boye - epistemic meaning

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Epistemic Meaning

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Kasper Boye - Epistemic Meaning

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  • Epistemic Meaning

  • Empirical Approachesto Language Typology

    43

    EditorsGeorg BossongBernard ComrieYaron Matras

    De Gruyter Mouton

  • Epistemic MeaningA Crosslinguistic andFunctional-Cognitive Study

    byKasper Boye

    De Gruyter Mouton

  • ISBN 978-3-11-020438-4e-ISBN 978-3-11-021903-6

    ISSN 0933-761X

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

    A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress.

    Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

    The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

    2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston

    Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Gttingen Printed on acid-free paper

    Printed in Germany

    www.degruyter.com

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