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OMI
Braathen, G., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Van der A, R., Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands; Anastou, A., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany; Bernhard, G., Biospherical Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Campos, J., Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Chipperfield, M., University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Ciattaglia, L., Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy;
Deshler, T., University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; Evans, R., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA; Feng, W., University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Fioletov, V., Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada; García, R., Dirección Nacional de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay; von der Gathen, P., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany; Gelman, M., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Camp Springs, MD, USA;
Ginzburg, M., Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentinal; Goutail, F., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Verrières-le-Buisson, France; Hertzog, A., Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Palaiseau, France; Johnson, B., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA; Klekociuk, A., Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia; König-Langlo, G., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany;
Long, C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Camp Springs, MD, USA; Loyola, D., German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany; Manney, G., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA; Marchand, M., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; McKenzie, R., National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand; McPeters, R., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD, USA;
Mercer, J., University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; Nash, E., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD, USA; Newman, P., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD, USA; Nichol, S., National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand; Ocampo, M., Dirección Nacional de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay; Oltmans, S., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA;
Pazmiño, A., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Verrières-le-Buisson, France; Redondas, A., Instituto Nacional de Meteorología, Santa Cruz, Spain; Richter, A., University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Rudolph, C., Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany; Shanklin, J., British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK; Shudo, Y., Japanese Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Vik, A.F., Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway;
Weber, M., University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Yela, M., Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerosopacial, Madrid, Spain; Zheng, X-D., Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China.
Meteorology
Nov 2004
Satellite observationsGround-based observations
Ozonesonde observations Ozone hole statistics
Figure 6. Ozonesonde observations from the NOAA-operated NDACC-GAW Amundsen-Scott station at the South Pole. Partial ozone columns for the altitude range 12-20 km are shown. Data for the last two ozone hole seasons are shown together with some other characteristic years. The black dots are from the period 1967-71, before the appearance of the first ozone hole. 1986 was the first year of continuous soundings at the South Pole. In 1993 one observed a record deep ozone hole related in part to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, particles from which augmented polar stratospheric clouds in the lower stratosphere. Ozone was nearly totally destroyed in the 12-20 km region through much of October of 1993. In 2006 one observed the most severe ozone hole so far. In 2010 ozone destruction was less severe than in many recent years, but quite similar to the loss experienced in 2009.
12-20 km partial ozone columnSouth Pole
GOME / SCIAMACHY Assimilated OzoneKNMI / ESA31 Dec 2010
Minimum Ozone Column in the Southern Hemisphere
Figure 8. Daily minimum total ozone columns in the Southern Hemisphere as observed by GOME and SCIAMACHY from 2003 to 2010. It can be seen that ozone minimum values were generally well above minimum values of recent years until ear-ly November. After that, 2010 minimum ozone was relatively low and on several days in December is was lower than for any year since 1993. The plot is provided by the Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI).
Figure 7. Average total ozone maps for the month of November for the time period 2003 to 2010 based on data from OMI on board the AURA satellite. The data are processed and mapped at NASA. It can be seen that November 2010 ozone depletion was less severe than in four previous years (2006-2009).
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Area where total O3 < 220 DU in the S. HemisphereGOME / SCIAMACHY Assimilated OzoneKNMI / ESA31 Dec 2010
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Figure 4. Time series of total ozone measurements from the British NDACC-GAW station Rothera (67.57°S, 68.12°W). The thick grey curve with black outline shows the 1996-2009 average. The thin lines show the extreme values for each day during the 1996-2009 period. The SAOZ data are daily means calculated as the average of measurements taken at sunrise and sunset. Mid-winter, when sunrise and sun-set happen at almost the same time, the sunrise and sunset values are almost identical. Later in the season, when there
are several hours between sun-rise and sunset, these two values can differ significantly, in particu-lar on days when the vortex edge passes over the station. It can be seen from the figure that in 2010 one did not observe as low values of total ozone as in 2007-2009, except for certain days late in the season.
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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Figure 5. Time series of total ozone observations from the Japanese GAW station Syowa (69.0°S, 39.6°E). The coloured lines represent the years from 2006 to 2010. The thick grey line with black outline is the 1996-2009 average. The white shaded region shows the range of values for each day over the same time period. An all-time low total ozone column of 118 DU was measured on 4 October 2006. About two weeks later, on 17 October 2006, an even lower value of 114 DU was
observed. These values are the low-est total ozone columns ever meas-ured at Syowa since the measure-ments started in 1961. Early in the season, 2010 total ozone was high-er than in recent years. Later in the season total ozone was quite similar to recent years, although not as low as in 2006. In early December, how-ever, total ozone dropped to a value lower than any year since 1996.
Figure 1. Time series of daily minimum temperatures at the 50 hPa isobaric level south of 50°S (upper left), daily 60-90°S zonal mean temperatures at 50 hPa (upper right) and daily 60-90°S zonal mean temperatures at 10 hPa (lower left). The area between the two thin black lines represents the highest and lowest daily minimum tem-peratures in the 1979-2002 time period. The light blue-green shad-ed area represents the 10th and 90th percentile values and the dark blue-green shaded area the 30th and 70th percentiles. The two horizontal green lines at 195 and 188 K show the thresholds for formation of PSCs of type I and type II, respectively. The plot is made with NCEP data downloaded from the Ozonewatch web site at NASA. The sudden stratospheric warming that happened in July is clearly seen in the 60-90°S mean temperatures. It is particularly visible at the 10 hPa level, where the mean temperature rose by more than 20 K over the course of 18 days.
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HNO3 = 6 ppbv H2O = 4 ppmv
Figure 2. Time series of the area where temperatures are low enough for the formation of PSCs of type I at the 460 K isentropic level. This isentropic level corresponds to an altitude of approximately 18 km. The thick black curve represents 2010. The red curve shows 2009. The blue, green, cyan, orange, violet and pink curves represent 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively. The average of the 1979-2005 period is shown for comparison in grey. The grey shaded area represents the largest and smallest daily PSC areas in the 1979-2005 time period. The light blue-green shaded area represents the 10th and 90th percentile values and the dark blue-green shaded area the 30th and 70th percentiles. The plot is based on data from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. It can be seen from the figure that the PSC area just reached the highest ever for the 1979-2005 time period in early August 2006 and that it was significantly higher than for any other year of this time period on most days in late September and October. In 2010 the NAT area dropped rapidly in July due to the sudden stratospheric warming discussed in Figure 1. The area with T < TNAT partly recovered during August, but nonetheless 2010 is one of weakest winters in recent years with respect to the NAT area.
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NCEP NAT Area at 460 K
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50 hPa Temperature anomaly for SON
90°S to 65°S
Figure 3. Temperature anomaly at the 50 hPa isobaric level for the region south of 65ºS. Anomalies are deviations of monthly mean temperatures from the long-term (1979-2010) average for each month. Temperatures are from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. One can see a cooling trend since the mid-1990s, and this trend is strengthened by the low temperatures in the 2006 and 2008 south polar vortex. Also 2009 and 2010 were colder than the long-term average.
Figure 11. The figure illustrates the direct relationship between the persistence of the Antarctic ozone hole and the persistence of the SH polar vortex. In years when the winter polar vortex per-sisted later into the season, the duration of the ozone hole also tended to be extended. For the year 2008, the persistence of the SH polar vortex in the lower stratosphere extended longer than any previous year back to 1979. The persistence of the ozone hole, also to the middle of Decem-ber, was also the longest on record. The ozone hole of 2009 was average in this regard. In 2010, however, the vortex lasted as long as in 2008, and the Ozone Hole Vanishing Date is the latest on record.
Figure 12. Average area of the ozone hole for four different time periods based on observations fromTOMS and OMI. The upper left panel is for the last ten days of September, a period when the ozone hole usually is at its largest. The lower left panel is for the period 7 September - 13 Octo-ber, which covers the period of both largest area and most severe mass deficit. Since the date of the peak area can vary from one year to another it also makes sense to look at the period of 30 consecutive days that gives the largest average ozone hole area. This is shown in the upper right panel. Finally, one can also look at the entire ozone hole season from before the onset of ozone depletion until the ozone hole is virtually dissolved. The period chosen is from 19 July to 1 De-cember, and this is shown in the lower right panel. Data for these plots were provided by KNMI.
Figure 9. Area (millions of km2) where the total ozone column is less than 220 Do-bson units for the years from 2003 to 2010. This plot is produced by KNMI and is based on data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY satellite instruments.
Figure 10. Ozone mass deficit for the years from 2003 to 2010. The mass deficit is the amount of ozone that would have to be added to the ozone hole in order to bring the total column up to 220 DU in those regions where the total column is below this threshold. Both Figures 9 and 10 show the longevity of the 2010 ozone hole. This plot is produced by KNMI and is based on data from the GOME and SCIAMA-CHY satellite instruments.
Observations of the Antarctic ozone hole from 2003 - 2010
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10 - 90%30 - 70%max - min
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1996-2009 mean
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1996-2009 mean
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Total ozone from SAOZ spectrometer
Rothera
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Nov 2007 Nov 2008
Nov 2003 Nov 2004
Nov 2009 Nov 2010
Total ozone from Dobson spectrophotometer
Syowa
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