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Page 1: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Page 2: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

定 義• 心搏過慢 : HR<60/min

• 心搏過速 : HR>60/min

Page 3: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

   Principles of Arrhythmia Recognition and Management

• 主要是評估病人的臨床表徵,而非治療 ECG 的心律

• Evaluate the patient’s symptoms and clinical signs– Ventilation– Oxygenation– Heart rate– Blood pressure– Level of consciousness– Look for signs of inadequate organ perfusion

Page 4: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Page 5: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Copyright ©2005 American Heart Association

Circulation 2005;112:IV-67-77IV-

Bradycardia Algorithm

Page 6: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Copyright ©2005 American Heart Association

Circulation 2005;112:IV-67-77IV-

Bradycardia Algorithm

Page 7: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Identify signs and symptoms of poor perfusion and determine if those signs are likely to be caused by the bradycardia

• hypotension• acute altered mental status• chest pain• congestive heart failure• seizures• syncope• other signs of shock related to the bradycardia

Page 8: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Bradycardia

• AV blocks are classified as first, second, and third degree.

• Causes of AV blocks :– medications – electrolyte disturbances – structural problems resulting from acute

myocardial infarction and myocarditis.

Page 9: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Bradycardia EKG1

Sinus bradycardia 1 。 AV block

辨識重點 :

規則的 PR interval

PR interval > 0.2 秒

辨識重點 :

規則,窄的 QRS 波正常規則的 PR interval

正常的 P wave

HR: < 60/min

P P P

R R R

R

P

R

P

Page 10: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

2 。 AV block, Mobitz type I 2 。 AV block, Mobitz typeII

P P PP

R R R

﹙ ﹙ ﹙R R R

P PP P P

辨識重點 :

規則固定的 P 波PR interval 固定,但會突然 loss 一個 QRS 波

辨識重點 :

規則固定的 P-P interval

PR interval 愈來愈長,直到 loss 一個 QRS 波

QRS 不見 QRS 不見

Bradycardia EKG2

Page 11: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Bradycardia EKG3Third degree AV block Idioventricular rhythm

P P P P P P PQRS QRS QRS QRS

辨識重點 :規則的 P 波規則的 QRS 波 ( 通常是寬的 )

P 波的數目比 QRS 波多。P 波與 QRS 波各自獨立,

互不相關 (AV dissociation) 。

辨識重點 :

規則,寬的 QRS 波無 P 波Rate: 30~40/min

: QRS 內躲著 1 個 P wave

Page 12: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

First-degree AV block

• defined by a prolonged PR interval (>0.20 second)

• usually benign

Page 13: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Second-degree AV block

• Mobitz type I block– block is at the AV node– often transient and may be asymptomatic

Page 14: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Second-degree AV block

• Mobitz type II block– block is most often below the AV node at the

bundle of His or at the bundle branches– often symptomatic, with the potential to progre

ss to complete (third-degree) AV block

Page 15: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Third-degree heart block• May occur at the AV node, bundle of His, or bun

dle branches• No impulses pass between the atria and ventricl

es• Can be permanent or transient, depending on th

e underlying cause

Page 16: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Therapy

• Be prepared to initiate transcutaneous pacing quickly in patients who do not respond to atropine.

• Pacing is also recommended for severely symptomatic patients, especially when the block is at or below the His-Purkinje level (ie, type II second-degree or third-degree AV block).

Page 17: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

PPacing: Transcutaneous pacemaker (Class I)

• TCP: 有症狀的心搏過慢 (Class I) 。不穩定的 type II 二度或三度的 AV block 應立即使用 TCP 。

• Atropine 無效的心搏過慢,應使用 TCP 。• 考慮使用止痛及鎮靜劑。• 如 TCP 無效 ( 例如不能 capture) ,應立即

會診專家準備經靜脈的心律調節 (transvenous pacing)

Page 18: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Transcutaneous pacemaker

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Atropine• Atropine 為心搏緩慢藥物治療的第一線藥物 (Class IIa) 。

可治療 cholinergic-mediated 心搏過慢。在有症狀的竇性心搏過慢及阻滯位置在房室節的任何 AVB 可能有效。

• 其用法為每 3-5 分鐘 0.5 mg IV ,直到最大的劑量 3 mg 。• 注意 Atropine的給予,不可 < 0.5 mg,因其反而可能引發心搏更慢。

• 在急性心肌梗塞的病人應注意 Atropine 所引起的心搏加速可能會造成心肌缺血更惡化。

• 心臟移植的病人因無迷走神經的分佈,故 Atropine 可能無效。

• Type II 的二度 AV block 或三度 AV block ,併有新的 wide-QRS 病人不應使用 Atropine, 應考慮立即 TCP

Page 20: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

其他藥物• 僅考慮於 Atropine 無效或等待 pacing 的暫

時性治療或 pacing 無效時的救援治療。• Epinephrine(Class IIb): 以 2-10 μg/min 開

始滴注,根據病人反應做調整。• Dopamine (Class IIb): 取其 α 及 ß 作用。

可與 Epinephine 一起使用或單獨使用 2~10 μg/kg/min

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總結心搏過慢的處理,首要區分穩定 / 不穩定。若無任何 S/S of poor perfusion 穩定

若有任一 S/S of poor perfusion 不穩定穩定病患的治療首重密切觀察。不穩定病患的治療 :

1. 使用 TCP

2. 藥物 (atropine , epinephrine , dopamine)

Page 22: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Tachycardia

Page 23: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Tachycardia 三部曲The first step • Determine if the patient’s condition is stabl

e or unstableThe second step• Obtain a 12-lead ECG to evaluate the QR

S duration (ie, narrow or wide).The third step• Determine if the rhythm is regular or irregu

lar

Page 24: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Tachycardia 三部曲• If the patient becomes unstable at any tim

e, proceed with synchronized cardioversion.

• If the patient develops pulseless arrest or is unstable with polymorphic VT, treat as VF and deliver high-energy unsynchronized shocks (ie, defibrillation doses).

Page 25: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

窄的 QRS 波心搏過速• 竇性心搏過速 (Sinus tachycardia)

• 心房顫動 (Atrial fibrillation)

• 心房撲動 (Atrial flutter)

• 房室節再迴入心搏過速 (AV nodal reentry)

• Accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia

• 心房頻脈 (Atrial tachycardia)

• 多發性心房心搏過速 (MAT)

• 接合處的心搏過速 (Junctional tachycardia)

Page 26: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

寬的 QRS 波 (QRS > 0.12 sec)

• 心室頻脈 (Ventricular tachycardia, VT)

• 心室上頻脈併有束枝傳導異常 (SVT with aberrancy)

• Pre-excited tachycardia 如 WPW

Page 27: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

不規則的窄 QRS 波心搏過速 • 心房顫動 (Atrial fibrillation)

• 心房撲動 (Atrial flutter)

• 多發性心房心搏過速 (MAT)

Page 28: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Copyright ©2005 American Heart Association Circulation 2005;112:IV-67-77IV-

ACLS Tachycardia Algorithm

Page 29: Bradycardia and Tachycardia
Page 30: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Evaluation

• 對心搏過快的病患 ( 有脈搏 ) 應快速評估並依需要維持 ABCs ,給氧,監視心電圖判定病情是否持續及穩定或不穩定:

• 病史詢問:看是否有意識不清,持續的胸痛,喘,倦怠,頭暈或暈倒

• 理學檢查:是否有低血壓,休克徵候 ( 冒冷汗,臉色蒼白,膚色發紺,手腳冰冷等 ) ,鬱血性心衰竭或肺水腫的徵候 (肺囉音,頸靜脈鼓張等 )

• 做 12 導程心電圖 ( 如果情況允許 )• 對心悸超過 150下的持續不穩定病患應立即執行

心臟同步整流 (synchronized cardioversion)

Page 31: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

同步整流和非同步電擊 • 同步整流意指電擊能量同步於 QRS 波時釋出。這是為了避免於心肌的相對不反應期 (refractory period of cardiac cycle- “vulnerable period”)釋出電擊,這反而會引起 VF 。

• 較低能量的電擊應以〝同步〞進行較不致於產生 VF 。如果因病患為不規則心律而不能實行同步電擊的話,應以高能量非同步電擊 (defibrillation doses)

Page 32: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

同步整流適應症 • 從 50J 開始同步整流 (Monphasic wave for

m) – 不穩定 SVT (unstable reentry SVT)– 不穩定的心房撲動 (unstable atrial flutter)

• 從 100J 開始同步整流 – 不穩定的 atrial fibrillation– 不穩定的單型性 VT

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Regular Narrow-Complex Tachycardia

規則窄 QRS 波的心搏過速

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Sinus tachycardia

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Supraventricular Tachycardia (Reentry SVT)

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Treatment

• 迷走神經刺激法 ( Vagal maneuvers) 如頸動脈竇按摩,閉氣,咳嗽或催吐。可終止 20-25% 的 PSVT 。

• Adenosine (Class I)- 如迷走神經刺激法無效時,給予 Adenosine 6 mg 於 1~3 秒內快速注射後,再以 20 ml N/S 快速灌注。無效時每 1~2 分鐘可追加 12 mg 2次。

• Adenosine 比 Verapamil 更快速且較少副作用,懷孕的病人亦可使用。

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鈣離子阻斷劑及 β- 阻斷劑 • 如果 Adenosine 不能把 SVT變為正常心律,則

用鈣離子阻斷劑 (Verapamil, diltiazem) 或 β- 阻斷劑等二線用藥來減慢心律 (Class IIa) 。

• 如有嚴重左心衰竭的病人,因 Verapamil 會影響心臟收縮,應避免使用 Verapamil, Diltiazem 則影響較小。

• Af 或 AF 併有 WPW ,勿使用作用於 AV node 的鈣離子阻斷劑。

• β- 阻斷劑在 COPD 或 CHF 病人應小心使用。

Page 38: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Wide- (Broad-) Complex Tachycardia

寬 QRS 心搏過快

Page 39: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Ventricular Tachycardia

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Therapy for Regular Wide-Complex Tachycardias

VT ( ventricular tachycardia )• Unstable: synchronized cardioversion • Stable : IV antiarrhythmic drugs may be effec

tive• Amiodarone (Class IIa)

– Give 150 mg IV over 10 minutes– Repeat as needed to a maximum dose of 2.2 g I

V per 24 hours

• Alternative drugs : procainamide and sotalol.

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Irregular Tachycardias

不規則心搏過速

Page 42: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Rhythm strip in atrial fibrillation

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Rhythm strip in atrial flutter

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Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter

Therapy

• Management should focus on – Control of the rapid ventricular rate (rate contr

ol)– Conversion of hemodynamically unstable atria

l fibrillation to sinus rhythm (rhythm control)

Page 45: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter

• Initial rate control with –Diltiazem –ß-blockers–Magnesium

Page 46: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter

• Rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation of < 48 hours duration – Amiodarone– Ibutilide– Propafenone– Flecainide– Digoxin– Clonidine– Magnesium

Page 47: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter

• Patients with atrial fibrillation for >48 hours are at increased risk for cardioembolic events and must first undergo anticoagulation before rhythm control.

• Electric or pharmacologic cardioversion (conversion to normal sinus rhythm) should not be attempted in these patients unless the patient is unstable or the absence of a left atrial thrombus is documented by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

Page 48: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

WPW Syndrome

• Expert consultation is advised. • Do not administer AV nodal blocking ag

ents such as adenosine, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, ß-blockers .

(can cause a paradoxical increase in the ventricular response to the rapid atrial impulses of atrial fibrillation )

Page 49: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

多型性 VT

• 多型性因常惡化成無脈搏心臟停止,故應立即治療。治療以 QT 有無延長作為區分。

• QT延長或 Torsades de pointes 時:應考慮可能的電解質問題,如低血鉀,低血鎂,低血鈣或毒藥物中毒過量如 TCA, procainamide, Quidine 。治療第一步為矯正電解質異常或停藥,第二步給予Magnesium Sulfate 1~2 g in D5W IV 5-60 分鐘,或 Isoproterenol 或加速心律調節 (Over-drive pacing)

Page 50: Bradycardia and Tachycardia

多型性 VT• QT期間正常:同單型性 VT ,考慮 Amiod

arone

• Biphasic 電擊器 -150J-200J 非同步 (Biphasic truncated waveform) 或 120J rectilinear waveform

• Monophasic- 非同步 360J