brain & ai (artificial intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · a. 7.0t expanded view of the axial...

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Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) 가천대학교 의과대학 / 길병원 신경외과 / 뇌과학연구소 인공지능기반 정밀의료 추진단 연구센터장 금융연구원 2017년 4월 11일 4시 30분

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Page 1: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN

Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence)

가천대학교 의과대학 / 길병원

신경외과 / 뇌과학연구소

인공지능기반 정밀의료 추진단 연구센터장

금융연구원

2017년 4월 11일 4시 30분

김 영 보

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의학의 발전, 데이터 생산의 비약

Tomorrow• Continuous location tracking

• Constant vital signs monitoring

• Transcutaneous monitoring of glucose, ETOH, etc.

• Noninvasive testing

• Exhaled breath analysis

• Testing to maintain wellness

• Increased image utilization

• 유전체데이터• Proteomics

• Personalized pharmacy

• Radiology

• EKG

• Labs

• Meds

• Monitoring

• MD Exam

• Nurse observations

Now• Radiology

• EKG

• Labs

• Meds

• Monitoring

• MD Notes

• Nurse Observations

Then• Monitoring

• MD Exam

• Nurse Observations

THEN NOW TOMORROW

청진기의 시대 진단검사/영상의학의 시대 유전체/빅데이터의 시대

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Precision Medicine Initiative 2015.2.20

• 2016년 3월: 정부는 국가 신성장 동력으로 정밀의료 지목, 육성 선포

• 보건복지부는 ‘정밀의료 연구개발 추진위원회’ 구성

• 4차 산업혁명 견인할 대표분야

Page 4: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN

미국 보건연구원의 정의

• 정밀의료란 유전자, 환경, 생활습관등의 개인적 차이를 고려한, 질병의예방과 치료 기술 개발을 위한 새로운의료적 접근법

시기적 타당성

• 유전체 해독 기술의 발전• 빅데이터 사용 기술 발전• 분석 기술의 발전

정밀의료의 개념

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정밀의료는 데이터 기반 의료

라이프스타일 데이터

유전체 데이터

임상 데이터

Page 6: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN
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의학은 데이터 과학

- 앞으로는 의학에서 생물학보다 데이터 과학의 기여가 큼- 의사가 하는 일의 80%가 인공지능으로 대치될 것임

Vinod Khosla: 썬 마이크로시스템즈 설립자

2013

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인공지능: 데이터 과학의 도구

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암환자진료 데이터

IBM의 인공지능

IBM Watson for Oncology(인공지능 암정밀의료 솔루션)

구글의 인공지능

알파고 (인공지능 바둑)바둑기보 데이터

메모리얼 슬로언 케터링 암센터

인공지능: 데이터 과학의 도구

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Department of Veterans Affairs

Selected Watson to analyze EMRs in a demo project

Bumrungrad International Hospital

5 year agreement for Watson for Oncology

Watson for Oncology, trained

by Memorial Sloan Kettering

available in clinical use in lung,

breast, colon and rectal cancer

Baylor College of MedicinePublished results of use with Watson Discovery Advisor –identified 7 targets for P53

activation within weeks

Watson Genomics AdvisorSecured 13 Cancer and

Academic medical centers for beta testing

MD Anderson

Introduced proprietary solution

with Watson for clinical use for

Leukemia and Molecular

Targeted Therapies

Mayo Clinic

Completed testing with Clinical

Trial Matching for lung, breast,

colon and rectal cancer

Mayo ClinicSelected Watson to analyze EMRs for Clinical Efficiency and Effectiveness Program

11

Ongoing Training Partner

인공지능의 가장 큰 수혜처는 헬스케어

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무엇이 필요한가?

In the new world, it is not the big fish which eats the small fish, it’s the fast fish which eats the slow fish

Klaus SchwabFounder and Executive ChairmanWorld Economic Forum

새로운 시대에서는

큰 물고기가 작은 물고기를 잡아먹는 것이 아니라,

빠른 물고기가 느린 물고기를 잡아먹는다.

클라우스 쉬밥

무엇이 필요한지는 모두가 알지만

필요한 속도로 법적, 제도적 개선이 이루어지지 않음

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신의 한 수?

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Machine LearningMachine Learning is Changing the World?

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Machine LearningMachine Learning is Changing the World?

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질문 1 : 빅 4 병원 보다 먼저 길병원이 도입하는가 ?

Page 6

길병원 빅4 병원

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Neuroscience Research InstituteGachon University of Medicine and Science

HRRT PET + 7.0T UHF MRI, Cyclotron , Under ground 2nd Floor, NRI

PET/CT – MRI (1.5T), m-PET, m-MRI, m-CT Under ground 1st Floor, NRI

2006 ~

총 600 억 Project

One of the Largest Center for Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

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Evolution of Brain

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Evolution of Brain

Survival Brain

Feeling Brain

Thinking Brain

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1995 US National Academy of Sciences – Institute of Medicine ; Report on Decade of Brain Progress

National Academy of Sciences

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

PET Images !PET finally landed in Neuroscience Research

Cover Page

1995Emerging New Application of PET - Brain

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MRI fMRI

1992

fMRI = functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Engineering, & Medicine

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Z.H. Cho, UCI 1998

Visual Stimulation fMRI

Milestones in Neurosciences fMRI

Visual

Cortex

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Oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic

Functional MRI – Basic Contrast Mechanism

Fig. 2 - 36

Arterial Blood Venous Blood

Oxyhemoglobin

Diamagnetic

Deoxyhemoglobin

Paramagnetic

I. Functional MRI – Basic Contrast Mechanisms I

2 - 13. Functional Imaging – functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

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Oxyhemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin

Steady State

Q0

QD0

Q0

Oxy

fMRI Signal Pattern

t = t0

Overshoot

Initial Oxygen ConsumptionZ.H. Cho, UCI 1998

Blood Blood

t = t1 t = t2

Deoxy

External Stimuli

(t=t0)

Oxy

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Anatomical Image

Molecular Image

HRRT PET Molecular Image

PET-MRI Fusion Molecular Genomic Imaging - I

7.0 T Anatomical Image

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Neuroscience Research InstituteGachon University of Medicine & Science. 2005. 12

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Neuroscience Research InstituteGachon University of Medicine and Science

HRRT PET + 7.0T UHF MRI, Cyclotron , Under ground 2nd Floor, NRI

PET/CT – MRI (1.5T), m-PET, m-MRI, m-CT Under ground 1st Floor, NRI

2006 ~

총 600 억 Project

One of the Largest Center for Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

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Mind Surgery( Neuro Surgery )

2006. 5. 30

Young Bo Kim

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Cortical & Subcortical Mapping

in Brain Tumor Surgery

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Yonsei University Neurosurgery

Seoul, Korea가천의과학대학교뇌과학연구소 세미나

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Yonsei University Neurosurgery

Seoul, Korea가천의과학대학교뇌과학연구소 세미나

Convexity Meningioma

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Yonsei University Neurosurgery

Seoul, Korea가천의과학대학교뇌과학연구소 세미나

Motor function mapping cases

M

T

T

FM

FM

T

FM

HM

Case#2

Case#17

Case#19

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Yonsei University Neurosurgery

Seoul, Korea가천의과학대학교뇌과학연구소 세미나

Radiosurgery

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23면2008년 02월 18일 월요일

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VNS - device

Implantable pulse generator + lead

Automatic intermittent stimulation

Magnet for On-demand stimulation / On-demand side effect control

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VNS - device

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Surgical procedures

Lead Electrode Location

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Surgical procedures

--Negative Electrode

--Positive Electrode

--Anchor Tether

NERVE

NERVE

45

NERVE

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Surgical procedures

turned on 2 weeks after surgery

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

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STN

SN

1.5T

SN

STN

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) & Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

?

?

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Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain.

Schaltenbrand & Wahren

2x

STN

SN

Cadaver Coronal Image

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- Direct Targeting in DBS -7.0T MRI Image

7.0T MRI

Cho et al. in Neurosurgery April, page 1, 2010

7.0T

STN

- Direct Targeting ! -

SN

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- Direct Targeting in DBS -

Cl Pu GPe

GPi 3 v

STN

HC

PCA

- Direct Targeting -

x2

7.0T

SN

SN

STN

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A182008년 3월 17일 월요일

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2007년 08월 03일 금요일

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D12007년 04월 25 수요일

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D12007년 04월 25 수요일

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2006년 9월 14일 목요일

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A212008년 4월 12일 토요일

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A212008년 4월 12일 토요일

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Memory Upgrade

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G- NRI Staffs who made the contribution to the PET-MRI PROJECT ;

Y.B. Kim, Y.D. Son, C.K. Kang, J.Y. Han, H.K. Kim, K.N. Kim, H.K. Lee, S.H. Kim, D.P. Jang,

S.Y. Lee, I.K. Hong, Oh, S.H. Oh, C.W. Park, J.Y. Chung, C.U. Park, J.G. Ji, Z.H. Cho

Thanks to :

Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon Univ. , Korea

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Power of The Giant Telescope

Courtesy from Dr. B-S. Jeon. SNU

1x 2x 4x 8x

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Neuroscience Research InstituteGachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea

7.0T Superconducting Magnet Arrived in NRI on Aug. 9, 2005

7.0T Superconducting

Magnet

Neuroscience Research InstituteGachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea

7.0T Superconducting Magnet Arrived in NRI on Aug. 9, 2005

2005 , After 20 years since the first 1.5 T - 2.0T !

New Generation

7.0T

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Construction site of 7.0T MRI System at

Neuroscience Research Institute,Gachon Medical School, Korea, Aug. 26, 2005

Magnetic Shield = 500 Tons !

30 cm

70 cm

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Neuroscience Research Institute,Gachon Medical School, Korea, Sept. 19, 2005

7.0T Superconducting Magnet Shield Room at NRI on Sept. 19, 2005

Magnetic Shield !

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Jan. 15, 2006 7.0T at NRI (Gachon Neuroscience Research Institute)

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NRI - 7T MRI

NRI 7.0T

Feb. 19, 2006 7.0T at NRI (Neuroscience Research Institute)

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NRI’s 1st

. Gen. 8 Channel 7.0T SENSE Coil

Jan. 21, 2007

RF Coil #1

RF Coil #2

RF Coil #n

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5th Gen. New SENSE coil for

12.Ch Elliptical Single loop Coil with linear polarization 2 Ch. End-capped Dual Saddle Quadrature Coil with Circular

polarization

TX Coil RX Coil

Jan 12, 2007

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32 Channel SENSE (Phased Array) Coil

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Fig. 1. Schematics and photos of the Monopole Coil with and added shield. (a) EMAA and (b) EMAAIS.

Monopole Antenna (RF Coil)

2012

Conventional RF Coil

Dr. Suk-Min Hong, NRIMRM 2013

New

Monopole

Antenna

$ 200

$ 50,000

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Fig. 1. Schematics and photos of the Monopole Coil with and added shield. (a) MA and (b) EMAS.

2 cm

2 cmMA EMAS

Original Monopole Monopole with Shield ( MA ) ( EMAS )

a b

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CPS (Siemens) – HRRT

Gachon Medical School, August / 2004 / 5

N0. of Detectors - 120,000 LSO+LYSO

X

2 = 736

Circular Ring (64 Detectors)by Cho et al. (UCLA)

6423

2004

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A Scene of HRRT – PET Assembly , Dec. 1, 2005

Gachon Medical School, August / 2004 / 5

X

2 = 736

Circular Ring (64 Detectors)by Cho et al. (UCLA)

6423

2004 - 5

HRRT

N0. of Detectors - 110,000 LSO+LYSO

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Excitatory

Inhibitory

Metabortropic

ㅜ뎌갯ㄱ무느ㅑㅅㅅㄷㄱㄴ & ㄲㄷㅊ데색ㄴNeurotransmitters & Receptors

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

GABA

Glutamin

Histamine

Acethylcholine

Opioids

Serotonin

Glycine

Ionotropic

C11 – Raclopride,

C11- Carfentanil

C11- NMSP,

F18- F- L- DOPA,

F18- Setoperone

F18- F- Norepinephrine

,

nAChRa7

C11 - Flumazenil F18- FDG

F18- FLT

C11 - Methionine

F18- FESP

This is a Jungle !

But, This is Opportunity !

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Brainstem Image 1.5 T Brainstem Image 7.0 T

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

Thalamus

In-Vivo Human Brain 7.0TCho et al. in Inter. J. of Imaging System and Technology, 2008, Vol. 18, 2-8

Cho et al. in Inter. Protemics 8:6, 1302-1323, 2008

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MCA ACAICA

M1

A1

A2

7.0T

MCA

ACAICA

M1 A1

A2

HN-01 HN-01

1.5T

ii.

Comparison of MR Angiography of Lenticulostriate Artery by

7.0T MRA and 1.5T MRA

Cho et al. in Stroke 1604-1606, 2008

In-Vivo Human Brain 7.0T

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Fiber Tracking With 7.0T

New NRI 7.0 T Tractography

Anatomy and Connectivity

SNRN

slMFB1

imMFB

ATR

slMFB2

cc cg fx

Finally Thalamo-Limbic Fiber Tracts Resolved !

Current DTI Tractography

Fx

Low Field MRIDTI

7.0T Super-ResolutionTract Density Imaging (TDI)

Susumu Mori , 2011 NRI , 2011

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Strokes - Iq

Parkinson’s - IIq

Alzheimer’s - III

Three Major Neurodegenerative Diseases

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PM

BG

A1

A2

(a)

MCA

ICA

LSAs

ACA

M1

Lenticulostriate Arteries (LSAs)

0.3- 0.6 mm

Lenticulostriate

Arteries

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Lenticulostriate Artery (LSA)

Fig. 24

(a) (b)

P #1 HC #5

MCAICA

M1

MCA ICAM1

ACA ACA

Lenticulostriate Artery (LSA)

Patient Normal

7.0T 7.0T

Comparison of Angiograms : Stroke Patient & Normal Control

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MCA ACAICA

M1

A1

A2

7.0T

MCA

ACAICA

M1 A1

A2

HN-01 HN-01

1.5T

ii.

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Fig. 25

(a) (b)

MCA OCC

MCA OCC

With

CollateralsMCA OCC

MCA OCC

With

Collaterals

P # 231 P # 231

MCA ICA MCAICA

ACA ACA

3.0T 7.0T

MCA Occlusion : 3.0T and 7.0T Comparison

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Image Processing in 3D

Coronal Image (MIP)

Coronal Image (MIP)

With Professor Karl Rohr

Heidelberg University, 2009

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Parkinson’s

&

DBS Patient

24, Dec, 2008

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Normal Subject

1.5T MRI

?

Red Nucleus

Substantia Nigra

Comparison with 1.5T

Courtesy Dr. Bum-Suk Jeon, SNU

Parkinson’s Study

1.5T vs 7.0T

Normal Subject

7.0T MRI

NRI 7.0T

Red Nucleus

Substantia Nigra

CrusCerebri

CrusCerebri

Good News

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7.0T MRI

Normal Subject

Upper Midbrain

Parkinson’s Study

C002

2007-12-21

P103

H&Y 1

2007-12-11

2008-1-3Normal

Early Parkinson’s

7.0T MRI 7.0T MRI

Good News

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7.0T Normal3.0T Normal1.5T Normal

E. Signal intensity of STNNormalized Signal intensity

(mm)5 10 15

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

D. Cadaver Image of Coronal Section

STN

SN

B. 3.0T MR Normal ImageA. 1.5T MR Normal Image C. 7.0T MR Normal Image

STN

SN

GPi

GPe

PuCl

Figure 1

STN

GPi

GPe

STN

GPi

GPe

STN

GPi

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A Case

of

DBS Patient

24, Dec, 2008

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0 mm-2 mm

RN

STN

SC

CA

3V

A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section

0mm 10mm

Axial

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B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section

0mm

-4mm

CCS

STN

SN

0mm -2mm

Sagittal

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0 mm

-4 mm

STN

SN

GPi

GPe

0 mm 10 mm

Coronal

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7T

Hippocampal Area Jan. 18, 2007

1.5T

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Alzheimer’s Subject 1

7.0T

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Normal (2) Alzheimer’s -Subject 1

Atrophy !Healthy

Normal & Alzheimer’s Subject 1

(b)(a)

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15

13

14

5

1

6

89

23

13

14

15

21

24

Hippocampal Head 1

Amygdala 5

Subiculum 6

Parahippocampal Gyrus 23

Hippocampal Tail 8Cornu Ammonis

Hippocampal Tail 9Dentate Gyrus

Fusiform Gyrus 21

Quadrangular Lobule 24

Putamen 13

Globus Pallidus 14External

Globus Pallidus 15Internal

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Axial view of 3D Hippocampus7.0T

Cho et al. in Neuroimage, 2009

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Selected Axial view

Axial view

Dentate Gyrus

3D

250 mm x 250 mm x 250 mm

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d Axi

al

c Coronal

b S

agitta

l

Fig. 1

CA3CA4CA2

CA1subiculum

Lateral ventricle

Amygdala

Dentate gyrus

Head

a’. 3D Volumetric Parcelled

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Brainstem Nuclei – Raphe Nuclei : NRI 7.0T MRI Image

7.0T Anatomy !

NRI 7.0T Anatomy

Dorsal

B9

B8

B7

B6

Ventral B9

B7

Current PET Image !

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PET-MRI Molecular Fusion Imaging

Metabolic Function in In-vivo Human Brainstem

18F-FDG PET

New Brain PET-MRI Fusion Imaging

The Raphe Nuclei In-Vivo !

Glucose Metabolism

B2: Nu. raphe obscurusB1: Nu. raphe pallidus

B3: Nu. raphe magnus

B7: Dorsal nu. raphe

B8: Nu. centralis superior

B6: Nu. centralis superior

B5: Nu. raphe pontis

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B2

B1

B3

B6

B4

B2

B1

B3

B6

B4

SC

IC

Brainstem Nuclei – Raphe Nuclei I

B4: Raphe pontis

B6: DorsalRaphe

Inferior Colliculus

Red Nucleus

B1: Raphe pallidus

B2: Raphe obscurus

B3: Raphe magnus

Mammilary Body

B8:centralis superior

B8B8

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18F-FDG

Brainstem Metabolism

Low Resolution

Old PET- CT

High Resolution

New HRRT- PET

LC ?

18F-FDG

LC ?

+ +

+

++

+

+

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HRRT 7.0T

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Anatomical Image Molecular Image

1. Shuttle PET- MRI System

(ST PET-MRI)

x

xq

x < 6 m + 0.05 mm_

7.0 T – MRI - Scan

f

PET

(HRRT)

MRI

( 7.0T )

Precision Mechanical Image Fusion

PET2.5 mm

MRI0.25 mm

7.0 T – MRI - Scan

P-M Shuttle

HRRT- PET- Scan

Fusion Image

Current

NRI’s

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Shuttle System : Design

Shuttle System

HRRT

Shuttle

7T MRI

HRRT - PET 7.0T MRI

Rotating Bed(After Assembled)

Implementation

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Shuttle System : Design

Shuttle System

HRRT - PET 7.0T MRI

Rotating Bed(After Assembled)

Implementation

Home Made Precision Magnetic Field Proof Shuttle Bed

HRRT 7.0T

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Shuttle System : InstallationImplementation

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Control System : Installation

Implementation

0.18x0.18x 2.0mm

7.0T

Fusion

PET-MRI Fusion System Console

PH

G

CA4FFA

NRI was selected as One of the World’s Leading Neuroimaging Center in 2014. 4

By US National Science Foundation (NSF)

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Fusion

Sub-Hippocampal PET-MR Fusion Imaging - 1

T2*-weighted Imaging

Glucose Metabolism in Hippocampus

Normal SubjectKim, MJ

1.22x1.22x1.22mm

HRRT-PET 2.5 mm

CA4CA4

FFA

Parahippo.l

Gyrus

0.18x0.18x 2.0mm

7.0T 0.25 mm

FFA

Parahippo.

Gyrus

Coronal View

CA4

FFA

Parahippo.

Gyrus

FDG Uptake (5mCi)

7.0T Fusion HRRT-PET

Cho et al. In in J. of Nuclear Medicine, 2010

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NRI’s 7.0T image is appeared in the cover page of Proteomics

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NRI New Zoom PET-MRI Fusion System

7.0 T – MRIAnatomy, fMRI & TDI

Zoom - PETMolecular Image

Brain Optimized Zoom PET 7.0T Brain MRI

MRI : 0.25 mm fwhmZ-PET 1.8 mm fwhmP-M Shuttle

RF Coil

Wobble

High Sensitivity,

Super-Resolution

& Motion Correction

Zoom

Tracking

1. Brain

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“ Zoom – PET “ 11

For the “ New PET-MRI “ Body and Brain

xx

2014New

Next Generation

PET

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2014

New

Next Generation

PET

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Brainstem Image 1.5 T

Resolution

Molecular Image 14.0 TBrainstem Image 7.0 T

?1. Alzheimer’s -

b - amyloid plaques – 50 um

2. Strokes –

Microvascularity – 50 um

3. Parkinson’s & other

Neurodegenerative diseases

4. New Drug Development

Depressions &

Psychological diseases

5. Will help understand

our “Minds” & “Conciousness”

AI, 치매, 뇌경색, 파킨손, 신약개발, 의식, …

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End

Lecture 6

14T Symposium

2009

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End

Lecture 6

14T Symposium

2009

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Project 14.0T

Spaces

100 m

14.0T

7.0T HRRT PET/CT 3.0T

Super Computer

11.7T

Cyclotron

Total Space Required ~ 40,000 m2 ( underground )

Budget

14.0T : 50.0 millions

Others : 35.5 millions

$110.5 millions

Buildings : 25.0 millions

• MRI

– 3.0T

– 7.0T x 1

– 11.7T x 1 a

– 14.0T a

– 9.4 & 11.7T (Animal)

• PET

– HRRT

– Zoom-PET

– PET/CT

– Micro-PET/CT

• Cyclotron

• Super Computer

(Animal)

It will be

The “Only-Kind”

of

In-vivo Human Brain Research Center in the World

Sf

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Emerging New Area -Tractography

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Tractography

With

7.0 T MRI and TDI * Algorithm

* TDI : Track Density Imaging (Post prossessing algorithm)

Calamante et al in Neuroimage 56, 1259-1266, 2011

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Requires High Resolution – 7.0T Images are Essential

New 7.0T + TDI

1.8 mm

0.18 mm

Thanks to High SNR

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FA – DWI

SimpleInterpolated Data

Super - Resolution TDI Image Processing - 3

Super-ResolutionTract Density Imaging

(TDI)

New 7.0T TDI

New Tract-Density

Imaging

Current DTI

Calamante., Tournier et al in Neuroimage 56, 1259-1266, 2011

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SimpleInterpolated Data

Super - Resolution TDI Image Processing - 3

Calamante., Tournier et al in ISMRM 2010

Super-ResolutionTract Density Imaging

(TDI)

2011, New NRI 7.0T TDI Current DTI

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cc cg fx

Finally Thalamo-Limbic Fiber Tracts Resolved !

Current DTI Tractography

Susumu Mori , 2011

Low Field MRIDTI

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July 26, 2011

New

Cho et al. World Neurosurgery, 2013

7.0T Super-ResolutionTract Density Imaging

(TDI)

: Anterior – Posterior Direction

( NRI 2011 ) 7.0T TDI

MTT

CC

Cg

Fx

SCP

?AC

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A.+ 0 mm

C.+ 0 mm

C.+1 mm

SMT

sl MFB1

Im MFB

ATR

RNc

CCb

II. Sagittal (+5 mm)

Fxb

sl MFB/DLF

IML

IML

CtT/ML

SCPd

MB

OC

SCP

Fxcr

PC

MTT

AC

Cgc

AN

DM

MTTRN

White Matters & Fibers

Gray Matters & Cell Bodies

MTT

VA

Cgs

CCg CCs

CM sl MFB2

SZ

SP

MFB : Medial Forebrain Bundle

Summary of Inter-Axis Correlation Search - 2 ATR : Anterior Thalamic Radiation

slMFB : Medial Forebrain Bundle,superolateral

imMFB : Medial Forebrain Bundle, inferomedial

im MFB1

ATR

sl MFB1

MFB

Cho et al. World Neurosurgery, 2013

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S.+ 0 mm

A.+ 0 mm

I . Coronal (+1 mm)

im MFB1

OT

IML

ST

SMT

ATR

MTF

Cg

FF

CrC

+ -

Sz

Fxc

SZ

VL

im MFB2

AN

ST

SMT

DM

MB

CC

STN

SN

+

CN

Fxc

SZ

ZI

White Matters & Fibers

Gray Matters & Cell Bodies

SFO

SLF

FMP

ICp

IFO

VPsl MFB2

SPT

SPT : Septum Pellucidum Tract

ATR : Anterior Thalamic Radiation

slMFB : Medial Forebrain Bundle,superolateral

Summary of Inter-Axis Correlation Search - 1

imMFB : Medial Forebrain Bundle, inferomedial

im MFB1

ATR

SPT

sl MFB1

MFB : Medial Forebrain BundleMFB

sl MFB1

Cho et al. World Neurosurgery, 2013

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Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

was Found in Human In-vivo in 2009

How The Story Began , ? From DBS

Volker Coenen, et al Neurosurgery Vol. 64, No. 6, June 2009

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STN DBS Hypomania Treatment of Depression

Could lead to

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New Experimental Results Began to Appear, 2009

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I. Coenen’s Suggestion of

Medial Forebrain Bundles in Human In-vivo

In 2009

Dr. Coenen’s 2009 and subsequent 2012 paper showing the statistically averaged data of 16 cohort. According to them, this data illustrates nicely the ATR, slMFB and imMFB, as shown. Although it is largely qualitative and even controversial, it began to stimulate the search of the MFBs in-vivo human, one of the major “Emotion” and “Affective Neural” Circuitry.

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Can DBS Treat Psychiatric Disorder ?

Volker Coenen, Neurosurgery Vol. 64, No. 6, June 2009

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I. Coenen’s Suggestion of

Medial Forebrain Bundles in Human In-vivo

In 2009

Dr. Coenen’s 2009 and subsequent 2012 paper showing the statistically averaged data of 16 cohort. According to them, this data illustrates nicely the ATR, slMFB and imMFB, as shown. Although it is largely qualitative and even controversial, it began to stimulate the search of the MFBs in-vivo human, one of the major “Emotion” and “Affective Neural” Circuitry.

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(Before correction)DBS Subject with Acute Hypomania

EC 5.

STN

Case Report

Axial Image

DBS Electrode

Courtesy from paper by Volker Coenen, Neurosurgery Vol. 64, No. 6, June 2009

MFB

STN trb.

EC. 5

ICIC

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DBS Subject with Acute HypomaniaCase Report

Axial Image

1.5 mm

0.5 mmSTN

2.9 mm

Manic Episode Resolved after Correction

EC6.

STN 6

STN TrbSTN trb. STN trb.

MFBMFB

EC6.

Courtesy from paper by Volker Coenen, Neurosurgery Vol. 64, No. 6, June 2009

IC

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By Volker Coenen et al J. Neuropsychiatry, Clin. Neurosci 24:2, Spring 2012

Statistical 3D Map of the ATR and MFB (16 patients average) by

Coenen et al

Statistical 3D Map of the ATR and MFB (16 patients average) by

Coenen et al

But, Up to Now …..

ATRsl MFB

Thal

Side View

im MFB

PFC

MFBVTA

Front

Back

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Volker Coenen et al J. Neuropsychiatry, Clin. Neurosci 24:2, Spring 2012

Side View

PFCVTA

a

ANT

POST

sl MFB im MFB

ATR

Axial (+12 mm)

Axial (+ 4 mm)

Axial (+12 mm)

Axial (+ 4 mm)

sl MFB

New NRI Tracktogram

2011

Statistically Averaged Data of 16 Cohort

of the ATR, slMFB, and imMFB

2009

Cho et al World Neuropsychiatry, 2013

im MFB

6-8 mm

ATR

Thal

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CC

Pons

OC

Hyp

NA

Sep

Amg

Hi

Cbll

Central Key Fibers and Connectivites in the Thalamo-Limbic Areas

SP

Cg25

MFB

Anterior Thalamic Radiation&

Medial Forebrain Bundle

PC

PG

IPN

Hb

MB DTA

AN DM

VTA

PAG

AC

Before 2009

Properties of Z. H. Cho, Ph.D, Professor, Gachon Medical School, Inchon, Korea, 2013

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CC

Pons

OC

Hyp

NA

Sep

im MFB

sl MFB

Amg

Hi

Cbll

Central Key Fibers and Connectivites in the Thalamo-Limbic Areas

: Newly identified fibers

SP

Cg25

Anterior Thalamic Radiation&

Medial Forebrain Bundle

ATR

PC

PG

IPN

Hb

MB DTA

AN DM

VTA

PAG

AC

By Volker Coenen et al J. Neuropsychiatry, Clin. Neurosci 24:2, Spring 2012, 2009

After 2009

ATRslMFB

imMFB

PFC

MFBVTA

But, Statistically Averaged,

Not Individually Resolved !

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CC

Pons

OC

Hyp

NA

Sep

Amg

Hi

Cbll

Central Key Fibers and Connectivites in the Thalamo-Limbic Areas

: Newly identified fibers

SP

Cg25

Anterior Thalamic Radiation&

Medial Forebrain Bundle

PC

PG

IPN

Hb

MB DTA

ANDM

VTA

PAG

AC

New 7.0T-TDI !

Properties of Z. H. Cho, Ph.D, Professor, Gachon Medical School, Inchon, Korea, 2013

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New TDI with 7T

sl MFBs

im MFB

ATR

sl MFBi

Medial Forebrain Bundle & ATR

PFC

im MFB

sl MFBATR

Thal

sl MFBm

sl MFB

im MFB

ATR

VTA MFB

S. 4-5 mm

C. 1 mm

C. 1 mm

S. 4-5 mm

Cho et al. World Neurosurgery, 2013

Coronal View

Sagittal View -

SMT

Fx

SMT

Fx

sl MFBm

sl MFBi

im MFB

sl MFBs

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Sorrow (?)

MFB & ATR

Emotion and Affect Related Circuitry

Finally These, Tracts and Fibers are Visible INDIVIDUALLY IN-VIVO !

Happiness (?)

ATR

MFBs

Cho et al. World Neurosurgery, 2013

Allow us to do new “DBS-Surgery” with REPRODUCIBILITY !

Depression Treatment (?)

Finally These, Tracts and Fibers are Visible INDIVIDUALLY IN-VIVO !

Allow us to do new “DBS-Surgery” with REPRODUCIBILITY !

Treatment of Mania (?)

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Ventral tegmental area

Periaqueductal grey

Medial fore brain bundle

Midbrain

Hypothalamic nuclei Hypothalamus

Stria Terminalis

Fornix

Amygdala

Ventral Tegmental

Area

Midbrain

Mammillotegmental

Tract

Septal Nucleus

Dorsal Longitudinal

Fasciculus

Periaqueductal grey

Limbic midbrain

Mamillary body

Amygdalofugl Pathway

Anterio Commissure

Third Ventricle

Septal Nucleus

Med. Forebrain

Bundle

Med. Forebrain

Bundle

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New TDI with 7.0T MR DTI

Coenen’s Proposal : Medial Forebrain Bundle

L

A P

27

Coenen’s Proposal

Coenen’s MFB

MFB VTA

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Dr. Saper’s Contestation , received was * : 2013

1. In general, MFB is located largely in the lower side of MFB what Coenen et al have suggested

2. MFB is un-myelinated and diffuse fiber tract unlikely to bevisible as Coenen et al have visualized by DTI tractography

* Private communication, At Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston

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Proposed Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their approximate locations. Note here that the MFB is well bellow the zero (ac-pc) line and also horizontally in parallel with the upper part of the VTA.

MFB

VTA

MM

VTA

MFB

5-6 mm

10-11 mm

6-7 mm

0 mm

+ 4 mm + 0

+10

+15

- 5

+ 5

27

-10

Proposed Medial Forebrain Bundles in Human In-vivo

Fig. 1.

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MFB

VTA

0 mm

+ 4 mm + 0

+10

+15

- 5

+ 5

27

-10

Observed Medial Forebrain Bundles in Human In-vivo

Fig. 2.

MFB Diffused & Not Visible Region

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26

27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33

As expected, large portion of the MFB was diffused and not visible clearly therefore not easy to identify from the other fibers. Experimentally we have found the distribution of the MFB which are diffused and the others that are less diffused, therefore, easy to identify. The blue lines indicate the slices where fibers we have Identified as diffused while the red lines are the ones that are less diffused, therefore, identifiable.

MFB Visible Region

MFB

MFB

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Dr. Mai’s Human

Brain Atlas

Atlas of the Human Brain, 3rd Edition, Jurgen K Mai,

George Paxinos,

Thomas Voss, Academic Press 2008

2008

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Dr. Mai’s Micro-Brain Anatomy - 2008

30

mfb

mfb

MFB

MFB

1 cm

6 mm 6 mm

1 cm

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Cor +00 35

VTA

MFB

35

Hipp

35

opt

Cl

cc

Cd

Pu

EGP

Ifo / ilf

pic

bfx

ZI

APr

VLPI

Puv

Cl

eml

Un

PT

LV

TCd

MD

VLA

Cp

Iml

ex

ec

SNC

STN

bG

CrAmy

Ins

Amy

Hipp

35

Example

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VTA

MFB31Cor +04

31

mfb

PalHy

31

Fiber

opt

SN

VA

Cd

pic

bfx

APr

MD

eml

H2ZI

VL

iml

st

mtg

SN

PalHy

Rt

LH

Fa

cp

bfx

APr

MD

VL

iml

VA

Fa

emlst

pic

H2 ZI

Rt

Cd

opt

cp

Nucleus

MM

eml

iml

mtg

PalHy

LH

MM

Done

(+ 0.4 mm)

mtimlithp

ithp

mtgmtg

MFB

MFB Identified !

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III. Summary of “ Emotion ”

“ Happiness & Sorrow ”

MFB & ATR

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Summaries

“Consciousness”, “Thinking” and “Emotion”

and

Neural Substrates

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Default

6

8

9

10

11

47

MO / OPFC

DL / DMPFC

VL / VMPFC

Cg

Cg

Primary Emotional Circuitry

Secondary Affective Circuitry

Thalamo-Limbic Substrates

SepNACg25

VTAThalHyp

Neural Basis of our “ Thinking ” and “ Emotion ”

HippAmyg

8Thalamo-Cortico-Limbic Connectivity

“ Thinking “

High Cortex – Connectivity – Limbic Area Connectivity

Thinking , High Thinking , Low

“Thinking” “Happiness, Sorrow”

“Connectivity”

Could Also be An Effective Means for Treatment of Many Diseases

“Mania” ,“Depression” , and Other Psychiatric Disorders ….

CorticalSubstrates

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Clinical Perspectives

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Among the Dr. Apuzzo’s Plenary Lecture

Shanghei International Neuroscurgical Symposium, 2012. 9, 20

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D B S

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Thanks to all these Young &Imaginative Members of the NRI

2010 ‘ s ~ NRI Group

7.0 T Team

NRI : Ph.D 19, MSc. 10

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2007 ~ 2010. 1

World’s First

Ultra-High Resolution In-vivo Human Brain Atlas !

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550 pages

7.0T + Cadaver image setsof

2 mm interval with selected expanded sets

7.0TCadaver

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2015, 1. by Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London

Chapter II. Sagittal Images

Chapter I. Coronal Images

Chapter III. Axial Images

475 pages

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Brainstem Image 1.5 T

Resolution

Molecular Image 14.0 TBrainstem Image 7.0 T

?1. Alzheimer’s -

b - amyloid plaques – 50 um

2. Strokes –

Microvascularity – 50 um

3. Parkinson’s & other

Neurodegenerative diseases

4. New Drug Development

Depressions &

Psychological diseases

5. Will help understand

our “Minds” & “Conciousness”

AI, 치매, 뇌경색, 파킨손, 신약개발, 의식, …

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개와 사람의 후각처리영역

출처:인터넷

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개와 사람의 후각처리영역

출처:인터넷

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LATERAL VIEW

SENSORY AREA

(INPUT)

MOTOR AREA

(OUTPUT)

47

44 43

12

Brain“ Input – Output System “

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45

Brain : Brodmann’s Area Lateral View

5

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Brain / Mind

MemoryBrain

Thinking

CPU

INPUT

Power

supply

Storage

Program

ming

Science

Hardware / Software

Mind

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( P.F.C PREFRONTAL

CORTEX

SENSORY

HIERARCHY

MULTIMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

UNIMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

PRIMARY

MOTOR

CORTEX

( P. M. )

PREMOTOR

CORTEX

MESO-CORT-LIMBIC

System

Hierarchical System of Human Brain

1, 2, 3, 41, 42,

17, 18, 34, 43

5, 7, 22, 19,

37, 20, 21, 39,

40,38

289, 10, 11, 12,

44, 45, 46, 47

8, 6

4

Brain

28

4

68

38

5

7

19

20

21

22

39

37

409

10

11

12

44

45

46

47

INPUT

PRIMARY

SENSORY

CORTEX

SENSOR

OUTPUT

EFFECTOR

MOTOR

HIERARCHY

17

18

1, 2, 3

41 4234

43

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New Brain Cortical Mapping-

Cortical Color Coding (CCC)

By

New Dual Color with Proximity Gradient

May 18, 2014

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LATERAL VIEW

SENSORY AREA

(INPUT)

MOTOR AREA

(OUTPUT)

47

44 43

12

Brain“ Input – Output System “

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( P.F.C )

PREFRONTAL

CORTEX

SENSORY

HIERARCHY

MULTIMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

UNIMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

PRIMARY

SENSORY

CORTEX

SENSOR

INPUTOUTPUT

PRIMARY

MOTOR

CORTEX

EFFECTOR

( P. M. )

PREMOTOR

CORTEX

MOTOR

HIERARCHY

MESO - CORT- LIMBIC

System

Hierarchical System of Human Brain

1, 2, 3, 41, 42,

17, 18, 34, 43

5, 7, 22, 18,

19,

37, 20, 21, 39, 40

289, 10, 11, 12,

44, 45, 46, 47

8, 6

4

Original, 1997

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( P.F.C )

PREFRONTAL

CORTEX

SENSORY

HIERARCHY

MULTIMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

UNIMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

PRIMARY

SENSORY

CORTEX

INPUTOUTPUT

PRIMARY

MOTOR

CORTEX

( P. M. )

PREMOTOR

CORTEX

MESO - CORT- LIMBIC

System

Hierarchical System of Human Brain

1, 2, 3,

41, 42,

17, 18,

34, 43

5, 7,

22, 18,

19, 37,

20, 21,

39, 40

289, 10, 11,

12,

44, 45,

46, 47

8, 6

4

Original, 1997

MOTOR

HIERARCHY

4

Motor Sensor

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9L

10L

11 1819

20

21

22

38

39

40

41

42

4345

46

47

37

5L

44

8L6Lb

4

7L

6La

17

Color Coding with Dual Color and Proximity GradientLateral View

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4

Color Coding with Dual Color and Proximity GradientMedial View

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1, 2, 3, 17,

34, 43, 41

5L, 7M, 18,

19, 20, 21,

22, 36, 37,

42,

INPUTOUTPUT

MOTOR

STREAM

5M, 7L, 38,

39, 40

SENSORY

STREAM

24, 25, 32, 33, 26, 27, 29, 30, 23, 31

17

Motor S 16 Sensory S 23

5. a. Modular based Hierarchical System Flow - Sensory Stream vs Motor Stream

Bi-MODAL

ASSOCIAT.

CORTEX

UNI-MODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

PRIMARY

MOTOR

CORTEX

UNIMODAL

/PRE

MOTOR

CORTEX

LIMBIC

CORTEX

PRIMARY

SENSORY

CORTEXSENSOREFFECTOR

MULTI-MODAL

ASSOCIATION

/PREFRONTAL

CORTEX

Bi-MODAL

MOTOR

ASSOCIAT.

CORTEX

46 28

MULT-IMODAL ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

Limbic S 10

LIMBIC

STREAM

9L,

10L

6La

4, 6M, 8M,

24, 8L, 6La, 6Lb

6M, 8M, 24,

25, 9M, 10M,

11, 12, 47,

44, 45, 6Lb,

8L

9L

10L

11 1819

20

21

22

38

39

40

4142

4345

46

47

37

5L

44

8L6Lb

4

7L

6La

17

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1. Cytoarchitectonic

Brodmann’s Areas

1905

1990 - 2010

PET & fMRI

Multi-Color Coded

Brodmann’s Areas

4. New

Function Specific

9L

10L

1117

1819

20L

21

2238L

39

40

4142

4345

46

47

37

321

1 2

5L

44

8L6Lb

4

7L

6La

Fig. 3

Cytoarchitectonic

Map

3. Simple Function Specific

Color Coded

Brodmann’s Areas

2. Unspecific Color Coded

Brodmann’s Areas

10L

11171819

20

2122

38

3940

4142

4345

46

47

37

5L

44

46La

17

4143

46

48L6Lb

6La

9L 5L9L

10L

11

38

40

4142

4345

46

47

44

8L6Lb 46La

20

21

39

3

7

7L

22

7L

39

11

20

39

41

42

43

37

5L

4

11

41

4

7L

9

10

1117

1819

20

21

2238

3945

47

37

5

44

4

7

8

40

41

46

6

4342

1817

Function Specific

Cortical Map

Microscope

With Staining

1817

9

10

11

20

21

2238

39

40

4142

4345

46

47

37

5L

44

8

4

7L

3,1,2

19

6

11

20

21

2238

394142

4345

47

37

44

19

History

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Proximity with Gradient

Fig. 4

Proximal Neighborhood Connections

9L

10L

11

1718

19

20

21

22

38

39

40

41

42

4345

46

47

37

321

5L

44

8L 4

7L

6Lb

6La

10L

22

39

40

41

42

45

46

47

1

44

6Lb

46

Lateral view

(a)

SLF/AF : Superior longitudinal fasciculus/Arcuate Fasciculus

Cortical Connectivity

Distal Connectivity

Medial view

SLF/AF

Distal Fiber Connections

(b)

Slice at X = - 30 mm

SLF

19

11

10

9

8

6

19

7

5

AF

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a4 a5a1 a2 a3

= Motor

g1

a1a2a3

b2

b1

b1

y

b2

Lateral view

9L

10L

11

1718

20L

21

38L

3941

4243

45

46

47

37

3

5L

44

8L6Lb 4L

7L

6La

Medial view

4 or 4M

MULTI-MODAL

ASSOCIATION

/PREFRONTAL

CORTEX

b2

g1 g2

7L

22 19

MOTOR HIERARCHY

UNIMODAL

/PRE

MOTOR

CORTEX

= Sen.

PRIMARY

SENSORY

CORTEX

UNI-MODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

MULT-IMODAL

ASSOCIATION

CORTEXa6

g2

a4

a2a3

a1

a4

a1

a2

a3

g2

u

u

u

u

u

u

y

y

y

y

y

a4

g2

a2a3

a1

y

Bi- &Tri MODAL

ASSOCIAT.

CORTEX

SENSORY HIERARCHY

a4

a2a3312

a1

a5

SENSORINPUTS

b1

uy

b2

uy

40

39

Bi-MODAL

MOTOR

ASSOCIAT.

CORTEX

u

u

u

a3

a2

g2

u

u

a6

g2

a1

ua2

ua3

a3

ug2

a1

a1

a4

a1

a1

EFFECTOR

OUTPUTS

a3

b2

g1

a1

u

b2

a2

u

u

u

u

u

b1

a2

b1

b1

g1

b1

b1

u

b2

ug1

y g2

Limbic Complex

Uni-Modal

Bi-Modal

Tri-Modal

b11 b12 b13 b14b15 b16

b1

uy

a3

u

g1

a1

uu

b1b1

b1a2

u

b1

b11

b12

b13

b14

b15

==

=

==

b1

u

b2

ug1= b16

y

b1

b2

g1a1 a2 a3

Motor

Outputs

Coriical

Fibers

a2 a3a1 a4a5

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Working memory

Temporal

Inhibition

Integration

Sequential

Social, Selection

“ Language and Human “

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SLF III AFSLF IISLF I

LR

IFO

ILF

SFO

N. Makris et al., Cerebral Cortex June 2005 ; 15. 854-869

Makris 2005

~ + 02 mm

SLF

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N. Makris et al., Cerebral Cortex June 2005, - 9 ; 15. 854-869

Makris 2005SLF

Coronal View

SLF I

Ant Pos

Sagittal View

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SLF I1,2

X = - 2.8 ~ - 3.0 cm

x = - 4.0 ~ - 4.2 cm

AF 1, 2

Supra-SLF

SLF I

X = - 3.2 cm

Sup

SLF II & AF

SLF III

2005, 2009 by Makris et al

SLF I

New 7.0T MRI Human Brain Fiber Tractography 2015

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IFO

ILF

+ 02 mm

LR

SLF III AFSLF IISLF I

SFO

SLF III AFSLF IISLF I

LR

IFO

ILF

SFO

N. Makris et al., Crebral Cortex June 2005 ; 15. 854-869 Z. H. Cho et al. (Edit.) 7.0 T MRI Brain White Matter Atlas. Springer, 2015

Makris 2005 Cho 2015

~ + 02 mm

SLF

SLF

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IFO

ILF

+ 02 mm

LR

S-SLF Group : SLF I 1, SLF I 2 ; New SLF Group : SLF I, II, III, AF

SLF III AFSLF IISLF I

SFO

SLF III AFSLF IISLF I

LR

IFO

ILF

SFO

Modified from : N. Makris et al., Cerebral Cortex June 2005 ;

15. 854-869Modified from : Z. H. Cho et al. (Edit.) 7.0 T MRI Brain White Matter Atlas.

Springer, 2015

SLF I

S-SLF *

* S-SLF : Supra-SLF ( SLF I 1, 2 )

SLF I 1

SLF

SLF I 2

New Proposed SLF Group

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0

z

+ x

- z- y

+ y

- x SLF III

AF

SLF ISLF I2

SLF II

LE

FT

Z = 0 cm

Z = + 3.5 cm

Z = + 3.2 cm

Z = + 3.0 cm

Z = + 3.8 cm

+ z

- z

Z = 0 cm

X = - 3.2 cmX = - 3.4 cm

X = - 3.6 cm

X = - 3.8 cm

+ x - xX = - 3.0 cm

X = - 2.8 cm

X = 0 cm

X = - 4.0 cm

X = - 4.2 cm

AF1

AF2

R L

Slice at Y = 0 cmS- SLF : Supra SLF (SLF I1, SLF I2)

Coronal Slice at y = 0.0 cm

SLF I1

SFO Cg

X = 0 cm

Cho Z. H. (Edit), F. Calamante, J.G. Chi, 7T Brain White Matter Atlas, Springer, New York, Heidelberg, 2015

AF3

AF4

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X= -3.0 cmx = - 2.8 cm

x = - 4.0 cm

X = - 38 cm

X = - 3.6 cm

AF

X = - 3.4 cmSLF III

SLF II

SLF I

0 mm

0 mm

0 mm

0 mm

Z = 3.2 cm

Z = 2.8 cm

Z = 3.5 cm

Z = 3.8 cm

SLF I 1

AF 1

L

x = - 4.2 cm

AF 2

Z = 4.1 cm Z = 4.0 cm

X = - 3.2 cm

SLF I1 SLF I

2

Z = 2.8 cm

x = - 4.2cm

0 mm

0 mm0 mm

Z = 2.5 cm

X = - 3.6 cmX = - 3.4 cm

AF 3

AF 4

Z = 2.3 cm Z = 2.2 cm

AF 3

AF 4

AF

SLFIII

SLFII

SLFI

AF 1

AF 2

AF 3AF

4

SLF I1

SLF I2

III-3 10-Division Model

SFO

Cg

IC

CCb

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Most Recent Attempt, 2015

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44

41

383722

42

6

22

PMCIPL

AD Friederici, 2011, 15

Dorsal Pathway I

Dorsal Pathway II

Ventral Pathway I

Ventral Pathway II

45, 47

FOP 22

Lets Look at the Language Pathways

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2015

44

41

383722

42

6

22

PMCIPL

AD Friederici, 2015

: Sound to Meaning Mapping

: High Level Syntactic and

Semantic Language Proce.

: Memory & Emotional

Components

: Sound to Motor Mapping

Dorsal Pathway I

Dorsal Pathway II

Ventral Pathway I

Ventral Pathway II

BA6 – pSTG/MTG

BA44 - pSTG

FOP - aSTG

BA45/47 – STG/MTG

45, 47

FOP

(BA22/37)

(BA22)

(BA22/37)

(BA22)

Dorsal Pathway I

Dorsal Pathway II

Ventral Pathway I

Ventral Pathway II

This, still requires “Functional & Connectional Anatomical Details ”

22

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x = - 4.2 cm

X = - 3.4 cm

X = - 3.6 cm

SLF II

SLF III

X = - 3.2 cm

SLF I

X = - 3.8 cm

AF

47

45

4445

11

42

28

4

46,44 39

39

4040

Action / Movement

8

8

4

199

79

10

10

57

44

3,1,2

64

22

Application to Basic Language

18,19X = - 2.8 - 3.0 cm x = - 4.2 cm

SLF I1,2

AF1,2

SLF I,II SLF III, AF

HIPP, BA22,

IFO, FrC

BA22, OCC.

ILF, UF. FrC

Lexical & Semantic

Phonologic

Logographic

Syntactic

Emotion /

MemoryMeaning

Interpretation

Non Language and Other Pathways

Dorsal Pathway 1

Ventral Pathway 2Ventral Pathway 1

Dorsal Pathway 2

6

12

For the first time, now we have a functional mapping constructed based on the real connectivity

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Cognition Decision Action

Sensory, Memory, Language, Cognition, Decision, and Action

-

SM-LCDA Pathways

Complex System Requires Language !

SM-LCDA Hypothesis

Language Sensory Memory Cognition Decision Action Language Sensory Memory

BA 41 BA 6,4BA 10, 11, 47BA 46,9,10BA 39,40BA 22

Wernicke’s Geschwind’s DLPFC+ OFPFC

For Auditory

Auditory Motor

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2847

45

4445

11

622

424

28

4

46,44 39

39

4040

8

8

4

199

79

10

10

57

44

423,1,26

4

22

18,19

x = - 4.2 cm

S

M

A

D

CL

Memory

Decision

Cognition

Action

Sensory

SM-LCDA Hypothesis

Sensory, Memory, Language, Cognition, Decision, and Action : SM-LCDA Pathways (Ex. Auditory)

11

Language

Orbitofrontal

Cortex

Prefrontal

Cortex

Superior Temporal

Cortex

Inferior Parietal

Cortex

Primary Auditory

CortexMotor & Premotor

Cortex

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BA41, 42

Primary

Auditory

BA9, 10, 46, 44, 45

Prefrontal

&

Inferior Frontal

BA39, 40

Inferior

Parietal

BA11, 47, 45

Orbito-Frontal

BA 11, 47

Orbito-Frontal

D

BA4, 6BA 4, 6

Motor,

Premotor

A

Out

(AF p.s)

Wernicke’s

BA 41, 42

Primary

Auditory

BA 22

Auditory

Associat.

S M

In

(AF a.s)

Audiory Language Pathway - (SLF II)

BA 9, 10, 46, 44, 45 - 39, 40

Visual Language Pathway - (SLF I)

BA 9, 10, 46, 44, 45 - 39, 40 , 19

Decision Pathway – (SLF I 1,2

)

BA 11, 47, 45 - 4, 6

Geschwind’s

BA 39, 40, 19

Inferior

Parietal

L

PF

Visual Information Pathway – (SLF I 1,2

)

BA 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 47 - 19, 7, 5

BA 19

Visual

Associat.

BA 17, 18

Primary

Visual

In

M

S

(SLF I)

Language and Cognition Related Fiber Tracks & Areas

Language Pathways & Cortical Areas

Language Area

(Phonologic – SLF III)

BA 6, 4BA 6, 4 22

Classic Language Pathway - (AFa,s )

BA 45, 44, 6 39, 40

C

(SLF I, II)

Broca’sBA 9, 10, 46, 44, 45

Prefrontal&

Inferior Frontal

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Premotor

& Motor

Graphi-con

Engram

Motor

Action

Orbito-

Frontal

Cortex

Lexicon

Langram

Lang. - Code

Decision

Cognition Action

Sensory, Memory, Language, Cognition, Decision, and Action

-Engram - Langram Hypothesis and Its Pathway

Sensory Memory

Fig. 10

Primary Sensory

Area

Secondary Sensory

Association AreaTertiary Sensory

Association Area

Translation

Langram LangramSensory

Signal

Engram

Learning Dependent

High Cognitive

Area I /

Analysis

- Classification

Premotor/

Motor

Action/

Execution

Prefront.

Cortex

Lexicon

Langram

Lang. -Code

Comprehe-

nsion

Geschwind’s

Territory

Engram

to Langram

Translator

Engram - Langram

Lang. -Code

Lexicon

Sensors

Prim. Sens.

Cortex

Primary

Sensory

sensing

Pattern

Engram

High Cognitive

Area II /

Selection

- Decision

Engram – Langram

Translation

Engram

Encoding

Fig. 5

Learned Skill (Human)

Decision Language

SM CLD A

Pattern

Sensory Signal

to

Engram Formation

Hipp

Inherited Skill

Animal & Human

Graphi-con

Engram

Secondary

Sensory

Association

Neur.-Code

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제프리 힌튼 Geoffrey Hinton

Born Geoffrey Everest Hinton6 December 1947 (age 68)

[1]

Wimbledon, London

Residence Canada

Fields •Machine learning•Neural networks•Artificial intelligence•Cognitive science•Object recognition

[2]

Alma mater •University of Cambridge(BA)•University of Edinburgh(PhD)

Thesis Relaxation and its role in vision (1977)

Doctoral advisor H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins[3][4][5]

Doctoral students •Richard Szeliski•Brendan Frey•Radford M. Neal

Othernotable students

•Yann LeCun (postdoc)•Zoubin Ghahramani(postdoc)•Radford M. Neal

Known for •Backpropagation•Boltzmann machine•Deep learning

Notable awards •FRS (1998)[6]

•AAAI Fellow (1990)•Rumelhart Prize (2001)•IJCAI Award for Research Excellence (2005)

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Figure 12 (interactive). Gradient descent on a one-node network, with multiple input/target pairs. Hover your cursor over either of the plots to watch the progress of the gradient descent algorithm. The left plot shows the curve of the network, and the four targets (in red). Simultaneously, the right plot shows the position of the network on its error surface.

<움직이는 이미지입니다>

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Figure 1. A statistical classifier learning a decision boundary. This is an example visualization of what happens during training.

<움직이는 이미지입니다>

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<움직이는 이미지입니다>

Figure 13: A two-layered ANN used for regression. The network approximates the function f(x) = abs(x)

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For some types of tasks (e.g. for images presented briefly and out of context), it is thought that visual processing in the brain is hierarchical–one layer feeds into the next, computing progressively more complex features. This is the inspiration for the “layered” design of modern feed-forward neural networks. Image (c) Jonas Kubilias

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루트비히 에두아르트 볼츠만 Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-1906)

출생 1844년 2월 20일오스트리아 제국 빈

사망 1906년 9월 5일 (62세)이탈리아 왕국 두이노

거주지 오스트리아, 독일

국적 오스트리아

분야 물리학

소속 그라츠 대학교, 빈 대학교, 뮌헨 대학교,라이프치히 대학교

출신 대학 빈 대학교

지도 교수 요제프 슈테판

지도 학생 리제 마이트너파울 에렌페스트필리프 프랑크구스타프 헤르글로츠

주요 업적 볼츠만 상수볼츠만 운송 방정식볼츠만 분포슈테판-볼츠만 법칙H 정리

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Figure 1. Left: A typical hierarchical, feedforward model, where information processing starts at the retina, proceeds to the LGN, then to V1, V2, V4, and IT. Decisions about stimuli are made in the frontal cortex.

Center: Lower visual areas have smaller receptive fields, while neurons in higher areas have gradually increasing receptive field sizes, integrating information over larger and larger regions of the visual field. Right: Lower visual areas, such as V1, code for basic features such as edges and lines. Higher-level neurons pool information over multiple low-level neurons with smaller receptive fields and code for more complex features. There is thus a hierarchy of features. Figure adapted from Manassi et al. (2013).

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By layering multiple images on top of each other, photographers are able to create amazing two faced portraits.

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The local/global distinction in vision is intuitively clear

Chuck Close

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Trends in Neuroscience (Memory) Jan. 17 2017

Memory

I

1. Memory - New Hypothesis on Memory :

Engram, Resonance Excitation, and Role of Hippocampus

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“Neurons” and “ Synaps “

100 Billions

Neuronal Network

Connectivity Pattern

Memory ?

Engram ?

Fig. 2Fig. 2(a) Artistic sketch of the neurons and connections. One of the hypothetical connectivity patterns of the memory for

the illustration of the “Engram,” the engram cell cluster or pattern.

f ’2

f ’2

f ’2

f ’2

f ’2

f ’2

f ’2

f1 f2 f3 f4

Input signal and frequency distribution

f ’2 f ’’2 f ’’’2 f ’’’’2

Frequency Band Sub-Components

Frequency Band

w = 2p f

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Resonance Excitation or Absorption :

String and Sound Waves

On Resonance

Off Resonance

Off Resonance

Off Resonance

Off Resonance

Sound Wave

String

Sound Wave

String

“ Resonance is nature’s most efficient energy transfer mechnaism“.

Fig. 6

Supplement Fig. 10. A simplified illustration of the resonance phenomenon of a group of same sound waves on to the various lengths of

strings. Note the resonance case.

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V(t)= i(t)dtZ(w)

Non-Resonance Circuit

Resonance Neuron

1/Z(w) =1/ R + 1/jwL + j (wc)

~ i(t)dt1

c

At resonance

= MaximumZ(w) =1/ 1/ R + 1/jwL + j (wc)

1/jwL + j (wc) = j( wc – 1/wL ) = 0 , w = 1 / LC

~

Z(w) =1/ 1/ R + j (wc)

Resonance Neuron with Amplification

Resonance Neuron ~~

Non-Resonance Circuit

Resonance Circuit

Resonance Neuron /with Amplification

w

w

w

Resonance Excitation in Neurons and Electronic Circuits :

w

w

w

at w

tt f

or Impedance

Resonance

Spectrum

Z(w) = R

Modified form from B. Hutcheon and Y. Yarom. Trends in Neuroscience, TINS Vol. 23, No. 5, 216-222, 2000

w

w

w

R

R

L

C

R C

By B. Hutcheon and Y. Yarom.

Fig. 6

Electronic and neuronal resonance circuits of various types. (a) and (b) are the two non-resonance electronic circuits while

(c) is a typical resonance circuit with resonance frequency of w which is determined by the inductance and capacitance. In (d), a

hypothetical neuronal circuit is displayed representing the resonance circuit of a neuron or element corresponding to the electronic

resonance circuit shown in (c). In (e), same neuron with amplification is noted.

a

b

c

d

e

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V(t) i(t)

1/Z(w) =1/ R + 1/jwL + j (wc)

At reson

= MaxZ(w) =1/ 1/ R + 1/jwL + j (wc)

1/jwL + j (wc) = j( wc – 1/wL ) = 0 ,

w = 1 / LC

Resonance Neuron with Amplification

Resonance Neuron ~~

Resonance Excitation in Neurons and Electronic Circuits :

at w

Output

Response

Modified form from B. Hutcheon and Y. Yarom. Trends in Neuroscience, TINS Vol. 23, No. 5, 216-222, 2000

Resonance Neuron

Electronic Circuit

Resonance Neuron /

with Amplification

w

w

w

Resonance Excitation

w

w

w

LR

C

Circuit

or NeuronInput

Signal

Z(w)

: Resonance Frequency

Input

Input

Input

Fig. 7

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Very low

FrequencyBand

low Frequency

Band

HighFrequency

Band

Very High

FrequencyBand

f1 f2 f3 f4

f ’2 f ’’2 f ’’’2 f ’’’’2

Fig. 8

Frequency Band Sub-Components

Supplement Fig. 11. Neuronal input signal with frequency band. This hypothetical broadband frequency pulse seems well suited for the

interpretation of neuronal activity in the brain. First, it is plausible to assume that it has multiple frequency bands for

which the neurons in the cortical areas can respond or resonate so that maximum energy transfer can be achieved in

neuronal communications. For the further sub-components of frequency band can be assumed considering the complex

nature of the neurons and Engrams in the neuronal circuit. Courtesy from Hutcheon and Yarom.

Modified form from B. Hutcheon and Y. Yarom. Trends in Neuroscience, TINS Vol. 23, No. 5, 216-222, 2000

AP : OutAP : Out AP : Out AP : Out AP : Out

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Sensory Association Cortex

Selective Resonance Excitation

Short Term

Working Memory

Temporarily Activated

Short Term

Memory

Cho et al to be published 2016

No Output

Resonance Excitation Hypothesis

Resonance

Non-Resonance

Memory

Sensory

Prim. Sens. Cor.

Sensors

First Clue of Memorization or Memory Formation !

Encoding

Memory Contents are All in the Sensory Association Areas

“ Not Hippocampus “

f2

: Resonance Frequencyf2

Each Input has Its own Pattern of Neuronal Cluster with

Each Member Neuron with Same or Similar Resonance Frequency

Sound

or Visual

Translation

Engram

EngramEngram Cell

Engram Cell

Fig. 9

Hebb “ Cells that fire together – wire together “.

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해마신경세포의 성장원추

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두개의 성자원추 접촉

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Hippocampal growth cones making contact

Source: Robert S. McNeil (check out Robert's site Neuroimages.org for more stunning cell biology pictures)

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생각하는 뇌 생각하는 기계

On intelligence

Redwood neuroscience institute

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기존 인공지능 연구의 한계

• 기존의 인공지능 컴퓨터 연구의 방향 및 목표: – 지능이 있는 것처럼 보이게(행동하게) 할 수 있는 장치 개발.

– 지능이 있는 장치 개발이 아님

• 이유– 빠르게 가시적인 성과를 낼 수는 있음

– 인간 지능의 본질적인 요소에 대한 철학이나 지식이 필요 없음

• 한계– 아무리 잘 만들어도 사람의 지능작용과 거의 상관이 없음

– 사람의 일을 대체 적용하는데 제한적임

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진정한 인공지능 컴퓨터 만들기

• 인공 지능 : 인간처럼 행동하게 하는 지능. 껍데기 지능– 자동차를 모방한다고 했을 때 외관만 비슷하게 만듦

– 차의 본질적인 속성인 이동성, 수송성이 없음

– 아무리 해도 이런 식으로 만든 것은 차가 아니라 차 모형.

• 진짜 지능 : 인간의 방식으로 작용하는 지능. 본질적인 지능– 자동차를 모방한다고 했을 때 외부 동력으로 작동하는 지상의 이동,

운송 수단을 만듦

– 보잘것없게 보이게 되더라도 이렇게 만들어진 것은 차라 할 수 있다.

• 차를 모방하려고 할 때 차의 본질적인 속성을 알아야 하듯

• 진짜 지능 장치를 만들려면 인간 지능의 본질적인 요소에대한 이해가 필요

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인간 지능의 본질적인 요소

• 지능의 본질적 이해에 대한 접근의 부재:– 뇌 연구 분야에서 조차도 뇌의 포괄적이고 근본적인 작용 원리

에 대한 가설은 없고 고려조차도 되지 않고 있음.

– 하다못해 좋지 않은 혹은 증명되지 않은 이론 조차도 없음

– 단편적으로 알려진 것은 있지만 별개의 것으로 설명되고 있어일관성 있는 거시적 취합을 통한 본질적인 이해가 불가능한 상황

• 제안하는 지능의 본질적인 요소– 기억을 토대로 구축한 세상의 모델을 바탕으로 감각정보에서 미

래를 예측하는 능력

– 좀더 추상적인 형태의 패턴과 더 장기적인 시간적 패턴의 서열을 좀더 정확히 예측할수록 우월한 지능

– 예측에 따른 행동이 아닌 반사에 의한 행동은 지능이 없다고 간주 할 수 있다.

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뇌의 작용 원리

밧줄!

기둥!

벽!대롱!

창!

가죽!

지능 언어 학습 기억 감정 동기 주의 본능 감각 인식 인지 창조…

근본적이고 포괄적인 뇌의 작용 원리

지능<->언어<->학습<->기억<->감정<->동기<->주의<->본능<->감각<->인식<->인지<->창조…

신피질

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뇌의 근본적이고 포괄적인 작용 원리기억-예측 기본틀

• 1. 뇌는 능동적으로 외부자극에서 패턴을 찾고 익히려고 항상 준비 대

기 하고 있다.

• 2. 뇌는 다양한 패턴들에 대한 경험을 시간 서열로 처리해서 저장한다.

• 3. 뇌는 저장된 기억을 바탕으로 외부세상에 대한 불변 형태의 모델을

형성하려고 한다.

• 4. 기억은 항상 불러일으켜 질 기회를 기다리고 있으며 그것과 같거나

유사한 혹은 관련된 자극에 의해 자동적으로 불러 일으켜 진다.

• 5.뇌는 현재의 자극에서 파생된 기억들을 이용하여 앞으로 경험하게

될 자극들을 의식하지 않는 상태에서 매 순간 미리 예측한다.

– 이것이 생각,이해이며 그것이 감각입력과 결합할 때의 상태가 지각이다.

• 6. 그 예측과 실제 경험에서 차이는 주의를 일으킨다.

• 7. 이런 주의나 경험은 세상에 대한 모델을 개선하거나 패턴의 새로운

범주를 만드는데 작용한다.

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신피질은 패턴들의 서열을 저장한다.

신피질은 패턴들을 자동연상을 통해 불러낸다.

신피질은 패턴들을 불변형태로 저장한다.

신피질은 패턴들을 계층구조에 저장한다.

출처: 생각하는 뇌, 생각하는 기계

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신피질망

신피질망 연결상호연결망: 피질원칙모듈화:시상원칙

전두엽

대뇌 피질연결 방식 진화

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뇌는 능동적인 패턴인식기다

• 패턴– 피질로 들어오는 물리적인 입력들은 근본적으로 모두 같다.

– 감각신호들은 제각기 다른 감각기관들에서 제공되지만 일단 뇌로향하는 활동전위로 전환되면 모두 패턴이 된다.

– 오감은 각기 다른 패턴을 가지고 있으며 계층구조의 서로 다른 경로를 통해 전달되기 때문에 우리는 그것을 다르게 경험한다.

– 뇌에서 공간적인 패턴인 그림 같은 것은 없다. 영상 같은 속성들은피질이 서로 다른 영역들 사이에 패턴을 분배 선별 필터링 과정에서 급속히 사라진다.

• 뇌– 뇌의 기본 상태(default): 입력 자극 신호에서 자동적으로 패턴을

분류하고 그 패턴을 익히려고 대기

– 이런 특성으로 인해 일관성 없는 패턴의 자극에는 관심이 없다.

– 또, 일관성 있으나 반복으로 인해 익힐 필요가 없는, 혹은 필요가없다고 생각되는 자극에는 관심이 없다.

– 인간은 나쁜 연산기이지만 좋은 패턴인식기.

– 컴퓨터는 좋은 연산기지만 나쁜 패턴인식기.

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피질 안에서 모든 물리정보는 근본적으로 모두 같다.

모두 신경 신호 변환되어 전달되며 패턴을 이룬다.

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물리적 속성은 처리면서 불변 표상으로 추상화 된다.

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적은 자극으로도 추상화를 통해많은 정보를 지각할 수 있다.

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인식

• 내가 친구들과 방에 있을 때 나는 그들이 거기 있다는 것을, 거기 실제 한다는 것을 어떻게 알까?– 내 뇌는 과거에 내가 경험한 패턴들과 일치하는 패턴들을 받고 있

다.

– 사람의 목소리, 얼굴, 행동 등이 내가 아는 패턴들과 일치한다.

– 그럼으로써 우리는 친구가 거기 있다는 것을 인식한다.

– 우리는 인간 감지기를 갖고 있지 않다.

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인식 -인간

경험으로 누적된인간 패턴의 모형

모형과 외부 자극간의일치 정도를 바탕으로인간 유무를 판단

형태크기움직임

습성

맥락

소리

냄새

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외부세상에 대한 모델 형성

• 세계가 실제 존재한다는 걸 우리는 어떻게 확신하는가? – 우리의 확신은 지금까지 경험해온 패턴들의 일관성과 그것을 해

석하는 방식을 토대로 한다.

– 직접적인 인식은 없으며 인식은 이런 패턴들을 통해서 형성된다.

– 감각들은 패턴을 만들어 피질로 보내며 피질은 그것을 피질 알고리즘으로 처리해 세계에 대한 모형을 만든 후 기억으로 저장한다.

– 우리는 세상의 아주 일부만 접할 수 있으며 그것도 왜곡될 수가있어 오판할 가능성은 열려있다.

– 본인이 창조한 세상이 아닌 이상 확신할 수 있는 것은 없다.

– 단지 많은 경험과 비판적인 생각으로 가짜 정형화된 것들을 깨닫고 진실에 가까운 모형을 만들어 갈 뿐이다.

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세상에 대한 모델을 외부에서 인위로왜곡되고 조작될 수도 있다.

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세상에 대한 모델을 자신의 정신상태로 인해왜곡될 수도 있다.

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우리가 사실은 가상의 세계에 살고 있다고 해도우리는 이것이 아니라고 증명할 방법은 없다.

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세상에 대한 모델은 경험을 통해 형성이 되기 때문에

사람마다 다를 수 있다.

세상은 밝고 긍정적, 안전한, 낙관적

세상은 어둡고, 부정적, 불안한, 비관

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우리의 지각조차도 경험을 통해 얻어진 패턴대로작동하기 때문에 오류를 범할 수 있다.

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모든 기억은 항상 불러일으켜 지기 위한 대기 상태다.

• 칵테일 효과• 거의 잊고 있던 기억도 한번에 불러 들일 수 있다.• 실행과 검색이 필요 없는 시스템

– 항상 실행 중이지만 대부분 대기 상태– 관련 자극은 한번에 순식간에 불러들여짐

• 뇌는 기억과 같거나 유사한 혹은 관련된 자극에서 자동적으로 정보를 회상하고 연상해서 불러 들인다.– 얼굴 같은 복잡한 일관성 정보는 많은 것을 불러 들인다.(FFA)

– 무늬 같은 단순한 일관성 정보는 조금만 불러들인다.(Visual cortex)

– 프라이밍 효과• 남자 얼굴 자극 남자 얼굴 자극• 여자 얼굴 자극 남자 얼굴 자극• 두 자극간 시간 차가 아주 짧을 경우 두 번째 자극의 성별 구분 속도가• 앞서의 얼굴이 같은 성별일 때가 다른 성별일 때 보다 빠르다.

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뇌는 끊임없이 예측한다.

• 당신은 그냥 문을 여는 순간에도 어떤 것을 보고 듣고 느끼게되겠지 하는 것에 대해 매 순간수많은 병렬적인 낮은 수준의감각적 예측을 한다.

• 예측은 경험으로 누적된 기억속의 패턴을 기반으로 한다.

• 그리고 그 예측과 실제 경험을비교한다.

• 우리는 이것을 거의 의식하지도못한다.

• 모서리, 형태, 대상, 위치, 운동, 어조, 소리의 방향, 양상, 촉감, 결, 냄새, 온도..

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뇌의 예측과 실제 경험의 차이는 주의를 일으킨다.

!!!

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세상에 대한 모델을 경험을 통해 기존 모델이강화되고 주의와 생각을 통해 개선된다.

• 새로운 범주– 저렇게 작은 고양이도 있구나

– 내가 아는 고양이가 다가 아니구나

• 진실에 가까운 판단– 보는 것을 다 믿으면 안되겠구나

– 저런 종류의 속임수도 있구나

– 회사에 도둑이 들 수가 있구나

– 문단속에 좀더 신경을 써야 하는구나

• 잘못된 믿음이 강화되기도 한다.– 공중 부양이 가능하구나

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계산해서 풀기, 회상해서 풀기 (공잡기)

• 로봇은 계산을 한다– 공이 팔에 다다를 때의 도착 지점 파악을 위해 비행궤적을 계산.

– 손의 적절한 위치로 움직이도록 모든 팔의 관철을 조정.

– 피드백을 통해 이런 과정을 되풀이 해서 좀더 정확한 정보 확인.

– 물리적으로 가능한 모든 경우의 수를 열어놓고 해답을 구한다.

• 뇌는 패턴을 파악해서 그것과 관련된 기억을 회상한다.– (공 잡는 반복 훈련을 했다고 했을 때) 그 경험으로부터 공을 잡

는데 필요한 근육명령들이 저장된 기억을 갖고 있다.

– 공을 보는 순간 자동으로 기억이 자동으로 불러 일으켜 진다.

– 그 기억은 근육명령을 순서대로 불러내어 공의 실제 경로와 당신의 자세 같은 그 순간의 세부 사항에 맞추어 조정된다.

– 뇌는 문제의 해답을 계산으로 풀지 않고 기억에서 해답을 불러낼 뿐이다. 그 해답은 오래 전 기억에 저장되어 있었다.

– 효율적이고 빠르지만 그 저장된 패턴이 얼마나 정확한 예측인지가 중요한 문제다.

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연산으로 해답을 구한다.

회상으로 해답을 찾는다.

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뇌가 패턴을 저장하고 처리하는 방법

• 뇌는 패턴들의 시간서열을 저장한다.– 미래 사건을 예측하려면 패턴의 서열을 저장해야 한다.

• 뇌는 패턴들을 자동연상으로 불러낸다.– 적절한 기억을 회상하려면 유사성을 토대로 과거의 패턴들을

자동연상 회상 해야 한다.

• 뇌는 패턴들을 불변형태로 저장한다.– 그리고 그런 패턴을 불변형태로 저장해야 유사한 패턴에 그것을

적용해서 불러들일 수 있다.

• 뇌는 패턴들을 계층구조에 저장한다.

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시간서열

• 모든 단위패턴은 어떤 순서대로 저장되며, 연상이라는 경로를 따른

그 순서대로만 불러낼 수가 있다.

• 그래서 패턴 전체를 한꺼번에 기억해 낼 수는 없다.

• 노래, 이야기, 집안풍경 떠올리기,ABCD..

• 회상은 연상이라는 경로를 따른다.

• 서열이 짧을 뿐 낮은 수준의 감각기억들에도 맞는다.

• 자갈의 감촉에 대한 기억은 피부에 있는 압력과 진동을 감지하는

뉴런들에 일어나는 패턴 서열을 토대로 형성된다.

• 대고만 있으면 자갈인지 정확히 알지 못한다.

• 시간정보를 이용하기 때문에 인식할 수 있는 정보가 훨씬 풍부하다.

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자동연상

• 거의 사용 않은 시냅스들에도 수많은 세세한 기억들이 저장되어 있다.

• 기억 대부분은 회상되기 위한 적절한 단서가 오기를 항시 끊임없이 기다리며 빈둥거리고 있다.

• 그리고 언제든 주의만 가게 되면 바로 떠올릴 수 있다.

• 일부 입력이나 왜곡된 입력으로라도 완전한 패턴을 불러 낼 수 있다.

• 자동연상 경로는 결정론 적인 것도 완전히 통제할 수 있는 것도 아니다

부분 정보만으로 우리는 적합한 형태의 고양이 전체 모습을 상상할 수 있다.

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불변표상-invariant, robustness

• 뇌는 주요한 부분만 대강 기억. 유사한 패턴에 같은 것으로 간주.• 기억은 당시의 세부사항이 아니라 관계의 핵심을 포착하여 저장한

다.• 완전히 일치하지 않는 정보라 할지라도 같은 정보로 판단할 수 있

다.

• 약점 : 확대 일반화• 강점 : 안정적 지각

• 어떤 얼굴을 볼 때 그 자극은 표정, 조명, 각도 등에 따라 매번 다른자극으로 들어온다. 이런 것은 v1에서 매번 다르게 나타난다.

• 그러나 얼굴인식영역은 그것에 관계 없이 불변표상처럼 안정적이다.

• 이런 식으로 해서 고도로 구체적인 세세한 정보를 불변의 형태(일관성)를 추상화 시켜 전환시킨다.

• 기억의 저장, 회상, 인식은 불변의 형태수준에서 일어난다.

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세부사항 보다는 관계성을 저장..

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계층구조

• 인간만의 6층 피질 계층구조

• 순방향 연결, 되먹임 연결 구조를 가진다.

• 실제로 사건이 일어남으로써 뇌에 들어온 자극은 아래에서 위로 흐르고, 일어나리라고 기대하는 것은 위에서 아래로 흐른다.

• 대뇌기능의 조직원리- 마운트 케슬

– 신피질 6층 계층구조는 뇌 전체에서 놀라울 정도로 균일.

– 기존 연구의 주제는 각 피질영역의 차이점을 찾는 것.

– 그러나 차이점 보다 더 놀랍고 흥미로운 것은 유사성.

– 피질은 똑같은 계산도구를 이용하여 필요한 모든 것을 해낸다.

– 피질영역간 약간의 구조적인 차이는 기본기능이 다르기 때문이 아니라연결되는 양상이 다르기 때문이다.

– 모든 피질은 근본적으로 공통기능, 공통 알고리즘을 가지고 있다.

– 서로 대체 될 수도 있을 만큼 유연성,가변적응능력을 지닌다.

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Fuster J., 2003 based on Flechsig P., 1920

인간 뇌 수초화 순서인식기억실행기억

개념

의미

일화

다중감각

종 특유 걈각종 특유 운동

개념

계획

행동

수초화가 늦은 영역

수초화가 빠른 영역

수초화 진행 순서: 생존에 긴요한 1차 감각, 1차 운동 연합영역 순으로

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VTA dopamine

Zona incerta

Pons granule

parallel CS

Hippocampus episodic memory Dentate Gyrus CA3

CA1 subiculumParahippocampal

Intralaminar (to layer

1)

Hypothalamus

Chiasmatic N

PPt (Ach)

Motor

Olive

climbing US

Facial

nucleus

Sup Colliculus

Inf Colliculus

LGN

Pulvinar

V1 V2

Amygdala

DL FEFOF PremotorMF

Association

cortex,

Accumbens

Cerebellar

cortex

Ventral pallidum

Cerebellar

nuclei

Red nuclus

Striatum

Matr/Stri

Gross motor

postural

GPi

GPe

subthal

SNc dopamine

VL VPL CM PFVA/VLMDi

mid

Pontine reticular

formation

MBAnterior

thalamus

PP

PAG

MDl

Habenula/

pineal

Fine motorAttention orienting

movementRhythmic movementautonomic

Pituitary

SMN

vision

MG

auditory

Papez circuitdistribution from

hippocampus

Inter-peduncular

Sensory

cortex recognition

Frontal cortexaction plan

A1

Medial Septum

(ACh/GABA

Audiitory

SNr

cingulate

NR

AA1

AA2

AA3

TP

IT

Insula

PP

SS1

VPL

SMG

SA

PP

A1, primary auditory; AA1-3, auditory associational; GP, globus palidus (internal/externall); IT, infero-

temporal;FEF, frontal eye field; Mf, medial frontal, M1, primary motor, M2 secondary motor; MB,

mammilary body; NR, nucleus reuinions; OF, orbito-frontal;PAG, periaqueductal grey; PPt, pedunculo-

pontine; PP, posterior parietal; SA, somatosensory associational; SNc, substantia nigra compacta; SNr,

substantia nigra reticulata; SMG, supra-marginal gyrus (face area); SMN, supramammillary

body;subthal, subtahalamic nucleus; TP, temporal pole; VTA, ventral tegmental area;

somatosensory

cin

gula

te

wherewhatwhy

3 to 4/3

5 to 16

5

Light grey

boxes are

thalamic

nucleiA2

SS2

Long range cortical

pathways

Basal Ganglia action

selection

Cerebellum timing

Major Brain Regions and Their Major Interconnections

Color code of output

to frontal cortex

Hipp-VTA loop

Inhibitory

Attentional system

Long-range cortico-cortico

tracts

Sensory input

Lisman,2005

claustrum

Spinal

somatosensoryvestibu

lar

MDm

mid

Green structures

are limbic

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인간과 컴퓨터의 대결

1997년 가리 카스파로프 vs 딥 블루(IBM) 281

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Page 10

2011년 미국 저파디 퀴즈왕에 도전하다.

IBM 왓슨 인공지능의 역사

IBM’s Watson supercomputer defeats humans in final Jeopardy match

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Page 10

2012 년 왓슨을 의료에 적용하다.

IBM 왓슨 인공지능의 역사

Mark Kris Named Lead Physician, Memorial Sloan Kettering-IBM Watson Collaboration

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Page 1

길병원 IBM 왓슨 인공지능을 통해 세계 최고의 암병원과 연결되다.

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Page 2

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2016년 6월 9일 왓슨 실무 워크샵

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IBM's Watson Supercomputer May Soon Be The Best Doctor In The World

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2016년 9월 09일 MSKCC 마크 크리스 교수 초청 강연

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Profile 근거한 치료옵션의 우선순위 결정

환자 정보

미국 NCCN 암치료 가이드라인미국 MSKCC 전문가 DB 수립및 업데이트

Watson for Oncology

주요 특성분석

치료옵션 후보

근거의 지원

환자의 주요 특성을 포함.NCCN 가이드라인, MSK 전문지식을 참조하여 치료방법의옵션을 결정합니다.

2

각 옵션에 대한 명백한증거를 확인하기 위해corpus 를 검색합니다.

3

왓슨의 스코어링, 알고리즘을 사용하여치료옵션 우선순위를 결정합니다.

4

환자 케이스의 주요 특성을추출 합니다.

1

성별, 나이,

진단명,검사결과를토대로 환자데이터 입력

• 포용/ 제외 기준• 기저질환 또는 공존 질환• 약물 또는 치료 금기 사유• 미국 MSK 치료 우선순위• 약품 정보• 공증된 저널, 문헌, 매뉴얼

의학적 근거

'왓슨 포 온콜로지(Watson for Oncology)’는 무엇일까?

의학정보

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click !!

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click !!

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click !!

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Treatment Options 선택시

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인공지능이 모든 것을 해결할 수 있는가?

• 의학은 데이터 과학, 인공지능은 데이터 과학의 도구

• 정밀의료는 의사 – 인공지능 협업이 필요한 분야

국내 1800만명 일자리,10년내 인공지능/로봇에 위협.

한국고용정보연구원 보고서

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인공지능과 헬스케어

• 인공지능 암진료솔루션 (IBM Watson for Oncology)

• 인공지능 내시경 마취 솔루션 (Johnson & Jonhson)

• 인공지능 영상판독 지원 솔루션 (다수)

• 인공지능 중환자실 솔루션 (필립스, IBM)

• 기존 병원의 틀 자체를 혁신적으로 변화시킴

의료의 4차 산업혁명

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인공지능을 통한 의료 공공성 및 산업경쟁력 강화

• 공공성

• 인공지능 암진료솔루션 (IBM Watson for Oncology)

• 최고 수준 암치료의 민주화 (메모리얼 슬로언 케터링 암센터의 비전)

• 네덜란드: Second opinion으로 IBM Watson for Oncology 제공

• 암낭인 방지 (한국의 심각한 사회문제)

• 인공지능 통한 의료의 효율성 제고

• 미국의 경우 총 의료비의 1/3이 Logistics에서 낭비

• 인공지능으로 이를 해결하고자 하는 회사 설립

• 의료산업적 경쟁력 확보

• 의사교육 및 활용의 패러다임 전환

• 의료의 효율성 제고 (공공 및 산업)

• 외국인 환자 유치 / 의료수출

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무엇이 필요한가?

• 의료데이터의 개방성 확대

• 법적-제도적 뒷받침

• 인공지능 적용을 위한 선도적 뒷받침

• 규제 또는 기존 제도의 관성적 관점에서 벗어나야 함

• 인공지능 정밀의료의 산업적 경쟁력 확보 한류로 확산

• 새로운 public-private collaboration model

• 인공지능에 기반한 의료의 효율성 제고

• 절약되는 의료공공지출의 일부가 회사의 수익 모델이 됨

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병원 사이의 방황, 병원 내의 방황!

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다학제 진료 시스템과 왓슨 포 온콜로지의 병합

다학제 진료란?

환자의 치료에 관련된 여러 진료과의전문가들이 한자리에 모여 환자 개개인의진단과 치료에 대해 함께 논의하는진료입니다.

왓슨 클리닉은 이런 다학제 진료와 Watson for oncology를 병합하여 watson이 제시한치료방법을 토대로 경험이 풍부한의료전문가들의 의견을 종합하여 최상의치료 방법을 환자에게 제공합니다.

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진단파트 치료파트

병리과 내과

핵의학과 영상의학과

Watson

외과 방사선종양학과

혈액종양내과 정신건강의학과(암환자 심리치료)

코디네이터

환자

방황없는 최선의 치료제공!

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Workflow (예: 대장암)

소화기내과/일반외과 예약/소화기내과/일반외과/종양내과

대장암 초진

수술

왓슨 다학제 의뢰

기타보조항암 요법 수술

대장암 초진/Referral/재발/

Second opinion

왓슨 다학제 의뢰

치료 옵션 결정

기타항암치료

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가천 인공지능 왓슨 암 클리닉은?

본관 1층 원무과 앞

상담 및 예약 코디네이터실032) 460-2350, 2351

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Page 313 IBM Watson Health IBM Confidential

Key Decisions for Clinical Adoption of IBM Watson for Oncology

Questions GMC Answer

Will you use this for primary consultation? 가능한 모든 초진 환자 (다학제 진료 통해)

Will you use this for follow-up consultation?재발 등 새로운 치료 결정이 필요한 모든 상황 (다학제 또는 개별진료)

Will you use this for second opinion service? 수가 인정 추진, 왓슨 의견만을 구하는 환자 등도 있음

Will you use this for Tumor Board? 적극 활용: 팀별 논의 필요

Will it be mandatory for all eligible cases be entered? 가능한 모든 초진 환자에게 의무적으로 적용

IF mandatory, what will be consequence if non-compliant?

IF voluntary, what will be the incentive for compliance?

Will the physicians enter attributes in the system? 의사가 직접 입력하지 않음

Will the nurses enter attributes in the system? 다학제의 경우 왓슨 코디네이터가 입력, 개별 진료는?

Will anyone else enter attributes in the system? 적절하지 않은 질문

Will only active patients be entered in the system? 적절하지 않은 질문

Will historical patient cases be entered in the system? 후향적 임상연구 논의중

How would you want to identify the patient? 익명화 ID – 병원 ID 챠트의 별도 관리

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Page 314 IBM Watson Health IBM Confidential

Key Decisions – cont’d

Questions GMC Answer

Do you want to be able to link the patient to the doctor? 현재 고려하지 않음

Do you want other clinicians to see your patient cases?모든 케이스는 공유하는 것을 원칙으로 함 (다학제, 개별)

특정 환자에 왓슨 포 온콜로지 사용되었을 경우, EMR에 표시

Will cost data be used? 현재는 아님, 한국의 경우 특정 치료가 보험적용 되는지가 중요

Will you save the patient case file (pdf) PDF로 저장해서 EMR에 올리는 것도 고려 (다학제 및 개별)

Will you be sending the patient case file to another physician 다학제 준비할 경우 미리 PDF를 보내는 것도 고려

Will you provide the patient a copy of his/her case file? 환자에게 한글 summary 및 영문 자료 제공 고려

Will you provide the patient some educational each time a ca

se is created?왓슨 포 온콜로지에는 환자 교육용 자료도 있지만 영문

Will training be mandatory?의사 및 관련 간호사, 전공의, 전임의에게 교육 필수 (특별히 업데이트가 있을 때마다)

Will training be a requirement for access? 논의 필요 (이러한 과정이 필요할 것으로 생각됨)

Will you have trainers that will eventually train the users?왓슨 코디네이터가 1차적 training 담당. 교육 관련 프로그램 개발필요

Will "treatment save" be mandatory? 암진료 수준 높이고 원내 consensus 도출에 중요한 부분

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IBM Watson for Oncology 활용• 외국인 환자에게 적용

• 태국 범룽랏 병원의 모델

• 영문으로 치료에 관한 상세한 설명 및 교육자료 제공 가능

• 다학제 진료에 활용

• 다학제 진료의 backbone

• 인공지능 의사를 다학제 의사 중 한 명으로 포지셔닝

• 의사 간의 consensus 구축 및 환자에게 종합적인 뷰 제공

• 한 번 등록된 환자는 계속해서 서로 다른 리포트 생성 가능 (새로운 치료 필요할 때마다)

• 환자의 방황이 필요없는 베스트 옵션 제공

• 연구에 활용

• 후향적 DB 구축 가능

• Tumor Board

• 교육에 활용

• MSKCC – 전공의 및 전임의 교육

• 모든 치료 옵션에 reference (가장 적절한 reference 1개 및 additional publications)

• Local guideline (또는 병원의 preference) 적용 가능

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인공지능과 헬스케어

• 인공지능 암진료솔루션 (IBM Watson for Oncology)

• 인공지능 내시경 마취 솔루션 (Johnson & Jonhson)

• 인공지능 영상판독 지원 솔루션 (다수)

• 인공지능 중환자실 솔루션 (필립스, IBM)

• 기존 병원의 틀 자체를 혁신적으로 변화시킴

의료의 4차 산업혁명

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인천시를 위한 인공지능기반 정밀의학 모델

• 공공성

• 인공지능 암진료솔루션 (IBM Watson for Oncology)

• 최고 수준 암치료의 민주화 (메모리얼 슬로언 케터링 암센터의 비전)

• 네덜란드: Second opinion으로 IBM Watson for Oncology 제공

• 암낭인 방지 (한국의 심각한 사회문제)

• 인공지능 통한 의료의 효율성 제고

• 미국의 경우 총 의료비의 1/3이 Logistics에서 낭비

• 인공지능으로 이를 해결하고자 하는 회사 설립

• 의료산업적 경쟁력 확보

• 의사교육 및 활용의 패러다임 전환

• 의료의 효율성 제고 (공공 및 산업)

• 외국인 환자 유치 / 의료수출

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2016년 12월 05일 첫 환자 진료

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2016년 : 폐암 유방암 대장암 직장암 위암 자궁경부암 난소암 잔체 암의 65%

2017년 : 간암 백혈병 식도암 방광암 신장암 갑상선암 임파선암 구강암 흑색종 췌장암 전체암의 85%

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다학제 진료월 화 수 목 금

8:30~9:30

부인암이광범김영생심영섭

위암양준영정준원신동복심영섭

유방암전용순안희경이규찬

9:30~11:00

11:00~12:00

부인암신진우김영생심영섭

13:30~14:30

폐암김건우경선영조은경이규찬

위암이운기박동균심선진이석호김형식

폐암이재익강신명안희경이규찬

대장암백정흠김윤재심선진이규찬최승준

14:30~15:30

대장암이원석권광안신동복이석호박소현

16:00~17:00

유방암박흥규조은경이규찬

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12월 06일 '가천인공지능기술원' 설립

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Page 3

가천대 길병원, 인공지능 암병원 점등식 개최

“사람마다 다른 암… 맞춤 치료합니다"

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다학제 암진료

Page 5

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Watson for OncologyReview Treatment Options

The FIRST option under Treatment Plan Options is a link to “Select a clinical trial”. This link does a preliminary search ofclinicaltrials.gov using some of the basic patient characteristics, such as Age, Gender, Cancer type.

The SECOND option under Treatment Plan Options is the “Recommended” Treatment Plan.

The THIRD option under Treatment Plan Options is a link to “More treatment plan options”

These are treatment regimens or treatment options within the selected Treatment Plan (“Chemotherapy followed by.…”)

This is the Timeline for the selected Treatment Plan --graphical representation of the various therapies within

the treatment plan

Click on the “>” beside each treatment regimen OR click on the title of the regimen to see details

about the regimen

1

2

3

2a

2a

3

2

1

The Green, Orange and Red Colors beside each treatment regimen means “Recommended”, “For Consideration” and “Not Recommended”, respectively

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암종별 왓슨 다학제 건수

월C50

(유방)

C34

(폐)

C18~20

(결장,직장)

C16

(위)

C53

(자궁)총합계

11월 4 5 5 14

12월 15 9 14 7 1 46

1월 12 14 13 9 6 54

2월 17 9 19 9 2 56

합계 44 36 51 30 9 170

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업그레이드가 너무 늦음.

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1. Breast cancer

우리나라와 맞지 않음.

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1. Breast cancer

Oncotype 선택여부에 따라 결과 차이 있음.

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2. Lung ca

NCCN 가이드라인에는 operable한 3기A 까지는 수술 권유하나 왓슨은 1기B부터 neoadjuvant를 권유함.

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3. Colon caon bevacizumab + FOLFOX (2016.6.17-) PR after #4 PR after #8# 2016-11-23 Rt. hemihepatectomy with S1 wedge resection loop ileostomy repair

Meta되어 CTx 후 반응 좋아서 수술 후 항암치료 문의할경우 해당안됨.

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4. Rectal caRectal ca// CCRT/ CR case ypT0N0(0/2)M0 lvn --- MD

Neoadjuvant CCRT 후 Pathology CR 온 경우 // 지원 안됨.

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5. Gastric cancer

수술 후 2기 인경우 CTx-> CCRT 추천???

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5. Gastric cancer

위암, 수술 안한 경우 staging workup 모두 선택안하면 안넘어감.

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5. Gastric cancer

S-1/cisplatin에 대한 III상 연구 데이터가 있음에도 불구하고 WFO에 포함되어 있지 않은 regimen임

S-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial): a phase III trial. (Lancet Oncol. 2008 Mar;9(3):215-21)

Multicenter phase III comparison of cisplatin/S-1 with cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma study: the FLAGS trial. (J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 20;28(9):1547-53)

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6. Cervical cancerEarly stage cervical caner에서 NCCN에 guideline은 radical hysterectomy + pelvic LN dissection ± Para-aortic LN dissection (category 1), Sentinel LN mapping (category 2B)임에 불구하고 WFO sentinel 권유함

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7. 공통

• 8th Edition staging 업그레이드

• Oligo meta일때 resection 후 CTx 필요함

• 그러나 추천하지 않음.

• 치료방법 최종 save 되면 변경시 인증과정 없이 바로 변경됨.

• 주기적으로 watson for oncology 데이터 제공해주기로 함.

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비상설 WFO 다학제 진료 구성 및 운용

• 근거: WFO 활성화에 따른 환자 욕구 증대 및 빠른 대처

• 구성: 주 진료과 (MO), 핵의학, 영상의학, 종양외과

전문의 참여

• 운용: 환자 발생시

Video Telecoference system 구축 (surgeon)

• 문제점:?

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2017 ASCO

• Colorectal cancer

• Breast cancer

• Gastric cancer

• Lung cancer

• Cervical cancer

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Page 10

Watson for Oncology

Oncology with Watson

Watson with Oncology

Watson for Cancer Treatment

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인류 최초 공식 기계의 노예 1호 아자황 박사

Page 5

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흑인을 고릴라로 인식한 구글, 초스피드 사과

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Page 10

왓슨을 더 신뢰하면 ?

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@미국 SF대학병원의 자동 조제로봇

373

600만건 조제중 투약실수: 0건

약사가 수행할 때 조제실수 2.8%(16만8000건 조제 실수 예방)

Page 374: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN

“Technology will replace 80% of doctors”

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Page 2

Current challenges of WfO in Korea

1.Data Security

• National guideline for de-identification of EMR data

2. Localization

• Practice Guidelines

• Clinical Trials

• Translation

3.Optimized Clinical Workflows

• Does each hospital need to develop its own clinical flow?

• Does each hospital have high-quality man power to do the work?

• Time and resource for training, implementation, and launch

Page 377: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN

377

Thank You !

377

[email protected]. (032) 460-9037

010-7268-0550

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왓슨 도입 이후 많이 받은 질문

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질문 1 : 빅 4 병원 보다 먼저 길병원이 도입하는가 ?

Page 6

길병원 빅4 병원

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질문 2 : 왓슨 도입에 반대는 없었나 ?

Page 6

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질문 3 : 최종 책임은 누가 지는가?

Page 6

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환자의 치료를 책임지는 주체는 의사다.

Page 6

Artificial Intelligence VS Augmented Intelligence

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질문 4 : 미국인을 대상으로 만든 것을 한국인에 바로 적용?

Page 6

한국형 VS 개인 맞춤형

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질문 5 : 의료기기가 아닌가?

Page 6

복지부는 왓슨이 보다 발전된 의학교과서의 개념으로, 평소 의사들이 진단과 처방을 내림에 있어 관련 서적과 논문 등을 참고하는 것과 같은 성격으로 봐야 한다고 결론 내렸다.

즉, 의료기기나 장비가 아닌 만큼 허가를 필요로 하지 않고, 의료신기술 등으로도 분류되지 않는 만큼 의료법상 왓슨을 사용하는 것은 문제가 없다는 판단이다.

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질문 6 : 신의 한 수?

Page 6

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IBM Watson Health

길병원은 왓슨으로 무엇을 하고자 하는가

Page 13

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정치 민주화

사람은 누구나 고귀하고 평등하다.

의료 현장이 정말 그렇습니까?

경제 민주화 의료 민주화

Page 15

Mission

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Page 6

해결책

COST DOWN QUALITY UP

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Less Medicine, More Health

First visit must be the best practice.

’진단 오류’ 줄이고 ‘검사 남용’ 방지 최적의 처방

ILLUSTRATION BY ANNA PARINI

MAY 4, 2015 OVERKILLBY ATUL GAWANDEMillions of people get tests, drugs, and operations that won’t make them better, may cause harm, and cost billions.

Page 21

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IBM Watson Health

미래 계획

Page 18

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미래 계획

가천대 길병원은 국내 최초로 IBM 인공지능 ‘왓슨’을 활용한 의료 서비스 제공

암진료를 넘어 고혈압 당뇨 난치성 신경질환 등 으로 영역을 확대한다.

정부주도 국가과학기술전략회의 9대 중점과제인 정밀의학과 인공지능에 적극 참여한다.

건겅보험 심사평가원과 건겅보험공단이 보유하고있는 빅데이터, 생애주기데이터를 연계하여국민보건 향상에 이바지 한다.

가천대학교에 설립예정인 가천인공지능기술원 과 협력하여 다양한 분야로 응용한다.

Page 19

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Page 2

Current challenges of WfO in Korea

1.Data Security

• National guideline for de-identification of EMR data

2. Localization

• Practice Guidelines

• Clinical Trials

• Translation

3.Optimized Clinical Workflows

• Does each hospital need to develop its own clinical flow?

• Does each hospital have high-quality man power to do the work?

• Time and resource for training, implementation, and launch

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THE BLACK BOX OF AI

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경청해 주셔서 감사합니다 !

Page 398: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN

398

Thank You !

398

[email protected]. (032) 460-9037

010-7268-0550

Page 399: Brain & AI (Artificial Intelligence) · 2017-04-17 · A. 7.0T Expanded view of the Axial Section 0mm 10mm Axial . B. 7.0T Expanded view of the Sagittal Section 0mm-4mm CCS STN SN