brain basics brain on drugs? what is your nervous system?
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Brain Basics
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BRAIN ON DRUGS?
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What is your nervous system?
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Neurons “communicate” with each other using neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters convey “messages” across the synapse
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Dopamine/Opioids: Brain’s incentive reward systems
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Activation of reward center produces a “wanting” and “liking” response
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Natural events activate these reward systems
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Time (min)
% o
f B
asal
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tpu
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NAc shell
Empty
Box Feeding
Di Chiara et al., Neuroscience, 1999.
FOOD
MountsIntromissionsEjaculations
Fiorino and Phillips, J. Neuroscience, 1997.
Natural Events Elevate Dopamine Levels
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Some drugs activate your reward systems since they act on the same receptors
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Drugs make your brain really happy…..
Normal Brain Brain on Drugs
BUT only when your brain is on drugs.
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% o
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Di Chiara and Imperato, PNAS, 1988
Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Release
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Repeated use of drugs trigger compensatory processes and saturate the brain’s reward systems
individual can become conditioned/habituated/adapted to the intense level of drug-induced pleasure (develops tolerance or sensitization)
the normal level of natural rewards are no longer experienced as very pleasurable, and
after chronic use, the brain’s reward systems becomes so changed that nothing is pleasurable – not even the drugs!
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Upregulation
Downregulation
Homeostatic Changes to Postsynaptic Receptor Density as a Function of the Amount of Neurotransmitter Released
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Brain on drugs after tolerance
Brain on drugs for an extended
period
Chronic drug taking ….reorganizes the liking and wanting systems
… drugs may no longer be pleasurable but you still want them…
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Drugs can change your brain so that natural events are no longer pleasurable
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Normal
Addicted
The brain now has a disease… it’s a different brain under constant stress
When the “switch” gets flips depends on ….
your brain chemistry….
your drug history….
your drug history….
and other factors
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Even 80 days following detox, a methamphetamine user’s dopamine transporter system (right) hasn’t
recovered to normal levels (left)
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Normal
Cocaine Abuser (10 da)
Cocaine Abuser (100 da)
Cocaine has long lasting effects
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At high enough doses, Ecstasy destroys nerve fibers
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high
low
High DA receptor
Low DA receptor
DA Receptors and the Response to Methylphenidate (MP)
As a group, subjects with low receptor levels found MP pleasant while those with high levels found MP unpleasant
Adapted from Volkow et al., Am. J. Psychiatry, 1999.
Dop
amin
e re
cep
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leve
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Drugs not only affect the brain, but also affect the body
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Gross Brain Anatomy
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
(Brainstem = Midbrain + Hindbrain - Cerebellum)
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Hindbrain
• Medulla• Pons• Cerebellum
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Medulla
• caudal end of brainstem; rostral end of spinal cord
• connects rest of brain to spinal cord
• life support functions (heart rate, respiration)
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Pons
• ventral side of cerebellum
• levels of consciousness, sleep,
• arousal, control of autonomic functions,
• sleep, relay info to cerebellum
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Cerebellum
• coordination of voluntary movement
• learning motor behaviors
• involved in cognition
• timing of motor output
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Midbrain• rostral end of brainstem: reticular formation, superior/inferior
colliculi
• arousal, wakefulness
• information modulation
• source cells for some important neurotransmitters (biogenic amines)
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Forebrain
• Cerebral Cortex• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Basal Ganglia• Limbic System
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Thalamus
• relays information from diverse areas to cerebral cortex
• integrates sensory information
• regulates sleep-wakefulness
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Hypothalamus• homeostatic control (e.g. body
temperature, cardiovascular system, food and water intake)
• regulates autonomic and endocrine systems
• Infundibulum connects hypothalamus to pituitary glands
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Basal Ganglia
• voluntary movement, posture
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Limbic System
• Medial Forebrain Bundle– collection of various nerves
running upstream through midbrain
– involved in reinforcement
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Nucleus Accumbens
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Hippocampus
• medial side of temporal lobe
• consolidation of short term memory into more permanent memory
• recollection of spatial relationships
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Amygdala
• inferior medial temporal lobe
• emotional feelings, fear, behavior, perception
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Nucleus Accumbens
• very important in reinforcement and addiction
• regulation of movement
• cognitive aspects of motor control
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Mu receptor distribution5HT1a receptor distribution
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Cerebral Cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
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Occipital Lobe
• vision
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Parietal Lobe
• body sensation (touch, pain, etc.)
• speech reception
• spatial relationships
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Temporal Lobe
• hearing
• memory
• emotion
• vision
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Frontal Lobe
• planned motor behavior
• speech production
• higher cognition
• social reasoning