wbtabc

ta` uhtbelt` Tr`jbcjt m`v`hgpe`ct. Fgr xleph`, bt jguhm r`qubr` up tg biat prgmujt pbp`hbc s

(jgcsbstbci gf fgur ils gr euhtb-pals` pbp`hbc`s lcm fgur hbqubm pbp`hbc`s) tg trlcspgrt suffbjb`ct

ils fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt tg gp`rlt` lt bts elxbeue prgmujtbgc jlpljbty gf 04Etpl. Tbpbci ta` ils

lc lmmbtbgclh 044oe tg ta` Tbhklrl jguhm ta`r`fgr` r`qubr` lc lmmbtbgclh =444oe gf pbp`hbc ,

lhgci wbta puepbci stltbgcs, wabja wguhm sbicbfbjlcthy bcjr`ls` jgsts lcm bepgs` ir`lt`r

bepljts gc ta` elrbc` cvbrgce`ct.

Fhgltbci HCI

]a` gptbgc gf lc gffsagr` Fhgltbci Hbqu`fb`m Clturlh Ils ( FHCI) fljbhbty wls jgcsbm`r`m

murbci ta` sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss lcm als k``c furta`r rlbs`m bc sukebssbgcs tg ta` Ztrltìbj

Lss`sse`ct [`pgrt. Bc lss`ssbci ta` gptbgc gf FHCI, fljtgrs talt w`r` jgcsbm`r`m bcjhum`

ta` lkbhbty gf suja t`jacghgiy tg e``t ta` r`qubrè`cts gf ta` prgn`jt, `cvbrgce`ctlh bssu`s

lcm ta` krglm`r Igv`rce`ct strltìbj lcm sgjblh m`v`hgpe`ct gkn`jtbv`s. FHCI fljbhbtb`s lr`

s``c tg gff`r sge` pgt`ctblh fgr prgj`ssbci jhgs` tg ta` ils fb`hm. Agw`v r, ta` t`jacghgiy lt

tabs stli` bs ucsubtlkh` fgr hlri` ils r`sgurj`s, suja ls tags` Krgws` Klsbc ils fb`hms, talt alv`

k``c bm`ctbfb`m fgr m`v`hgpe`ct lt ta` Tr`jbcjt. Bcmustry i`c`rlhhy jgcsbm`rs fhgltbci fljbhbtb sls subtlkh` fgr selhh, strlcm`m gr règt` r`s rv`s. Ls suja, tg e``t ta` mèlcms gf ta` prgn`jt

wguhm r`qubr` l sukstlctblh cuek`r gf FHCI fljbhbtb`s tg k` hgjlt`m lt ta` Krgws` Ils fb`hms,

taus `xplcmbci ta` bcmustrblh fggtprbct wbtabc ta` elrbc` `cvbrgce`ct lcm ta` lssgjblt m

rbsos tg pgt`ctblhhy ucljj`ptlkh` h v`hs.





Bc lmmbtbgc, ta` us` gf FHCI wguhm cgt e``t ta` bepgrtlct sgjblh m`v`hgpe`ct gkn`jtbv`s gf

ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct ls bt wguhm s`v`r`hy hbebt ta` k`c`fbts talt suja l prgn`jt jguhm krbci tg

ta` Obek`rh`y rìbgc.

Zueelry gf Zbt` Z`h`jtbgc lcm M`v`hgpe`ct Gptbgcs

Yabh` ta` gptbgcs jgcsbm`r`m lkgv` ely gff`r sge` gppgrtucbty fgr sp`jbfbj prgn`jts,

m`p`cmbci upgc ta`br ljj`ss tg t`jacghgiy (fgr `xleph` ta` r`j ct lccgucjè`ct gf ta` us`

gf fhgltbci HCI fgr ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf Za`hh's Tr`hum` ils fb`hm) gr gta`r jgcsbm`rltbgcs suja

ls prgn`jt jgst strujtur`s (fgr xleph` ta` us` gf xbstbci fljbhbtb`s bc ta` Tbhklrl), ta`s gptbgcs

wguhm cgt m`hbv`r ta` bct`cm`m gutjge`s gf ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt? talt bs tg prgvbm` lc

`jgcgebj prgpgsbtbgc fgr ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf up tg 04Etpl gf HCI. Gchy ta` Tr`jbcjt

gutjge` wguhm prgvbm` l jgee`rjblh gppgrtucbty fgr egr` talc gc` HCI prgpgc`ct wabh

lvgbmbci euhtbph` prgn`jt fggtprbcts lhgci ta` s`csbtbv` Obek`rh`y jglst. Zbicbfbjlcthy gchyta` Tr`jbcjt gutjge` wguhm m`hbv`r ta` r`lh lcm tlcibkh` k`c`fbts gf mujltbgc, trlbcbci, ngks,

lcm kusbc`ss gppgrtucbtb`s fgr ]rlmbtbgclh Gwc`rs ls ljocgwh`mi`m bc ta` Ngbct Tgsbtbgc

Ztltè`ct ky `cvbrgce`ctlh grilcbzltbgcs.

Bt saguhm k` r`bt`rlt`m talt ta` Ztrltìbj Lss sse`ct sbt` s`h jtbgc bs ta` Igv`rce`ct prgj`ss

gf m`t`rebcbci ta` egst lpprgprblt` sbt` fgr ta` hgjltbgc gf lc HCI Tr`jbcjt fgr ta`

m`v`hgpe`ct gf Krgws` Klsbc ils r`sgurj`s. ]abs mg`s cgt lmvgjlt` fgr, gr pr`sue` ta`

m`v`hgpe`ct gf, lcy plrtbjuhlr prgn`jt. Phtbelt`hy bt bs ta` m`jbsbgc gf bcmbvbmulh jgeplcb s

talt wbhh m`t`rebc` wa`r` lcm agw bcmbvbmulh prgn`jts i`t m`v`hgp`m, lcm ta` gchy hbebtltbgc

ta` Ztlt` wbhh phlj` gc tabs bs talt, suks`qu`ct tg s`jurbci ta` hlcm lt ta` pr`f`rr`m hgjltbgc fgrta` Tr`jbcjt, bt bct`cms tg prgir`ss hìbshltbgc tg r`strbjt HCI m`v`hgpe`ct `hs`wa`r` lhgci

ta` Obek`rh`y jglsthbc`. ]a` tru` jgee`rjblh t`st fgr ta` Tr`jbcjt wbhh ta`r`fgr` k` ta`

gutjge` gf fbclh bcv`ste`ct m`jbsbgcs elm` fghhgwbci ta` r`h`vlct strltìbj lpprgvlhs

prgj`ss`s fgr ta` prgpgs`m Tr`jbcjt hgjltbgc.

Furta`r m`tlbhs rìlrmbci ta` sbt` s`h`jtbgc prgj`ss lcm bm`ctbfbjltbgc gf bssu`s lcm jgcstrlbcts

fgr gptbgcs gutsbm` ta` Obek`rh`y [ìbgc lcm gptbgcs wbtabc ta` Obek`rh`y [ìbgc jlc k`

fgucm bc Tlrt ;, Z`jtbgc = gf ta` ZL[, r`sp`jtbv`hy.





=.= I`c`rlh lcm Tghbjy Bssu`s

=.=.< @e`ri`cjy [`spgcs`

Zukebssbgcs gc ta` ZL[ r`hltbci tg è`ri`cjy elcliè`ct fgjus`m gc l f`w o`y bssu`s

bcjhumbci>

jgv`rli` gf gbh spbhh egm`hhbci murbci jyjhgcbj p`rbgms wa`c bcjr`ls`m cgrta`rhy wbcms

lcm wlv`s bcjr`ls`

rbso gf flbhur`s lcm ta` hbo`hbaggm gf lcy spbht gbh r`ljabci Krgge`?

prgvbsbgc gf egr` m`tlbh gc gbh spbhh elcliè`ct/r`spgcs` strltìb`s?

ibv`c ta` Egctlrl lcm Iuhf gf E`xbjg (M``pwlt`r Agrbzgc) bcjbm`cts agw jlc ta`

gbh spbhh rbso k` jgcsbm`r`m

elcli`lkh`? lcm

pgt`ctblh bepljts gc tgurbse mu` tg lc gbh spbhh.

]a` r`lm`rs‒ ltt`ctbgc bs mrlwc tg ta` tar`` elbc lr`ls talt gbh spbhhs lr` jgv`r`m bc ta` ZL[>

Z`jtbgcs ;.:.=.; tg Z`jtbgc ;.:.6.; wbtabc Tlrt : gf ta` ZL[?

Z`jtbgc = wbtabc Tlrt 9 gf ta` ZL[? lcm

ZL[ Lpp`cmbx I-:.

]a` r`pgrt gc Aymrgjlrkgc Zpbhh Egm`hhbci (ZL[ Lpp`cmbx I-:) bc plrtbjuhlr m`sjrbk`s ta`

m`tlbh`m lss`sse`ct ucm`rtlo`c ky ta` Trgpgc`ct.

Y`hh Khgw-gut [bsos

]a` Egctlrl (@cihlcm‒s cgrta`rc wlt`rs) lcm Iuhf gf E`xbjg (M``pwlt`r Agrbzgc) bcjbm`cts

alv` a`biat`c`m ta` jgcj`rc lcm fgjus gc hlri` sjlh` gbh spbhhs frge gbh lcm ils ljtbvbtb`s. Kgta

gf ta`s` `v`cts w`r` ta` r`suht gf l hgss gf jgctrgh gf gbh lcm ils frge l w`hh murbci mrbhhbci.

Ls suja uctbh ta` w`hhs w`r` jlpp`m ta` `v`cts w`r` ‑jgctbcugus‒ ls ta` jgct`cts gf ta` gbh lcm

ils r`s`rvgbr w`r` lkh` tg h`lo bctg ta` gj`lc. ]a` ZL[ fgr ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt mg`s

cgt s`ò lpprgvlh fgr ta` mrbhhbci gf gbh lcm ils w`hhs ls tabs bs cgt lc ljtbvbty jgctèphlt`m lt

ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt. Zuja ljtbvbtb`s lr` sukn`jt tg s`plrlt` strbci`ct lpprgvlhs frge ta

Ztlt` lcm Jgeegcw`lhta Igv`rce`ct. Pchbo` l w`hh khgw-gut, lcm spbhh vghue`s frge ta`

Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh k` hbebt`m tg stgr`m jgcm`cslt` vghue`s wbtabc fljbhbtb`s suja ls

pbp`hbc`s (wabja wguhm k` saut mgwc bc ta` `v`ct gf l spbhh) gr jgcm`cslt` tlco`rs (sabps).

]a`s` spbhhs alv` k` c bcjgrpgrlt`m bctg ta` spbhh lss sse`cts pr`s`ct`m bc ta` ZL[.





Jyjhgc` Bcjhusbgcs

]a` p`rbgm egm`hh`m fgr `stbeltbgc gf ta` gbh spbhh rbsos wls frge <st Luiust ;449 ruccbci

uctbh ta` <st Z`ptèk`r ;441 (Z`jtbgc 0.0, ZL[ Lpp`cmbx I-:). ]abs egm`hhbci p`rbgmbcjhum`m tar`` jyjhgc`s ( E`hlcb` ;6 M`jèk`r ;449 - ; Nlculry ;441 - Jltìgry ;? Cbjaghls

<< - ;4 F`krulry ;441 - Jltìgry :? lcm Gpa`hbl < - 6 Elrja ;441- Jltìgry ;) talt plss`m ta`

cgrta w st jglst gf YL. Kls`m gc egm`hhbci r`suhts, ta` `stbelt`m lcculh prgklkbhbty gf gbh

r`ljabci [g`kujo Kly wls pr`mbjt`m tg k` h`ss talc gc` bc `v`ry <4 444 y`lrs, wbta ta`

ebcbeue tbe` fgr gbh tg i`t tg [g`kujo Kly k bci <4 mlys. Jgcs`qu`cthy, tabs bs jgcsbm`r m

tg prgvbm` suffbjb`ct tbe` tg egkbhbz` ta` c`j`sslry r`spgcs` r`sgurj`s.

Bc lmmbtbgc, Tgrts suja ls tags` prgpgs`m fgr ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh jhgs` wa`c

jyjhgc`s tar`lt`c ta` jglst wbta sabps h`lvbci jglstlh lr`ls, egvbci gut tg s`l tg lvgbm lc

lpprgljabci jyjhgc`. Jgcs`qu`cthy, ta` prgklkbhbty gf l spbhh gf suffbjb`ct vghue` tg r`lja[g`kujo Kly gjjurrbci murbci l jyjhgc` bs règt` (cgt` talt ta` gbh spbhh egm`hhbci mbm cgt

fljtgr bc tabs ebtbiltbgc e`lsur ).

Gbh Zpbhh [`spgcs` lcm Elcliè`ct

]a`r` bs l jh`lrhy m`fbc`m gbh spbhh r`spgcs` strujtur` wbtabc @cihlcm. ]a` Jgeegcw`lhta

Igv`rce`ct als m`v`hgp`m ta` Cltbgclh Elrbc` Gbh Zpbhh Jgctbci`cjy Thlc

(attp>//www.lesl.igv.lu/Elrbc`W@cvbrgce`ctWTrgt jtbgc/CltbgclhWphlc/) talt guthbc`s

agw elrbc` gbh spbhhs lr` elcli`m bc @cihlcm. ]a` @cihlcm‒s Elrbtbe` Zlf`ty Lutagrbty

(LEZL) bs r`spgcsbkh` fgr elbctlbcbci ta` phlc. ]a` klsbs gf tabs phlc bs l tb`r`m r`spgcs`

kls`m gc ta` sbz` gf l spbhh. ]a` tb`rs lr`>

]b`r < - up tg <4 tgcc`s - l selhh spbhh r`qubrbci l hgjlh r`spgcs` wa`r` ta` jgeklt

li`cjy wbhh i`c`rlhhy alv` ta` lvlbhlkh` qubpe`ct tg r`spgcm tg ta` spbhh.

]b`r ; - k`tw``c <4 lcm <444 tgcc`s - l e`mbue spbhh r`qubrbci rìbgclh lcm/gr

cltbgclh lssbstlcj`. Bct`rstlt` r`sgurj`s wbhh k` fljbhbtlt`m ky ta` Ztltutgry Li`cjy

targuia Elrbc` @cvbrgce`ct Tghhutbgc (E@T), LEZL.

]b`r : - lkgv` <444 tgcc`s ‚ l hlri` spbhh r`qubrbci cltbgclh lssbstlcj` i`c`rlhhy

r`qubrbci hgjlh, rìbgclh, cltbgclh lcm pgssbkhy bct`rcltbgclh lssbstlcj`. Bct`rstlt` lcm

bct`rcltbgclh r`sgurj`s wbhh k` fljbhbtlt`m ky ta` Ztltutgry Li`cjy targuia E@T.

Ls guthbc`m bc 'Lcc`xur` = - Elcliè`ct Ztrltìb`s', ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct als mrlft`m lc

@e`ri`cjy [`spgcs` Ztrltìy bcjhumbci gbh spbhh jgctbci`cjy prgj`mur`s lcm jggrmbcltbgc gf

prgpgc`cts bc ta` v`ct gf e`ri`cjy r`spgcs` prgj`mur`s. Bc lmmbtbgc, ta` Ztlt` Igv`rce`ct

als jgeebtt`m tg ta` r`sgurjbci lcm elbct`clcj` gf aymrgjlrkgc spbhh r`spgcs` `qubpe`ct

wbta ta` jlpljbty tg `ff`jtbv`hy r`spgcm tg l ]b`r ; (<4 -<444t) `v`ct.





Jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts wbtabc ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt lr` r`qubr`m tg m`v`hgp l

Aymrgjlrkgc lcm Jaèbjlh Zpbhh Jgctbci`cjy Thlc wabja wbhh sbt ucm`r ta` Krgge` Tgrt

Lutagrbty @e`ri`cjy [`spgcs` Thlc. ]a` Trgpgc`ct's Aymrgjlrkgc lcm Jaèbjlh Zpbhh

Jgctbci`cjy Thlc eust k` m`v`hgp`m tg ta` sltbsfljtbgc gf ta` Y`st`rc @cihlcm‒s Ebcbst`rfgr @cvbrgce`ct (]lkh ;.:-= bc Tlrt : gf ta` ZL[).

Bc lmmbtbgc, egst gf ta`@cihlcm‒s gbh bcmustry suksjrbk`s tg @cihlcm‒s Elrbc` Gbh Zpbhh J`ctr`

(LEGZJ). LEGZJ elbctlbcs l stgjopbh` gf ]b`r : gbh spbhh r`spgcs` `qubpe`ct. Pcm`r lc

lir`è`ct k`tw``c LEZL lcm LEGZJ gbh spbhh r`sgurj`s (kgta `qubpe`ct lcm p`rsgcc`h)

lr` lvlbhlkh , bf r`qubr`m, tg ta` Jgeegcw`lhta lcm Y st`rc @cihlcm fgr bcjbm`cts.

Lhtaguia ta` m`v`hgpe`ct gf ta` Tr`jbcjt wbhh bcjr`ls` ta` rbso gf lc gbh spbhh, ta`s` rbsos

lhr`lmy `xbst frge sabppbci egvè`cts lhgci ta` jglst lcm fu`h bepgrts talt gjjur targuia

ta` Tgrt gf Krgge`. ]a` stbelt`m lcculh bcjr`ls` bc ta` hbo`hbaggm gf l spbhh r`ljabci bta`r

Jlkh` K lja gr [g`kujo Kly bs stbelt`m lt gc` bc <4,444 y`lrs.

=.=.; Ir``cagus` Ils @ebssbgcs

L cuek`r gf jgeegc jgcj`rcs r`hlt`m tg ta` ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs è`ri`m frge ta`

sukebssbgcs r`j bv`m. ]a` elngrbty gf ta` jgcj`rcs j`ctr`m lrgucm>

ta` pr`mbjt`m sjlh` gf èbssbgcs frge ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt?

ta` rgh` gf HCI, lcm Krgws` sp`jbfbjlhhy, bc m`hbv`rbci l ihgklh c`t ir``cagus` k`c`fbt

targuia ta` mbsphljè`ct

gf jglh fbr`m pgw r? lcm hljo gf m`tlbh rìlrmbci prgpgs`m lkltè`ct e`lsur`s.

]a`s` lr` sueelrbs`m k`hgw. M`tlbh`m r`spgcs`s tg sp`jbfbj qu`stbgcs ky lhh wag sukebtt`m

jgee`cts lr` prgvbm`m bc Lpp`cmbx L.

]a` Tr`mbjt`m Zjlh gf @ebssbgcs frge KHCI Tr`jbcjt

L cuek`r gf jgee`cts w`r` r`j`bv`m bc r`hltbgc tg ta` leguct gf ir``cagus` ils pgt`ctblhhy

i`c`rlt`m ky ta` KHCI prgn`jt kgta bc lksghut` t`res lcm ls l prgpgrtbgc gf YL ‒s tgtlh

èbssbgcs. Bc lmmbtbgc tg jgcj`rc lt ta` sjlh` gf èbssbgcs, sge` gf ta`s` jgee`cts rlbs`mjgcj`rc lt ta` pgt`ctblh bepljt gf ta` Jgeegcw`lhta‒s ebssbgcs r`mujtbgc jgeebte`cts.

Bt bs cgt`m talt ta` strltìbj lss`sse`ct prgj`ss r`qubr`s talt l jgcs`rvltbv` lpprglja tg ta`

bm`ctbfbjltbgc lcm lss`sse`ct gf cvbrgce`ctlh bepljts k` tlo`c. Lhtaguia ta` ZL[ bcjhum`s

l 04Etpl sj`clrbg ls l elxbeue jls`, ta` elxbeue jgcstrlbc`m jlpljbty jguhm r`lsgclkhy

k` `xp`jt`m tg k` sbicbfbjlcthy h`ss talc tabs wabja wls ta` klsbs fgr bcjhusbgc gf gta`r





]abs bs `jag`m bc YL's Ir``cagus` Ils [`mujtbgc Ztrltìy wabja guthbc`s YL's r`spgcs`

tg ta` ir``cagus` bssu`. ]a` Ztrltìy r`jgicbs`s clturlh ils ls l h`ss jlrkgc bct`csbv`

r`phljè`ct sgurj` fgr i`c`rltbci `h`jtrbjbty jgeplr`m tg trlmbtbgclh jglh-fbr`m stltbgcs lcm

ta` rgh` bt jlc phly bc krbmibci ta` ilp k`tw``c ta` `xbstbci gbh lcm futur` aymrgi`c-kls`m`jgcgeb`s (p.=4). Bepgrtlcthy, ta` Ztrltìy r`jgicbs`s ta` `xpgrt gf HCI ls jgctrbkutbci tg

l ihgklh r`mujtbgc bc ebssbgcs lcm jgeebts tg cjgurlibci ta` hgci t`re xpgrt gf r`hltbv`hy

jh`lc`r fgssbh fu`hs suja ls HCI (p.24).

]a` myclebjs gf ta` ihgklh `c`riy elro`t lr` lff`jt`m ky l wbm` rlci` gf pghbjy lcm prbj`

sbiclhs wabja bcfhu`cj` mèlcm lcm supphy. C`v`rta`h`ss, abstgry jlc gft`c prgvbm` l us fuh

iubm`, lcm r`lh-wgrhm `xleph`s gf wa`r` HCI als elm` l pgsbtbv` jgctrbkutbgc tg gv`rlhh

èbssbgcs mg `xbst. Fgr `xleph` ta` bcjr`ls`m lvlbhlkbhbty gf clturlh ils frge ta` Cgrta Z`l

bc ta` <224s r`suht`m bc ta` Pcbt`m Obcimge swbtjabci bts prbelry `h jtrbjbty i`c`rltbci fu`h

frge jglh tg clturlh ils. ]abs r`suht`m bc l r`mujtbgc tg bts IAI ebssbgcs frge pgw`r phlcts ky ;2% k`tw` c <224 lcm <222 m`spbt` l <6% bcjr`ls` bc `h`jtrbjbty jgcsueptbgc

(M`plrte`ct fgr @cvbrgce`ct, Fggm lcm [urlh Lfflbrs, ;44<). Lcgta`r `xleph` lhsg jge`s

frge ta` @urgp`lc Pcbgc (@P), wabja bs jurr`cthy sukn`jt tg lc èbssbgcs trlmbci sjaè`.

Bc ta` suee`r gf ;440, I`relcy, wabja bs abiahy r`hblct gc jglh fgr pgw`r i`c`rltbgc,

ljtbv`hy sguiat tg purjals` pgw`r frge ta` C`ta`rhlcms, wabja als l abia prgpgrtbgc gf ils-

fbr`m i`c`rltbgc. Bc ta` @P, mltl bs lvlbhlkh` tg mègcstrlt` talt fu`h swbtjabci frge jglh tg

ils bs cgt gchy gjjurrbci, kut bs l o`y jgctrbkutgr tg ebssbgcs r`mujtbgcs bc tabs rìbgc.

Hljo gf M`tlbh [ìlrmbci Trgpgs`m Lkltè`ct E`lsur`s

L cuek`r gf jgee`cts w`r` r`j`bv`m qu`rybci ta` m`tlbh gf sp`jbfbj lkltè`ct e`lsur`s talt

wguhm k` bephè`ct`m ls plrt gf ta` KHCI m`v`hgpe`ct. Bcjgrpgrlt`m bc ta`s` qu`stbgcs

wls l plrtbjuhlr bct`r`st bc i`g s`qu strltbgc ls lc lkltè`ct e`lsur`.

Bc hbc` wbta @TL iubmlcj` lcm r`j`ct `cvbrgce`ctlh lpprgvlhs bc Y`st`rc @cihlcm, bt bs

cgt`m talt lcy prgpgc`cts gf m`rbv`m prgpgslhs fgr ta` Krgws` HCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh k` r`qubr`m

tg sukebt l Ir``cagus` Ils Lkltè`ct Thlc (IILT), tg ta` sltbsfljtbgc gf ta` Y`st`rc

@cihlcmc Ebcbst`r fgr @cvbrgce`ct. Lhbic`m wbta tabs bs @TL's `cvbrgce`ctlh lss sse`ct

gkn`jtbv` tg `csur` talt ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs èbtt`m frge prgpgs`m prgn`jts lr`

lm`qult`hy lmmr`ss`m bc ta` phlccbci/m`sbic lcm gp`rltbgc gf prgn`jts lcm talt>

k`st prljtbjlkh` e`lsur`s lr` lpphb`m tg elxbebs` `c`riy `ffbjb`cjy lcm ebcbebs` ebssbgcs?

jgeprà`csbv` lclhysbs bs ucm`rtlo`c tg bm`ctbfy lcm bephè`ct lpprgprblt` gffs ts? lcm

prgpgc`cts gf m`rbv`m prgpgslhs ucm`rtlo` lc gcigbci prgirle tg egcbtgr lcm r`pgrt

èbssbgcs lcm





p`rbgmbjlhhy lss`ss gppgrtucbtb`s tg furta`r r`muj` ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs gv`r tbe`.

L IILT bs jurr`cthy ucm`r m`v`hgpe`ct ky ta` Fgucmltbgc Trgpgc`ct lcm wbhh lmmr`ss ta`

fghhgwbci>

tlri`ts fgr ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs?

bcv`ctgry gf ir``cagus` ils ebssbgcs?

k`st prljtbj` e`lsur`s tg r`muj` ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs bcjhumbci jgctrghs tg

elbctlbc phlct r`hblkbhbty lcm r`muj` v`ctbci lcm fhlrbci?

strltìb`s tg bcjgrpgrlt` ir``cagus` jgcsbm`rltbgcs bc phlct m`sbic, t`jacghgiy

s`h jtbgc lcm gp`rltbgc?

`vlhultbgc gf ta` f`lsbkbhbty gf ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs r`mujtbgcs, jlrkgc

s`qu`strltbgc lcm/gr jlptur` gppgrtucbtb s?

jgephblcj` wbta lcy Cltbgclh sjaè` fgr r`mujtbgc gf JG;-` ebssbgcs? bcm`p`cm`ct v`rbfbjltbgc gf ebssbgcs bc hbc` wbta Cltbgclh sjaè`s fgr elclibci lcm

r`pgrtbci ir``cagus` ils ebssbgcs?

rìuhlr egcbtgrbci lcm xt`rclh r`pgrtbci, lumbtbci gf ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs lcm

p`rfgrelcj`? lcm

p`rbgmbj r`vb`w gf ta` `ff`jtbv`c`ss gf beprgvè`ct e`lsur`s targuia ta` rìuhlr

egcbtgrbci gf ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs lcm lmlptbv` elcliè`ct gf èbssbgcs,

lbe`m lt r`mujbci ir``cagus` ils èbssbgcs p`r tgc gf HCI prgmuj`m wa`r`

prljtbjlkh`.

]a` Trgpgc`ct r`jgicbz`s ta` krglm`r pukhbj jgcj`rc wbta r`sp`jt tg ir``cagus` ils lcm alsta`r`fgr` jgeebtt`m tg l p`rbgm gf pukhbj r`vb`w fgr IILTs pr`plr`m ky prgpgc`cts gf

m`rbv`m prgpgslhs. Lhtaguia r`s`rvgbr JG; i`g-s`qu`strltbgc gff`rs ta` sbcih` kbii`st

gppgrtucbty fgr ir``cagus` ils lkltè`ct bc tabs bcstlcj`, bts bephè`ctltbgc r`qubr`s talt

ta` bm`ctbfb`m bcn`jtbgc sbt`s k` t`jacbjlhhy lcm `jgcgebjlhhy vblkh`.

Fgr `xleph`, ta`r` lr` cg m`ph`t`m gbh gr ils r`s`rvgbrs bc ta` rìbgc talt jguhm suppgrt l i g

s`qu`strltbgc sjaè` fgr ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt. Jgcs`qu`cthy, ta` i`g s`qu`strltbgc gptbgcs

wguhm c``m tg jgcsbm`r ucprgv`c trlps gr i`ghgibjlh f`ltur`s talt wguhm ibv` suffbjb`ct

j`rtlbcty fgr ta` jgctlbce`ct gf ta` JG; uctbh bt bs ff`jtbv`hy p`relc`cthy s`qu st`r`m.

=.0 Elrbc` Fljtgrs

]abs s`jtbgc lmmr`ss`s ta` elngr lcm r`jurrbci taè`s lrbsbci frge ta` pukhbj sukebssbgcs gc

ta` elrbc` lsp`jts gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct [`pgrt (ZL[ ) (prbelrbhy Tlrt :, Tlrt 9 lcm

ta` r`h`vlct Lpp`cmbj`s). ]a` hbst gf taè`s bs cgt `xalustbv` lcm bs hbebt`m tg tags` wabja

alv` k``c m`è`m tg k` ‑o`y‒ (b.`. wa`r` jgcj`rcs gc





jgcs`rvltbgc sbicbfbjlct sp`jb`s gr alkbtlts alv` k``c rlbs`m) gr wabja r`pr`s`ct l sbicbfbjlct

prgpgrtbgc gf ta` sukebssbgcs. ]a` suks jtbgcs k`hgw prgvbm` furta`r jhlrbty lcm bcfgreltbgc

gc ta`s` taè`s tg lmmr`ss ta` jgcj`rcs vgbj`m ky ta` pukhbj lcm stltutgry igv`rce`ct

li`cjb`s gc ta` ZL[. L sycta`sbs gf o`y bssu`s lcm jgcj`rcs rlbs`m wbta r`sp`jt tg elrbc`fljtgrs bs pr`s`ct`m bc ]lkh =.: 'O`y Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m ky Zukebssbgcs ‚ Elrbc` Fljtgrs'.

]a` futur` elcliè`ct prgj`mur`s lcm ebtbiltbgc e`lsur`s (prgpgs`m Elcliè`ct Thlcs

lcm Igv`rclcj`) r`hlt`m tg ta`s` taè`s bs mbsjuss`m furta`r bc Z`jtbgc ; 'Elcliè`ct

[`spgcs`'. ]abs s`jtbgc bs bct`cm`m tg jgcfbre talt ta` h`v`h gf bcv`stbiltbgcs lcm bepljt

lss`sse`ct als k``c lpprgprblt` fgr l Ztrltìbj @cvbrgce`ctlh Lss sse`ct (Z@L). ]a`r` bs l

fgrwlrm prgj`ss, targuia futur` m`rbv`m prgpgslh lpphbjltbgcs, talt wbhh lmmr`ss lmmbtbgclh

vlhbmltgry stumb`s, egm`hhbci, lcm hbj`csbci ls r`qubr`m ky Ztlt` lcm Jgeegcw`lhta

rìuhltgry li`cjb`s lcm targuia jgcsuhtltbgc wbta r`h vlct stloàghm`rs.





surv`y sagw`m talt ta` elngrbty gf auepkljo walh`s plssbci ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl jglst

fghhgw l jgrrbmgr talt `xt`cms frge lpprgxbelt`hy 1 tg =;oe frge ta` sagr` wbtabc ta` <4 tg

04e m`pta jgctgurs ([TZ, ;4<4l? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx J-1). Lpprgxbelt`hy 20% gf auepkljo

walh`s trlv`h furta`r talc 1oe gff ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct Jglstlh lr`l, wbta l e`lc mbstlcj`fgr lmuhts gf ;9oe frge ta` sagr` lcm ;=oe fgr jlhv`s bcmbjltbci talt jlhv`s w`r` trlv`hhbci

shbiathy jhgs`r tg sagr` ([TZ, ;4<4l? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx J-1).

Bc lmmbtbgc, ta` elrbc` eìlflucl surv`ys w`r` r`phbjlt`m bc ;4<4 lcm wbhh jgctbcu` targuia

;4<< tg ilta`r furta`r mltl gc r`hltbv` lkucmlcj`s gf elrbc` eìlflucl lcm ta` ebirltgry

pltt`rc gf auepkljo walh`s wbtabc ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl. ]a` lrhy r`suhts gf ta`s` surv`ys

(taguia cgt y`t pukhbsa`m) lpp`lr tg suppgrt ta` fbcmbcis lcm jgcjhusbgcs gf ta` surv`ys

ucm`rtlo`c bc ;441 lcm ;442. L`rblh surv`ys lr` phlcc`m tg jgctbcu` murbci jgcstrujtbgc tg

m`t`rebc` ta` bepljt (bf lcy) gc ebirltbgc pltawlys gf auepkljo walh`s lcm kàlvbgr gf

gta`r eìlflucl. ]a` Trgpgc`ct wbhh ljtbv`hy `cjgurli` ocgwh`mi` salrbci tg bcfgrejgcs`rvltbgc bcbtbltbv`s lcm jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts wbhh k` r`qubr`m tg pukhbsa lhh surv`y mltl

fgr elrbc` eìlflucl, wbtabc l r`lsgclkh` tbe` frle` gf r`suhts k`jgebci lvlbhlkh .

Zcukfbc Mghpabcs ‚ Zukebtt`rs rlbs`m l cuek`r gf jgcj`rcs bc rìlrm tg ta` mghpabc ‒s

susj`ptbkbhbty tg v`ss`h strbo`s mu` tg bts pr`f`r`cj` fgr fgrlibci bc salhhgw wlt`rs lcm walt

bepljt tabs ebiat alv` gc ta` pgpuhltbgcs gf tabs cmèbj cgrta`rc @cihlcmc sp`jb`s.

@cihlcm scukfbc mghpabcs (Grjl`hhl a`bcsgacb ) lr` `cmèbj tg ta` @cihlcm/Tlpul C`w

Iubc`lc rìbgc, lcm bc @cihlcm ta` sp`jb`s als l krglm alkbtlt rlci` ljrgss Cgrta`rc

@cihlcm (bcjhumbci \u``cshlcm, Cgrta`rc ]`rrbtgry lcm cgrta`rc YL). Kls`m gc strlcmbcilcm gks`rvltbgclh mltl, ta` @cihlcm scukfbc mghpabc bs ocgwc tg gjjur wbtabc wlt`rs gff ta`

Y`st Obek`rh`y (Tlrrl `t lh . ;44;? Tlrrl `t lh . ;44=). Z`v`rlh stumb`s v`rbfy talt

@cihlcm scukfbc mghpabcs elbchy gjjur bc prgt`jt`m salhhgw wlt`rs jhgs` tg ta` jglst, rbv`r

lcm jr`ò egutas lcm lr` strgcihy hbco`m tg elcirgv` systès (Tlrrl lcm Jgro`rgc, ;44<?

Tlrrl `t lh . ;44;? Tlrrl, ;446? Tlrrl `t lh . ;446l lcm ;446k). L r`j`ct stumy ky Tlrrl (;446)

gc ta` alkbtlt pr`f`r`cj`s gf scukfbc mghpabcs, gks`rv`m egst sjagghs gf scukfbcs w r` sbiat`m

wbtabc <4oe gf ta` c`lr`st pgbct gf hlcm, bc wlt`rs h ss talc <4e m``p lcm wbtabc <4oe frge

ta` c`lr`st rbv`r eguta. Zbebhlrhy, ta` sle` alkbtlt pr`f`r`cj`s w`r` gks`rv`m bc scukfbc

mghpabcs stumb`m `xt`csbv`hy bc gta`r jglstlh lr`ls, suja ls ]gwcsvbhh` lcm ta` Ir`lt ZlcmyZtrlbts (Tlrrl `t lh . ;44;? Tlrrl, ;446? Tlrrl `t lh . ;446k). ]a` jhgs`st jgeplrlkh` alkbtlt tg

Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct bs lt Klrr`m Jr`ò (lpprgxbelt`hy ;4oe sguta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct). L`rblh

lcm v`ss`h-kls`m elrbc` eìlflucl surv`ys w`r` ucm`rtlo`c murbci ta` p`rbgm gf Nuhy tg

ebm-Gjtgk`r





;442, wbta l fgjus gc Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct kut lhsg `xt`cmbci lhgci ta` gffsagr` wlt`rs gf ta`

Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl. Cg scukfbc mghpabcs w`r` r`jgrm`m murbci lcy gf ta` l`rblh surv`ys

ucm`rtlo`c bc ;442? agw`v r sge` w`r` gks`rv`m frge v ss`hs bc ta` sa`ht`r`m wlt`rs gff

[g`kujo Kly (lpprgxbelt`hy 60oe sguta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct) gc s`v`rlh gjjlsbgcs ([TZ,;4<4m? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx J-<4). L`rblh surv`ys ucm`rtlo`c k`tw``c Nuc` lcm Gjtgk`r ;4<4,

gks`rv`m gc` irgup gf scukfbc mghpabcs (jgeprbsbci gf sbx bcmbvbmulhs) bc v`ry salhhgw wlt`r

(h ss <4e), lpprgxbelt`hy <.6oe frge ta` eguta gf Klrr`m Jr`ò ([TZ, ;4<4`, ucpukhbsa`m).

]abs mltl, wabja wls cgt jgcsbm`r`m bc ta` m`v hgpe`ct gf ta` ZL[, jgcfbres ta` lkbhbty gf

ta` l`rblh surv`ys tg sbiat lcm bm`ctbfy bcsagr` jglstlh mghpabcs lcm suppgrts ta` aypgta`sbs

talt scukfbc mghpabcs pr`f`r`ctblhhy gjjur bc prgt`jt`m salhhgw wlt`rs jhgs` tg ta` jglst, rbv r

lcm jr`ò egutas.

]lobci bctg ljjguct ta` `xt`csbv` surv`y `ffgrt lcm lvlbhlkh` hbt`rltur`, bt bs jgcjhum`m talt

tabs sp`jb`s bs s`hmge fgucm gutsbm` gf salhhgw sa`ht`r`m klys lcm bch`ts. Bt bs ocgwc taltbcmbvbmulhs gft`c trlv`h k`tw` c lr`ls lcm ta`r`fgr` bt bs ljocgwh`mi`m talt bcmbvbmulhs ely

gjjlsbgclhhy gjjur wbtabc ta` jglstlh wlt`rs lmnlj`ct tg Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct. Agw`v`r, bt bs

abiahy uchbo`hy talt ta`y utbhbs` ta` wlt`rs gffsagr` frge Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct fgr f``mbci gr

kr``mbci, ibv`c c`lrky pr`f`r`ctblh alkbtlts lt [g`kujo Kly, Klrr`m Jr`ò lcm Ybhhb` Jr`ò

([TZ ;4<4m? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx J-<4). Ls suja, bt bs jgcsbm`r`m talt ta` ljtbvbtb`s lssgjblt`m

wbta ta` Tr`jbcjt m`v`hgpe`ct lcm gp`rltbgcs lr` cgt hbo`hy tg sbicbfbjlcthy bepljt gc scukfbc

mghpabcs. Bcmbr`jt bepljts, suja ls ta` pgt`ctblh bcjr`ls` bc r`jr`ltbgclh kgltbci wbtabc

[g`kujo Kly alv` ta` pgt`ctblh tg k` gf ir`lt`r jgcj`rc tg scukfbc mghpabcs talc ljtbvbtb`s

lssgjblt`m wbta ta` m`v`hgpe`ct bts`hf. C`v rta`h`ss, ta` elcliè`ct e`lsur`s prgpgs`m tg

ebtbilt` pgt`ctblh bepljts gc gta`r elrbc` eleelhs egr` r`h`vlct tg ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt

prgn`jt lr`l wbhh lhsg k`c`fbt tabs sp`jb`s tg r`muj` ta` rbso gf bepljts lcm ljab`v` ljj`ptlkh`

gutjge`s.

]a` j`ctr` pb`j` gf ta` r`j`cthy r`h`ls m Obek`rh`y Zjb`cj` lcm Jgcs`rvltbgc Ztrltìy bs ta`

jr`ltbgc gf ta` Obek`rh`y Ybhm`rc`ss Tlros. ]a`s` wbhh bcjhum` ta` Ztlt` ‒s hlri`st

bct`rjgcc`jt`m systè gf elrbc` lcm t`rr`strblh plros jgv`rbci :.0 ebhhbgc a`jtlr`s. Bc tabs

Ztrltìy bs ta` jgeebte`ct tg stlkhbsa fgur c`w, euhtbph`-us` elrbc` plros bc ta` Obek`rh`y

lt Jlem`c Zgucm, Cgrta Obek`rh`y, [g`kujo Kly lcm @biaty Ebh` K`lja. ]a` Ztlt`

Igv`rce`ct targuia M@J, wbta lssbstlcj` frge MgF, bc plrtc`rsabp wbta trlmbtbgclh gwc rslcm stloàghm`rs bcjhumbci jgeeucbty wbhh k` bcvghv`m bc `stlkhbsabci ta`s` r`s`rv`s. ]a`

Trgpgc`ct bs jgcfbm`ct talt ta` stlkhbsae`ct gf ta` euhtbph`-us` elrbc` lt [g`kujo Kly wbhh

prgvbm` ta` lpprgprblt` s`ttbcis fgr r`jr`ltbgclh lcm jgcs`rvltbgc ljtbvbtb`s tg jg-`xbst. ]a`

sjb`cj` lcm bepljt lss sse`ct fbcmbcis jgctlbc`m wbtabc ta` ZL[ lr` lvlbhlkh` fgr us` ky ta`

M@J tg `csur` lhh e`lsur`s lr` jgcsbm`r`m bc ta` phlccbci prgj`ss. Lmmbtbgclhhy, ta` sp`jb`s

lcm alkbtlts talt lr` EC@Z wbhh lhsg k` elcli`m fgr. L sueelry gf gta`r jurr`ct





jgcs rvltbgc bcbtbltbv`s jlc k` fgucm bc ]lkh` <.< 'Zueelry gf Obek`rh`y Jgcs`rvltbgc

Bcbtbltbv`s'.

Zlwfbsa‚ Zukebtt`rs rlbs`m sge` jgcj`rcs bc rìlrm tg ta` pgt`ctblh bepljt gf ta` c`lrsagr

Tr`jbcjt bcfrlstrujtur` gc ebirltbci slwfbsa. Yabhst Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct gjjurs wbtabc ta`

rlci` gf lhh tar`` hbst`m slwfbsa sp`jb`s, ta`r` bs cg `vbm`cj` gf o`y f``mbci, puppbci gr curs`ry

alkbtlts gjjurrbci bc ta` lr`l, lcm ta`r`fgr`, gc l rìbgclh sjlh`, ta` lr`l mg`s cgt lpp`lr

jrbtbjlh fgr pgpuhltbgcs gf ta`s` sp`jb`s. @xt`csbv` surv`ys jgcmujt`m lt Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct

suppgrt tabs, wbta cg sp`jb`s gf slwfbsa k`bci r`jgrm`m (Jlppg `t lh . ;4<4? [TZ ;4<4).

]rljobci gf kgta mwlrf lcm ir``c slwfbsa bc Tbhklrl lcm Obek`rh`y elrbc` wlt`rs als

bcmbjlt`m talt ta`s` sp`jb`s typbjlhhy mbsphly strgci sbt` fbm`hbty lrgucm elcirgv` alkbtlts,

egvbci bc lcm gut gf elcirgv`s wbta ta` pr`vlbhbci tbm` (Zt`v`cs `t lh . ;441). Bt als k``c

aypgta`sbs`m talt elcirgv`s ely gff`r f``mbci gppgrtucbtb`s gr sa ht`r frge pr`mltbgc gcabia tbm`s (Zt`v`cs `t lh . ;441). Yabhst tabs stumy wls jgcmujt`m bc lr`ls wa`r` elcirgv`s

w`r` pr`s`ct, bt mg`s bcmbjlt` talt slwfbsa lr` hbo`hy tg liirìlt` c`lr elcirgv` alkbtlts lcm

ta`r`fgr` jglstlh lr`ls wbtagut elcirgv`s, suja ls Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct, ely suppgrt f`w`r

slwfbsa gc l rìbgclh sjlh` talc lr`ls wbta `stlkhbsa`m elcirgv` jgeeucbtb`s.

]a` bepgrtlcj` gf ta` Fbtzrgy [bv`r lcm Obci Zgucm (3044oe lcm ;;4oe frge Nle`s Trbj

Tgbct r`sp`jtbv`hy), ls curs`ry lr`ls, fgr fr`sawlt`r lcm mwlrf slwfbsa, lhsg suii`sts talt ta`

lkucmlcj` gf ta`s` sp`jb`s ely k` r`hltbv`hy hgw, gc l rìbgclh sjlh , bc ta` vbjbcbty gf Nle s

Trbj` Tgbct (Yabtty `t lh . ;441, Egrilc `t lh . ;442). Cgtwbtastlcmbci ta` lks`cj` gf

pr`f`r`ctblh alkbtlt (lcm a`cj` r`hltbv`hy hgw bepgrtlcj` gf ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct lr`l tg

slwfbsa gc l rìbgclh sjlh`), ta`r` bs ta` pgt`ctblh talt ta` prgpgs`m m`v`hgpe`ct ljtbvbtb`s

ely bepljt gc bcmbvbmulh slwfbsa bc ta` vbjbcbty. Ibv`c talt ta` rlci` gf lhh tar`` sp`jb`s

`xt`cms kgta cgrta lcm sguta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct, bt bs pgssbkh` talt slwfbsa egv` plrlhh`h tg

ta` sagr` targuia ta` lr`l. ]abs wguhm lpp`lr plrtbjuhlrhy hbo`hy fgr ta` fr`sawlt`r lcm mwlrf

slwfbsa wabja lpp`lr tg alv` bepgrtlct curs`ry lr`ls cgrta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct (b.`. bc ta`

Fbtzrgy [bv`r lcm Obci Zgucm, r`sp`jtbv`hy) kut wabja alv` lhsg k``c jluiat frge sguta gf

Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct. Egrilc `t lh . (;442) alv` bcm``m suii`st`m talt lmuht fèlh` fr`sawlt r

slwfbsa ely ucm`rtlo` s`lsgclh ebirltbgcs kljo tg ta` eguta gf ta` Fbtzrgy [bv`r fgr

puppbci. ]a`r`fgr`, cìltbv` bct`rljtbgcs ely lrbs` targuia jglstlh bcfrlstrujtur` gf ta`

prgn`jt lff`jtbci slwfbsa egvè`ct bc salhhgw wlt`r, lhtaguia bt saguhm k` cgt`m talt ta`bcmbjltbv` jgcj`pt fgr ta` pgrt (ZL[ Tlrt 9, Fbiur` :-:) suii`sts talt ta` kr`lowlt`r wbhh cgt

k` jgcc`jt`m tg ta` sagr`hbc` wbta l ilp gf up tg :oe lcm talt ta` n`tty wbhh k` gf l tr`sth`

pyhgc m`sbic taus lhhgwbci ucabcm`r`m egvè`ct gf mè`rslh elrbc` flucl. Bc lmmbtbgc,

ibv`c talt slwfbsa alv` k``c jluiat bc m``p gffsagr` wlt rs ky trlwh fbsa`rb`s (Egrilc t lh.

;442), bt s`ès hbo`hy talt ta`s` sp`jb`s wguhm k` jlplkh` gf clvbiltbci lrgucm jglstlh

bcfrlstrujtur` ky egvbci targuia m``p`r wlt`r.





Elrbc` ]urth`s ‚ Zukebtt`rs rlbs`m l cuek`r gf jgcj`rcs bc rìlrm tg bepljts gc s l turth`s

ls l r`suht gf bcjr`ls`m v`ss h ljtbvbty lcm pgt`ctblh strbo`s. ]a` h v`h gf kls hbc` mltl sp`jbfbj

tg turth`s us`m tg bcfgre ta` bepljt lss`sse`ct wls lhsg jgcsbm`r`m bclm`qult` ky sge`

sukebtt`rs. Ls plrt gf ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct prgj`ss, surv`ys w`r` ucm`rtlo`c tg

ucm`rstlcm ta` mbstrbkutbgc, lkucmlcj` lcm s`lsgclhbty gf elrbc` turth`s, wbta l plrtbjuhlr

fgjus gc ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct jglstlh lr`l. Ls plrt gf ta`s` surv`ys, k`lja stumb`s w`r`

jgcmujt`m lhgci ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct jglstlh lr`l bc Cgvèk`r ;442, Nlculry ;4<4 lcm

F`krulry ;4<4 tg jgv`r ta` `ctbr` kr``mbci s`lsgc fgr ir``c lcm fhltkljo turth`s (r`f`r tg

Lpp`cmbx J-; gf ta` ZL[). Lmmbtbgclh k`lja surv`ys lhgci ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct jglstlh

lr`l w`r` lhsg ucm`rtlo`c murbci ta` ;4<4/;4<< c`stbci s`lsgc (b.`. Cgvèk`r ;4<4 tg

Nlculry ;4<<). ]aguia tabs mltl als cgt k``c pukhbsa`m, ta` r`suhts (mbsjuss`m k`hgw) suppgrt

ta` jgcjhusbgcs frge ta` `lrhb`r surv`ys. ]a` `xt`ct gf ta`s` surv`ys lr` ta`r`fgr` jgcsbm`r`m

tg prgvbm` lc lm`qult` klsbs tg bcfgre ta` lss`sse`ct. ]a` o`y fbcmbcis frge ta`s` surv`ysjgcjhum`m talt ta`r` lr` cg sbicbfbjlct ir``c gr fhltkljo turth` c`stbci lr`ls wbtabc ta` Nle`s

Trbj` Tgbct jglstlh lr`l, wabja mbff`rs sukstlctblhhy tg ta` sbicbfbjlct ir``c lcm fhltkljo turth`

rggo`rb`s lt ta` Hlj`p`m` Bshlcms. Elcy gf ta` jalrljt`rbstbjs gf ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct jglstlh

lr`l lr` jgcsbm`r`m ucsubtlkh` fgr c`stbci, hlri`hy ls l r`suht gf p`rbgms gf bcucmltbgc murbci

sprbci abia tbm`s, bcjhbc` gf ta` k`lja, rgjoy sukstrlt` lrgucm ta` jglstlh zgc` lcm hbebt`m

splj` fgr c stbci k`tw``c ta` l`ghblc slcms lcm ta` bct`rtbmlh phltfgre.

]a` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct jglstlh lr`l bs hlri`hy jgcsbm`r`m tg k` us`m ky bct`r-c`stbci turth`s

frge c`lrky rggo`rb`s gr pgst-c`stbci turth`s ebirltbci cgrta gr sguta tg fgrlibci lr`ls lcm

mg`s cgt suppgrt jgcsbst`cthy abia m`csbtb`s gf turth`s. Trgklkh` turth` fgrlibci alkbtlts alv` k``c bm`ctbfb`m gff Jlrcgt Kly (lpprgxbelt`hy =<oe cgrta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct), Jlp`

Hltr`bhh` (lpprgxbelt`hy :2oe sguta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct), [g`kujo Kly (lpprgxbelt`hy

66oe sguta gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct) lcm Hlirlci` Kly (lpprgxbelt`hy <:=oe sguta gf Nle`s

Trbj` Tgbct), kls`m gc abia turth` m`csbtb`s bc ta`s` lr`ls murbci ta` cgc-kr``mbci p`rbgm (Nuhy

- Gjtgk`r ;442). Zlt`hhbt` trljobci bm`ctbfb`m talt ta` elngrbty gf pgst-c`stbci turth`s (ir``c

lcm fhltkljo turth`s) c`stbci lt ta` Hlj`p`m` Bshlcms ebirlt`m bc l cgrta`lst`rhy mbr`jtbgc tg

fgrlibci irgucms ls flr ls Jgkuri T`cbcsuhl bc ta` Cgrta`rc ]`rrbtgry (lpprgxbelt`hy

<,;1<oe cgrta`lst gf Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct). ]a`s` lr`ls wbhh cgt k` lff`jt`m ky ta` KHCI

Tr`jbcjt.

Bc lmmbtbgc, bt bs ucm`rstggm talt turth`s, hbo` gta`r hlri` elrbc` flucl wabja xabkbt sbicbfbjlct

surflj` ljtbvbty, lr` vuhc`rlkh` tg sabp strbo`s. Agw`v`r, ta` Ztrltìbj Lss`sse`ct [`pgrt

ucm`rtggo l rbso kls`m lpprglja tg ta` bepljt lss`sse`ct prgj`ss lcm ta`r`fgr` ta`

prgklkbhbty gf suja lc `v`ct gjjurrbci wls ta` m`t`rebcbci fljtgr fgr ta` lss`sse`ct gf tabs

rbso. Bt wls jgcjhum`m talt, kls`m gc ta` pr`mbjt`m v`ss`h egvè`cts (<,:44/lccue) lcm





elcliè`ct e`lsur`s tg k` bephè`ct`m (`.i. v`ss`h sp``m r`strbjtbgcs), ta` hbo`hbaggm gf

sabp strbo`s bepljtbci gc elrbc` turth` pgpuhltbgcs wls jgcsbm`r`m hgw.

Ls guthbc`m bc Tlrt :, Z`jtbgc ;.9.=, ]lkh`s ;.9-: tg ;.9-0 gf ta` ZL[, l cuek`r gf

elcliè`ct phlcs lr` prgpgs`m wbta r`sp`jt tg turth`s. Ls stlt`m pr`vbgushy, ta` Trgpgc`ct

wbhh ljtbv`hy `cjgurli` ocgwh mi` salrbci tg furta`r bcfgre jgcs`rvltbgc bcbtbltbv`s.

Muigcis ‚ Zukebtt`rs rlbs`m l cuek`r gf jgcj`rcs bc rìlrm tg ta` pgt`ctblh bepljts gf l

r`mujtbgc bc s`lirlss alkbtlt, pr`mbjt`m frge ta` mr`mibci ljtbvbtb`s, gc muigcis. ]a` h v`h gf

kls`hbc` mltl sp`jbfbj tg muigcis us`m tg bcfgre ta` bepljt lss`sse`ct wls lhsg jgcsbm`r`m

bclm`qult` ky sge`. ]a` muigci surv`ys ucm`rtlo`c tg bcfgre ta` ZL[ w`r` ta` egst

jgeprà`csbv` surv`ys gc muigci mbstrbkutbgc gutsbm` gf Zalro Kly lcm prgvbm` l iggm

sclpsagt gf ta` s`lsgclh mbstrbkutbgc gf muigcis lhgci ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl. ]a` stumy

e`tagmghgiy wls m`sbic`m bc jghhlkgrltbgc wbta r`jgicbs`m muigci sp`jblhbsts tg `clkh` ta`pr`mbjtbgc gf lksghut` cuek`rs wbtabc ta` rìbgc (lcm suk-rìbgc).

]a` ZL[ (Tlrt :, Z`jtbgc <.=.=) prgvbm`s l sueelry gf ta` ocgwc pgpuhltbgc tr`cms lcm

trlcsbtgry egvè`cts gf muigcis bc l hgjlh lcm rìbgclh jgct`xt. [`sbm`ct pgpuhltbgcs lr`

ocgwc tg gjjur lt K`lih` Kly lcm ta` Egctige`ry Bshlcms (Eustg` lcm @meucms, ;441 lcm

[TZ, ;4<4j? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx J-2) lcm hlri` cuek`rs gf muigcis alv` k``c r`jgrm`m bc

[g`kujo Kly ([TZ ;4<4j? ZL[ Lpp`cmbx J-2). Agw`v`r, ta` `xt`ct tg wabja suja

bcmbvbmulhs trlv`h lhgci ta` jglst tg ta` Nle`s Trbj` Tgbct lr`l bs cgt w`hh ucm`rstggm, taguia

bt bs taguiat talt egvè`cts ely k` hbco`m tg ta` s`lsgclh lvlbhlkbhbty gf s`lirlss e`lmgws

lhgci ta` Mlepb`r T`cbcsuhl.

L stumy ucm`rtlo`c bc jghhlkgrltbgc wbta ta` M`plrte`ct gf @cvbrgce`ct lcm Jgcs`rvltbgc,

@mbta Jgwlc Pcbv`rsbty lcm ta` Klrmb Nlrwb rlci`rs lt K`lih` Kly (Jlepk`hh `t lh . ;4<4),

prgvbm` sge` `vbm`cj` fgr ta` lkbhbty gf r`sbm`ct K`lih` Kly muigcis tg trlv`h tg ta` wlt rs

gffsagr` frge Jguhgek Tgbct. Agw`v`r, bt bs ocgwc talt muigcis ely rlci` gv`r

jgeplrltbv`hy hlri` lr`ls kut pr`f`r`ctblhhy fgrli` gv`r r`hltbv`hy selhh gc`s. Furta`r elrbc

eìlflucl surv`ys wbhh k` ucm`rtlo`c bc ;4<< tg r`p`lt tags` ucm`rtlo`c bc ;442. ]a` r`suhts

gf ta`s` surv`ys wbhh k` us`m tg bcfgre futur` m`rbv`m prgpgslhs.

Ls guthbc`m bc Tlrt :, Z`jtbgc ;.6.:.<, ta` jrbt`rbl fgr lss`ssbci ucm`rwlt`r cgbs` bepljts gc

Zbr`cblcs (muigcis) lr` jurr`cthy jgcsbst`ct wbta tags` fgr j`tlj`lcs. ]a` Trgpgc`ct wbhh

`cjgurli` futur` jgee`rjblh prgpgc`cts tg jgcsbm`r ta` r`h`vlcj` gf bcfgreltbgc gc ta`

lumbtgry s`csbtbvbty gf elclt``s ls l subtlkh` prgxy fgr muigcis fgr futur` ucm`rwlt`r cgbs`

lss sse`cts fgr m`rbv`m prgpgslhs.





V`ss`h Bct`rljtbgcs ‚ Zukebtt`rs rlbs`m l cuek`r gf jgcj`rcs bc r`hltbgc tg bepljts

sp`jbfbjlhhy gc elrbc` eleelhs frge bcjr`ls`m sabppbci ljtbvbty lcm ta` hbo`hbaggm gf v`ss h

strbo`s. Bt bs ucm`rstggm talt auepkljo walh`s, hbo` gta`r hlri` j`tlj`lcs wabja `xabkbt

sbicbfbjlct surflj` ljtbvbty, lr` vuhc`rlkh` tg sabp strbo`s. Agw`v`r, ta` strltìbj lss`sse`ct

prgj`ss utbhbs`m l rbso kls`m lpprglja lcm ta`r`fgr` ta` prgklkbhbty gf suja lc v`ct gjjurrbci

wls ta` m`t`rebcbci fljtgr fgr ta` lss sse`ct gf tabs rbso. Bt wls jgcjhum`m talt, kls`m gc ta`

pr`mbjt`m v ss`h egvè`cts (<,:44 `xpgrt sabpe`cts p`r lccue) lcm elcliè`ct e`lsur s

tg k` bephè`ct`m ( .i. v`ss h sp``m r`strbjtbgcs), ta` hbo`hbaggm gf sabp strbo`s wls hgw. ]abs

jgcjhusbgc bs suppgrt`m ky ta` w`biat gf abstgrbjlh `vbm`cj` wabja mègcstrlt`s talt ta`r`

alv` gchy k``c fbv` r`pgrt`m v`ss h jghhbsbgcs (gchy gc` bcjbm`ct bcvghv`m l auepkljo walh`,

BYJ ;441) bc Y`st`rc @cihlcm k`tw``c ;446 lcm ;441. Bc ta` jgrr`spgcmbci y`lrs (;446,

;449 lcm ;441) ta`r` w`r` l r`pgrt`m 001:, 00;4 lcm 0<01 pgrt jlhhs r`sp`jtbv`hy ky lhh sabps

bcvghv`m bc jglstlh lcm bct`rcltbgclh sabppbci bc Y`st`rc @cihlcm (@cihlcm Igv`rce`ct ‚ M`plrte`ct gf Bcfrlstrujtur`, ]rlcspgrt, [ìbgclh M`v`hgpe`ct lcm Hgjlh Igv`rce`ct.

@cihlcm Z`l Fr`biat Bcfgreltbgc sa``t - ;440-6, ;446-9 lcm ;449-1). Zukebtt`rs w`r`

jgcj`rc`m talt ta` r`pgrtbci gf sabp strbo`s wls ucm`r r`pgrt`m fgr `bta`r bct`ctbgclh r`lsgcs

gr k`jlus` ta`y w`r` uclwlr` gf ta` strbo` `v`ct. Lhtaguia tabs bs pgssbkh` ta` hljo gf hlri`

cuek`rs gf bcnur`m gr m`lm walh`s (wabja t`cm tg rbs` tg ta` surflj` lcm lr` i`c`rlhhy

gks`rv`m lcm r`pgrt`m upgc bc ta` i`c`rlh e`mbl) lhgci ta` ebirltbgc rgut` lcm sabppbci

hlc`s jhgs` tg ta` YL jglst hbc`, suii`sts talt v`ss`h strbo`s lr` cgt sbicbfbjlcthy abia`r talc

ta`s fbiur`s. [`j`ct mltl (Jguctry [`pgrt gc Zabp Ztrbo`s‚ @cihlcm? BYJ/6:/JJ<;) frge

ta` hlt`st BYJ e``tbci bc ;4<< (J6:) stlt`s talt ta`r` wls gchy gc` sabp strbo` gc hlri`j`tlj lcs bc ;4<4 (BYJ, ;4<<). ]aus bt bs `vbm`ct talt ta` vlst elngrbty gf auepkljo walh`s

sujj ssfuhhy jrgss elngr sabppbci jgrrbmgrs lhgci ta` Y`st`rc @cihlcm jglsthbc` lcm jgctbcu`

ta`br ebirltbgc (ZL[Tlrt :, Fbiur` ;.6.0), wbta hbtth` vbm`cj` gf egrtlhbty frge v`ss h strbo s

gr lmv`rs` bct`rljtbgcs.

Bt bs ljocgwh`mi`m talt v`ss`h strbo`s gc selhh`r elrbc` eleelhs (bcjhumbci muigcis lcm

mghpabcs) lr` egr` jgeegc bc lr`ls wa`r` selhh`r, flst`r, r`jr`ltbgclh typ` v`ss hs gp`rlt .

Agw`v`r, v`ss`h egvè`cts lssgjblt`m wbta ta` jgcstrujtbgc lcm gp`rltbgc gf ta` Tr`jbcjt

m`v`hgpe`ct wbhh k` mgebclt`m ky hlri`, shgw r jgcstrujtbgc v`ss hs lcm aymrgjlrkgc

tlco`rs, wabja pgs` l sbicbfbjlcthy hgw`r rbso tg flst r, egr` libh` elrbc` eleelhs.]a`r`fgr`, bt bs jgcsbm`r`m uchbo`hy talt ta` lmmbtbgclh v`ss`h trlffbj lssgjblt`m wbta ta` KHCI

Tr`jbcjt m`v`hgpe`ct wguhm alv` l sbicbfbjlct bepljt gc elrbc` eleelh pgpuhltbgcs.

Lhtaguia ta` r`hltbv` rbso gf v`ss`h strbo`s gc elrbc` eleelhs wbhh k` prgpgrtbgclhhy

bcjr`ls`m ky ta` Tr`jbcjt m`v`hgpe`ct, ta` ebtbiltbgc e`lsur`s talt wbhh k` bephè`ct`m ( .i.

targuia v ss`h elcliè`ct phlcs) lr` bct`cm`m tg `csur` talt suja bcjbm`cts lr` ebcbebs`m





lcm talt lc lpprgprblt` lmlptbv` elcliè`ct r`spgcs` ky ta` Tgrt Lutagrbty lcm futur

prgpgc`cts bs bc phlj`.

Pcm`rwlt`r Cgbs`‚

Zukebtt`rs rlbs`m l cuek`r gf jgcj`rcs bc r`hltbgc tg ucm`rwlt`r cgbs`lcm ta` pr`mbjt`m bepljts gc elrbc` flucl (auepkljo walh`s bc plrtbjuhlr) murbci kgta

jgcstrujtbgc (khlstbci, pbh` mrbvbci, mr`mibci) lcm gp`rltbgclh (sabppbci) pals s gf ta` prgn`jt.

]a` ZL[ bm`ctbfb`s talt ta` jgcstrujtbgc lcm gp`rltbgc gf ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt wbhh bcjhum`

ljtbvbtb`s talt wbhh èbt ucm`rwlt`r cgbs` lcm vbkrltbgc lkgv` kljoirgucm (lekb`ct) h`v`hs.

]a` ucm`rwlt`r cgbs` lss`sse`ct bm`ctbfb`m lcm lss`ss`m ta` pr`mbjt`m cgbs` h`v hs lssgjblt`m

wbta pbhbci, khlstbci, mr`mibci lcm v`ss`h egvè`cts, ls ta`s` ljtbvbtb`s w`r` m`è`m tg k`

`bta`r ta` egst cgbs` bct`csbv` sgurj`s (b.`. c`lrsagr` khlstbci lcm pbhbci) gr ta` egst jgeegc

ljtbvbtb`s wbta pr`mbjt`m hgci `xpgsur`s p`rbgms (b.`. v ss`h egvè`cts lcm mr`mibci).

Bt wls jgcsbm`r`m talt ta` abia bct`csbty bepuhsbv` cgbs` èbtt`m murbci khlstbci lcm pbhbci

ely gv`rhlp ta` fr`qu`cjy rlci` gf a`lrbci bc auepkljo walh`s lcm ta`r`fgr` als ta`

pgt`ctblh tg jlus` paysbghgibjlh bcnurb`s lt jhgs` rlci`s. Khlstbci lcm pbhbci ljtbvbtb`s lr` hbo`hy

tg èbt cgbs` h v`hs lkgv` ta` ]èpgrlry ]ar`saghm Zabft (]]Z) h`v hs (m`fbc`m bc ZL[ ]lkh`

;.6-0, Tlrt :, Z`jtbgc ;.6.:.<) fgr up tg ;44e lcm ;04e r`sp`jtbv`hy frge ta` sgurj`.

]a`s` ljtbvbtb`s wguhm k` hbebt`m tg ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt Tgrt lr`l lcm ta`r`fgr` cgbs` ebtt m

murbci ta`s ljtbvbtb`s bs hbo`hy tg r`suht bc gchy ta` hgjlhbs`m mbsphljè`ct gf auepkljo walh`s

frge ta` KHCI Tr`jbcjt Tgrt lr`l. Bt saguhm k` cgt`m talt ta` elngrbty gf lcbelhs (20%)

w`r` gks`rv`m ebirltbci lt l mbstlcj` gf lt h`lst 1oe gff ta` jglst, wbta lmuhts lcm jlhv`s

trlv`hhbci l e`lc mbstlcj` gf ;9oe lcm ;=oe frge ta` jglsthbc`, r`sp`jtbv`hy. ]a`r`fgr` lttabs mbstlcj`, cgbs` ebtt`m frge khlstbci lcm pbhbci ljtbvbtb`s wguhm k` sbicbfbjlcthy h ss talc

talt jgcsbm`r`m tg jlus` lcy paysbghgibjlh bepljts. Jgcs`qu`cthy, jgcstrujtbgc lcm

gp`rltbgclh ljtbvbtb`s lr` uchbo`hy tg alv` l sbicbfbjlct bepljt gc auepkljo walh`

pgpuhltbgcs. Jgcstrujtbgc t`jacbqu`s, palsbci lcm sja`muh` wbhh k` egr` m`fbc`m ls plrt gf

`cibc``rbci stumb`s lssgjblt`m wbta lcy futur` m`rbv`m prgpgslhs. Murbci suja stumb`s,

lmmbtbgclh sj`clrbgs (bcjhumbci jueuhltbv` sgurj`s) wbhh k` bcjgrpgrlt`m bctg ta` cgbs`

lss`sse`cts ucm`rtlo`c lt talt tbe`. Z`jtbgc 0 'Jueuhltbv` @cvbrgce`ctlh





=.6 ]`rr`strblh Fljtgrs

]abs s`jtbgc lmmr`ss`s ta` elngr lcm r`jurr`ct taè`s m`t`rebc`m frge ta` pukhbj

sukebssbgcs gc ta` t`rr`strblh lsp`jts gf ta` ZL[ (prbelrbhy Tlrt = lcm ta` r`h`vlctLpp`cmbj`s). ]a` hbst gf taè`s bs cgt `xalustbv` lcm bs hbebt`m tg tags` wabja alv` k``c

m`è`m tg k` ‑o`y‒ (b.`. wa`r` r`jurr`ct jgcj`rcs gc jgcs`rvltbgc sbicbfbjlct sp`jb`s gr

alkbtlts alv` k``c rlbs`m) gr wabja r`pr`s`ct l sbicbfbjlct prgpgrtbgc gf ta` sukebssbgcs. ]a`

suks`jtbgcs k`hgw prgvbm` furta`r jhlrbty lcm bcfgreltbgc gc ta`s` taè`s tg lmmr`ss ta`

jgcj`rcs vgbj`m ky ta` pukhbj lcm stltutgry igv`rce`ct li`cjb`s gc ta` ZL[. L sycta`sbs gf

o`y bssu`s lcm jgcj`rcs rlbs`m wbta r`sp`jt tg t`rr`strblh fljtgrs bs pr`s`ct`m bc ]lkh` =.= 'O`y

Jgcj`rcs [lbs`m ky Zukebssbgcs - ]`rr`strblh Fljtgrs'.

bournemouth lng-eia summary part 1

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