b.ph.-3 yr cognosy unit 4 as per ruhs 2014

8/11/2019 B.ph.-3 Yr Cognosy Unit 4 as Per Ruhs 2014

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UNIT –IV

Studies on traditional drugs :

UNIT -IV


Studies of traditional drugs, common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, andchemical nature of chief

constituents, pharmacology, categories and common uses and marketed formulation of following

indigenous drugs:

Amla, kantkari, satavari, tylophora, bhilawa, kalijiri, bach, rasna, punarnava, chitrak,apamarg,gokhru, shankhapushpi, brahmi,adusa, arjuna,ashoka, methi, lahsun, palash, guggal,

gymnema, shilajit, nagarmotha and neem.

Amla

Synonyms:

Indian goose berry, Emblica

Chemical Category: annins

Biological Source:

hese are fresh or dried ripe fruits of Emblica officinalis !aerth "#hyllanthus emblica$inn.%

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Geograhical !istri"ution:

&ainly in deciduous forests of India. It also found in in Sri $anka and &yanmar.

he leaves are feathery with small oblong pinnately arranged leaflets. he trees arecharacteristic greenish grey and white smooth bark.

#a"itat and !escrition:

Amla tree about ' to () m in height with large dense branches.

$acroscoic Character:

Colour: *resh fruit+ green to yellowish+green

ried *ruit: ark brown

%dour : -dourless

Taste : Sour and Astringent taste which gives sweetish sensation after some times

with saliva.

Si&e: (.+ /. cm in diameter

Shae: Spherical and depressed globose.

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'(tra )eatures:

*ruits are fleshy obscurely 6 lobed with 7+trygonous seeds. hey are very hard and

smooth in appearance.

Chemical constituents:

Amla is richest source of vitamin 8. It contains 7)) to 9) mg per hundred of g of

fresh pulp. Apart from that, fruit also contains about ). fat, #hyllemblin and tannin.Amla fruits are also rich in mineral matters like phosphorus, iron and calcium. It

contains appreciable amounts of pectin. he fresh fruit contain about 9 of moisture.

he fruits are dehydrated and stored. It is found that vitamin content of dried fruits is notlost considerably. It may be due to the presence of tannins, which retards o;idation of

vitamin+8

*harmacology: In vitro researches on Amla demonstrating antiviral and anti microbial

properties. E;perimental preparations of leaves, bark or fruit has shown potential efficacy

against laboratory models of disease and iabetes. A human pilot study demonstrated

reduction of blood cholesterol levels in both normal and hypercholesterolemic men.5istopathological observation reveals that both the fruit e;tract and ascorbic acid could

prevent the to;ic effects induced by lead nitrate and aluminium sulphate but e;tract was

more effective than ascorbic acid alone.

To(icology: 2o to;icology has been found.

Uses:

• <sed as natural source of =itamin+8.

• <sed in the treatment of various disease caused by =itamin >8 deficiency, like scurby.

• <seful in diabetes and liver diseases.

• Also has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, diuretic and la;ative properties.

• ried amla is useful in treatment of anaemia, ?uandice and cough.

• Amla is Important constituent of @riphala an Ayurvedic formulation.

• &ore than ') of 8hyvan#rash "an important 2utritive Ayurvedic preparation% consists

of amla.

• It helps in lowering cholesterol and blood sugar level.

• It is a natural hair conditioner and provides good nourishment and helps in normal blood

supply.

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• It promotes glow on skin and delays wrinkles or loosening of skin, so it delays ageing

process.

$ar+eted roducts:

• riphala

• 8hyawanprash

• Amla 5air oil

• &entate

• 0onisal

• Amlaki capsule

• Amla churana

• Amla shampoos

,anta+ari

Synonyms: Indian solanum, 4ateli, 4antkan, 1ellow+0erried 2ightshade, 8hoti 4atheri,

husparsha,

Chemical Category: Steroidal glucoalkaloid

Botanical Source: It consists of either fruits or whole plant of Solanum xanthocarpum.

Family: Solanaceae

Geograhical Source: hroughout India

!escrition

4antkari, botanically known as Solanum Xanthocarpum, is a very spiny diffused herb, with a

height of up to (./ meters. he young branches are densely covered with minute star+shaped hair,while the mature branches are BigBag, covered with yellow, sharp shining prickles and spread

close to the ground. he midribs and other nerves of the leaves have sharp yellow prickles andgrow up to () cm in length. he purple flowers, that are / cm long with five petals, can be seenin small bunches, sometimes opposite to the leaves.

&ainly fruits of the plants constitutes the drug.

$acroscoy: )ruit.

8olour+ 1ellow or pale yellow with green veins

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-dour: 2one

aste+ 0itter

Shape+ !lobular druping berries

Chemical Constituents:

he main chemical constituents of the 4antkari are the steroidal alkaloids like Solasodine ,"C%+

Solanocarpine " a glucoalkaloid% , solasonine. "C%+Solanocarpine and Solasodine are generally

isolated from the berries"fruits% of the plant.

-ther constituents: carpesterol, solanocarpidine, potassium nitrate, fatty acid, sitosterol,

isochlorogenic acid, neochronogenic acid, chronogenic acid, caffeic acid, solasodine, solasonine,solamargine, Duercetin, apigenin, histamine, acetylcholine etc.

*harmacological Action: *ruits eaten as anthelmintic and for the treatment of indigestion. 3oot

is an e;pectorant and used in Ayurvedic medicine for cough, asthama, chest pain. Also used forflatulence, sore throat and toothache. 5as higher conc. of solasodine, a starting material for the

manufacture of cortisone and se; hormones. It cures asthama, cough, branchspasm, sore throat,constipation, an effective e;pectorant and diuretic.

Uses :

• 4antkari is useful in treating worms, cold, hoarseness of voice, fever, dysuria,

enlargement of the liver, muscular pain, spleen and stone in the urinary bladder.

• In reatment of 8ough: ecoction made with 4antakari and long pepper will be useful,

so it is having bronchodilator and antitussive action.

• It has higher concentration of solasodine, a starting material for the manufacture of

cortisone and se; hormone.

• 2asal administration of kantkari is beneficial in migraine, asthma and headache.

• Its dried fruit is used in making cigarettes. he smoke from these cigarettes is held in the

mouth cavity, to treat dental infections.

• he juice of the berries is used in curing sore throat.

• he fumigation of kantakari is helpful in piles.

• he herb is made to a paste and applied on swollen and painful joints to reduce the pain

and swelling in arthritis.• 3oots and seeds are used as an e;pectorant in asthma, cough and pain in chest.

• he decoction of the root is given with honey, to treat cough.

• he root is ground to a paste and mi;ed with lemon to cure snake and scorpion bites.

• Its stem, flowers and fruits, being bitter and carminative, are used for relieving burning

sensation in the feet.

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• 4antakari fruits also facilitate seminal ejaculation, alleviate worms, itching, and fever and

reduce fats.

• he fruit works as an aphrodisiac in males.

•

Its seeds are helpful for treating irregular menstruation and dysmenorrheal in females.• he herb is beneficial in the treatment of cardiac diseases associated with edema, since it

is a stimulant to the heart and a blood purifier.

To(icology: 2o to;ic effects noted.

!ose: ecoction 6)+') ml powder F+7 g.

Caution :4antkari should not be taken during pregnancy.

$ar+eted roducts:

Som &adhu

4ankari 8apsules

4antakari !rit

?as+4off and 4ashar 8ough Syrup

S#ATAVA/I

Common 0ernacular name

5indi

SanskritEnglish

Botanical sources

0otanical name Asparagus racemosus

*amily $iliaceae

$orhology

he tuberous root bits are dirty white in colour longitudinally wrinkled with yellow hard central

core. It is starchy and slightly bitter followed by sweet taste.

A. Macroscopic + he tuberous roots are borne in a compact bunch and are fleshy, and spindle

shaped. hey are marketed in pieces +( cm in length and / cm in thiclmess. hey are silverywhite or ash+colored e;ternally and white internally, more or less smooth when fresh, developing

longitudinal wrinldes when dry0. Microscopic + he inner parenchymatous Bone ofcorte; is composed of ('+/6 layers in upper

and 6/+69 layers in the middle tuberous portion ofthe roots. he cells are thin > walled cellulosic,

with circular to oral outlines and distinct inter cellular spaces. In some roots F+6 layers ofcorte;immediately adjacent to the endodermis are modified into a sheath of stone cells round the

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endodermis. he number ofvascular bundles is F)F in the upper levels and F+6 in the middle

tuberous portions of the roots.

Standards

*oreign organic matter 2ot more than /.) per cent.Ethanol+soluble e;tractive 2ot less than (.) per cent.

Gater+ soluble e;tractive 2ot less than /).) per centotal ash 2ot more than (.) percent.

Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than F.) per cent.

$oss on drying 2ot more than (.) per cent

Chemical nature o) chie) constituents

Asparagamine A, a polycyclic alkaloid was isolated from the dried roots and subseDuently

synthesiBed to allow for the construction of analogs.

wo new steroidal saponins, shatavaroside A and shatavaroside 0 together with a known

saponin, filiasparoside 8, were isolated from the roots of Asparagus racemosus.

*ive steroidal saponins, shatavarins =I+H, together with five known saponins, shatavarin I "or

asparoside 0%, shatavarin I= "or asparinin 0%, shatavarin =, immunoside and schidigerasaponin

"or asparanin A%, have been isolated from the roots of Asparagus racemosus.

Isoflavone, '+metho;y+,7,6+trihydro;yisoflavone 9+-+beta++glucopyranoside.

*harmacology

• Shata0ari is balaya action, leaves boiled in oil are used for massage in brain

disease, vata disorders and weakness.

• Shata0ari leaves are used in measles and smallpo;.

• Shata0ari is brain tonic and pain reliever, gives energy to brain and nerves. It is used in

epilepsy and syncope and vata disorders.

• Shata0ari alleviates bleeding disorders.

• Shata0ari is good cardiotonic.

• Shata0ari is well known glalactagogue in human as well as animals.

• Shata0ari is a foetal tonic and aphrodisiac.

• Shata0ari work as rasayan in threatened abortion, menorrhagia, suppressed lactation and

low sperm count.

• Shata0ari is useful in general debility and muscle strengthener.

• Shata0ari is diuretic used in dysuria and gives strength to urinary bladder.

• Shata0ari is good eye tonic, useful in impaired eye sight and in many eye diseases.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid



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Categories 1 common uses

Asparagus racemosus is an important plant in traditional medicine in tropical and

subtropical India. Its medicinal usage has been reported in the Indian and 0ritish#harmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, <nani and Siddha.

he roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine, following a regimen of processing and drying. It is

generally used as a uterine tonic, as a galactogogue "to improve breast milk%, in hyperacidity, and

as a general health tonic.

$ar+eted )ormulation

• Satavara;

• Sataveryadi churna

• Satavari churna

Shata0ari

Synonym:

Shatmuli

Chemical Category: Steroidal !lycoside

Biological source

hese are the dried roots and the leaves of Asparagus racemosus.

It contains not less than ).( of Shatavarin+I= on dried basis.

Family: $iliaceae

Geograhical distri"ution:

It is found distributed through out tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. In India, It is found in5imalayas upto an altitude of (F)) to (6)) m and all tropical parts of India. Shatavari occurs as

wild plant in dry and deciduous forests of &aharastra.

$acroscoic Character:

Colour: 3oots are silver white or light ash coloured e;ternally and white internally.

%dour: 2one

Taste : Starchy slightly bitter followed by sweet taste.

Si&e: 3oots are to ( cm in length and (+F cm in diameter.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unani

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactogogue



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unani

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactogogue



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Shae: Spindle shaped J 8ylindrical, fleshy, tuberous, straight or slightly curved

and swollen in the middle.

Fracture: Irregular

'(tra )eatures: $ongitudinally wrinkled with yellow hand central core. Ghen soaked in

water, the roots swell and become soft and flaccid.


he shatavari roots contains 6 steroid sa ponins: Shatavarin I+I= ")./%.Shatavarin+I is the major glycoside with F glucose and rhamnose moieties attached to

sarsapogenin, where as in shatavarin I= two glucose and one rhamnose moieties are

attached.

*lowers and fruits of sahtavari contain Duercetin, rutin and hyperoside , while leaf

contains diosgenin and Duercetin.

*haramcology: Asparagus racemosus "Satavari% is recommended in Ayurveda for the

prevention and treatment of reproductive disorders of women such as Se;ual disability,

amenorrhea, dysammenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine , bleeding , endometrosis, gonorrhea, prolapsed of uterus etc. It is also recommended as a galactogogue in case of laction inadeDuacy.

Asparagus racemosus has been successfully used by some medicinal practioner as anti+

inflammatory, antimicrobial and immunomodulator for many infectious diseases. Asparagusracemosus can als improve the milk production and reproduction capacity of dairy animals . he

use of satavari can also boost the immune system and conseDuently prevent the infection of

reproductive organs of cow. It can also be effectively used to reduce the stress of dairy animalsand improve their productivity thus producing clean and healthy milk from them.

Uses:

- As galactogogue, tonic and diuretic.

- Shatavarin I is reported to possess antio;ytocic properties.

- Also in treatment of rheumatism and nervine disorders.

- Its use in Ayurveda in threatened abortion and safe delivery is justified by uterine

blocking activity.

- Also as demulcent, aphrodisiac and antiseptic.

To(icological Acti0ity: 2o to;ic effects are noticed.

$ar+eted Formulations:

5imalya Shatavari 8apsules

Shatavari 3oot #owder -rganic+Asparagus

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TylohoraIndian iecacuanha %

Synonyms: Antamul, Anantmul, ?angli pikvam, Emetic Swallow+wory, Indian Ipecac.

Biological source: It is a mainly leaves and root of ylophora indica or . asthmatica

Family : Asclepiadaceae

!escrition: ylophora is a perennial climbing plant native to the plains, forests, andhills of southern and eastern India. he portions of the plant used medicinally are the

leaves and root.

Chemical constituents: he tylophora indica contains phenanthroindoliBidine alkaloids

like tylophorine, tylophorinine, tylophorinidine and septicine.

0ut major constituent in ylophora is the alkaloid tylophorine "appro;. ).(%.

Steam distillation of alcoholic e;tract of the air dried root powder gave p+metho;ysalicyaldehyde and a small amount of oil matter.

*harmacology:$aboratory research has shown this isolated plant e;tract e;erts a stronganti+inflammatory action. est tube studies suggest that tylophorine is able to interfere

with the action of mast cells, which are key components in the process of inflammation.

hese actions seem to support ylophoras traditional use as an anti + asthmatic and anti+allergenic medication by Ayurvedic practitioners.

Uses : he leaves and roots have emetic, cathartic, la;ative, e;pectorant, diaphoretic and purgative properties. It has also been used for the treatment of allergies, cold, dysentery,

hay fever and arthritis. It has reputation as an alternative and as a blood purifier, often

used in rheumatism and syphilitic rheumatism. 3oot or leaf powder is used in diarrhoea,dysentery and intermittent fever. ried leaves are emetic diaphoretic and e;pectorant. It

is regarded as one of the best indigenous substitute for ipecacuanha "8ephalis

ipecacuanha or Ipecac%. he roots are suggested to be a good natural preservative of food.

It is traditionally used as a folk remedy in certain regions of India for the treatment of

bronchial asthma , inflammation , bronchitis, allergies, rheumatism and dermatitis. It alsoseems to be a good remedy in traditional medicine as anti+psoriasis, seborrheic,

anaphylactic, leucopenia and as an inhibitor of the SchultB+ale reaction. he roots are

suggested to be a good natural preservative of food.

$ar+eted Formulation

$iv.+/ "5imalaya 5erbal 5ealthcare%

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B#I23A

Synonyms: 0hallataka, 0hilawan, !odambi, 0hilanean

Chemical category: A tarry oil containing anacardic acid, non+volatile alcohol "8ardol%.

Biological source: It is obtained from the fruits of Semecarpus anacardium.

Family+ Anacardiaceae

Geograhical !istri"ution:

0hilwa is cultivated throughout India in the areas with hot weather such as 0engal,

orissa, 0ihar and some parts of 5imalaya upto the height of ())) metres. he fruit of this plant is known as 0hilawan.

!escrition:

0hilwa is an average growing tree normally upto ()+( m high and the bark is dark grey

in colour which produces an irritating substance.

he leaves of this plant are F)+7) cm long and (/+F) cm wide, glabrous and pubescent.

he flowers produces are green+white and fruit is /+F m broad, ovate, smooth berry

which turns black after ripening.

Chemical Constituents :

The following constituents are obtained from the juice of the pericarp:

- A monohydro;yphenol called KsemicarpolL, ( of the e;tract.- A o+dihydro;y compound called as K0hillawanolL, 67 of the e;tract .

- A non+volatile corrosive residue forming about (' of the e;tract.

- Rest amount contains Trans- isomer of ursuhenol , anacardic acid, cardol, catechol

and anacardol , fi;ed oil.

*harmacology:

(. Antiathrogenic e))ect: he imbalance between the pro+o;idants and antio;idants is

the main cause of development of atherosclerosis. o prevent such condition,

antio;idant therapy is beneficial. Semecarpus anacardium "SA%shows such

antio;idant property. I has capacity to scavenge the supero;ide and hydro;yl radicals

at low concentrations. he process of atherogenesis initiated by pero;idation of lipids

in low density lipprotein was also inhibited by it.

/. Antiin)lammatory e))ect: SA nut ;tract have the antinflammatory effects of on

developing and developed adjuvant arthritis. It significantly decreased the

carragenan+induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma. hese result indicate the

potent anti+inflammatory effect and therapeutic efficacy of SA.

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F. Anti-o(idant Acti0ity: It has been reported in various species to possess potent

antio;idant activity. Investigation shows that ethyl e;tract and aDueous e;tract of the

drug shows antio;idant activities. Administration of the aDueous e;tract of SA to

plasma+transplanted mouse leads to increase in the activity of antio;idant enBymes.

6. CNS Acti0ity: he beneficial effect of nuts of SA, e;tracted with milk, occur on

82S, mainly for locomotor and nootropic activities in different e;perimental animal

models.

. Antimicro"ial acti0ity: the aDueous and organic solvent e;tracts of the palnt and

screened for antimicrobial " isc diffusion method% and phytochemical properties.

he petroleum ether "#EE% and aDueous e;tract fractions showed inhibitory effect

against Staphylococcus aureus " () mm% and Shigella fle;neri at ())mgMml,

respectively.

To(icology: he drug should be used with care, preferably under the direction of the

Dualified practitioner, since the anacardic acid allergenic. he ma;imum tolerated dose of a ) alcoholic e;tract of the fruit when given intraperitoneally to mice was found to be

/) mgMkg body weight.

Uses :

- 0hilwa is used both e;ternally and internally for the wide range of diseases. he

seeds, fruit and oil are held high for its medicinal value.

- he oil from bhilwa is applied to heal cracked feet, and if mi;ed with sesame oil it

works wonder for wounds and sores in preventing pus formation.

- It has also been employed for its multifarious properties and considered beneficial for

ailments like piles, colitis, diarrhea, dyspepsia, tumours and worms.

- 0hilwa is mi;ed with milk can be applied on skin infections scabies, ecBema, and

ringworms.

- In ayurveda bhallataka is known as @rasayana which rejuvenates skin from various

skin ailments.

$ar+eted roducts:

• Amrta bhalla taka $eha

• Sanjivani =ati

• 0hallataka rasayan

• 0hallatakadi modaka

,ali4iri:

Synonyms: Iron weed, #urlple fleebane, vernonia anthelmintica, 0an jira

Biological source: It consists of the seeds of 8entratherum anthelminticum or =ernonia

anthelmintica

Family: Asteraceae

Geogrohical source: =ernonia anthelmintica is found in India and Sri lanka.

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!escrition: It is straight big herb.

2ea0es:-leaves are covered with hair. $eaves are mostly 9+' cm long. heir margin arenotched .

Flo5ers:-flowers head (.+/.6 cm in diameter. J each head with F)+6) minute purplish

flowers.

Fruits:- it is 6.6+7.7mm long,cylindrical J hairy with () narrow ridges, seeds having

bitter taste.


he seeds are said to be contain resins and an alkaloid known as =ernonine. he bitter

principle , which was presumably the active principle of the drug, amounted to over (of the weight of the seeds.

*harmacological action: Anthelmintic, in skin diseases, tonic, stomachic, diuretic,

employed for destroying pediculi. It contains bitter principles. According to ayurveda,5erbs are taken in combination with other herbs to neutraliBe the to;icity of one herbwith the opposing effect of the other or to enhance the particular effect of one herb with

the help of other.

Uses: <sed as anthelmintic and purgative in minute dose. Sometimes used e;ternally forskin diseases. his is different from 8arum carvi. 8arum carvi is also known as kala Bira

or shah Bira. he plant is also useful as a refreshment and sterile for promoting

urination. Its effectiveness in thread worm infections has been confirmed in test in

hospitals.So it is used mainly as Anthelmintic, in skin diseases, tonic, stomachic diuretic,employed for destroying #ediculi.

To(icology: 2o to;ic effects are noticed.

$ar+eted roducts:

• Ananda churana

• 0lood cleaner

• 4ani capsule

VAC# AC%/US.

Synonyms:

8alamus, 0ach, !hoda =aj, =aj, sweet flag.

Biological Source: hese are the dried rhiBomes of plant known as Acorus calamus .

It contains not less than (. of the volatile oil.

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Uses: calamus is used as carminative, bitter stimulant and vermifuge. Asarone has

sedative and tranDuilliBing properties.

In india the drug also used in epilepsy and depression.

To(icology: 2o to;ic effects are noticed.

Storage7 8alamus rhiBome are stored in well closed container.

/asna

Synonyms

!alanga, East India root, 8hinese ginger, $esser galangal

Biological Source

hese are the dried rhiBomes of Alpinia officinarum, belonging to family Ningiberaceae.

he rhiBomes are trimmed, washed, cut into segments and dried. hey contain not less

than ). of volatile oil. 8ommercially, they are known as lesser galangal rhiBomes,while the greater rhiBomes are obtained from Alpinia galangal .

Geograhical Source and Collection:

he drug is found throughout the Eastern 5imalayas and in south west India. It is a perennial herb, about ( to / m in height bearing rhiBomes. he drug is collected in

Autumn.

$acroscoic Characters

8olour + he rhiBomes are reddish+brown e;ternally and

$ight orange brown.

-dour + 8haracteristically aromaticaste + Aromatic and pungent.

SiBe + he rhiBomes are about / to ' cm in length and / cm

In thickness

Shape + hey are irregularly branched and marked with fine

Annulations

3hiBomes are tough and have a fibrous fracture

Chemical Constituents:

he green rhiBomes contain ).7 to (. of volatile oil. he oil contains methyl

cinnamate "about 6'%, cineole "about /%, camphor and pinene. It also contains resin,oily pungent galangol, alpinol, yellow crystalline substance known as galangin, and di+

o;yflavanol. he anti+inflammatory triterpene compounds reported are sorghumol and

bochmerd.

Standards:

*oreign organic matter + not more than /

otal ash + not more than F.

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Acid+insoluble ash + not more than (

Chemical Test:

Shake about ( g finely powdered rasna with 7) alcohol for () minutes and filter. #ut adrop on filter paper and dry it. E;amine the same under ultraviolet light, a bright bluish+

white fluorescence is observed.

*harmacology: 5eplacosane and octacosane show anti+inflammatory activity.

Uses:

!alanga is used as an aromatic, a stimulant and carminative similar to ginger. It hasantibacterial properties. In india, it is used in treatment ofrheumatism and catarrhal

affections.

To(icology: Acute < hr. and chronic "O) days% oral to;icity studies on the etanolic

e;tracts of the rhiBomes of Alpinea galangal carried out in mice. Acute doses were ).,

(.), and F gMkg body weight while the chronic dosage was () mgMkgMday as the e;tract.

All e;ternal morphological, hematological and spermatogenic changes, in addition to body wt are recorded. uring this investigation no significant morality as compared to

the controls are observed.

!alanga treated animals was significant as in the control group. 5ematological studies

revealed a significant rise in the 308 level of !alanga+treated as compared to thecontrols. he gain in weights of se;ual organs and increased sperm motility and sperm

counts were observed in both groups of e;tract treated male, mice, however, these

changes were highly significant in galangal+treated group.

SUBSTITUT'

Alpinia galanga "?ava galanga or greater galangal% is similar to the official varieties, but,

less pungent. It does not contain flavonoids. he alcoholic e;tract does not show anyfluorescence under ultraviolet light.

$ar+eted roducts: he 3asna is marketed under the following names:

- Alpinia "E;tract%

- 3asna 8hurana

- ashmularishta

*unarna0aCommon 0ernacular name :- 3agweed, santhi, moto satado, ataki,

sanadika, gonajali, sanadika, sothaghna

Botanical sources :- , #unarnava consists of the dried root of oerhaa!ia diffilsa

$inn. "syn. " reperis $inn% "*am. 2yctaginaceae%.

$orhology :-

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0oerhaavia diffusa is a perennial creeping weed, prostrate or ascending herb, up to ( m long or

more having spreading branches. he plant grows profusely in the rainy season, and mature

seeds are formed in -ctober+2ovember. ue to its sticky nature, the plant gets stuck on theclothes of human beings and on the legs of animals, which helps in its dispersal from one place

to another ./oots: he roots are stout and fusiform with a woody root stock. It has a large root system

bearing rootlets. he tap root is tuberous, cylindrical to narrowly fusiform to conical or tapering,light yellow, brown or brownish gray. It is thick, fleshy and very bitter in taste. Some workers

have studied the regeneration of this plant through tissue culture. Induction of adventitious

shoots using stem e;plants of 0. diffusa. 3oots were also regenerated from the leaf segments of0. diffusa when cultured in vitro. hese roots contained ).( alkaloid punarnavine. Increase in

levels of indole+ acetic acid "IAA% in &S medium reduced the number of roots regenerated from

the leaf segment, their length and alkaloid content.

A. Macroscopic + Stout, tapering, somewhat lmotty and twisted roots upto F) cm or more

long and ).+(. cm thick often crowned with stem bases, gryesh+brown, surface is rough

due to minute, irregular, longitudinal striation J root scars.B. Microscopic > .S. of root shows outermost layer of cork which consists of thin walled

tangentially elongated cells with brownish walls followed by thin walled (+/ layered cork

cambium. 8orte; many layered and composed of thin walled cells. Secondary corte; /+6layered and parenchymtous. 8oncentric bands of;ylem tissues alternating with

parenchymatous tissues. =essels are radial with reticulate thickening. Simple and

compound starch grains with centric hilum and raphide crystals ofcalcium o;alate incorte; region. *ibres are aseptate and spindle shaped with pointed ends.

Nature:-it is a herb mostly spreads on the ground.

2ea0es:-leaves are small with whitish on the lower surface and upper green.

Flo5ers:-flowers are very small reddish in colour. Fruits:-fruits with five coloring glandular

$edicinal Uses:-his plants root is useful.

Standards:-

*oreign organic matter "/.7.(%. 2ot more than /.) per cent.Ethanol+soluble e;tractive "/.7./%. 2ot less than ). per cent.

Gater+soluble e;tractive "/.7.F%. 2ot less than O.) per cent by methodl.

otal ash "/.F.(O%. 2ot more than ().) per cent.

Acid+insoluble ash "/.F .(O%. 2ot more than F.) per cent.$oss on drying "/.6.(O%. 2ot more than ().) per cent.

Chemical nature o) chie) constituents:-

&ajor components are sitosterol, esters of sitosterol, punarnavine, boerhaavia acid, boeravinone,

palmitic acid and many other compounds.

*harmacology :

Boerha0ia !i))usa *unarna0a. : <sed in $iver diseases and as diuretic. It balances all doshas

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"vata, pitta and kapha% in the body. 0eing a good liver stimulant, fresh punarnava leaves are used

to cure viral jaundice. 5owever, its juice can also be used along with any other therapy while

treating various other liver disorders an e;cellent remedy for jaundice. he decoction of the plantis a remedy for intermittent fevers and intermittents with infracts of the spleen and liver. Also as

a good tonic and diuretic.

$ode %) Action : It may decrease levels of transaminases indicate stabiliBation of plasma

membrane and protection of hepatocytes against damage caused by hepatoto;in. SA# is relatedto functioning of hepatocytes and increase in its activity is due to increased synthesis in presence

of biliary pressure and thus protect the liver disorders.

*recaution :

• #lease keep this product out of the reach of children.

• Store in a cool dry place, away from direct sunlight.

• o not refrigerate J avoid e;cessive heat. o not use if seal is broken.

Ad0erse reaction : 0oerhavia diffusa being an 5erbal Supplement no report e;erts any adversereaction.

!rug Interaction : 0eing an 5erbal Supplement, no drug interactions are reported.


Ayur0edic Alications

Ghite+edema, anemia, heart disease, cough, intestinal colic, kidney disorders same uses as

red. 3ed+nervous system, heart disease, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, kidney stones, edema, ratand snake bites chronic alcoholism, wasting diseases, insomnia, rheumatism, eye diseases,asthma "moderate doses%, induces vomiting in large doses, jaundice, ascites due to early liver and

peritoneal concerns urethritis. $eaf juice with honey, dropped into the eyes for chronic

ophthalmia.

$edicinal Uses

(. #unarnava, the spiderlings, is a genus of about 6) species of annual or perennial herbaceous

plants in the four oclock flower family, 2yctaginaceae. he common name refers to theappearance of a spider or spiders web given by the numerous long, slender and interlocking

stems of the inflorescences.

/. #unarnava is found in India and is a valuable medicinal plant.

F. #unarnava is beneficial in treating obesity.6. #unarnava is effective in treating a disease called dropsy, a condition wherein e;cess of watery

fluid gets accumulated in the tissues and body cavities. A liDuid e;tract of this plant stimulates

urine secretion and discharge.

Theraeutic Uses:

5erb is used as diuretic

E;pectorant Stomachic

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#rescribed in the treatment of jaundice

!iven in the loss of digestive power

Enlargement of spleen <sed for relieving abdominal pains

$ar+eted )ormulation:-

#unarnava mandoor 3asa

#unarnavadi vati

#unarnavaaristha

Chitra+


5indi+ 8hita, 8hitrak

Sanskrit+ 8hitraka

English+ 8ylon leadwort, Ghite flower leadwort, !octor"ush9 Botanical sources

0otanical name+ #lumbago $e%lanica

*amily > #lumbaginaceae

$orhology

here is no consistency in the literature citing the classification of #.Beylanica as herb or shrub.

Some authors have described it as a perennial dicot herb P9,'Q while it has also been designatedas a shrub by others POQ.#. Beylanica plant attains a height of about ).>/ m "(.7>7.7 ft% "*igure

(A%. he leaves are alternate, simple, ovate or ovate+lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, ).>(/ cm

in length with a tapered base and often with a hairy margin. he stipules are absent and the

petiole is narrow ")> mm long% with small auricles in young leaves. he inflorescence is ofterminal raceme+type about 7>F) cm long and many+flowered. *lowers are white in colour P6,

9Q and are borne in a;illary and terminal elongated spikes "*igure (0, 8%. hey are bise;ual,

regular, pentamerous, pedicellate and sweet+scented. he stamens are free, included. he styleis filiform with five elongated stigma lobes and the ovary is superior,

single+celled. he flowers are also characteriBed by having a tubular caly; "9>(( mm long and +

ribbed% with glandular trichomes "hair% secreting a sticky mucilage. he plant flowers round theyear and pollination is primarily by insects. he mucilaginous glands aid in trapping insects and

fruit dispersal by animals. he fruit of the plant is an oblong "9.>' mm long% five+furrowed

capsule containing single seed. Each seed is oblong in structure, >7 mm long and reddish+ brown to dark brown in colour. 3oots are straight, smooth, branched or unbranched, with or

without secondary roots and about F) cm or more in length and 7 cm in diameter PFQ. hey arelight+ yellow when fresh and become reddish+brown on drying. he roots have a strong and

characteristic odour with acrid and bitter taste.

Standards

otal ash 2& F Gater soluble ash 2& /.)O

Acid Insoluble ash 2& ).'7

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&oisture content 2& /

*oreign organic matter 2& (


#. Beylanica contains a variety of important chemical compounds. ifferent plant parts of the plant possess naphthaDuinones, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolic

compounds, flavanoids, saponins, coumarins, carbohydrates, fi;ed oil and fats and proteins P(,(), ((, (/, (FQ. -f all the chemical constituents plumbagin is the principle active compound.

#lumbagin "+hydro;y+/+methyl+(, 6+ naphthoDuinone+ 8((5'-F% is primarily present in roots

in higher amounts with only about ( in the whole plant P(6Q. he important chemicals reportedin #. Beylanica can be classified as in *igure . A wide range of medicinal properties of #.

Beylanica are attributed to #lumbagin and other secondary metabolites. #lumbagin has shown

antibacterial activity against both gram+positive "e.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,#neumonococcus sp.% and gram+negative "e.g. Salmonella, 2eisseria% bacteria. It is also active

against certain yeasts and fungi "8andida, richophyton, Epidermophyton and &icrosporum

spp.% and protoBoa "$eishmania% P(, ((, (, (7Q. In low concentrations, plumbagin e;hibitsantimitotic activity comparable to that of colchicine. #lumbagin also has strongantifeedant and moulting inhibiting effects on insects and has nematicidal and acaricidal

activities. he various biological activities e;hibited by #. Beylanica "able (% account for the

products of this plant being traded worldwide as Ayurvedic and homeopathic

*harmacology

+Effect on blood coagulation profile activity+9) ethanol e;tract of drug stems shows ability to inhibit mast cell+dependent immediate

allergic reaction.

+) alcoholic e;tract of drug having 82S stimulatory action.

+5aving anti+ &elicobacter p%lori activity.+5aving anti+plasmodium activity.


#. Beylanica is a popular medicinal herb throughout Africa and Asia. It has been used as a remedy

for skin diseases, infections and intestinal worms viB. leprosy, scabies, ringworm, hookworm,

dermatitis, acne, sores and ulcers since time immemorial. he traditional systemsof medicine in different parts of the continents have been utiliBing all parts of #. Beylanica for a

variety of treatments. In Gest Africa the root or the leaves crushed with lemon juice, are used as

a counter+irritant and vesicant. In 2igeria the roots pounded with vegetable oil are used as atreatment for rheumatic swellings. #owdered bark, root or leaves are used as a conventional

method to treat gonorrhoea, syphilis, tuberculosis, rheumatic pain, swellings and woundstreatment system in Ethiopia. In other regions of Africa a paste of the root in vinegar, milk and

water is used to treat influenBa and &arketed formulation black water fever root infusion istaken orally to treat shortness of breath root decoction with boiled milk is swallowed to treat

inflammation in the mouth, throat and chest. In &auritius and 3odrigues a root decoction is also

used to treat diarrhoea and dyspepsia.


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-8hitrak haritaki "abur%

A*A$A/GA

Vernacular Names:5indi+ 8hirchitta

Sanskrit+ Apamarg, Apamarga

English > 3ough chaff tree J #rickly chaff tree

Biological Source

0otanical name + Ach%ranthes aspera

*amily + Amaranthaceae

$orhologyA perennial stiff erect herb, measuring (+ feet in tall with simple elliptic leaves, single green to

pink ovate flower, small fruits "/.+Fmm% found throughout India, Africa, Asia and South

America, generally in hot climates. It is a common weed found on the way side and at waste

lands. PQ

Ach%ranthes aspera is small, much branched, monoecious perennial subshrub up to ).'+( ; ).'m.

3ootstock stout, woody. Stems somewhat succulent at first, ribbed, becoming basally woody

with age, densely covered in velutinous, appressed hairs. $eaves opposite, densely clustered

toward branch tips 6+) ; /+F)mm, spreading to decurved, mostly broadly ovate, ovate+

orbicular or elliptic ape; blunt to abruptly sub acute, sometimes very shortly apiculate base

attenuate lamina somewhat fleshy, purple+grey, veins often purple, aba;ial and ada;ial surfaces

silky canescent, margins crenulate to crenate. #etioles +()mm long, pink, fleshy, velutinous,

basal abscission Bone present. Inflorescence a terminal erect spike, ()+/))mm long peduncle

(mm long, fleshy, white+villous spike rachis fleshy, white+villous to purple+villous flowers

bise;ual, retrorse, sessile, c. (')+/)) per spike, these spaced initially at ()+mm intervals along

rachis, diminishing rapidly to R(+mm intervals toward inflorescence ape;. P7Q

he bract persistent on rachis, ovate to lanceolate F+F. ; ).+(mm, strongly retrorse,

chartaceous, weakly keeled near ape; only, pale white, margins entire, ape; acute, sometimes

with a small, ).(+)./mm long pale yellow mucro. 0racteoles / abscissing with senescent

flowers broadly ovate, )./+(mm long, chartaceous hyaline, lustrous, pale caramel margins

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http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79083:achyranthes-aspera-linn-amaranthaceae-alt-alternanthera&catid=199:safety-of-herbal&Itemid=139#a5






UNIT –IV


entire strongly keeled, keel lustrous, caramel brown, e;tending well beyond bract as a hardened,

channelled, strongly recurved, falcate spine 6+mm long. #erianth segments "sepals% ,

lanceolate, central portion pale caramel+brown but distinctly pink tinged, margins pale yellow or

off+white opaDue, hyaline segments sub eDual, 6.+7mm, channelled. Stamens 6, connate at

base, the filaments ).+(mm, alternating with 6 narrowly spathulate, ).6 ; ).7mm, white+hyaline,

petaloid, fimbriate+margined pseudostaminodes anthers ).6+).7mm, yellow, bilocular, dehiscing

via longitudinal slits pollen yellow. Style ).7+(mm, pink to pale orange, arising from a fleshy

papillate style base ).'mm diammetre stigma brown, truncate. <tricle /+/.mm long, dark

brown, turbinate, hartaceous, surmounted by the dry, somewhat woody, style base. Seed (./+(.' ;

).O+(./mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, dark chestnut brown.

Chemical Constituents

aspera contains a water+soluble base, betaine a chloroform+soluble base which was a mi;ture of

two uncharacteriBed alkaloidal entities. he ethanol e;tract contained alkaloids and saponins but

were devoid of flavonoids and tannins. he shoot contained an aliphatic dihydro;yketone,

F7,69+dihydro;yhenpentacontan+6+one tritriacontanol an essential oil a long chain alcohol, (9+

pentatriacontanol /9+cyclohe;ylheptacosan+9+ol (7+hydro;y+/7+methylheptacosan+/+one 6+

methylheptatriacont+(+en+()+ol and tetracontanol+/. Ecdysterone was found in the seeds, stem,

leaves and root. #entatriacontan, 7+pentatriacontanone, he;atriacontane and triacontane were

isolated from the chloroform e;tract of the stem. *lavonoids and alkaloids were found in the

inflorescence.

Standards

(. *oreign matter 2& (

/. $oss on rying 2& (.FF

F. otal Ash 2& ((.7

6. Acid insoluble ash 2& /

. Gater soluble e;tractive 2$ (F

7. Alcohol soluble e;tractive 2$ O


aspera used in 8hinese folk medicine as an antipyretic, an anti+inflammatory agent, a diuretic

and for the treatment of constipation, fever "especially malarial fever%, bronchitis, sprains,

dysentery, asthma, hypertension, diabetes and as wound dressing. PFQ,PQ,P9Q,POQ,P()Q he whole

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plant is used in the treatment of diabetes and as a blood purifier. P6Q he e;tract that is obtained

by boiling A" aspera material is used by the &asai of Sekenani valley, 4enya, to treat malaria.

he roots are used in infantile diarrhea and cold. he dry leaves are powdered and mi;ed with

honey for use in the early stages of asthma while the seeds are used as an emetic. he seeds,

leaves and twigs have been used for treatment of renal dropsy and bronchial diseases. he

8hakma community in Arunachal #radesh, India uses A" aspera to treat urinary disorders.

It is an antifertility herb in Ethiopia where the leaf, root and seed e;tracts are used for antifertility

effects, for placental retention and in postpartum bleeding. In India, it is used as an abortifacient

and for contraception besides for the treatment of renal dropsy, bronchial afflictions and leprosy.

In rural Indonesia, the e;tracted leaf juice is taken to prolong the duration between births while

pregnant mothers are forbidden from taking the juice. A" aspera is used by $atin American and

8aribbean women for menstrual pain and unspecified female complaints. It was given a level F

validity based on the fulfillment of the following criterium: If in addition to the ethnobotanical

data, phytochemical or pharmacological information also validates the use in rinidad, A" aspera

may e;ert a physiological action on the patient and is more likely to be effective than those at the

lowest level of validity. In rinidad, A" aspera is used for venereal diseases while in 2epal it is

used to facilitate parturition.

A" aspera is also believed to have cardiac stimulant, astringent, diuretic, antiperiodic and

purgative actions. It is also used as an antiarthritic, estrogenic, antileprotic, antispasmodic,

antibacterial and antiviral agent, for the treatment of asthmatic cough, snakebite, hydrophobia,

urinary calculi, rabies, influenBa, piles, renal dropsy, gonorrhea and abdominal pain.

A paste of the leaves is applied topically to treat cuts and wounds. he fresh leaves are chewed

to treat herpes Boster. he pills "(>/ g each% are made from the crushed leaves which are then

applied on boils twice daily until healing occurs. he people of the 8oastal regions of 8ape

8omorin, India, use the plant to treat eye burns. he whole plant is dried and burnt to an ash

which is then mi;ed with common salt and massaged onto the gums and tooth area to relieve

toothache while the stem is used as a tooth brush.

*or veterinary purposes, the crushed leaves are used as a dressing to promote blood clotting.

*harmacology

T% Effects on thyroid hormones activity

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• Antifertility activity +he methanolic e;tract of A" aspera leaves "F and . gMkg body

weight, p.o.% showed anti+fertility activity, with the higher dose significantly reducing the

survival of rat fetuses.

• Inhibition of male reproductive ability activity + he ) ethanolic e;tract elicited

reproductive to;icity in male rats which may result from suppression of androgen

synthesis. he treated rats had reduced sperm count, reduced weight of epididymis,

reduced serum testosterone and reduced testicular Fb+hydro;ysteroid dehydrogenase

activity.

• Antihyperlipidemic activity and inhibition of liver lipid pero;idation activity

• Antitumor promoter activity

• Immunostimulatory activity

• Anti+inflammatory activity

• Inhibition of angiotensin converting enByme activity

• iuretic activity


• #ilochek !el abur .

• 8ystone "5imalaya herbal healthcare%

• 2eeri "AI&I$ #harmaceuticals%

•<riflow "0ionewtir; labs.%

G%,#A/U


5indi+ !okharuSanskrit+ !okshura, shuuadamshtra, swadukantaka

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English+ #uncture vine, caltrop, yellow vine

Botanical sources

0otanical name > Tribulus terrestris*amily + . Nygophyllaceae

!okhru consists of dried fruits of Tribulus terrestris $."*am.Bygophyllaceae%. !okhru containsnot less than ). per cent of diosgenin, calculated on the dried basis.

$orhology

escription. #edicellate and globose fruits, having wedgeshaped cocci, covered with short and

stiff spines. #ossesses faintly aromatic smell and acrid taste.

A. Macroscopic + *ruit is pedicellate, having wedge+shaped cocci, covered with spines. Surfaceof schiBocarp is rough.

0. Microscopic + #ericarp is differentiated into epicarp, mes7carp and eiidocail%: Epicarp is

surrounded by non+ glandular trichomes.It is small prostrate, ()+7) cm height, hirsute or silky hairy shrub. $eaves are opposite, oftenuneDual, paripinnate pinnae from five to eight pairs, elliptical or oblong lanceolate. *lowers are

yellow in color. Its carpel fruits are of characteristic, stellate shape, somewhat round+shaped,

compressed, five cornered, and covered with princkles of very light yellow color. here areseveral seeds in each crocus with transverse partitions between them. he seeds are oily in

nature. Ghen fresh, the root is slender, fibrous, cylindrical, freDuently branched, bearing a

number of small rootlets and is of light brown color. *ruits and roots are mainly used as a folkmedicine for the treatment of various ailments. 3oot occurs in pieces, 9+(' cm long and ).F+).9

cm in diameter, cylindrical, fibrous, freDuently branched, bearing a number of small rootlets,

tough, woody, yellow to light brown in color, surface rough due to the presence of small nodules

fracture fibrous odor aromatic taste sweetish astringent. he fruits of the herb are known asK8hih+hsingL in 8hina or goat head in <SA. he spiky fruit looks like the cloven hoof of a cow

and, hence, is known as go+ksura "cow+hoof%. *ruits are faint greenish yellow with spines . hey

are globose, consisting of five, nearly glabrous, muriculate, wedge+shaped, woody cocci, eachwith two pairs of hard sharp spines, one pair longer than the other. ips of spines almost meet in

pairs together forming pentagonal framework around the fruit. -uter surface of the schiBocarp is

rough. here are several seeds in each coccus, with transverse partitions between them. -dor offruits is faintly aromatic and taste is slightly acrid.

Standards

$oss of weight on drying 2& F(.)/

&oisture content 2& ().7'otal ash 2& (/.9

Gater soluble ash 2& ((.))Acid+insoluble ash 2& 6.))

3esidue on ignition 2& 9.6F

Ethanol e;tractive value 2$ 7.6Gater e;tractive value 2$ ()./

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he preliminary phytochemical study of revealed the presence of saponins,

flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins.P7Q According to literature data, the saponincomposition and the saponin content of from different geographic regions is different.P9Q

4ostova et al. studied the chemistry and bioactivity of saponins in . hey reported thatfurostanol and spirostanol saponins of tigogenin, neotigogenin, gitogenin, neogitogenin,

hecogenin, neohecogenin, diosgenin, chlorogenin, ruscogenin, and sarsasapogenin types arefreDuently found in this plant. In addition, four sulfated saponins of tigogenin and diosgenin type

were also isolated. &ajorly present are furostanol glycosides including protodioscin and

protogracillin, of which protodioscin is the most dominant saponin and spirostanol glycosides are present in small Duantities.P9,'Q Gu et al . found that the Duantity of main Uavonoids is about (.

times that of main saponins. his indicated that the Uavonoid contents in should be studied,

developed, and further used.POQ 0hutani et al . isolated kaempferol, kaempferol+F+glucoside,kaempferol+F+rutinoside, and tribuloside Pkaempferol+F+V+d+"7W+ p+coumaroyl% glucosideQ from

leaves as well as fruits and identified them by spectroscopic analysis.P()Q $ouveau; et al .

detected (' flavonoids "caffeoyl derivatives, Duercetin glycosides, including rutin andkaempferol glycosides% using high+performance liDuid chromatography "5#$8% infour Tribulus species leaf e;tracts.P((Q 1ang et al . optimiBed the e;traction condition using

orthogonal e;periment.P(/Q &atin 1ekta et al . isolated three flavonoid glycosides, viB. Duercetin

F+'+glycoside, Duercetin F+'+rutinoside, and kaempferol F+'+glycoside from the aerial parts ofdrug.

*harmacology

• iuretic activity

he diuretic properties of are due to large Duantities of nitrates and essential oil

present in its fruits and seeds. he diuretic activity can also be attributed to the presence

of potassium salts in high concentration.• Aphrodisiac activity

he e;tract e;hibited a pro+erectile effect on rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth

muscle e; vivo after oral treatment at doses of /., , and () mgMkg body weight for '

weeks.

• Antiurolithic activity

An ethanolic e;tract of fruits was tested in urolithiasis induced by glass bead

implantation in albino rats.

• Immunomodulatory activity

Saponins isolated from the fruits of demonstrated dose+dependent increase in

phagocytosis, indicating stimulation of nonspecific immune response.

• Anti+diabetic activity

Saponin from possesses hypoglycemic properties.PF/Q significantly reduced the

level of serum glucose, serum triglyceride, and serum cholesterol, while serum

supero;ide dismutase "S-% activity was found to be increased in allo;an+induceddiabetic mice. he decoction of showed inhibition of gluconeogenesis in mice.

• 8entral nervous system "82S% activity

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Swiss Albino mice demonstrated antidepressant and an;iolytic activity on administration

of /7) mgMkg dose of 3asayana !hana tablet comprising three potent well+established

rejuvenator herbs, viB. inospora cordifolia "stem%, Emblica officinalis "fruit%, and "fruit and root%, present in eDual Duantities in the tablet. It was suggested that harmine, a

V+carboline alkaloid present in , is one of the main active constituents that contributesto the above+mentioned activities. 5armine is an inhibitor of monoamine o;idase which

helps to increase level of dopamine in the brain.


is used in folk medicines as a tonic, aphrodisiac, palliative, astringent, stomachic,antihypertensive, diuretic, lithotriptic, and urinary disinfectant. he dried fruit of the herb is very

effective in most of the genitourinary tract disorders. It is a vital constituent of !okshuradi

!uggul, a potent Ayurvedic medicine used to support proper functioning of the genitourinarytract and to remove the urinary stones. has been used for centuries in Ayurveda to treat

impotence, venereal disease , and se;ual debility. In 0ulgaria, the plant is used as a folk medicine

for treating impotence. In addition to all these applications, the Ayurvedic #harmacopoeia ofIndia attributes cardiotonic properties to the root and fruit. In traditional 8hinese medicine, thefruits were used for treatment of eye trouble, edema, abdominal distension, emission, morbid

leukorrhea, and se;ual dysfunction. is described as a highly valuable drug in the Shern+2ong

#harmacopoeia "the oldest known pharmacological work in 8hina% in restoring the depressedliver, for treatment of fullness in the chest, mastitis, flatulence, acute conjunctivitis, headache,

and vitiligo. In <nani medicine, is used as diuretic, mild la;ative, and general tonic.


• !okshuradi guggul

• !okharu ghanvati•

Shan+haushi


5indi+ Shankhpushpi, Shyamakranta, Syamakranta,

=ishnukanta, Shankhpushpi, #hooli, Shankaveli,

Shankhpushpi, ShnkhahuliSanskrit+ $aghuvishnukranta, 2ail #usher, 2ilasankhapuspi, Sankhapuspi,

8onvolvulus pluricaulis, =aishnava, =ishnugandhi,

=ishnukranthi,=ishnukranthi, =ishnukanta.English+ English speedwheel

Botanical sources

0otanical 2ame"s%: (on!ol!ulus pluricaulis

01 : I23A 43. 5--



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*amily: !entianaceae

$orhology

8onvolvulus pluricaulis is a perennial herb that seems like morning glory. Its branches are spread

on the ground and can be more than F) cm long. he flowers are blue in color " mm% and theleaves, which are elliptic in shape "/ mm%, are located at alternate positions with branches or

flowers. 4nown as Aloe weed in English, the herb is commonly found in India, especially in thestate of 0ihar. All the parts of the herb are known to possess therapeutic benefits. It is believed

to be the only herb that is capable of enhancing all the aspects related to brain power, such as

learning, memory and the ability to recall. 5owever, its popularity stems from its ability totreat insomnia effectively.

Standards

&oisture content > 2& 9

otal ash > 2& ('

Sulfated ash > 2& 7 Gater soluble ash > 2& ' Gater insoluble ash + 2$ ((


8hemical studies of whole plant have shown the presence of glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids

and alkaloids. Shankhpushpi, "the alkaloid% has been identified as active principle. 0. sitosterol

glycoside, 5ydro;y 8innamic acid, -ctacosanol tetracosane along with glucose, sucrose alsohave been isolated from the plant drugs.


(.he 8onvolvulus pluricaulis plant e;tract is well known for treating insanity andhematemesis.

/.$eaves of 8onvolvulus pluricaulis plant are used to treat bronchitis and asthma.

F. he plant root is herbal remedy to treat childhood fever.6. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis plant e;tract avoids fluid retention in the body and

supports digestion.

. he ethanolic e;tract of 8onvolvulus pluricaulis herb reduces the levels of "2E*A% non esterified fatty+acid which is main cause of death due to cardiac arrest.

7. In Ayurveda 8onvolvulus pluricaulis plant is also used for treatment of epilepsy.

*harmacology

(. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis best for hypertension

/. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis for neurodegenerative diseasesF. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis Improve &emory

6. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis for hypertension J ulcers. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis for 0eauty

7. 8onvolvulus pluricaulis 8holesterol ecrease


01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


• abur Shankhpushpi

• #atanjali Sharbat 0rahmi

Brahmi


5indi > ?albrahmi, 2eerbrahmiSanskrit > 0rahmi

English > Indian pennywort

Botanical sources

0otanical name + acopa monnieri

*amily + #lantaginaceae

$orhology

he plant source for 0rahmi is 0acopa monniera, a small herb with light purple flowers. It growsin wet and sandy areas and near streams in tropical regions. It is a creeping herb with numerous

branches and small fleshy, oblong leaves. *lowers and fruits appear in summer. he whole plantis medicinally useful/6.

he plant is a profusely branched herb, rooting at the nodes and forming dense mats. he leaves

are fleshy.

*lowering and fruiting occur throughout the year in brief, successive durations.

• The salient "otanical )eatures are descri"ed "elo5:-

- Stem: prostrate, "sub%succulent, herbaceous.

- 2ea0es: decussate, simple, oblong, ( ; ).6 cm, "sub%succulent, punctate,

penninerved, margin entire, ape; obtuse, "sub%sessile.

- Flo5ers.: a;illary, solitary, bracteate "/ bracteoles%, linear, pedicel to ). cm., purple in color.

- Caly(: lobes "uneDual% outer / lobes larger, ovate, 9 ; F. mm inner / lobes

linear, . ; ).9 mm median ( lobe oblong, . ; / mm, imbricate,"sub%succulent, punctate, obtuse, acute.

- Corolla: white with violet and green bands inside the throat, ).' cm across, mm

tube lobes, obscurely /+lipped, /CF, "sub%eDual, obtuse or emarginate.

- Stamens: 6, didynamous filament pairs I and /. mm anthers oblong, contiguous,

(. mm.- %0ary: -blong+globose, / mm style slightly defle;ed, . mm stigma flat

capsule, oblong+globose, ; /. mm, septicidal or locilicidal, or 6+valved.

- Seeds: oblong testa striate.

Standards

*oreign organic matter 2& 9.)$oss on drying 2& (/.)

otal ash 2& (/.)

Acid+insoluble ash 2& F.

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV



he pharmacological effects of 0acopa monniera are attributed to the presence of a

number of biologically active compounds, including alkaloids, saponins and sterols. he

compounds responsible for the memory enhancing effects of 0acopa monniera are triterpenoidsaponins called 0acosides. he best characteriBed compounds in 0acopa monnieri are

dammarane types of triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides, with jujubogenin or pseudo+

jujubogenin moieties as aglycone units.P(/Q 0acosides comprise a family of (/ known analogs.P(FQ 2ovel saponins called bacopasides I>HII have been identified more recently.P(6Q he alkaloids

brahmine, nicotine, and herpestine have been catalogued, along with +mannitol,apigenin,

hersaponin, monnierasides I>III, cucurbitacin and plantainoside 0.P(QP(7QP(9Q

he constituent most studied has been bacoside A, which was found to be a blend of bacoside

AF, bacopacide II, bacopasaponin 8, and a jujubogenin isomer of bacosaponin 8.P('Q hese

assays have been conducted using whole plant e;tract, and bacoside concentrations may vary

depending upon the part from which they are e;tracted. In one 0& sample, 3astogi et al. found

this bacoside profileXbacopaside I ".F9%, bacoside AF ".O%, bacopaside II "7.O%,

bacopasaponin 8 isomer "9.)'%, and bacopasaponin 8 "6.('%.P(OQ

*harmacology

acopa displays antio;idant and cell+protective effects.P/)Q It also

inhibits acetylcholinesterase, activates choline acetyltransferase, and increases cerebral blood

flow.P/(Q In rats, bacoside A enhances antio;idation, increasing supero;ide dismutase, catalase,

and glutathione pero;idase activities.P//Q 0rahmi augments h( and h/ cytokine production.P/FQ

Several studies have suggested that acopa e;tracts may have protective effects in animal

models of neurodegeneration.P/6QP/QP/7QP/9QP/'QP/OQPF)Q here have also been preliminary clinical studies

suggesting improvement of cognitive function in humans.

o;icology :+ he rat $) was found to be to be /6)) mgMkg following a single oral

administration.PF(Q ADueous e;tracts of acopa monnieri may elevate serum thyro;ine and

decreasespermatogenesis, sperm count, and fertility in male mice.PF/Q

he most commonly reported adverse side effects of 0& in humans are nausea, increased

intestinal motility, and gastrointestinal upset.


&edicinal uses :

0rahmi is used in traditional Indian medicines for centuries. for the treatment of

bronchitis, chronic cough, asthma, hoarseness, arthritis, rheumatism, backache, fluid

01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri#cite_note-12




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-mannitol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitacins





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacoside_A






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_peroxidase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri#cite_note-EOBAOB-22



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri#cite_note-dhanasekaran-24









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri#cite_note-Singh2009-32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponins




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-mannitol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitacins




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacoside_A



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_peroxidase


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri#cite_note-dhanasekaran-24








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri#cite_note-Singh2009-32



UNIT –IV


retention, blood cleanser, chronic skin conditions, constipation, hair loss, fevers, digestive

problems, depression, mental and physical fatigue and many more. It is used to treat all

sorts of skin problems like ecBema, psoriasis, abscess and ulceration. It stimulates thegrowth of skin, hair and nails. 0rahmi posses anticancer activity. It is taken to get relief

from stress and an;iety. According to the Ayurveda 0rahmi has antio;idant properties. Ithas been reported to reduce o;idation of fats in the blood stream, which is the risk factor

for cardiovascular diseases. 0rahmi is considered as the main rejuvenating herb for thenerve and brain cells.

-ther uses : 0rahmi is rich in =itamin 8 and can be used in the salads, soups and

sandwiches. 0rahmi oil restores and preserves the memory. In India it is given to the

infants to boost memory power intelligence.


o Sharbat 0rahmi

o 0rahmi vati

o 0rahmi gutika

o 0acopa "himalaya%

A!USA


5indi Arusa, Adulsa, 0aansa, 3usa

Sanskrit Shawetavasa, =asa, =asaka

English &alabar nut

Botanical sources

0otanical name Adhatoda !asi)a*amily Acanthaceae

$orhology

&acroscopic 8haracters: he leaves are pale green, fruity in young in odor, taste in bitter,oblong shape, '.) to (6./ cm in length, 6 to cm in width in siBe, glabrous in surface

characteristics.

&icroscopic 8haracters: he transverse section of leaf showed palisade, epidermis,spongy mesophyll, phloem, ;ylem and aba;ial surface. he leaves of Adhatoda vasica was pale

green in color, with fruity odour and 0itter taste. he siBe was '.) to (6./ cm in length and 6 to

cm in width. he shape of leaves is oblong with glabrous, shiny surface characteristics. heleaves of Adhatoda vasica were subjected to microscopical studies using transverse section. he

transverse section of leaves of Adhatoda vasica showed fibres, starch grain, oil globules.

Standards

(. otal ash value 2& (/.)

/. Acid insoluble ash 2& (.

01 : I23A 43. 5--



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F. Gater soluble ash 2& 6.)

6. $oss on drying 2& O.'

Chemical nature o) chie) constituentshe leaves of the plant contain an essential oil and alkaloids vasicine, 2+o;ides of

vasicine, vasicinone, deo;yvasicine and maiontone. he roots are known to contain vasicinolone,vasicol, peganine and / + hydro;y + 6 + glucosyl +o;ychalcone. he flowers contain V+sitosterol

+glucoside, kaempferol, its glycosides and Duereetin.

*harmacology

<terine activity:he uterotonic activity of vasicine was studied in detail both by in vitro and in vivo

methods employing the uteri under different hormonal influences and of different species of

animals. he uterotonic activity seemed to be similar to that of o;ytocin and methylergometrine.he abortifacient effect of vasicine like its uterotonic effect was more marked under the priminginfluence of oestrogens.

=asicine induced abortion was studied in rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits. Study showed

that vasicine acted through the release of #!s. SynthesiBed vasicine and vasicinone derivatives inin+vitro studies were found to have o;yto;ic activity at the dose above ( gMml.

he aDueous solution of the leaves at the dose of (9mgMkg bw revealed ()) percent

abortifacient activity in albino rats. he e;tract of the plant at / per cent concentration level revealed abortifacient activity.

=asicine showed uterotonic activity on human myometrium strips which was in some cases even

more marked than that of two known o;yto;ics, pitocin and methergin. he response of the

uterus to drugs depended on its hormonal status.

E;pectorant:

he petroleum ether e;tract of the leaves )mgMkg bw i.p. and i.v.

0ronchodilator:

=asicinone isolated from the leaves had a bronchodilator action. =asicine showed bronchodilator activity in both in vivo and in vitro e;perimental studies.

.

Antitussive:he plant e;tract was evaluated in e;perimental models for antitussive activity /)

.Anti tuberculer activity:

It was found that bromhe;ine and ambro;ol, the semi+synthetic derivatives of vasicinehave activity against &ycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.

5ypoglycaemic:Ethanolic e;tract of the leaves.

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#latelet activity:

vasicine hydrochloride >alkaloid from leaves

.Gound healing:

Alcoholic and chloroform e;tracts in the form of ointment..

EnByme activity:he decoction of the leaves of the plant activated the trypsin enByme.

.

Anti+inflammatory activity:) ethanolic e;tract of the plant "e;cluding root% .

.

Antimicrobial:he alcoholic e;tracts of the leaves and root showed antibacterial activity against

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. he water e;tract of the leaves also showed activity

against Staphylococcus aureus..Antiviral:

he crude e;tract of the leaf, the bark and the plant.

.Anthelmintic:

he leaves "oil% as well as the alkaloids, vasicine and vasicinone were screened against

Ascaris lumbaricoides neuromuscular preparations.


Adhatoda vasica 2ees "=asaka% is used in various chest affections and enjoys wide

reputation as an

e;pectorant in the indigenous system of medicine. it was used also by traditional midwives at the

time of

delivery. he leaves, the roots and flowers of Adhatoda vasica are e;tensively used in indigenous

medicine

as remedy for cold, cough, bronchitis and asthma. 0oth the decoctions and powder from

constituents of

many preparations use din the Ayurvedic medicine for various affections of the respiratory tract.In chronic

bronchitis and asthma it is said to be very useful. he medicine was considered so useful intuberculosis

that it was said that no man suffering form this disease need despair as long a vasica plant e;istsin this

world. he juice of the leaves is used in diarrhoea and dysentery and powdered leaves in malaria

in

southern India.

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Adhatoda vasica is traditionally used in many of the following ways:

Y ?uice from the leaves and the decoction of the leaves and roots are helpful in asthma, bronchitisand

chronic coughs and breathlessness.

Y <sed for bleeding due to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, local bleeding due to pepticulcer, piles,

menorrhagia.

Y 3elief in pyorrhoea and for bleeding gums by locally application.

Y 3elieves or eases muscular spasms, cramps or convulsions

Y Stimulates contraction of the uterine muscle, facilitating or speeding up childbirth

Y $owers blood pressure


• =asarista

• =asarishtam

•

A/=UNA


5indiSanskrit

English

Botanical sources

0otanical name Terminalia arjuna*amily 8ombretaceae

AIjuna consists ofdried stem bark ofTerminalia arjuna "3o;b% Gight J Am"*am.8ombretaceae%.

$orhology

!escrition:- A flat or minutely curved thick pieces of bark with reddish gray colour

and astringent taste.

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Identi)ication:-

A. Macroscopic + Stem bark pieces, flat or minutely curved, with reddish gray e;ternal

surface and darker inner surface. Internal surface has longitudinal minute ridges.*ractures longitudinal.

0. Microscopic + 8ork consisting of7+() layers ofelongated cells, phloem broad,medullary rays uruseriate. 8alcium o;alate clusters abundant. *ew of the parenchyma

cells contain colouring matter.

Standards

*oreign organic matter 2ot more than /.) perent.Ethanol+soluble e;tractive 2ot less than /).) percent.

Gater,soluble e;tractive 2ot less than /).) percent

otal ash 2ot more than F).) percent.Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than /.) percent.

$oss on drying 2ot more than ().) percent


&ain chemical constitutes are tannins, triterpenoid saponins "arjunic acid, arjunolic acid,

arjungenin and arjunic acid%, flavonoids, gallic acid, ellagic acid and phytosterols.

*harmacology

he antio;idants are molecules capable of decreasing or preventing the o;idation of substrate

molecules. he o;idation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions andsubseDuently can cause a large number of cardiovascular diseases in humans . Antio;idant

compounds terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit

other o;idation reactions by being o;idiBed themselves . he synthetic antio;idants "butylated

hydro;yanisole, butylated hydro;ytoluene, tertiary butyl hydro;yDuinone and propyl gallate% being used in food products to prevent o;idative damages in terms of food spoilage and

rancidity in fatty foods had been band in advanced countries and being discouraged even in

developing countries due to their perceived carcinogenic attributes and other to;ic properties .&oreover, there is a growing awareness among consumers regarding food additive safety .

here is an ongoing Duest in progress to search natural antio;idants from plant e;tracts as a safe

alternate of synthetic antio;idants . &any plant based compounds such as ascorbic acid, polyphenols, vitamin E, carotenes, ;ynthophylls and tannins had been investigated for their

antio;idant potential to be used in different food products to improve their shelf life and

functional properties.

Categories 1 common usesTerminalia Ar4una 1 The Three #umors:

It aci)ies +aha with its astringent, light and dry Dualities. It aci)ies itta with its cool properties.

Toical Alication %) Terminalia Ar4una:

0ecause of its astringent properties, it powder or decoction is good for application on 5ounds. Ithelps in their healing.

Terminalia Ar4una 1 %ur !igesti0e System:

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Its astringent nature make it useful in "leeding iles and diarrhea with blood. 0ilious affections

are relieved by this herb. It has general tonic effect in Cirrhosis o) 2i0er.

T9 Ar4una 1 Cardio0ascular System:

It is cardio-tonic thus providing nutrition to heart muscles and strengthening them. It normaliBes

the disturbed rhythms of heart and also reduces the heart rate. his is found to be helpful inedema as well. It reduces the clotting tendency o) "lood. It reduces the stress and nervousness

of the heart. It helps in re0ersing the hardening o) the "lood 0essels.

T9 Ar4una 1 /esiratory System:

It is )ound to "e use)ul in cough articularly sutum 5ith haemotysis. along 5ith Vasa

Adhatoda 0asica. lea0es9 So it could "e used as adjuvant in tubercular cough9 It can "e used

5ith sugar6 rice 5ater and e>ual >uantity o) red sandal5ood in hemoptysis9 This hels to

sto the "lood and heal the ulcer9

T9 Ar4una 1 Urinary System:

It is use)ul in urinary tract infections and reduces the "urning micturition9 Because o) itsdiuretic action it 5as )ound to "e hel)ul )or renal or urinary bladder stones9

T9 Ar4una 1 Se(ual #ealth:

Spermatorrhea is relie0ed 5ith the decoction o) Ar4una "ar+ and 5hite sandal according to

Sushruta9 5arita also ad0ised its decoction in gonorrhea9 It reli0es the leucorrhea and

e(cessi0e menstrual "leeding9

T9 Ar4una For S+in Ailments:

=agbhata ad0ised it to "e alied locally 5ith honey )or acne9

General '))ects %) Terminalia Ar4una:

It can "e gi0en as the adjuvant in chronic fevers, particularly tuberculosis9 %n rolonged use itis good )or o"ese ersons6 in chronic oisoning and general de"ility9

Terminalia Ar4una 1 $usculos+eletal System:

3ith mil+ it is gi0en in fractures and contusions with e;cessive ecchymosis as it romotes the

union o) )ractures9


• Arjunaristha

AS#%,A

Common 0ernacular names:

• Sanskrit 4ankeli, !andhapushpa

• 5indi =and ichitrah

• English Ashoka , Sorrowless

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http://www.holistic-herbalist.com/terminalia-arjuna.html



UNIT –IV


Botanical sources

• 0otanical name :+ Saraca indica

• *amily :+ *abaceae

$orhologySaraca indica -r Saraca asoca is a small evergreen tree 9+() m high. It occurs the

up to the altitude 9) meters. $eaves are parpinnate (+/) cm long and the leaflets 7+(/, oblong

and rigidly sub+coriaceous. $eaves are narrowly lanceolate, cork like at the base and with a shot

pestistipules are intra+petiolar and completely united. he bark is dark brown or grey or almost black with warty surface. Stem bark are rough and uneven due to the presence of rounded or

projecting lenticles. 0ark channeled, smooth with circular lenticles and traversely ridged,

sometimes cracked. *racture splinting e;posing striated surface, a thin whitish and continuouslayer is seen beneath the cork leaver. *lowers are fragrant . *lowers are #olygamous apetalous,

yellowish orange turning to scarlet, in short laterally placed corymbose, a;illary panicles, bract

small, deciduous, caly; petaloid. Seeds are 6+', ellipsoid+oblong and compressed.

Standards

• water Soluble e;tractive 2$ 7)wMw

• Alcohol Soluble e;tractive 2$ 6)wMw

• #5 "( wMv solution%: to 9

• $oss on drying: 2& wMw

• &oisture 8ontent : 2& wMw

• Ash 8ontent: 2& wMw

• Sulphated Ash 8ontent: 2& wMw

Chemical Nature o) chie) constituteshe #hytochemical study shows the presence of various chemical constituents of

Ashoka plant.

0ark+ procyanidin, epicatechin, ((+ leucopelargonidin and leucocyanidin.

*lower+ oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stiaric acids sitosterol Duercetin, kaempferol, Duercetin,

apigenin+ 9+)+p++glucoside, #elargonidin+ F,+ diglucoside, cyanidin+F, + diglucoside, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, leucocyanidin and gallic acid. Seed and #od contains oleic, linoleic,

palmitic and stearic acids, catechol, "+% epicatechol and leucocyanidin. *ive lignan glycosides,

lyoniside, nudiposide, +metho;y+O+V+;ylopyranosyl, isolariciresinol, and schiBandriside, andthree flavonoids, epicatechin, epiafBelechin+"6VZ'%+epicatechin and procyanidin 0/, together

with V+sitosterol glucoside, were isolated from dried bark.

*harmacology

&any herbs and spices have been shown to impart antio;idant effects in food. here are

several reports that the e;tracts "ethanolic, hydroalcoholic and acetone% of Saraca indica bark

showed the antio;idant activity. #anchawat and Sisodia "/)()% studied in vitro antio;idantactivity of Saraca asoca ro;b. de wilde stem bark by using ##5 "(,(,diphenyl+/ picryl

hydraByl% in+vitro model% and reported that the antio;idant property of the various e;tracts may

be due to high phenolic component P/Q. Evaluation of antio;idant and antihyperglycemic activity

of the petroleum ether, chloroform and methanolic e;tract of Saraca asoca e wild leaves by

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


streptoBotocin induced model in mice and in vitro ##5 and 5/- radical scavenging model has

been reported by 4umar et al. "/)(/%. hey concluded that the oral administration of the e;tract

caused a significant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic mice and showed significantantio;idant activity PFQ. 8omparative study of the Saraca indica and #terospermum acerifolium

with ascorbicacid in dose dependent manner on the basis of antio;idant activity by in vitro##5 model was carried out by Amin et al."/)(/%. hey determined that the processed Saraca

indica and pterospermum acerifolium e;hibited potential antio;idant properties P6Q. #atel et al.,"/)(F% studied cardioprotective effect of saraca indica against cyclophosphamide induced

cardioto;icity in rats and determined that the free radical generated during treatment with

cardioprotective cause membrane injury. he biochemical, E8! and histopathology reportssupported the cardioprotective effect of Saraca indica which could be attributed to antio;idant

activity PQ

Category and Uses

he tree is popular for its medicinal properties. issues of the ovary and

the endometrium are stimulated by this trees e;tract. 0ark of the tree is used to make the

medicine which is also useful where there are indication of ergot and bleeding in the uterineregion. In menorrhagia which is caused due to the bleeding in the uterine region, internal

bleeding and leucorrhe, it proves to be very useful.

$ar+eted Formulations

• Ashokarishta

• Ashokkwath

• Seed powder

• *lower powder

•Ashokghrita

$ethi

Common 0ernacular names:

• Sanskrit &ethika

• 5indi &ethi

• English *enugreek

Botanical sources

• 0otanical name :+ Trigonella foenum-graecum

• *amily :+ *abaeace

Standards

Ash 2ot more than .) per cent.

$oss on drying 2ot more than (/.) per cent,

Swelling #ower. 2ot less than 7.)

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


$orhology

Seeds+

he macroscopical characters of seeds are +Solid+rhomboidal, pebble like shape,F+cm long, /mm thick, plain surface, yellow, bitter mucilaginous taste and have

characteristic odor.

$eaves+

he macroscopical characters of fenugreek leaf are trifoliate, stipules triangular,

leaflets obovate to oblong, ()+F) mm long, +( mm wide, obtuse to truncate at ape;,

narrowed towards the base margins shallowly serrate to dentate, glabrous. Infloresences

short, a;illary racemes, green, pungent in taste and have smooth surface.

Chemical Nature o) chie) constitutes

It contains simple alkaloids consisting mainly of trigonelline "up to ).(F%,

choline ").)%, gentianine, and carpaine much of the trigonelline is degraded during roastingto nicotinic acid and other pyridines and pyrroles.

*harmacology

0oth water and alcoholic e;tracts have been reported to have a stimulating effect on the

isolated guinea pig uterus, especially during the last period of pregnancy, indicating that thesee;tracts may have a highly o;ytocic activity they were suggested as possible replacements for

o;ytocin. he water e;tract has also been reported to have accelerating effects on the heartbeats

of the isolated mammalian heart.rigonelline and fenugreek infusion have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects in animals.

5owever, the effects of trigonelline in diabetics have been inconclusive.

Ghen fed both before and after e;perimental diabetes induction, fenugreek has antidiabeticactivities in rats.

o;icology :+

Avoid use in pregnancy as fenugreek has documented uterine stimulant effects. It has been usedto stimulate milk production in nursing mothers. E;cretion into milk has not been studied. he

effects of anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin may be potentiated. #atients taking anticoagulants

should consult their health care provider before taking fenugreek dosage adjustments may benecessary. yspepsia and mild abdominal distention have been reported in studies using large

doses of the seeds. 8ulinary Duantities are essentially devoid of adverse effects however, a case

of hypersensitivity to fenugreek in curry powder has been reported.

Category and Uses8linical data from very small studies suggest the use of fenugreek for cholesterol lowering. It is

used as a flavoring in Indian and Asian cookery, and in folk medicine for the treatment of boils,cellulitis, and tuberculosis, and for its anti+inflammatory and diuretic effects.


• iametri;

• 0io+!$#

• !urukripa churna

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


• &adhumehari

Garlic 2ahsun.

Common 0ernacular names:• 5indi $ahsun, $ashan

• Sanskrit $ahsuna, 1ovanesta, 3osona

• English !arlic , #ootmans treacle

Botanical sources

• 0otanical name :+ Allium sati!um

• *amily :+ $iliaceae

$orhology

Allium Sativum $ consists of several outer layers of thin sheathing protective leaves

which

surround an inner sheath. he latter enclose the swollen storage leaves called KclovesL.

ypically, the bulb possesses a doBen sterile sheathing leaves within which are 7>'

cloves

bearing buds making a total of ()>/) cloves. and /)>6) well+developed but short and

embedded roots. he cloves are asymmetric in shape, e;cept for those near the centre .

-3!A2-$E#I8 #3-#E3IES:+-dor strong, characteristic alliaceous taste very persistently pungent and acrid.

&I83-S8-#I8 85A3A8E3ISI8S:+

he bulbs show a number of concentric bulblets each is >()mm in diameter and

consists of an

outer scale, an epidermis enclosing a mesophyll free from chlorophyll, a ground tissue and a

layer of lower epidermal cells. ry scales consist of / or F layers of rectangular cells having end

walls with a broadly angular slant. hese cells contain many rhomboid crystals of calcium

o;alate. he upper epidermal cells ne;t to the dry scale layer consist of a single layer of

rectangular to cubical cells ne;t to which are several layers of large parenchymatous cells.

Among these cells are interspaced many vascular bundles, each of which consists of ;ylem and

phloem arranged alternately. $ower epidermis consists of cubical cells which are much smaller

than the upper epidermal cells. he same arrangement of tissues is met within different bulblets,

/ or F of which are arranged concentrically.

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


Standards

*oreign organic matter 2ot more than /.) per cent.

otal ash 2ot more than .) percent.

Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than (.) per cent.$oss on drying 2ot more than 7.) per cent

Chemical Nature o) chie) constitutes

It contains a wealth of sulphur compounds most important for the taste in allicin "diallyldisulphide o;ide% which is produced enBymatically from alliin "S+/+ propenyl+$+cystiene

sulfo;ide% if cells are damaged. Its biological function is to repel herbivorous animals. Allicin is

deactivated to diallyl disulfides. herefore, minced garlic changes its aroma if not usedimmediately.

*harmacology

(.Antilipemic "cholesterol lowering%:+ !arlic can prevent blood clotting and increase the

rate at which blood clots are broken down, but large amounts+ ten or more cloves a day+ mayhave to be eaten before any effect is noticed.

/. Antihypertensive :+It showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure "S0#%

and in diastolic blood pressure "0#%.

F. Antibiotic :+ !arlic has the broadest spectrum of any antimicrobial substance that we

know of X it is antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiprotoBoan and antiviral.L his

property belongs to the garlic constituent allicin, which is released when you cut a garlic clove.his is the chemical that gives fresh garlic its strong biting flavor, and you need to use fresh

garlic to get a reliable antibiotic effect. !arlic appears to have antibiotic activity whether taken

internally or applied topically. 3esearchers found that the urine and blood serum of humansubjects taking garlic had activity against fungi.

Uses 1 categories

• !arlic in useful in a variety of skin disorders. #imples disappear without a scar when

rubbed with raw garlic several times a day. Even very persistent forms of acne, in some

adults, have been healed with garlic. he e;ternal use of garlic helps to clear the skin of

spots pimples and boils.

• !arlic is a useful remedy for the digestive system. 8rushed cloves of garlic may be

infused in water or milk and taken for all disorders of digestion. It has an antiseptic effectand is an e;cellent remedy for infectious diseases and inflammations of the stomach and

intestine.

• !arlic juice has beneficial effect on the entire system. he ethers in garlic juice are so

potent and penetrating that they help dissolve accumulation of mucus in the sinus.

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


• It has been used as an antiseptic in wounds and ulcerations with beneficial results.

cavities, bronchial tubes and the lungs. hey help in the e;pulsion of poisons from body

through pores of the skin.

• Studies found that garlic even offers protection against the influenBa virus.

• !arlic normaliBes blood sugar as in diabetes mellitus.

• !arlic can help in the normaliBation of body functions. his means that it can lower the

blood pressure in high blood pressure sufferers and can increase it in cases of low blood

pressure. he same appears to be true of different body functions not just blood pressure.

• !arlic can stimulate your immune system. In one study, people who ate two to three

heads of garlic a day for three weeks show significantly more activity in special white

blood cells that fight tumors.

• It may prevent heart attack. If a patient takes garlic after a heart attack, the cholesterol

level comes down. hough the earlier damage may not be repaired, the chances of newattacks are reduced.

• !arlic aids weak digestion because it stimulates the secretion of gastric juices.

• It is also useful in treating various forms of diarrhea. -ne garlic capsule taken thrice a

day is usually sufficient to correct mild cases of diarrhea of dysentery.


• !arlic oil

• ivya pidantak oil

• ivya pidantak gel

*alash


5indi #alash, hak, #alah

Sanskrit 4insukhEnglish *lame of the *orest, 0astard eak, #arrot ree

Botanical sources

0otanical name utea monosperma

*amily *abaceae

$orhology

0utea monosperma is an erect tree with height of (/+( m and irregular branches bark rough, ash

coloured, and young parts downy.

he $eaves of plant are F+foliate, with ()+( cm long petioles and stipules linear lanceolate, all

obtuse, glabrous above when old, finely silky and conspicuously reticulate veined beneath,

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


petioles 7 mm long, stout+stipels subulate, deciduous. he coriaceous "the terminal ()+/) cm

long, broadly ovate $eaflets from a cuneate base, the lateral smaller, ()+( by 9. > () cm,

obliDuely rounded at the base, eDuilateral, the lower side the larger% "(%. he 8aly; of flower is (F

mm long, dark rachis, pedicels about twice as long as the caly;, densely brown+velvety bracts

and flowers are large, in a rigid racemes ( cm long, deciduous, olive+green, densely velvety

outside, clothed with silky hairs within teeth short, the / upper connate, the F lower eDual,

deltoid and the corolla is F.'+ cm long, clothed with silky, silvery hairs at outside. -range or

salmon colored, standard /. cm broad, keel semi+circular, beaked, veined. #ods stalked are

(/.+/) by /.+ cm, and thickened at the sutures, reticulate veined argenteocanesent stalked /

cm long.

Standards(. Ash =alue " wMw%:

otal ash /.) [ ).)/Acid insoluble ash (.O' [ ).)(

Gater soluble ash ).9' [ ).)(

Sulphated ash F.69 [ ).)F/. E;tractive value " wMw%:

Alcohol ). [ ).)F

Gater (9.( [ ).(FF. Solubility est " wMw%:

Alcohol ).7) [ ).)/

Gater (./7 [ ).)(

&oisture content /.)) [ ).)/


2ea0es: he leave sof 0utea monosperma contains!lucoside, 4ino+oil containing oleic and

linoleic acid, palmitic and lignoceric acid.

Bar+: 4ino+tannic acid, !allic acid, pyrocatechin. he plant also contains palasitrin, and major

glycosides as 0utrin, butolic acid, cyanidin, histidine, lupenone, lupeol, "+%+medicarpin,

miroestrol, palasimide and shellolic acid.

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


Stem: Stigma sterol+e++glucopyranoside and nonacosanoic acid, F+N+hydro;yeuph+/+ene and

/, (6+dihydro;y+ ((, (/+ dimethyl+'+o;o+octadec+(( enylcyclohe;ane.

Flo5er: monospermoside "butein F+e+d+glucoside% and isomonospermoside, chalkiness,

aureoles, flavonoids "palasitrin, prunetin% and steroids, triterpene, butein, butin, isobutrin,

coreopsin, isocoreopsin "butin 9+glucoside%, sulphurein,

Gum: tannins, mucilaginous material, pyrocatechin.

Seed: A nitrogenous acidic compound, along with palasonin is present in seeds. It also contains

monospermoside "butein F+e+d+glucoside% and so monospermoside, oil "yellow, tasteless%,

proteolytic and lypolytic enBymes, plant proteinase and polypeptidase.

/esin: from seed coat allophanic acid, N+ Amyrin, e+sitosterone its glucoside and sucrose

lactone+nheneicosanoic acid+delta+lactone, jalaric esters i, ii and laccijalaric esters iii, I=.Sa: colourless isomeric flavanone and its glucosides, butrin, chalcones, butein, butin.

*harmacology

ifferent part of and e;tract of utea monospermashows various biological and pharmacologicalactivities such as antimicrobial, antifertility, anticonvulsive, antihelmintic, antidiarrhoeal,

antimicrobial, wound healing, antigiardiasis and hepatoprotective, antihypertenstive, antitumor,

antidiabetic, anti+inflammatory, free radical scavenging activity.


It is used for timber, resin, fodder, medicine, and dye. he wood is dirty white and soft and,

being durable under water, is used for well+curbs and water scoops. !ood charcoal can beobtained from it. he leaves are usually very leathery and not eaten by cattle.

Usage in leather

he gum is known as 0engal 4ino and is considered valuable by druggists because of its

astringent Dualities and by leather workers because of its tannin.?<@

Culinary use

he gum from the tree, called )amar)as in #indi, is used in certain food dishes.

Use as a dye

he flowers are used to prepare a traditional #oli colour. It is also used as a dyeing color for

fabric.Use as a esticide

his plant kills &osDuitoes. hey are attracted by the smell and color of the flower. Eggs that are

laid into the liDuid within the flower will never hatch. Any mosDuito that touches the fluid cannever escape from it.


01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butea_monosperma#cite_note-dvcowen-4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butea_monosperma#cite_note-dvcowen-4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi



UNIT –IV


• $avanbahaskar churna

• 1ograj guggul

• 5ingwastak churna

GUGGA2


5indiSanskrit

English

Botanical sources!uggul 3esin is the oleoresin e;udation from (ommiphora wightii

"0urseraceae%.0otanical name (ommiphora wightii*amily "0urseraceae%.

!escrition. $ight to dark+brown conglomerates of tears, rounded or irregular, slightly sticky to

touch odour, faintly balsamic.

$orhology

!uggul is spiny shrub or small tree with many branches, usually growing two or threemeter high, and found in the arid, rocky tracts of 3ajasthan, !ujrat and 4amatka in India. A

healthy tree yields /)+)) grams of resin in one season, and !uggul plants typically begin

yielding resin after five years.

Standards

!uggul 3esin contains not less than (.) per cent wMw and not more than (. per cent wMw of

gugulsterones "N and E%.alcohol soluble e;tractive 2$ F

Sulphated ash 2& ()


he drug contains oleoresin that have ).F9 essential oil, containg mainly myrecene,

dimyrecene and polymyrecene. Solvent e;traction, hydrolysis and column chromatography over

silica gel of guggul resin identifies a number of compounds such as diterpene hydrocarbon, a

diterpene alcohol, N+guggulsterone, E+guggulsterone, guggulsterol+I, guggulsterol+II,guggulsterol+III, cholesterol, sensamin and camphorene.

he 2ational 8hemical $aboratory, #une, India, in collaboration with the 8entral rug3esearch Institute of India, began a detailed chemical study of the

5ypocholesterolemicM5ypolipidemic activity of !uggul. he ethyl acetate soluble portion of

!uggul was found to posses 5ypolipidemic and anti+inflammatory properties. he ethyl acetate

insoluble portion was found to be to;ic. *urther, acid, base and neutral portions of ethyl+acetate+soluble !uggul were separated. the neutral portion is responsible for the 5ypocholesterolemic

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


activity, while the acid portion showed anti+inflammatory activity. he active ingredients

responsible for the use of the plant in the maintenance of healthy cholesterol levels, are the

!uggulsterones, specifically !uggulsterone E and !uggulsterone N(. !uggul has a comple;structure made up of various compounds such as $ignans, lipids, iterpenoids and steroids. en

steroids have been isolated from the resin, among these, N+!uggalsterone and E+!uggalsteronehave been found to have 5ypolipidemic effects. he other components of the ethyl acetate

e;tract e;ert a synergistic activity.

*harmacology

he drug not only prevented deteriorating changes in serum cholesterol, triglycerides,

and plasma fibrinogen level but also favorably increased plasma fibrinolytic activity. heoleoresin fraction of !uggul possesses significant anti+arthritic and anti+inflammatory activities,

the minimum effective dose being (/. mg.M()) g. body weight. he crude aDueous e;tract of the

oleo gum resin was found to suppress acute rat+paw edema induced by 8arrageenin. !um!uggul also had a suppressive action against the !ranuloma pouch test. In adjuvant arthritis, the

e;tract suppressed the secondary lesions very effectively without having any significant action

on the primary phase. Side effects such as gastric ulceration, loss of weight and mortality werenegligible in the animals treated with the e;tract as compared to those treated with0etamethasone


!uggul has been a key component in ancient Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine. 0ut has

become so scarce because of its overuse in its two habitats in India where it is found

X !ujarat and 3ajasthan that the Gorld 8onservation <nion "I<82% has enlisted it in its3ed

ata $ist of endangered species.

!uggul produces a resinous sap known as gum guggul. he e;tract of this gum, called gugulipid,

guggulipid or guglipid, has been used in <2A2I J Ayurvedic medicine, a traditional <2A2Imedicine, for nearly F,))) years in India. P/Q he active ingredient in the e;tract is the

steroid guggulsterone, which acts as an antagonist of the farnesoid H receptor , once believed to

result in decreasedcholesterol synthesis in the liver . 5owever, several studies have been

published that indicate no overall reduction in total cholesterol occurs using various dosages of

guggulsterone, and levels of low+density lipoprotein "bad cholesterol% increased in many

people.P

!uggul can be purchased in a loosely packed form called dhoop, an incense from India, which is

burned over hot coals. his produces a fragrant, dense smoke. he burning coals which let out

the smoke are then carried around to different rooms and held in all corners for a few seconds.his is said to drive away evil spirits as well as remove the evil eye from the home and its family

members.


• &ahayograj guggul

• Simhanad guggul

• rayodashang guggul

01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conservation_Union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commiphora_wightii#cite_note-2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggulsterone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_of_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conservation_Union




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggulsterone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_of_India



UNIT –IV


G$N'$A

Common 0ernacular name5indi

SanskritEnglish

Botanical sources

!udmar consists of the dried mature leaves of *%mnema s%l!estre 3.0r. "*am.

Asclepiadaceae%.

0otanical name *%mnema s%l!estre*amily Asclepiadaceae

$orhologyA. Macroscopic + $eaves, simple, petiolate about / to 7 cm long and (to 6 em broad,

yellowish brown on ada;ial and dark green on aba;ial side.

0. Microscopic + <pper and lower epidermis covered with cuticle having uni to tri

cellular covering trichomes which are slightly curved at the bulbous base. 0elow the epidermis issingle layer ofpalisade cells followed by /+F layered spongy parenchyma. Starch gains are simple

and present in spongy parenchyma. &idrib region shows /+9 layers of collenchymatous cells.

Stomata are ofparacytic type, mostly on lower the surface. here is a fan shaped vascular bundlein the centre. Each vascular bundle is collateral, closed and surrounded by parenchymatous

sheath. 3osette crystal of calcium o;alate present in the spongy parenchyma.

Standards*oreign organic matter 2ot more than /.) per cent.

Ethanol+soluble e;tractive 2ot less than .) per cent.

Gater+soluble e;tractive 2ot less than /).) per centotal ash 2ot more than (.) per cent.

Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than 7.) per cent.

$oss on drying 2ot more than (6.) per cent,


he major bioactive constitutes of drug are a group of oleanane type terpenoid saponinsknown as Kgymnemic acidsL. he latter contain several acylaed "tigloyl, methylbutyroyl etc.%

derivative of deacylgymnemic acid "A!A% which is F+-+glucuronide of gymnemaginin"F,(7,/(,//,/F,/'+he;ahydro;y+olean+(/+ene%. he individual gymnamic acids "saponins%

include gymnemic acids I+=II, gymnemosides A+*, gymnema saponins.

*harmacology

!ymnema contains substances that decrease the absorption of sugar from the intestine.

!ymnema may also increase the amount of insulin in the body and increase the growth of cellsin the pancreas, which is the place in the body where insulin is made.


01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-pancreas

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-pancreas



UNIT –IV


!ymnema is used for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, and cough. It is also

used for malaria and as a snake bite antidote, digestive stimulant, la;ative,appetite suppressant,

and diuretic.


• iabecon tab. "5imalaya%

• !lymin tab. "4erala Ayurveda $td.%

• Amree capsules "Aimpl $td.%

S#I2A=IT


5indi 3al+yahudi, Shilajita

Sanskrit Shilajit, Silajit, Silaras

English Asphalt, &ineral #itch, ?ews pitch, =egetable Asphalt

Biological source

0iological name + Asphaltum

%rigin o) Shila4it

8onsidering its uniDue composition as a phytocomple;, very rich in fulvic acid,

researchers hypothesiBe thatShilajit is produced by the decomposition of plant material fromspecies such as Euphorbia royleana andrifolium repens . his decomposition seems to occur

through centuries, and on this basis, shilajit is considered a millenary product of nature.

5owever, further studies have identified that several other plant organisms may generate shilajit,such as molds as 0arbula, *issidens, &inium, and huidium and other species like Asterella,

umortiera, &archantia, #ellia, #lagiochasma, and Stephenrencella+Anthoceros

Standards


Ethanol+soluble e;tractive 2ot less than 7. per cent.

Gater+ soluble e;tractive 2ot less than O. per centotal ash 2ot more than '.F percent.Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than F.6 per cent.

Gater soluble ash 2ot more than 6.6 per cent.


01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://diabetes.webmd.com/default.htm

http://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/

http://www.webmd.com/diet/default.htm


http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/tc/coughs-topic-overview

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-topic-overview

http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/weight-loss-prescription-weight-loss-medicine

http://diabetes.webmd.com/default.htm

http://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/


http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/tc/coughs-topic-overview

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-topic-overview

http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/weight-loss-prescription-weight-loss-medicine



UNIT –IV


he composition of Shilajit is still a subject of discussion. It contains number of organic acids

like fulvic acid, humic acid and hippuric acid. races of benBoic acid are also present. 0esides

these, a special group of compounds known as benBopyrones are also present. 5umic acid isfraction in Shilajit, which is insoluble in water .It, is dark brown to black in color. he fraction of

humic acid is light brown to yellow brown in color. he standardisation of Shilajit is based onfulvic acid. he chemical formula, structure and characteristics of fulvic acid have been

determined by 2uclear &agnetic 3esonance Imaging "2&3%.

*harmacology

&odern clinical research has thrown light on anti+diabetic effects of Shilajit.In addition antio;idant and aphrodisiac activity has been reported. r. Salil 4. 0hattacharya and scientists from

the 2europharmacology $aboratory, epartment of #harmacology, Institute of &edial Sciences,

at 0anaras 5indu <niversity in India, undertook e;tensive clinical studies on the subject. Ghatthey proved was that it was the fulvic acid fraction in Shilajit, and other closely associated humic

compounds, that were responsible for the anti+diabetic activity and long reputed historical

success of that preparation. r. 0hattacharya recogniBed that the fulvic acids showed significantsuccess in preventing and combating free radical damage to pancreatic islet 0 cells, which is the

widely accepted cause for diabetes mellitus. Ghat he discovered was that the fulvic acid

significantly increases supero;ide dismutase "S-% activity. r. 0hattacharyas clinical studies

showed that fulvic acids diminished the development and progression of diabetes, and assisted inthe treatment.

Categories and common uses

Shilajit is an important, known component of the ayurvedic medicine given its characteristics as

a rasayana. In this conte;t, health benefits such as an increase in longevity, rejuvenating, andarresting aging roles have been attributed to it PFQ. raditionally, shilajit is consumed by people

from 2epal and the 2orth of India, and children usually take it with milk in their breakfast.he Sherpas claim to have shilajit as part of their diet they constitute a population of strong men

with very high levels of a healthy longevity. -ur laboratory has found evidence on the high

activity of the Andean form of shilajit in improving cognitive disorders and as a stimulant ofcognitive activity in humans

$ar+eted )ormulations

• #atanjali Shilajit capsules

• Shilajit !old

• Sepman

NAGA/$%T#A


5indi &otha, 2agarmotha

01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://ayurveda-foryou.com/ayurveda_herb/shilajit.html

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2012/674142/#B3

http://ayurveda-foryou.com/ayurveda_herb/shilajit.html

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2012/674142/#B3



UNIT –IV


Sanskrit &ustak, 2agaramustaka, 0hadramusta

English 8ypriol , 2ut grass, <mbrella Sedge

Botanical source

0otanical name (%perus scariosus*amily 8yperaceae

$orhology

It is perennial shrub that attains a height of \ to / feet it has a thin stem that is of

dark green in color. $eaves are long having (M7 to (MF inch broad and are sharp. he flowers are

present in the racemes presentation. *lowers are / to ' inch in length. he nodes on the stem are

thick that bears \ inch diameter, oval shape rhiBomes. It is aromatic and is white in color from

inside and brown from out side. he plant flowers in summers and fruits in winters.

Standards

*oreign organic matter 2ot more than /.) per cent.Ethanol+soluble e;tractive 2ot less than 7. per cent.

Gater+ soluble e;tractive 2ot less than O. per cent

otal ash 2ot more than '.F percent.Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than F.6 per cent.

Gater soluble ash 2ot more than 6.6 per cent.


It rhiBome of it contains an aromatic oil that is ). to ).7 . here is also present a stable

oil. 0esides this it contains certain alkaloids, minerals and vitamins. he ash contains calcium,

phosphorus, sodium and some carbonates.

*harmacology

It is kapha and pitta suppressant. It is a good skin disorder healer. And also helps in early healing

of wounds. It provides strength to the body and gears up the nervous system. It also improves

breast and its functioning. It relieves from in and works and anti inflammatory agent. It improves

digestion. It curbs infection in the body. It helps in uterine contraction. It provides strength to the

body.


he essential oil ").+).O% from the tuber is used in perfumery, soap making and insectrepellent cream. ecoction of rhiBome with stem bits of Tinospora cardifolia and dried ginger is

given to treat malarial fever. ecoction of rhiBome with leaves of +uaria indica, Swertia

chira%ita, black pepper and ginger was used to treat typhoid fever. 3hiBome juice is given in the

dose of / ml thrice daily for F days to treat constipation. he rhiBomes are scraped and

01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


pounded with green ginger mi;ed with honey prescribed in dysentery, gastric and intestinal

troubles. *resh tubers are applied to the breast as a galactagogue.


•

2agarmotha oil• Acini tabets herbal medicine

• Nymid

• $ivocid

N''$


5indi

Sanskrit

English

Botanical source

0otanical name A$adirachta indica

*amily &eliaceae

$orhology

A. Macroscopic-The leaves dark green, the petioles are short.he shape of mature leaflets

is more assymetrical and their margins are dentate with the e;ception of the base of their

basiscopal half, which is very strongly reduced and cuneate or wedge+shaped leaves.

0. Microscopic-pper and lower epidermis, e;hibiting two layers ofpalisade cells below

the upper epidermis. he spongy parenchyma with intercellular spaces abundant on the borderline of palisade cells. &idrib shows numerous collenchymatous cells below upper and lower

epidermis. characteristic Bone of vascular bundles is present.

Standards


Ethanol soluble e;tractive . 2ot less than 9.) per cent.

Gater soluble e;tractive 2ot less than (O.) per cent

otal ash 2ot more than (/.) per cent.

Acid+insoluble ash 2ot more than /.) per cent.

$oss on drying 2ot more than (/.) percent


SalimuBBaman SiddiDui was the first scientist to bringthe anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral constituents of the 2eem tree to the

attention of natural products chemists. In (O6/, he e;tracted three bitter compounds from neem

oil, which he named as nimbin, nimbinin, and nimbidin respectively.he process involved

01 : I23A 43. 5--

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salimuzzaman_Siddiqui

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelmintic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medication


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_oil


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbin_(chemical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salimuzzaman_Siddiqui

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelmintic


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbin_(chemical)



UNIT –IV


biochemical uterine changes in cyclic and ovariectomiBed rats that were not consistent

with changes e;pected to occur as a result of hormonal effects. -bserved effects included

luminal epithelial damage to the uterus and surrounding glands in cyclic rats. !lycogenand protein depletion occurred in the ovary and uterus while acid phosphatase increased

in both cyclic and ovariectomiBed rats. 2o synergistic or antagonistic activity wasevidence when neem was given with estradiol dipropionate or progesterone. he to;ic

effects of neem oil versus hormonal effects may be responsible for these changes.

• *esticidal e))ects: ABadiractin is a tetranortriterpinoid constituent of neem that interrupts

metamorphosis in insects, causing pesticidal effects.

• To(ic e))ects: In rat liver mitochondria in !itro, neem oil was a strong mitochondrial

to;in, causing overall mitochondrial dysfunction and energy crisis. It caused uncouplingof mitochondrial o;idative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased A# production,

inhibition of the electron+transport chain, and decreases in concentrations of

intramitochondrial acetyl 8oA and free 8oA+S5. he to;ic effects on mitochondrial

respiration may be due to alteration of fatty acid metabolism by neem oil. 3eye+likesyndrome symptoms noted in infants who had consumed neem oil may occur because of

its mitochondrial to;ic effects. 2eem oil consists mainly of long+chain saturated andunsaturated fatty acids "stearic, oleic, palmitic, linoleic% and some medium chain fatty

acids. It also contains terpenoids, nimbin and nimbiol. 2eem oil induced mitochondrial

permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria, causing mitochondrial swelling,

depolariBation, and uncoupling of o;idative phosphorylation.


S+in Conditions

2eem has an almost magical effect on chronic skin conditions that fail to respond to

conventional treatments. Acne, psoriasis, ecBema, and ringworm are conditions that are

effectively treated by a 2eem preparation.

#air and Nails

Scalp conditions like dandruff, scaling and even hair loss improve with 2eem products.

1ellow or brittle nails, caused by the presence of yeast or fungi, are normalised by the use of

2eem.

Teeth and Gums

2eem mouth rinse is very effective in the treatment of infections, tooth decay, bleeding and

sore gums. A mouthwash, using 2eem oil, has been used at my

practice for the treatment of mouth ulcers.

Fungi6 *arasites and Viruses

Stringent laboratory condition tests have proved the efficacy of 2eem in destroying fungi,

parasites and viruses without killing off beneficial intestinal flora.


01 : I23A 43. 5--



UNIT –IV


• #atanjali kanti neem soap

• 2eem face wash "himalaya%

• Nundu parad tablets

b.ph.-3 yr cognosy unit 4 as per ruhs 2014

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