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Brain Tumor & RenalBrain Tumor & Renal

CalculiCalculi

:Prepared byThe Boyz

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An abnormal growth of cells within the brain,or inside the skull which can be cancerous

( ) - ( )malignant or non cancerous benign anddescribed as any intracranial tumor created

.by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

efinition of Brain Tumorefinition of Brain Tumor

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Risk FactorRisk Factor

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enign brain tumors do not contain cancer:cells

Benign tumors can be removed and they often grow.back

The border or edge of a benign brain tumor can be

.clearly seen Cells from benign tumors do not attack tissues

around them or stretch to other parts of thebody but can push on sensitive areas of the

.brain and effect serious health problems Benign brain tumors are sometimes life .threatening and may grow to be malignant

Types of Brain TumorTypes of Brain Tumor

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alignant brain tumors contain cancer:cells Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious

.and often life threatening They are likely to grow rapidly and mob or attack

.the surrounding healthy brain tissue Cancer cells may separate from a malignant brain

,tumor and reach to other parts of the brain,spinal cord or even to other parts of the body

called metastasis. A malignant tumor does not extend into healthy

.tissue The tumor may be contained inside a layer of

tissue or the bones of the skull or anotherstructure in the head may discharge it called

encapsulated.

ContCont

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Headaches Nausea or vomiting , ,Changes in speech vision or hearing Problems balancing or walking

, ,Changes in mood personality or ability toconcentrate Problems with memory Seizures or convulsions

Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs

Sign & SymptomSign & Symptom

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MRI Neurologic exam CT scan Physical exam

Angiogram - -Skull x ray -Spinal tap a sample of cerebrospinal fluid - -Myelogram X ray of the spine

Biopsy

TestTest

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-Surgery Surgery to open the skull is calleda craniotomy Radiation therapy( ) - -radiotherapy uses high

energy rays to kill tumor cells

Chemotherapy - the use of drugs to killcancer cells and used to treat brain tumors.be given by mouth or by injection

Method of TreatmentMethod of Treatment

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cute pain related to tumor and increase in intracranial pressure

- Goal Patient s pain is decreased and looked healthy

Nursing Intervention

Assess the level of pain and patient complaint :Rationale To know abnormality and plan further interventions Positioning patient by raise the head of the bed slightly :Rationale To decreased pressure in intracranial pressure Reduced noise and bright lights in the room :Rationale To promote patient comfort Administer medication as ordered by doctor such as amoxycillin :Rationale To decreased pain

-Evaluation Patient pain is reduced and looked comfortable

Nursing Intervention INursing Intervention I

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nxiety related to unknown future following surgery Goal To reduce patient anxiety

Nursing Intervention Assess the level of patient s anxiety :Rationale To plan further intervention

Educate and explain about the surgery :Rationale Patients can understand about the procedure ,Encourage patient and family to verbalize feelings question and

fears :Rationale Help reduces anxiety and fear Involved family members :Rationale To promote support to patient

-Evaluation Patients anxiety reduced and understanding the surgeryprocedure

Nursing Intervention IINursing Intervention II

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isk for infection due to disease process Goal To decreased risk of infection

Nursing Intervention , , , .Assess the IV insertion sites for redness swelling drainage and pain : , ,Rationale Redness swelling drainage and pain are signs and symptom of

.infections .Assess for signs and symptom of meningitis : , .Rationale Patient present with fever headache and photophobia .Monitor laboratory reports for increased WBC count : .Rationale To monitor increasing risk of infection .Use strict aseptic technique when changing dressings : .Rationale To maintain sterility and prevent infections .Keep the client s hands away from drains and dressings : .Rationale Dirty hands can encourage infections to the dressing sites Administer prescribed antibiotic such as amoxycillin : .Rationale Antibiotic used to kill microphages and reduce infections

.Evaluation The risk of infection to patient decreased

Nursing Intervention IIINursing Intervention III

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(It is solid concretions crystal)aggregations formed in the kidneys from.dissolved urinary minerals

Definition of Renal CalculiDefinition of Renal Calculi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nefrolit.jpg

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.1 Composed of calcium oxalate crystals- , When the amount of calcium intake decreases

the amount of oxalate easy to absorptioninto the bloodstream increases and then

excreted into the urine by the kidney

.2 Composed of uric acid- a persistent undue urine acidity

Etiology of Renal CalculiEtiology of Renal Calculi

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olicky pain - the worst pain Hematuria - blood in the urine Pyuria - ( ) .pus white blood cells in the urine Dysuria - burning on urination when passing

.stones liguria - reduced urinary volume caused byobstruction of the bladder or urethra by stone .Abdominal distension /Nausea vomiting .Fever and chills Loss of appetite Loss of weight

Sign & SymptomsSign & Symptoms

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-X ray CT scans Ultrasound &Urine C S

Blood FBC 24 hours urine collection

Diagnostic TestDiagnostic Test

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q Medication such as- (Analgesia such as morphine sulfate to

)relieve pain and reduce uteral spasm- (NSAID such as suppository may reduce the

amount of narcotic analgesia required for)acute renal colicqSurgery- Lithotrispy using sound or shock waves to

.crush stone

TreatmentTreatment

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Drinking enough water ,A diet low in protein nitrogen and sodium

.intake ,Restriction of oxalate rich foods such as

chocolate plus maintenance of an adequate

.intake of dietary calcium ,Taking drugs such as thiazides potassium, ,citrate magnesium citrate and allopurinol

.depending on the cause of stone formation , , ,Some fruit juices such as orange blackcurrant

,and cranberry may be useful for lowering the

.risk factors for specific types of stones .Avoidance of cola beverages .Avoiding large doses of vitamin C

PreventionPrevention

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luid deficit related to disease process : Goal Pt s can increase fluid volume and maintain

.electrolyte in the body . :N I Assess patient condition especially symptom of

.dehydration :R To indentify level of dehydration and to plan

.further intervention . : .N I administer IV fluid as ordered by the doctor : .R To replace loss fluid in the body . :N I Educate the patients about the needed balanced

.fluid intake : .R To increase PT knowledge

: ,Evaluation Patient look healthy comfortable and no.sign and symptom of dehydration

Nursing Intervention INursing Intervention I

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ain related to disease process : .Goal Pt can decrease pain and look healthy . :N I Assess patient level of pain using pain

.scale :R To identify level of pain and to plan further

.intervention :N I administer pain killer such as menfenic

.acid as order by doctor : .R to reduce pain and Pt look comfortable :N I advice Pt to restrict fluid intake as order

by doctor : .R by reducing urination it will reduce pain

Evaluation pain patient decrease

Nursing Intervention IINursing Intervention II

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