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VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE

TNPSC

elg;G epfo;Tfs;

(CURRENT AFFAIRS)

nrg;lk;gh; - 2016

Main Office at

Vetrii IAS Study Circle

New No 1, 9th Street, F Block , 1st Avenue, Chinthamani, Anna Nagar(E),

Chennai – 102.

Phone: 044 – 26265326 / 9600124042 / 9840097666

Branch Office at:

Vetrii IAS Study Circle,

No:189/1, Meyanoor Road,

Near ARRS Multiplex,

Opp.Venkateshwara Complex,

Salem – 4

Phone: 0427 – 2330307 / 9442740307

Branch Office at:


15/1, Kahiresan Kovil road,

AEO office upstairs,

Kovilaptti - 628502

Cell: 9003790335.

Branch Office at:


243 Cauvery Nagar,

Opp. New Housing Unit,

Thanjavur- 05.

Cell: 7871169099.

www.vetriias.com

© VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE

First Edition - 2016

Pages : 64

Size :(140 x210)mm

Published by

VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE

F Block New No. 1, 9th Street,

1st Avenue main Road, Chinthamani,

Anna Nagar (E), Chennai – 102.

Phone: 044 – 26265326 / 9600124042 / 9840097666

www.vetriias.com

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

© All rights reserved with the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the

publisher, will be responsible for the loss and may be punished for compensation under

copyright act.

,af;Feh; tho;j;J kly;

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Vetrii's TNPSC

STUDY CIRCLE

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nghUslf;fk;

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3. MSikfs; 6

4. tpUJfs; kw;Wk; khpahijfs; 9

5. ,uhZtk; 13

6. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; 15

7. tpisahl;Lfs; 20

8. jkpo;ehL 33

9. ,e;jpah - Njrpak; 36

10. cyfk; 49

11. jpl;lq;fs; 55

12. fl;Liu 56

13. tpdh- tpil 58

Vetrii's TNPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS

STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 1

murpay; epfo;Tfs;

NrJ rKj;jpu jpl;lj;ij khw;Wtopapy; nray;gLj;j Ma;T

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gs;sj;jhf;F ePh;g;ghrd jpl;lj;jpw;F mDkjp Nfhhp kj;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk;

tdj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jplk; Nfus muR tpz;zg;gpj;jijalj;J 2016 Mf];by;

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tq;ff;fliy mila KbAk;.


STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 2

nghUshjhu epfo;Tfs;

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‘[pv];b kNrhjhit mky;gLj;Jtjhy;> khepyj;jpy; tUthAk; Rw;Wyhj; JiwAk;

tsh;r;rp milAk;.


STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 3

mjpf Efh;T kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh rhh;e;j Nfhth Nghd;w khepyq;fSf;F [pv];b rl;lk;

rhjfkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;” vd;whh;.

Nfhthtpy; [p.v];.b kNrhjh

thpir khepyk; Mz;L

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3rd [hh;fz;l; 17th Mf];l; 2016

4th `pkhry;gpuNjrk; 22nd Mf];l; 2016

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22nd gQ;rhg; 12th nrg;lk;gh; 2016

23rd jphpGuh 26th nrg;lk;gh; 2016

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vz;iz mwpKfk; nra;Js;Nshk;.

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gbg;gbahf tphpTgLj;jg;gLk;.

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Gfhh;fis [Computerized Customer Centre (CCC)] fzpdpkakhf;fg;gl;l thbf;ifahsh;

ikaj;jpy; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

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jiyth; : epjpaikr;rh;

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[p.v];.b fTd;rpy;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 4

mf;FO nray;gLtjw;Fk; xg;Gjy; mspf;fgl;lJ.

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,lk;ngWth;.

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thf;Fhpik fpilahJ.

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mky;gLj;jg;gLk;.

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jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ.

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3rd mnkhpf;fh

4th ,q;fpyhe;J

juthpir ehL

1st u\;ah

2nd ,e;jpah


STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 5

cyfg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia kPl;nlLf;f $l;L eltbf;if Njit

rPdhtpd; `hq;]{ efhpy; [p-20 khehl;Lf;F eilngw;wJ.

cyf nghUshjhuk; rthiy vjph;nfhz;L tUk; #o;epiyapYk;> rpf;fyhd murpay;

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njd;nfhhpah> JUf;fp> gphpl;ld;> mnkhpf;fh> INuhg;gpa A+dpad; cs;spl;lit

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cs;sd.

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2016-17k; Mz;L rh;tNjr Nghl;bj;jpwd; FwpaPL gl;baiy

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3rd mnkhpf;fh

4th nejh;yhe;J

5th n[h;kdp

6th RtPld;

7th ,q;fpyhe;J


STUDY CIRCLE

9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 6

MSikfs;

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njhptpj;jpUe;jdh;.

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gphpaq;fh Nah\pfth vd;gth; ,dntwp jilfis

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,e;jpad; jhd; mjw;fhf ngUikg;gLfpNwd;.

md;id njurh tuyhw;W E}y;fs; ntspaPL

Nrtpah; my;Nghd;]; vOjpa md;id njurhtpd; tho;f;if tuyhW Fwpj;j ,U

E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

my;Nghd;];> jdJ ez;gUld; Nrh;e;J fle;j 1977-y; md;id njurhTld; gazpj;J>

mtuJ tho;f;ifapy; re;jpj;j ,d;dy;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ Nritf;F te;j #oy;

njhlh;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;J> ‘tre;jq;fs; kPz;Lk; tUtjpy;iy” vd;w E}iy

vOjp ntspapl;bUe;jhh;.

hprh;t; tq;fpapd; Gjpa MSeuhf ch;[pj; gNly; nghWg;Ngw;G

hprh;t; tq;fpapd; Gjpa MSeuhf ch;[pj; gNly; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.

hprh;;t; tq;fpapd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j uFuhk; uh[dpd;

gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtile;jJ.

hprh;t; tq;fpapd; Jiz MSeuhf fle;j 2013Mk;

Mz;L ch; [pj; gNly; nghWg;G tfpj;jhh;.

ch; [pj; gNly; hprh;t; tq;fp MSeh; gjtpg; nghWg;ig

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh; vdj; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2tJ Kiwahf mg;gjtpapy; ch;[pj; gNliy kj;jpa muR epakpj;jJ.

hprh;t; tq;fpapd; Jiz MSeuhf ch;[pj; gNly; gjtp tfpj;j fhyj;jpy;>

gzf;nfhs;if njhlh;ghd jpl;lj;ij tYg;gLj;jTk;> jpUj;jpaikf;fTk;

mikf;fg;gl;l epGzh; FOTf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

rh;tNjr nrythzp epjpaj;jpYk; mth; gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. rh;tNjr nrythzp epjpak;

rhh;gpy; hprh;t; tq;fpapy; fle;j 1996-Mk; mz;L Kjy; 1997-Mk; Mz;L tiu

gzpahw;wpdhh;.

1998-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 2001-Mk; Mz;L tiu kj;jpa epjpaikr;rfj;jpy;

MNyhrfuhf ,Ue;jhh;.


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thpir ngah;

1 M];Nghh;d; ];kpj;

21st Y.V. nul;b

22nd Rg;ghuht;

23rd uFuhk; uh[d;

24th ch;[pj; gNly;

19-MtJ epidT jpdk;: Gdpj nju]hTf;F mQ;ryp

Gdpj md;id nju]htpd; 19-MtJ epidT jpdk; mth; tho;e;j nfhy;fj;jh

md;id ,y;yj;jpy; mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ>

njhONehahspfs;> ,wf;Fk; jUthapy; ,Ue;jth;fs;> Viofs; MfpNahUf;F md;id

nju]h Mw;wpaj; njhz;bid mq;fPfhpf;Fk; tifapy; fle;j 1979-,y; mtuf;F

mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ.

ViofSf;fhf jdJ tho;tpd; ngUk;gFjpia mh;g;gzpj;j md;id nju]h fle;j

1997-Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 5Mk; Njjp kiwe;jhh;.

,ijj; njhlh;e;J Mz;LNjhWk; nrg;lk;gh; 5Mk; Njjpia rh;tNjr mwf;fl;lis

jpdkhf I.eh.filgpbj;J tUfpwJ.

Kd;djhf> ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dh; ,uz;L mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jpaikf;fhf thbfdpy;

Nghg; gpuhd;rp];> md;id njuh]hit Gdpjuhf mwptpj;jhh;.

kPz;Lk; cyf tq;fp jiytuhfpwhh; [pk; Nahq; fpk;

cyf tq;fp jiyth; gjtpf;F ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahfj; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh; [pk;

Nahq; fpk;

jw;NghJ cyf tq;fp jiytuhf cs;s fpk; Nahq; fpk; (56) 2012-Mk; Mz;L

mg;gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

mtUila gjtpf; fhyk; tUk; 2017-Mk; Mz;Lld; epiwT

ngWfpwJ.

nfhhpah-mnkhpf;f tk;rhtspiar; Nrh;e;j [pk; Nahq; fpk;> cyf

ehLfspilNa epytp tUk; jPtpu tWikiaf; Fiwf;Fk; gy;NtW

jpl;lq;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik je;J nrayhw;wpath;.

,jdhy;> mtUf;F cyf tq;fpapd; Kf;fpa gq;Fjhuh;fshd

mnkhpf;fh> gpuhd;];> n[h;kdp> rPdh Mfpa ehLfspd; mNkhf MjuT cs;sJ.

cyf tq;fp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ 1944

jiyikafk; - th]pq;ld;

thpir ngah; ehL

1st A+[pd; Nkah; mnkhpf;fh

2nd [hd;.N[.nkf;fhNy mnkhpf;fh

10th ghy;Nthy;Nghtpl;]; mnkhpf;fh

11th uhgh;l; n[y;ypf; mnkhpf;fh

12th [pk;Nahq;fpk; nfhhpa mnkhpf;fd;


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cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf Mjpehjd; epakdk;

nrd;id khtl;l Kjd;ik nr\d]; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfg; gzpGhpe;j Mjpehjd;>

J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;.

fPoik ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w eLtuhfg; gzpiaj; njhlq;fp> 2000-,y;

khtl;l ePjpgjpahf gjtp cah;T ngw;W ePyfphp> Nfhit cs;spl;l khtl;lq;fspy;

gzpGhpe;Js;shh;.

mUzhr;ry gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; MSeuhf nghWg;Ngw;whh; rz;Kfehjd;

Nkfhyah khepy MSeh; tp.rz;Kfehjd;> mUzhr;ry gpuNjr khepy MSeuhf

nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.

mUzhr;ry gpuNjr MSeuhf ,Ue;j N[hjp gpurhj; uh[;Nfhth gjtp ePf;fk;

nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp m[pj; rpq;> rz;KfehjDf;F mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjr

MSeuhf gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra;J itj;jhh;.

Agpv];rp mikg;Gf;F Gjpa jiyth; epakdk;

kj;jpa muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizaj;jpd; (Agpv];rp) Gjpa jiytuhf Kd;dhs;

I.V.v];. mjpfhhp my;fh rpNuh`p epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

Agpv];rp mikg;gpd; jiytuhd jPgf; Fg;jh gjtp tpyf

cs;sij mLj;J> Gjpa jiytiu epakpj;Js;sJ.

fle;j 2012-Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk;> Agpv];rp

mikg;gpy; my;fh rpNuh`p cWg;gpduhf Nrh;e;jhh;.

,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp (IVv];)> ,e;jpa ntspAwTg; gzp

(I vg;v];)> ,e;jpaf; fhty; gzp (Igpv];) Mfpa

gzpaplq;fis epug;Gjtw;fhdj; Njh;Tfis Agpv];rp mikg;G elj;jp tUfpwJ.

thpir ngah;

1st U Nuh]; ghh;fh;

22nd `hrpk;

23rd D.P. mfh;thy;

24th uh[;dp uh[;ld;

25th jPgf; Fg;jh

26th My;fh rpNuh`p

cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp:

1. Arti 271d; gb ePjpgjpfs; midtUk; jiyik ePjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

2. ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLgth; ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;.

3. tof;fwpQuhf 10 tUlk; ,e;jpahtpypUf;Fk; ve;j xU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpyhtJ

gzpGhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; 24 cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;sd.

77tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb xU khepyj;jpd; MSeh; kw;nwhU khepyj;jpw;F $Ljyhf

epakpf;fg;glyhk;.

\uj;J 155 d; gb MSeh; FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.


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tpUJfs; kw;Wk; khpahijfs;

gj;kG+\z; tpUJ

ehl;bd; %d;whtJ cahpa tpUjhd gj;kG+\z; tpUJf;F ky;Aj;j tPuh; R\py;Fkhhpd;

ngah; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nga;[pq;> yz;ld; xypk;gpf;fpy; gjf;fk; ntd;w R\py; Fkhhpd; ngaiu gj;kG+\z;

tpUJf;F ,e;jpa ky;Aj;j $l;likg;G ghpe;Jiu nra;Js;sJ.

];D}f;fh; Nghl;bapy; 15 Kiw cyfr;rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;w gq;f[; mj;thdpAk; ,e;j

tpUJf;fhd Nghl;bapy; cs;shh;.

R\py;Fkhhpd; gapw;rpahsuhd ahrph; rpq;> ky;Aj;j tPuhq;fidahd my;fNjhkh;

MfpNahhpd; ngah;fs; gj;k = tpUJf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Jg;ghf;fp RLjy; tPuh; [pj;Juha;> Nlgps; nld;dp]; tPuh; mre;jh ruj; fky; MfpNahUk;

,e;j tpUJf;fhd Nghl;bapy; cs;sdh;.

ngah; tpisahl;L tpUJfs;

R\py; Fkhh; ky;Aj;jk; mh;[Pdh tpUJ (2015)

gj;k = (2011)

,uh[Pt; fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ

gq;f[; mj;thdp ];D}f;fh; gj;k = (2009)

,uh[Pt; fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh (2005 -2006)

mh;[Pdh tpUJ (2004)

[PJuha; Jg;ghf;fp RLjy; ,uh[Pt; fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh (2005 -2006)

2 Njrpa tpUJfisg; ngw;W nug;Nfh tq;fp

rhjid

$l;LwT tq;fpfspy; rpwe;j tq;fpahf nug;Nfh

tq;fp Njh;T nra;ag;gl;L 2 Njrpa tpUJfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,J njhlh;ghf nug;Nfh tq;fpapd; nray; ,af;Feh; (nghWg;G) Mh;.v];.,]ngy;yh

ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy; $wpajhtJ:

gh;kh kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapypUe;J jhafk; jpUk;gpa kf;fspd; kWtho;Tf;fhf kj;jpa

kw;Wk; njd;khepy muRfspd; %yjdj;NjhL 1969-k; Mz;by; nug;Nfh tq;fp

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

NkYk; rpwe;j mikg;G Kiwfs;> nray; Kiwfs;> nfhs;iffis nug;Nfh tq;fp

nfhz;Ls;sJ. KOtJk; fzpdpkakhf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUs; Njhw;w mikg;G> kdpj

Mw;wy; Nkk;;ghl;L jpl;lk;> %y juT ikak;> Nghplh; kPl;G ikak; Mfpatw;Wld;

rpwg;ghf nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.

‘rpwe;j thuhf; fld; eph;thfk;” ‘rpwe;j ,sk; taJ Copah; nray;jpl;lk;” Mfpa 2

gphpTfspy; ,t;tpUJfs; fpilj;Js;sd.

kpahd;kh; (k) ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J kPz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpw;F

jpUk;gpNahh;fspd; Ntiytha;g;G (k) nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf 1969

Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhy; Jtq;fg;gl;l xU $l;LwT tq;fpahFk;.


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‘jp ,e;J” Tf;F njw;fhrpa b[pl;ly; kPbah tpUJ

jkpof rl;lg;Nguitj; Njh;jypy; thf;fspg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp Nkw;nfhz;l

Njh;jy; tpopg;Gzh;T gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhf ‘jp ,e;J” Tf;F njw;fhrpa b[pl;ly; kPbah

tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.

cyf mstpy; ,iza ,jopay; Jiwapy; (b[pl;ly; gg;sp\pq;) GJikfis GFj;Jk;

epWtdq;fis mq;fPfhpf;Fk; tifapy; Ntd;-,g;uh (WAN-IFRA) kw;Wk; $Fs;

rhh;gpy; b[pl;ly; kPbah tpUJfs; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

nfhy;fj;jhtpy;

nfhy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w tpohtpy; 2016-k; Mz;Lf;fhd njw;F Mrpa b[pl;ly;

kPbah tpUJfSk;> Nfhg;igfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld. Nfhyhfykhf eilngw;w ,e;j

tpohtpy; 20 ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

rpwe;j thrfh; gq;Nfw;G gphptpy; (hPlh; vd;Nf[;nkd;l;) ‘ jp Fapd;l;” nra;jp

,izajsk; jq;fg;gjf;fj;ij ntd;wJ.

‘M];f; m];tpd; fd;l];l;” vd;w Nghl;bf;fhf ‘jp ,e;J” FOkj;jpd; ‘];Nghh;l;];lhh;

iyt; lhl; fhk;” nts;spg; gjf;fj;ij jl;br;nrd;wJ.

jkpof rl;lg;Nguitj; Njh;jypy; thf;fspg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp Nkw;nfhz;l

Njh;jy; tpopg;Gzh;T gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhf ‘jp ,e;J” (jkpo;) lhl; fhk;> ntz;fy

gjf;fj;ij ntd;wJ.

ftpQh; Mj;kehk; tpUJf;F f.Nkhfduq;fd; Njh;T

2016Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd ftpQH; Mj;khehk; tpUJf;F <Nuhl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ftpQh;

f.Nkhfduq;fd; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;.

ftpQh; Mj;kehkpd; ,yf;fpag; gq;fspg;Gfis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; Mj;k ehk;

mwf;fl;lisia nka;g;nghUs; gjpg;gfk; Mz;LNjhWk; xU ftpQUf;F ftpQh;

Mj;kehk; ngahpy; &.25>000 ghpRj; njhifAk; tpUJk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

fle;j Mz;L (2015) ftpQh; ,irf;F ftpQh; Mj;kehk; tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

Mz;Lf;fhd ftpQh; Mj;kehk; tpUJ (&.25>000) ghpRj; njhif) <Nuhl;ilr; Nrh;e;j

ftpQh; f.Nkhfduq;fDf;F toq;fg;gl cs;sJ.

yypjh ghgUf;F tpUJ

,e;jpa jlfs tPuhq;fid yypjh ghgUf;F tpUJ toq;Ffpwhh; Kd;dhs; fphpf;nfl;

tPuh; [hfPh;fhd;. hpNah xypk;gpf;fpy; kfsph; 3000 kP. ];Bgps;Nr];

Nghl;bapy; gq;Nfw;w yypjh ghgh;.

md;idnjurhTf;F Gdpjh; gl;lk; mspf;fpwhh; Nghg;

my;Ngdpahtpy; fle;j 1910-k; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 26-k; Njjp gpwe;jth; md;id

njurh.

yypjh ghgh;:

3000 kPl;lh; gy jil Xl;l Nghl;bfspy; gq;Nfw;W tUfpwhh;. 2016 - hpNah xypk;gpf;fpy; 3000kP Xl;lj;jpy; 10tJ ,lj;ij

gpbj;Js;shh;. 2016 - mh;[{dh tpUJ. 2015 - k; Mz;by; rpwe;j tpisahl;L tPuh; tpUjpid ngw;whh;.


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,tuJ ,aw;ngah; Mf;d]; Nfhd;[h Ngh[h[pA+. ,sk; tajpNyNa fj;Njhypf;f

kjj;jpy; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpd; nfhy;fj;jh efUf;F Nrit nra;a te;jhh;. ,q;F ‘kp\dhp]; Mg;

Nrhpl;b”vd;w fj;Njhypf;f rigia epWtpdhh;.

tho;ehs; KOtJk; Viofs;> njhO Nehahspfs;> fhrNehahy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhf Nrit nra;jhh;. ,tuJ Nritia fTutpf;Fk; tifapy;

fle;j 1979-k; Mz;L mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ.

mNjNghy; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf cahpa tpUjhd ghujuj;dh tpUJk;

fle;j 1980k; Mz;L md;id njurhTf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fle;j 1997-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 5-Mk; Njjp md;id njurh

fhykhdhh;.

md;id njurhTf;F Gdpjh; gl;lk; toq;fg;gLk; vd thbfdpy;

Nghg; gpuhd;rp]; mwptpj;jhh;.

fh;ehlf ghlfh; b.vk;.fpU\;zhTf;F kfNrNr tpUJ

Mrpahtpd; Nehgy; ghpR vd;W miof;fg;gLk; uNkhd; kfNrNr

tpUJ ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j b.vk;.fpU\;zh> ng];thlh tpy;rd;

MfpNahUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

gpypg;igd;]; Kd;dhs; mjpgh; uNkhd; kfNrNr epidthf

muR gzp> nghJ Nrit> fiy> r%fk; vd gy;NtW gphpTfspy;

Mz;LNjhWk; ,t;tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa fh;ehlf ,irapy; r%f tpopg;Gzh;T fUj;JfisAk; gug;gp tUtjw;fhf

ghlfh; b.vk;.fpU\;zh kw;Wk; r%f Mh;tyh; ng];thlh tpy;rd; cl;gl 5 NgUf;F

,e;j Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJ mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpypg;igd;]; jiyefh; kzpyhtpy; ele;j

tpohtpy; mth;fSf;F tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Mz;L ngah; ehL Jiw

2016 NjhJh; kjG+rp fpU\;zh ,e;jpah mtruj; jiyik

2016 tpaQ;rhd; nu];f;A+ yhNth]; gFf;fg;glhjJ

2016 ng];thlh tpy;rd; ,e;jpah r%f Nrit

E}w;whz;L gpwe;j ehs; tpoh- vk;.v];.Rg;Gyl;Rkp ngahpy; tpUJfs;

juNtz;Lk;

fh;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpa vk;.v];.Rg;Gyl;Rkp kJiuapy; nrg;lk;gh; 16>

1916-k; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;.

gpwg;G : Mf];l; 26. ,wg;G : nrg;lk;gh; 5 1997.

rhjidfs; : 1950 y; kp\pdhP]; Mg; Nrhpl;bia njhlq;fpdhh;.

Nehghy; ghpR : 1979. ghuj uj;dh : 1980


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jdJ 10-tJ tajpy; jdpahh; epWtdj;Jf;fhf ghly; ghba vk;.v];.Rg;Gyl;Rkp>

njhlh;e;J muq;Nfw;wq;fis elj;jpdhh;.

cyf mikjpf;fhf I.eh. rigapy; 1996-y; ghly; ghbdhh;.

vk;.v];.Rg;Gyl;Rkpf;F 1954-y; gj;kG+\z; tpUJk;> 1968-y; kpA+rpf; mfhlkp toq;fpa

rq;fPj fyhepjp gl;lKk;> 1974-y; kfNrNr tpUJk;> 1975-y; gj;k tpG+\d; tpUJk;>

1998y; ,e;jpahtpd; cahpa tpUjhd ghuj uj;dh tpUJk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mtuJ ngahpy; Mz;L NjhWk; tpUJ toq;fg;gl cs;sjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpa tk;rhtsp mnkhpf;fUf;F tpUJ

,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kUj;Jth;-vOj;jhsh; Mg;u`hk;

th;fP]_f;F 2015k; Mz;Lf;fhd Njrpa kdpjNea

gjf;fj;ij nts;is khspif mwptpj;Js;sJ.

kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; mth; Mw;wpa gzpf;fhf

th;fP]_f;F ,t;tpUJ mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1997-k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa kdpjNea

gjf;fk; tuyhW> ,yf;fpak;> nkhop> jj;Jtk;> ,ju kdpjNea gzpfspy; <LgLk;

jdpkdpjh;fs;> FOf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

mnkhpf;fh : ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp tpQ;Qhdpf;F nfsutk;

mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspiar; Nrh;e;j tpQ;Qhdp uNk\; uh];fh; (46)

nfsutk; kpf;f nynky;]d;-vk;Ib ghpRf;fhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; kpfr; rpwe;j Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;ghsh;fSf;F Mz;LNjhWk;

toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

mtuJ jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> ,isQh;fs;

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhf Mw;wp tUk; gzpfs; Mfpait fhuzkhf mtUf;F

nynky;]d;-vk;Ib ghpR toq;fg;gLtjhf me;jg; ghpRfis toq;Fk; kh]#]];l;

njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp ikak; ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;ifapy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mg;u`hk; th;fP]; ehty; : My own country, The tennis partner, Cutting for stone.

uNk\; uh];fh; : gpwe;j ,lk; : ehrpf; (,e;jpah)

tpUJ : NthlhNghd; tah;ny]; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhd tpUJ

nynky;rd; MIT tpUJ


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,uhZt epfo;Tfs;

ghfp];jhd; igyl; rNfhjhpfs; rhjid

ghfp];jhd; ,d;lh;Ne\dy; Vh;iyd;]; epWtdj;jpy; (gpIV) igyl;fshf gzpahw;Wk;

rNfhjhpfs; ,Uth; Nghapq; 777 uf tpkhdj;jpy; Nrh;e;J gzpahw;wpdh;. ,jd; %yk;

xNu tpkhdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa Kjy; igyl; rNfhjhpfs; vd;w rhjid gilj;Js;sdh;.

ghfp];jhDf;F 8 ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy; toq;FfpwJ rPdh

ghfp];jhd; flw;gilia tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 8 ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fis rPdh

toq;FfpwJ. ,Jnjhlh;ghf ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhfp

cs;sJ..

,UehLfSk; ,ize;J N[-17 vd;w Nghh; tpkhdj;ij jahhpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,J

jtpu ghfp];jhd; jiug;gilf;F Njitahd gPuq;fpfis rPdh tpepNahfk; nra;J

tUfpwJ.

ghfp];jhd; flw;gilf;fhf 8 ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fis rPdh toq;FfpwJ.

2023-k; Mz;by; 4 ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fs; ghfp];jhdplk; toq;fg;gl cs;sJ.

kPjKs;s 4 ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fs; tUk; 2028k; Mz;by; xg;gilf;fg;gl cs;sJ.

,e;jpa-mnkhpf;f tPuh;fs; $l;L uhZt gapw;rp

,e;jpah - mnkhpf;fh ,Uehl;L tPuh;fSk; ,ize;J> $l;L uhZtg; gapw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhs;s cs;sdh;.

‘Aj; mg;ah];” vd;w ngahpy;> cj;juhfz;l; khepyk;> my;Nkhuh khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s

rTghl;bahtpy; ,e;jpah - mnkhpf;fh ,ilapyhd $l;L uhZtg; gapw;rp eilngw;wJ.

Indian Army Joint Exercises in 2016

Mithra - Shakthi - India & Sri Lanka

Hand in Hand - India & China

Shakti - India & France

Nomadic Elephant - India & Mongolian

Yuddh Abhyas - India & U.S

Surya Kiran - India Nepal

Lamitye - India & Seychelles

Prabal Dostyk - India & Kazhakhstan

vd;v];[p> rpIv];vg;> vd;bMh;vg; gilfSf;F Gjpa b[pgpf;fs; epakdk;

Njrpa ghJfhg;Gg; gil (vd;v];[p)> Njrpa njhopyf ghJfhg;Gg;gil (rpIv];vg;)>

Njrpa Nghplh; kPl;Gg; gil (vd;bMh;vg;) Mfpatw;Wf;F Gjpa jiyik

,af;Feh;fis kj;jpa muR epakpj;Js;sJ.

ghfp];jhd; igyl; rNfhjhpfs;:

1. kh;ak; kR+j; 2. v&k; kR+j; xNu tpkhdj;jpy; xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L rNfhjhpfs; gazpj;j Kjy; ngUikia ngw;Ws;sdh;.

ghfp];jhDf;F 8 ePh; %o;fp fg;gy; toq;FfpwJ rPdh

1st . Type 039 2nd . Type 041 (or) Type 39 A


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%d;W kj;jpa gilfs;: rpMh;gpvg; $Ljy; b[pgpahf cs;s fjph; gpujhg; rpq;>

NjrpaghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; jiyik ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

vd;bMh;vg; jiyik ,af;Feuhf ($Ljy; b[pgp me;j];J) cs;s X.gp. rpq;

rpIv];vg; jiyik ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

rpIv];vg; jiyik $Ljy; b[pgpahf cs;s Mh;.Nf.gr;de;jh> vd;bMh;vg;

jiyik ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

ghJfhg;Gg; gphpTr; nrayh;:

kj;jpa mikr;ruitr; nrayfj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gg; gphpTr; nrayuhf Igpv]; caujpfhhp

uhjhfpU\;zd; fpdp epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

1981-Mk; Mz;L gpfhh; gphpitr; Nrh;e;j ,th;> jw;NghJ Njrpa Fw;w Mtzq;fs;

fhg;gfj;Jiwapy; jiyik ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;.

,e;jpahTf;F ‘fhh;bad;” uf Mspy;yh tpkhdq;fis tpw;fpwJ mnkhpf;fh

mnkhpf;fhtpd; n[duy; mNlhkpf;]; epWtdj;jplk; ,Ue;J fhh;bad; uf 22 Mspy;yh

tpkhdq;fis thq;f tpUk;Gtjhf me;ehl;L murpd; ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwf;F ,e;jpaf;

flw;gil $wpapUe;jJ.

,e;epiyapy;> mnkhpf;fhTf;F ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw mikr;rh; kNdhfh; ghhpf;fh;

nrd;wNghJ> fhh;bad; uf Mspy;yh tpkhdq;fis thq;FtJ Fwpj;J me;ehl;L

ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw mikr;rh; M\;ld; fhh;l;lUld; tpthjpj;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

,jd;%yk;> ,Ujug;G uhZt cwT NkYk; Nkk;gLk; vd;Wk; me;ehl;L ghJfhg;Gj;

Jiw tl;lhuq;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.

mnkhpf;f Nghh;f; fg;gy; gilapy; Nru gazk;

mnkhpf;f flw;gil rhh;gpy; njhopy; El;g mk;rq;fSld; $ba ]{k;thy;;l;uf Nghh;f;

fg;gy; (bb[p 1000)> Nka;d; khfhzj;jpd; n[duy; ildkpf;]; ghj; mah;d; xh;f;]l)

fg;gy; fl;Le;Jiwapy; jahh; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j Nghh;f; fg;gy;> vjphpfspd; thd; top> fly; top kw;Wk; jiu top ,yf;Ffis

kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;fp mopf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;lJ.

tpal;ehKldhd ghJfhg;G xj;Jiog;ig gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> me;j ehl;bd;

ghJfhg;Gr; nryTfSf;fhf flDjtp mspf;f ,e;jpah Kd; te;Js;sJ.

15 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpag; gpujkh; xUth; tpal;ehk; nrd;wJ. ,JNt

Kjy;Kiw vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,Jkl;Lkpd;wp> ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s 12 xg;ge;jq;fs;>

gy;NtW JiwfspYk; ,U ehl;L xj;Jiog;G Nkk;gl;L tUtijg; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.

tpal;ehk; flNyhuf; fhty; gilf;fhf> fz;fhzpg;Gf; fg;gy;fis ,e;jpah

fl;bj;jUtjw;fhd xg;ge;jk;> ,Ujug;Gg; ghJfhg;G ey;Ywit NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jk;.

,UehLfspd; $l;L Kaw;rp> gpuhe;jpag; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> tsh;;r;rpf;Fk; gq;fspg;ig

toq;Fk;.

,jdpilNa I.eh. ghJfhg;G fTd;rpypy; cs;s epue;ju cWg;G ehLfspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; ,e;jpahTk;> tpal;ehKk; typAWj;jpAs;sd.


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mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;

Ntw;Wfpufthrpfs; NjlYf;fhd cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa njhiyNehf;fp

rPdhtpy; nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ

tpz;ntspapy; ,Ue;J kh;kkhd Kiwapy; gy

xypfis mnkhpf;fhtpd; ehrh Ma;T epWtdk; gjpT

nra;Js;sJ.

mij Ntw;Wfpufthrpfs; mDg;gp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w

re;Njfj;jpy; njhlh;e;J Ma;Tfs; elf;fpd;wd.

mnkhpf;fh> u\;ahit njhlh;e;J Ntw;Wfpufthrpfs;

Fwpj;j Njlypy; rPdhTk; Kk;Kukhf <Lgl;L tUfpwJ.

Fwpg;ghf ekJ #hpa FLk;gj;Jf;F mg;ghy; cs;s el;rj;jpu njhFjpfspy; xspf;F

gpd;dhy; fpufq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdth? mjpy; caph;fs; tho;fpd;wdth vd;gij mwpe;J

nfhs;tjpYk; mjpf Mh;tk; fhl;b tUfpwJ.

,jw;fhf fle;j 2011-y; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa njhiyNehf;fpia cUthf;Fk; gzpia

rPdh njhlq;fpaJ.

Fa;Nrh khfhzj;jpy;> gpq;lhq; gFjpapy; cs;s kiy #o;e;j fh;];l; gs;sj;jhf;F gFjp

,jw;fhf Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,jd;%yk; G+kpf;F mg;ghy; thOk; Ntw;Wfpufthrpfspd; FuiyAk;> gpugQ;rj;jpd;

Njhw;wj;ijAk; vspjhf Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk; vd rPd tpQ;Qhdpfs;

njhptpf;fpd;wdh;.

,e;j njhiyNehf;fpf;F 500 kPl;lh; mgh;r;rh; ];nghpf;fy; nly];Nfhg; (gh];l;) vd

ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; ntw;wpfukhf epiyepWj;jk; - gpv];vy;tp - rp35 Gjpa

rhjid

= `hpNfhl;lh ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ntspehLfisr;

Nrh;e;j 8 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs;> gpv];vy;tp - rp35

uhf;nfl; %yk; ,UNtW Rw;Wg;ghijfspy;

ntw;wpfukhf epiyepWj;jg;gl;ld.

,jd;%yk; ,];Nuh Gjpa rhjid gilj;Js;sJ.


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ek; ehl;bd; nrhe;j NjitfSf;fhf kl;Lkpd;wp> tzpfhPjpahfTk; nraw;iff;

Nfhs;fis ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T epWtdk; (,];Nuh) tpz;zpy; nrYj;jp

tUfpwJ.

Kjypy;> jpl;lkpl;l Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ‘];fhl;rhl;-1” nraw;iff; NfhSk;.

,d;ndhU Rw;Wg;ghijapy; kw;w 7 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fSk; mLj;jLj;J

epiyepWj;jg;gl;ld. ,UNtW Rw;Wg;ghijfspy; gazpf;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jjhy;

gpv];.vy;tp - rp35 uhf;nfl;bd; nkhj;j gaz Neuk; 2.15 kzp Neukhf ,Ue;jJ.

ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;s 8 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ

,];Nuhtpd; jahhpg;ghd ‘];fhl;rhl;-1”. ,J gUtepiy njhlh;ghd Ma;T> thdpiy

Kd;dwptpg;G> Gay; vr;rhpf;if cs;spl;l gy;NtW gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ,J 371

fpNyh vil nfhz;lJ. G+kpapy; ,Ue;J 724 fp.kP. njhiytpy; JUt #hpa xj;jpaq;F

Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ,J epiyepWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; MAs; fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;.

,e;jpa uhf;nfl; xd;W ,uz;L Rw;Wtl;lg;ghijfspy; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis

epiyepWj;JtJ ,JNt Kjy;KiwahFk;

kw;w 7 nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;

gpujk; 10 fpNyh Kk;ig I.I.gp

gprhl; 5.25 fpNyh ngq;f@U gp,v];

gy;fiyf;fofk;

my;rhhl; 1 gp 130 fpNyh my;[phpah

my;rhl; - 2gp 117 fpNyh

my;rhl; - 1 vz; 7 fpNyh mnkhpf;fh

ghj;igz;lh; 1 44 fpNyh

vd; vy; v]; 8 fpNyh fdlh

rh;tNjr Nghl;bapy; rh];j;uh khztp ntw;wp

mnkhpf;fhtpy; tlfNuhypdhtpy; cs;s rhh;yl;by; mnkhpf;f ,ae;jpug; nghwpapay;

mikg;G khehL ele;jJ.

,jpy; jQ;rhT+h; rh];j;uh gy;fiyf;fof khztp kJkpjh fye;J nfhz;lhh;.

ePh;k ,af;ftpay; ,izg;G vd;gNj ,tuJ Ma;tpd; gue;Jg;gl;l gug;G.

Kk;ig IIb cUthf;fpAs;s ‘gpujk;” (10 fpNyh)> ngq;f@U gp,v]; gy;fiyf;fofk;

cUthf;fpAs;s ‘ gprhl;” (5.25 fpNyh)> my;[Phpahtpd; my;rhl; 1gp (130 fpNyh)> my;rhl; - 2

gp (117 fpNyh)> my;rhl; - 1 vd; (7 fpNyh) mnkhpf;fhtpd; ghj;igz;lh; 1 (44 fpNyh)

fdlhtpd; vd;vy;v];-19 (8 fpNyh) Mfpa 7 nraw;iff; Nfhs;fSk; G+kpapy; ,Ue;J 689

fp.kP. njhiytpy; JUt tl;lg;ghijapy; epiy epWj;jg;gl;ld.


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,th; ,k; khehl;by; ntw;wp ngw;W 1>000 mnkhpf;f lhyiu ntFkjpahf

mspj;Js;sJ.

cyfpNyNa kpfTk; ePdkhd Gy;yl; uapy; ghij

cyfpNyNa ePskhd mjpNtf uapy; (Gy;yl;) ghijfisf; nfhz;l ehlhf rPdh

cUntLj;Js;sJ.

ehl;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; cs;s n`dhd; khfhzj;jpd; n[q;# efiuAk; fpof;F

gFjpapy; cs;s [pahq;f khfhzj;jpd; R# efiuAk; ,izf;Fk; tifapy; Gjpa

ghij mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Fwpg;ghf> [pahd; kw;Wk; \hq;fha; efuq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd gaz Neuk; 11

kzpapypUe;J 6 kzpahff; FiwAk;. nkhj;jk; 9 uapy; epiyaq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;j

topj;jlj;jpy; kzpf;F 300 fp.kP. Ntfj;jpy; uapy; nry;Yk;.

,jd;%yk;> rPdhtpy; cs;s mjpNtf uapy; ghijapd; nkhj;j ePsk; 20 Mapuk; fpNyh

kPl;liuj; jhz;b cs;sJ. ,jdhy; cyfpd; ePskhd mjpNtf uapy; ghijiaf;

nfhz;l ehL vd;w ngUik rPdhTf;F fpilj;Js;sJ.

Kk;ig - mfkjhghj; ,ilapyhd mjpNtf uapy; ghijf;fhd xg;ge;jk; [g;ghDf;F

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tlnfhhpah 5-tJ Kiwahf mZFz;L Nrhjid

ntw;wpfukhf mZFz;L Nrhjid elj;jpajhf tlnfhhpah mwptpj;Js;sJ.

,e;j mZFz;L ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; `pNuh\pkh efh;kPJ tPrg;gl;lij tpl rf;jp

tha;e;jJ vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

10 fpNyh ld; msTs;s ,e;j mZFz;L ntbg;G> tlnfhhpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa mZ

MAj NrhjidahFk;.

,e;j mZ MAj Nrhjid ele;j ,lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mjph;Tfs; hpf;lh; msTNfhypy;

5.3 myFfshfg; gjpthfpAs;sJ. ,J tlnfhhpahtpd; ehd;fhtJ mZ MAjr;

Nrhjidia tpl ,U klq;F mjpfk;.

,J ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; Ig;ghdpd; `pNuh\pkh efh; kPJ mnkhpf;fh tPrpa

mZFz;il tpl rf;jp tha;e;jJ.

The Shanghai Maglev Train running on a special maglev track, departing the Shanghai

Pudong International Airport. The maglev train can reach a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph).


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9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 18

etPd fy;tp cj;jpAld; jpwd; tsh;g;G Nritf;fhf tpUJ ntd;w Mrphpah;

Njrpa jfty; njhopy;El;g Mrphpah; tpUij ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy; Mrphpah;

ngw;Ws;shh;.

Njrpa mstpy; jfty; njhopy;El;g fw;gpj;jiy Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Nghl;bfis

elj;jp> Mrphpah;fSf;F FbauRj; jiyth; tpUJfis kj;jpa muR toq;fp tUfpwJ.

fle;j Xh; Mz;lhf Njrpa mstpy; ele;j ,jw;fhd Njh;Tfspy; 11 Mrphpah;fs;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.

ePyfphp khtl;lk; Nfhj;jfphp mUNf cs;s NjdhL gs;sp Mrphpah; jh;kuh[; Kjyplk;

gpbj;J rhjidg; gilj;jhh;.

etPd jfty; njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfshd kbf;fzpdp> Mz;l;uha;l; nkhigy; Nghd;>

,izak; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; Mrphpah; jh;kuh[; rpwg;ghd fy;tpia kiytho; fpuhkg;

gs;spapy; Vw;gLj;jp> khzth;fSf;F etPd fy;tp cj;jpAld; $ba jpwid tsh;j;J

Nritahw;wpajd; thapyhf ,t;tpUJ mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Gtptl;lg;ghijapy; ,d;rhl; - 3bMh; nraw;iff;Nfhs; epiyepWj;jk;

,d;rhl;-3bMh; nraw;iff;NfhSld; [p.v];.vy;.tp> vg;5 uhf;nfl;>

=`hpNfhl;lhtpy; cs;s rjP\; jtz; tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; 2-MtJ

Vtjsj;jpypUe;J ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpd; 10 MtJ [p.v];.vy;.tp> uhf;nfl; vd;gJld;> KOtJk; ,e;jpahtpy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l fpiuNahn[dpf; vd;[pd; nghUj;jg;gl;l 4MtJ uhf;nfl; MFk;.

,d;rhl; 3bMh;: ,J KOtJk; ‘,];Nuhthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l thdpiy kw;Wk;

tspkz;ly Muha;r;rpf;fhd mjpetPd nraw;iff; NfhshFk;. Gifg;glq;fisAk;> gpw

jfty;fisAk; glk;gpbj;J mDg;Gtjw;fhd ‘kpby; ,d;g;uh nul; Ngz;l;” kw;Wk;

fly; gug;G jl;gntg;gepiyia Jy;ypakhf fzpj;J jfty; juf;$ba ‘njh;ky;

,d;g;uh nul; Ngz;l;” fUtpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpv];vy;tp - rp35 uhf;nfl; mjpetPd vf;];vy; tifapy; 15 MtJ uhf;nfl; MFk;.

xl;L nkhj;jkhf 37-MtJ gpv];vy;tp uhf;nfl; MFk;.

rpwg;G ‘];fhl;rhl; 1” nraw;iff;Nfhs; JUt - #hpa Rw;Wtl;lg;ghijapYk; kw;w

nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; JUt Rw;Wtl;lg;ghijapYk; epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.


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9840097666/ 9600124042 Page 19

,jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpetPd Nfkuh> G+kpapypUe;J Rkhh; 36 Mapuk; fp.kP.

njhiytpy; cs;s [pNah ];Nl\dhp Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ,Ue;jgb 26 epkplq;fSf;F

xUKiw Jy;ypakhd jfty;fisg; glk;gpbj;J G+kpf;F mDg;Gk;.

kw;nwhU fUtpahd ‘rTz;lh;” jl;gntg;gepiy fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;> xUq;fpize;j

xNrhd; kz;lyk; Fwpj;j jfty;fis G+kpf;F mDg;Gk;> ,jd; MAl;fhyk; 10

Mz;Lfs; MFk;.

,e;j nraw;iff; Nfhs; %yk; ,e;jpah kl;Lkpd;wp tq;fNjrk;> G+lhd;> khyj;jPT>

Neghsk;> nrry;]; jPT> ,yq;if> jhd;rhdpah Nghd;w ehLfspd; thdpiy

khw;wq;fisAk; Kd; $l;bNa Jy;ypakhf mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

mjpf vilnfhz;l nraw;iff;Nfhs;

[pv];vy;tp uhf;nfl; ,Jtiu Rke;J nrd;w nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspNyNa mjpf vil

nfhz;lJ ,d;rhl; - 3bMh; nraw;iff;Nfhs; MFk;.

mnkhpf;f tpz;ntsp tPuh; G+kpf;F

jpUk;gpdhh;

mnkhpf;f tpz;ntsp tuyhw;wpy;

tpz;zpy; mjpf ehl;fs; fopj;j

tpz;ntsp tPuh; n[g; tpy;ypak;]; (58) kw;Wk; 2 u\;a tpz;ntsp tPuu;fs; G+kpf;Fj;

jpUk;gpdh;.

,th;fs;> u\;ahtpd; NrhA]; tpz;ntsp Xlk; %yk; kj;jpa f[f];jhdpy; cs;@h;

Neug;gb fhiy 7.13 kzpf;Fj; jiuapwq;fpdhh;.

rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp Ma;T epiyaj;Jf;F 4tJ Kiwahf gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l n[g;

tpy;ypak;]; 172 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF G+kpf;Fj; jpUk;gpAs;shh;. 4 gazj;jpYk; ,th;

xl;Lnkhj;jkhf 534 ehl;fs; tpz;zpy; fopj;Js;shh;.

mnkhpf;f tpz;ntsp tuyhw;wpy; ,J rhjid msthFk;. tpz;zpy; mjpf ehl;fs;

,Ue;j mnkhpf;f tPuh; vd;w ngUikia ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;.

n[g; tpy;ypak;]; cld; u\;a tPuh;fs; mnyf;]p Xtd;rpd;> Xnyf; ];fphpNghr;fh

MfpNahUk; te;jdh;.

tpz;zpy; mjpf ehl;fs; fopj;j mnkhpf;fh; vd;w ngUikia n[g;tpy;ypak;];

ngw;whYk;> tpz;zpy; mjpf fhyk; fopj;jth; (879 ehl;fs;) vd;w ngUikia u\;a

tPuh; nfd;db gly;fh tfpf;fpwhh;.

tpz;zpy; nrYj;jpa ehs; - 8 nrg;lk;gh;

2016

uhf;nfl; - G.SLVMKIIFO5

vil 2.211kg

fhyk; 10 Mz;Lfs;


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tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs;

grpgpf; Xgd; nld;dp]; Nth];dpahf;fp gl;lk; ntd;whh;

fNuhypd; Nth];dpahf;fp

nld;khh;f; tPuhq;fidahd fNuhypd; Nth];dpahf;fp ntw;wp

ngw;whh;. [g;ghdpd; eNthkp X]hfhTld; Nkhjpdhh;.

nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; mth; ngWk; 24-tJ rhk;gpad; gl;lk;

,J vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

nl];by; 200 tpf;nfl; : tuyhW gilj;jhh; m];tpd;

nl];l; Nghl;bapy; 200-MtJ tpf;nfl;il tPo;j;jpdhh; ,e;jpa

Row;ge;J tPr;rhsh; m];tpd;. ,J mtUila 37-MtJ

Nghl;bahFk;.

,jd;%yk; nl];l; Nghl;bapy; mjpNtfkhf 200 tpf;nfl;

tPo;j;jpa ,e;jpah; vd;w rhjidiag; gilj;jhh;. Kd;djhf

`h;g[d; rpq; 46 Nghl;bfspy; 200 tpf;nfl; tPo;j;jpaNj ,e;jpah; xUthpd; rhjidahf

,Ue;jJ.

,NjNghy; nl];l; Nghl;bapy; mjpNtfkhf 50> 100> 150-MtJ tpf;nfl;Lfis

tPo;j;jpa ,e;jpah;fs; thpirapYk; m];tpNd Kjyplj;jpy; cs;shh;.

,Jjtpu rh;tNjr mstpy; nl];l; Nghl;bapy; mjpNtfkhf 200 tpf;nfl;

tPo;j;jpath;fs; thpirapy; 2-MtJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;shh; m];tpd;. Kjyplj;jpy;

M];jpNuypahtpd; fpshhp fphpk;nkl; (36 Nghl;b) cs;shh;.

ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;b

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; epiwTw;w Neuj;jpy;> mjpy; ntw;wpngw;w Ner ehLfspy;

xd;whd gphpl;ld;> cWg;gpoe;j uhZt tPuh;fSf;fhd gy;NtW tpisahl;Lg;

Nghl;bfis Kjd;Kiwahf 1948y; elj;jpaJ.

,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; jpwd;fis

ntspf;nfhz;L tuTk;> kw;w khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if Cl;lTk;

mth;fSf;nfd gpuj;Naf tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfs; elg;gijg; NghyNt> mJ

epiwTngw;wJk; mNj efhpy; ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;b elg;gJk; kughf cs;sJ.

1960-y; Nuhkpy; njhlq;fp> jw;NghJ 15-tJ ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfs; gpNurpy; ehl;bd;

hpNah efhpy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.


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jlfsg; Nghl;b xd;wpy;> rf;fuq;fNs fhy;fshfp kpd;dyhfg; gha;e;JtUk;

khw;Wj;jpudhsp tPuh;fs;.

,g;Nghl;bapy; fdlh tPuh; g;nud;l; yfNlh]; jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;whh;.

thpir Mz;L ehL efuk;

1st 1960 ,j;jhyp Nuhk;

15th 2016 gpNurpy; hpNah B n[dpNuh

16th 2018 nfhhpah gpahq;rhq;

17th 2020 [g;ghd; Nlhf;fpNah

18th 2022 rPdh nga;[pq;

mnkhpf;f Xgd; nld;dp];- n[h;kdpapd; nfh;gh; gl;lk; ntd;whh;

mnkhpf;f Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; n[h;kdp tPuhq;fidahd

VQ;rypd; nfh;gh; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whh;.

mnkhpf;f Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bfs; epA+ahh;f; efhpy; eilngw;W

tUfpwJ.

juthpirapy; 2tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s VQ;rypf; nfh;gUk;> 10tJ

,lj;jpy; cs;s fNuhypdh gpsp];NfhthTk; Nkhjpdh;.

xNu Mz;by; 2 fpuhz;l; ];yhk; gl;lq;fis ntd;wJ vdf;F

cw;rhfk; mspf;fpwJ.

,jd; %yk; nld;dp]; juthpirg; gl;baypy; Kjy; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ. NkYk;

kfpo;r;rpaspf;fpwJ.

Mz;L gphpT 1k; ,lk; 2k; ,lk;

2016 Mz;fs; ththhpq;fh N[hNfhtpr;

ngz;fs; VQ;rypd; nfh;gh; fNuhypdh

gpsp];Nfhth

fyg;G 1. yhuh rpfpkz;l;

2. Nkl;b ghtpf;

1. Nfh Nfh thz;b

Ntfp

2. uh[pt; uht;

,e;jpa uapy;Nt rhk;gpad;

KUfg;gh jqf; Nfhg;igf;fhd 90-MtJ mfpy ,e;jpa `hf;fpg; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpa

uapy;Nt mzp rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wJ.

13 tJ ghuh xypk;gpf; hpNah b- n[dpNuhtpy; eilngw;wJ.


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nrd;id vOk;G+hpy; cs;s Nkah; uhjhfpU\;zd; ikjhdj;jpy; eilngw;w ,Wjp

Ml;lj;jpy; ,e;jpauapy;Nt elg;G rhk;gpadhd IXrp mzpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J ntw;wp

ngw;wJ.

Mrpa fhh;l;bq; Nu];: tuyhW gilj;jhh; rh`d; myp

Mrpa fhh;l;bq; Nu]py; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; vd;w tuyhw;iw

gilj;Js;shh; ,sk; tPuh; rh`d; myp nkh\pd;.

cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Mf;uhitr; Nrh;e;j ,r;rpWtDf;F 12 taJjhd; MfpwJ.

Nghl;bapd; NghJ jdJ mrj;jyhd jpwikia

ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.

Nlgps; nld;dp]; rj;ad; gl;lk; ntd;whh;

ngy;[paj;jpy; cs;s B`hd; efhpy; ngy;[pak; Xgd; Nlgps;

nld;dp]; Nghl;b eilngw;wJ. ,jd; ,Wjp Ml;lj;jpy;

,e;jpa tPuh; rj;ad; QhdNrfud;> ngy;[pak;; tPuh; ea;bq;

nrl;hpf;ifia vjph;j;J Mbdhh;.

rh;tNjr Nlgps; nld;dp]; rhk;gpad; gl;lj;ij ntd;w 2-tJ ,e;jpa tPuh; vd;w

ngUikia mth; ngw;whh;. Kd;djhf 2012-k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; mre;jh ruj; fky;

rh;tNjr Nlgps; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;Ws;shh;.

nld;dp]; juthpirg;gl;bay; - rhdpah kph;rh njhlh;e;J

Kjyplk;

nld;dp]; juthpirg; gl;baypy; ,ul;ilah; gphptpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

rhdpah kph;rh njhlh;e;J Kjy; ,lj;jpy; ePbf;fpwhh;.

Nlhf;fpNahtpy; rkPgj;jpy; ele;j grpgpf; Xgd; nld;dp];

Nghl;bapd; ,ul;ilah; gphptpy; rhdpah kph;rh-ghh;guh

];biuNfhth N[hb rhk;gpa;d gl;lj;ij ntd;wJ.

,e;j ntw;wpapd; %yk; ,ul;ilah; nld;dp]; juthpirg; gl;baypy; rhdpah kph;rh

njhlh;e;J Kjy; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

,e;jg; gl;baypy; khh;bdh `pq;fp]; 9>725 Gs;spfSld; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

Mz;LfSf;fhd xw;iwah; gphptpy; ,e;jpa tPuh; rhNfj; ikNddp 138-tJ ,lj;jpy;

,Uf;fpwhh;.

,e;jg; gl;baypy; uhk;Fkhh; uhkehjd; 229-tJ ,lj;jpYk;> A+fp gk;ghp 282-tJ

,lj;jpYk; cs;sdh;.


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Mz;fSf;fhd ,ul;ilah; gphpT juthpirg; gl;baypy; Nuh`d;Nghgz;zh 18-tJ

,lj;jpYk;> ypahz;lh; ga]; 60-tJ ,lj;jpYk; cs;sdh;.

thpir ngah; ehL

1st rhdpah kph;rh ,e;jpah

2nd rNuhypdh fhh;rpah>

fpwp];Bdh khy;bNdhtpf;

gpuhd;];

4th khh;gPdh `pq;fp]; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J

5th ngj;jdp Nkl;lf; fhd; mnkhpf;fh

<l;b vwpjy; : md;D uhzp Njrpa rhjid

<l;b vwpjy; Nghl;bapy; md;D uhzp 60.01 kP.J}uk; vwpe;J Gjpa Njrpa rhjidiag;

gilj;Js;shh;.

cj;jug;gpuNjr jiyefh; yf;ndstpy; eilngw;W tUk; 56-MtJ Njrpa jlfsg;

Nghl;bapy; mth; ,e;j rhjidia epfo;j;jpAs;shh;.

mth; jdJ 3-MtJ tha;gpy; 60.01 kP.J}uk; vwpe;jhh;. ,jd; %yk; 60kP. J}uj;ij vl;ba

Kjy; ,e;jpa tPuhq;fid vd;w ngUikiag; ngw;whh;.

Kd;djhf fle;j [_iyapy; i`juhghjpy; eilngw;w khepyq;fs; ,ilapyhd

Nghl;bapy; md;D uhzp 59.87 kP.J}uk; vwpe;jNj Njrpa rhjidahf ,Ue;jJ.

tPy;Nrh; nld;dp];

gpNurpypd; hpNah b n[dPNuhtpy; eilngw;W tUk; ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; tPy;Nrh;

nld;dp]; Nghl;bapd; xw;iwah; gphptpy; jq;fk; ntd;w kfpo;r;rpapy; M];jpNuypahtpd;

ilyhd; my;fhl;.

,th;> jdJ ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; gphpl;ldpd; Md;b yhg;jhh;id Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

gpwe;jJ : 1992 > cj;jpugpu Njrk;>

2014 Mrpa tpisahl;L Nghl;bapy; 60.01 kP <l;bia vwpe;J Njrpa rhjid

gilj;jhh;. <l;b vwpjypy; 60 kP jhz;ba Kjy; ngz;.

56tJ Njrpa jlfsg; Nghl;bapy; 59.87 kP vwpe;J Njrpa rhjid

gilj;Js;shh;.


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ghuhypk;gpf; <l;b vwpjy; - jq;fk; ntd;whh; NjNte;jpu [[hhpah

gpNurpy; ehl;bd; hpNah b n[dpNuhtpy; eilngw; W tUk; ghuhypk;gpf;fpy; <l;b vwpjypy;

,e;jpa tPuh; NjNte;jpu [[hhpah jq;fk; ntd;whh;.

MltUf;fhd <l;b vwpjy; Nghl;bapd; vg; 46 gphptpy; 63.97 kPl;lh; J}uk; vwpe;J

jq;fg;gjf;fk; ntd;Ws;shh; [[hhpah.

ghuhypk;gpf; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfspy; ,uz;L

Kiw jq;fk; ntd;w ,e;jpa tPuh; vd;w ngUikAk;

mtUf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ.

2004-y; Vnjd;]; efhpy; eilngw;w ghuhypk;gpf;

Nghl;bapy; [[hhpah 62.15 kPl;lh; J}uk; <l;b vwpe;J

jq;fj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpapUe;jhh;.

12 tUlq;fs; fopj;J jw;NghJ hpNah ghuhypk;gpf;fpy; 63.97 kPllh; J}uk; vwpe;j

NjNte;jpu [[hhpah jd;Dila Kd;dhs; xypk;gpf; rhjidia Kwpabj;Js;shh;.

hpNah ghuhypk;gpf;fpy; ,e;jpahTf;F fpilj;j 4-tJ gjf;fk; ,JthFk;.

Vw;nfdNt cauk; jhz;Ljypy; jkpof tPuh; khhpag;gd; jq;fNtY jq;fKk;> mNj

gphptpy; cj;jug; gpuNjrj;ij Nrh;e;j tUz; rpq; ghl;b ntz;fyKk; ntd;wdh;.

Fz;L vwpjypy; ,e;jpahtpd; jPgh khypf; nts;spg;gjf;fj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp Gjpa

rhpj;jpuk; gilj;jhh;.

jw;NghJ NjNte;jpu [[hhpah Gjpa rhjidAld;

jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;Ws;shh;.

36 tajhd NjNte;jpu [[hhpah jw;NghJ ,e;jpa tpisahl;L Mizaj;jpd;

gapw;rpahsuhfg; gzpahw;Wfpwhh;.

uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; RU khtl;lj;jpd; rpW fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jth; [[hhpah.

NjNte;jpu [[hhpah

2004 - Vnjd;]py; eilngw;w ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; <l;b vwpjy; Nghl;bapy; jq;f gjf;fk;

ntd;whh;.

2016 - hpNah B n[dpNuhtpy; eilngw;w ghuh xypk;gpf; <l;b vwpjy; 2tJ jq;f gjf;fk;

ntd;whh;.

2012 - gj;k= tpUJ

2004 - mh;[Pdh tpUJ


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ghh;Kyh 1 tpilngWfpwhh; kh]h

gpNurpiyr; Nrh;e;j ghh;Kyh 1 fhh;; ge;ja tPuuhd ngypg;

kh]h> ,e;j rPrNdhL Xa;T ngWtjhf mwptpj;Js;shh;.

2002-Mk; Mz;L ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jaj;jpy; mbnaLj;J

itj;j kh]h> Muk;gj;jpy; nrsgh; mzpf;fhf gq;Nfw;whh;.

2006-,y; nguhhp mzpf;F khwpdhh;. mjd;gpwF fle;j 3 Mz;Lfshf tpy;ypak;];

mzpf;fhf ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jaj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W tUfpwhh;.

,e;j rPrdpd; filrpg; Nghl;bahd mGjhgp fpuhz;l;g;hP> kh]h gq;Nfw;fTs;s 250-

MtJ fpuhz;l;g;hP Nghl;bahFk;.

xU Gs;spapy; gphpl;ldpd; yPtp]; `hkpy;ldplk; rhk;gpad;\pg;ig Nfhl;iltpl;lhh;.

n[h;kdpapd; Gjpa Nfg;ld;

2018 cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;bf;fhd n[h;kdpapy; khDNty; E}ah; Nfg;ldhf

nray;gLthh; vd n[h;kdp fhy;ge;J rq;fk; mwptpj;Js;sJ.

khDNty; E}ah; Nfg;ldhf nray;gLtJ ,J Kjy;Kiway;y.

mth; 14 rh;tNjr Nghl;bfspy; n[h;kdpia top elj;jpAs;shh; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

tUz;gl;b

,th; cj;jpugpuNjr khepyj;ij Nrh;e;jth;.

2014y; rPd xgd; jlfs rhk;gpad; \pg;gpy; jq;f gjf;fk; ntd;whh;.

2016 IPC jlfs Mrpa xrpahdpah rhk;gpad; \pg;gpy; jq;f gjf;fk; ntd;whh;.

,th; gpNurpy; ehl;il Nrh;e;jth;

jw;nghOJ ,th; ghh;%yh xd; Nghl;bapy; 11tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;shh;.

2006 fpuhz;l; gphpf;]py; Kjy; ntw;wpia ngw;whh;.

2008 gpNurpypapd; fpuhz;l; gphpf;]py; filrpahf ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

jPgh khypf;

,th; fh;ehlf khepyj;ij Nrh;e;jth;.

2012 d; yz;ldpy; ghuh xypk;gpf;fpy; gSJ}f;Fk; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpahtpd; rhh;ghf

fye;J nfhz;lhh;.

2010 eilngw;w Mrpa ghuh tpisahl;by; ntz;fy gjf;fj;ij jl;b nrd;whh;.

2008 mh;[Pdh tpUJ ngw;whh;.


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];Fth\; juthpir - 10-tJ ,lj;jpy; N[h\;dh

rh;tNjr ];Fth\; juthpirapy; ,e;jpa tPuhq;fid N[h\;dh

rpd;dg;gh 10MtJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;shh;.

kw;nwhU ,e;jpa tPuhq;fidahd jPgpfh gypf;fy; njhlh;e;J 19-MtJ

,lj;jpNyNa cs;shh;.

gjf;f tha;g;ig jtwtpl;lhh; gh;khd; gh\h

MltUf;fhd 49 fpNyh vil gphpT gSJ}f;Fjypy; gq;Nfw;w ,e;jpahtpd; gh;khd;

gh\h 4-tJ ,lj;ij gpbj;J gjf;fk; nty;Yk; tha;g;ig jtwtpl;lhh;.

tpal;ehik Nrh;e;j fhq; thd; yP jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;whh;. ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy;

tpal;ehk; ngWk; Kjy; jq;fg; gjf;fk; ,Jthf mike;jJ. N[hh;lhdpd; Xkh; Fthuh

nts;spg; gjf;fKk;> `q;Nfhpapd; ed;Njhh; ld;nfy; ntz;fyg; gjf;fKk;

ifg;gw;wpdh;.

MltUf;fhd 200 kPl;lh;; gl;lh;gpis ePr;ry; Nghl;bapy; gpNurpy; ehl;il Nrh;e;j

Nldpay; jpah]; jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;whh;. mnkhpf;f tPuu; uha; ngh;fpd;i] mth; 10

tpehbfspy; Njhw;fbj;J Kjyplk; gpbj;jhh;.

28 tajhd Nldpay; jpah]; ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; nty;Yk; 16-tJ gjf;fk;

,JthFk;. ,jd; %yk; mth; gpNurpy; ehl;bd; ikf;Nfy; ngy;g;]; vd;Wk; nry;ykhf

miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwhh;.

ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapd; Kjy; ehspy; gjf;fg; gl;baypy; rPdh Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ.

7 jq;fk;> 9 nts;sp> 4 ntz;fyj;Jld; rPdh Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ.

,q;fpyhe;J 5 jq;fk;> 3 nts;sp> 3 ntz;fyj;Jld; 2tJ ,lj;jpYk;> c];ngfp];jhd;

3 jq;fk;> 2 nts;sp> 3 ntz;fyj;Jld; 3-tJ ,lj;jpYk; cs;sd.

mnkhpf;f Xgd; nld;dp]py; Kjd;Kiwahf gl;lk; ntd;whh; tht;hpq;fh

mnkhpf;f Xgd; nld;dp]; Mlth; xw;iwah; gphptpy; Kjy; epiy tPuhd

N[hNfhtpr;ir tPo;j;jp> Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; tht;hpq;fh rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whh;.

,th; n[h;kdp ehl;il Nrh;e;jth;.

,th; jw;nghOJ Ngah;d; Kdpr; FOtpy; cs;shh;.

jw;nghOJ n[h;kd; mzpapd; Gjpa Nfg;ldhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

2010 y; kw;Wk; 2014y; cyf Nfhg;igapy; n[h;kdpapd; Nfhy; fPg;guhf ,Ue;jhh;.


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epA+ahh;f; efhpy; eilngw;wJ.

,jpy; 31 tajhd tht;hpq;fh thif #bdhh;

mnkhpf;f Xgdpy; tht;hpq;fh gl;lk; nty;tJ ,JNt Kjd;Kiw.

NkYk; tht;hpq;fh ifg;gw;wpa 3tJ fpuhz;l; ];yhk; gl;lk; ,JthFk;. 2014-y;

M];jpNuypa Xgd;> 2015-y; gpnuQ;R Xgd; gl;lq;fisAk; mth; ntd;Ws;shh;.

mnkhpf;f Xgd; tuyhw;wpy; 46 tUlq;fSf;F gpwF mjpf tajpy; gl;lk; ntd;wth;

vd;w ngUikiaAk; tht;hpq;fh ngw;Ws;shh;. filrpahf 1970-y; 35 tajhd

nfd; Nuh];thy; ,e;jr; rhjidia epfo;j;jpapUe;jhh;.

mjd; gpd;dh; 2002y; gPl;rhk;gpuh]; 30 tajpy; gl;lk; ntd;wpUe;jhh;.

mnkhpf;f Xgd; nld;dp];

Mz;L ,lk; Kjy; ,lk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;

2015 mnkhpf;fh NehthN[hf;Nfhtpr; Nuh[h; ngluh;

2016 mnkhpf;fh tht;hpq;fh N[hNfhtpr;

ky;Aj;j juthpirg; gl;bay; - rhf;\p khypf; 4-tJ ,lk;

hpNah xypk;gpf;fpy; kfspUf;fhd ky;Aj;jj;jpd; 58 fpNyh vil gphptpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

rhf;\p khypf; ntz;fyg; gjf;fk; ntd;wpUe;jhh;. ,e;j gjf;fk; %yk; cyf ky;Aj;j

rq;fj;jpd; juthpir gl;baypy; rhf;\p khypf; 4tJ ,lj;Jf;F Kd;Ndwp cs;shh;.

xypg;gpf; Nghl;bf;F Kd;djhf rhf;\p khypf; juthpirapy; ,lk;ngwhj

tPuhq;fidahfNt ,Ue;jhh;.

xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapd; NghJ 48 fpNyh vil gphpT fhy; ,Wjpapy; fhak; fhuzkhf

ntspNawpa kw;nwhU ,e;jpa tPuhq;fidahd tpNd\; Nghfj; juthpirapy; 2

,lq;fs; Kd;Ndwp 11tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;shh;.

MltUf;fhd gphP];ily; gphpT juthpir gl;baypy; Kjy; 20 ,lq;fSf;Fs; ,e;jpa

tPuh;fs; re;jPg; Njhkh;> g[;uq; G+dpah Mfpa ,Uth; kl;LNk cs;sdh;. 57 fpNyh vil

gphptpy; Njhkh; 15tJ ,lj;ijAk;> 61 fpNyh vil gphptpy; g[;uq; 18tJ ,lj;ijAk;

juthpirapy; gpbj;Js;sdh;.

rhf;\p khypf;

,th; `hpahdh khepyj;ij Nrh;e;jth;.

2015 y; Mrpa kwg;Nghh; Nghl;bapy; ntz;fyk; ntd;whh;.

2016 y; Nfhil fhy xypk;gpf; nghl;bapy; ntz;fyk; ntd;whh;.


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ghuhypk;gpf; Nghl;b Fz;L vwpjypy; - ,e;jpahTf;F nts;spg; gjf;fk;

hpNah b n[dpNuhtpy; eilngw;W tUk; ghuhypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; kfspUf;fhd Fz;L

vwpjy; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpahtpd; jPgh khypf; nts;spg; gjf;fk; ntd;whh;.

mth; 4.61 kPl;lh; J}uk; vwpe;jhh;. ghuhypk;gpf;fpy; gjf;fk; ntd;w Kjy; ,e;jpa

tPuhq;fid vd;w rhjidiaAk; jPgh khypf; gilj;jhh;.

49 tajhd jPgh khypf;Ff;F ,U Foe;ijfs; cs;sdh;. jPghtpd; fzth; uhZt

mjpfhhp Mthh;.

17 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G KJFj;jz;by; Vw;gl;l fl;b fhuzkhf jPghthy; elf;f

Kbahky; NghdJ.

md;W Kjy; tPy;Nrhpy; mkh;e;j mth; jd;dk;gpf;ifia kl;Lk; ,of;ftpy;iy.

Fz;L vwpjy; jtpu <l;b vwpjy;> ePr;ry;> Ngr;rhsh; Mfpa gd;Kf jpwidAk;

nfhz;lth; jPgh.

rh;tNjr ePr;ry; Nghl;bfspy; gy;NtW gjf;fq;fisAk; ngw;Ws;shh; jPgh khypf;.

kfsph; ,ul;ilah; : Nrd;l;]; - rgNuhth N[hb rhk;gpad;

kfsph; ,ul;ilah; gphptpy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; ngj;jhdp kNlf; Nrd;l;];-nrf; Fbaurpd;

Y}]p rgNuhth N[hb rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wJ.

gpuhd;]pd; fNuhypd; fhh;]pah-fpwp];bdh nkbNdhtpr; N[hbiaj; Njhw;fbj;jJ.

,jd;%yk; Nrd;l;];-rgNuhth N[hb 3-tJ fpuhz;l;];yhk; gl;lj;ij ntd;Ws;sJ.

Kd;djhf 2015-,y; M];jpNuypa Xgd; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R Xgdpy; Nrd;l;];-rgNuhth

N[hb rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;W jkpof tPuh; rhjid

ghuhypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; jq;fg;gjf;fk; ntd;w jkpof tPuh; khhpag;gd; jq;fNtY

rhjid gilj;Js;shh;.

gpNurpypy; cs;s hpNah efhpy; ghuhypk;gpf; vdg;gLk; khw;Wj; jpwdhspfSf;fhd

xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.

,jpy; 162 ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j tPuhq;fidfs; fye;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.

khhpag;gd; 1.89 kPl;lh; cauj;ij gha;e;J fle;J jq;fg; gjf;fj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

,g;Nghl;bapy; elg;G cyf rhk;gpadhd mnkhpf;fhtpd; rhk;fphPt; 1.86 kPl;lh; cauk;

jhz;b nts;spg; gjf;fj;ijAk;> kw;nwhU ,e;jpa tPuuhd tUz; gl;b ntz;fyg;

gjf;fj;ijAk; ntd;wdh;.


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ghuhypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; cauk; jhz;Ljypy; jq;fg;gjf;fk; ntd;w Kjy; ,e;jpa tPuh;

vd;w ngUikiaAk; khhpag;gd; ngw;whh;.

1972-k; Mz;L Kuspfhe;j; gNlfh; ePr;ry; Nghl;bapYk;> 2004-k; Mz;L NjNte;jpu

[`hhpah <l;b vwpAk; Nghl;bapYk; jq;fg; gjf;fj;ij ntd;Ws;sdh;.

fpwp];bdh rhk;gpad;

[g;ghd; Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; fpwp];bdh kpf;Nfy; rhk;gpad;

gl;lk; ntd;whh;. ,jd;%yk; mth; jdJ Kjy; lgps;A+bV gl;lj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

Nlhf;fpNahtpy; eilngw;w ,e;jg; Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpr; Rw;wpy; fpwp];bdh nrf;

Fbaurpd; Nfj;hpdh rpdpf;Nfhthitj; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

,lk; Mz;L Kjy; ,lk; 2k; ,lk;

Nlhf;Nah 2016 fpwp];bdh kpNfy; fj;hpdh rpdpa Nfhth

2015 Ydpah tpf;Nkah; khf;Nlh ypndl;b

cyff; Nfhg;ig Jg;ghf;fpr; RLjy;

,e;jpahTf;F jq;fk;

[_dpah; cyff; Nfhg;ig Jg;ghf;fpf; RLjy; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpa tPuh; Rgq;fhh; gpukhdpf;

jq;fk; ntd;whh;.

m[h;ig[hdpd; nfghyh efhpy; eilngw;W tUk; ,e;jg; Nghl;bapy; Mlth; 50 kP. Vh;

iugps; gphptpy; 205.5 Gs;spfSld; jq;fk; ntd;whh; gpukhdpf;.

nrf;. Fbaurpd; gpypg; negp[;rhy; (205.2) nts;spAk;> UNkdpahtpd; buhNfhkph;

(185.1) ntz;fyKk; ntd;wdh;.

cauk; jhz;Ljypy; gjf;fk; ntd;wth; khhpag;gd;.

,th; jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; (Nryk;)

2016y; eilngw;w ghuh xypk;gpf;fpy; jq;fk; ntd;whh;.

,e;j Nghl;b Kjd; Kjd;Kjyhf 2009y; eilngw;wJ.


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<uhd; irf;fps; ge;ja tPuh; kuzk;

ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; gq;Nfw;w <uhd; ehl;il Nrh;e;j irf;fps; ge;ja tPuhh;

g`;khd; Nfhy; ghpep[hj; Nghl;bapy; NghJ kiyg;ghijapy; Vw;gl;l tpgj;jpy; kuzk;

mile;jhh;.

mth; gq;Nfw;w 2tJ ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ,JthFk;. Vw;nfdNt 2012k; Mz;L ghuh

xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapYk; mth; fye;J nfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;.

ghuh xypk;gpf;fpy; gjf;fk; ntd;w ehLfs;:

rPdh Kjyplk; : ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; rPdh 105 jq;fk; 81 nts;sp> 51 ntz;fyk;

vd nkhj;jk; 237 gjf;fq;fSld; Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;jJ. gphpl;ld; 64 jq;fk; 39

nts;sp 44 ntz;fyk; vd nkhj;jk; 147 gjf;fq;fSld; 2-MtJ ,lj;ijAk;>

cf;iud; 41 jq;fk;> 37 nts;sp> 39 ntz;fyk; vd nkhj;jk; 117 gjf;fq;fSld;

3MtJ ,lj;ijAk; gpbj;jd. ,e;jpah 2 jq;fk;> xU nts;sp> xU ntz;fyk; vd 4

gjf;fq;fSld; 42MtJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ.

ghd; grpgpf; Xgd;: rhdpah N[hb rhk;gpad;

ghd; grpgpf; Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapd; kfsph; ,ul;ilah; gphptpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

rhdpah kph;]h nrf;> Fbaurpd; gh;Nghuh ];biuNfhth N[hb rhk;gpad; gl;lk;

ntd;wJ.

[g;ghd; jiyefh; Nlhf;fpNahtpy; rdpf;fpoik eilngw;w ,Wjp Ml;lj;jpy; rhdpah-

gh;Nghuh rPdhtpd; nrd; ypahq; [ht;]{ahd; aq; N[hbiaj; Njhw;fbj;jJ.

rhdpah-gh;Nghuh N[hb ntd;w 2MtJ rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ,J.


2016 Nlhf;fpah rhdpah kph;]h(,e;jpah) ypahq; nrd; (irdh)

gh;Nghuh ];biuNfhth

(nrf; FbauR)

ahq; rhNthf;ahd; (irdh)

Mrpa ];Fth\; : Ntytd; rhk;gpad;

Mrpa [_dpah; (19 taJf;Fl;gl;NlhUf;fhdJ) ];Fth\; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpahtpd;

Ntytd; nre;jpy;Fkhh; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whh;.


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kNyrpa jiyefh; Nfhyhyk;G+h; eilngw;w ,e;jg; Nghl;bapy; nrd;idiar; Nrh;e;j

Ntytd; N[hh;lhdpd; KfkJ my; ruhi[ Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

,jd;%yk; [_dpah; ];Fth\; Nghl;bapy; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;w 2-MtJ ,e;jpah;

vd;w ngUikiag; ngw;Ws;shh;. Kjy; ,e;jpah; utp jPl;rpj; Mthh;.

mth; 2010-,y; ,e;jg; Nghl;bapy; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whh;.


2014 fp]; jPT

jpahg; m];yhk;

(ghfp];jhd;)

F];Fkhh; (,e;jpah)

2015 nlf;uhd; ,rhh; mfkj; (ghfp];jhd;) ,q; va;d; at; (kNyrpah)

2016 Nfhyhk;G+h;

Ntytd; nre;jpy; Fkhh;

(,e;jpah)

KfkJ my;rh;uh[;

1997> 2001> 2005> 2009-y; Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; Mrpa ];Fth\; Nghl;b ,e;jpahtpy;

eilngw;wJ.

Ibvg; nld;dp]; : rdk; rpq; rhk;gpad;

Nfhitapy; eilngw;w Ibvg; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapd; xw;iwah; gphptpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

rdk; rpq; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whh;.

,jpy; xw;iwah; gphpT rdk;> gpu[;Nd\; Fd;Nd\;tuid Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

rpwg;G mQ;ry; jiy ntspaPL

ghuh xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; jq;fg;gjf;fk; ntd;w b.khhpag;gdpd; rhjidiag; ghuhl;b>

mtuJ cUtk; nghwpj;j rpwg;G mQ;ry;jiy ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

Nryk; fpof;F mQ;ry; Nfhl;lf; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; MWKfk; mQ;ry; jiyia

ntspapl> Kjy; gpujpia khhpag;gd; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.

rdk; rpq;

rz;Bfiu Nrh;e;jth;.

2010 Mrpa tpisahl;L Nghl;bapy; 2 jq;f gjf;fKk; 1 ntz;fy gjf;fKk; ngw;whh;.

2014 Mrpa tpisahl;L Nghl;bapy; ,ul;ilah; gphptpy; nts;sp gjf;fKk; ntd;whh;.


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,yq;iff;F vjpuhd b20-y;

,yq;ifapd; gy;ynfy;Nytpy; eilngw;w ,e;j Ml;lj;jpy; Kjypy; Ngl; nra;j

M];jpNuypa mzp 20 Xth;fspy; 3 tpf;nfl; ,og;Gf;F 263 ud;fs; Ftpj;J rhjid

gilj;jJ.

,jd;%yk; me;j mzp rh;tNjr b 20 Nghl;bfspy; mjpf ud;fs; Ftpj;j mzpfspd;

gl;baypy; Kjyplj;ij gpbj;jJ.

,jw;F Kd;dh; 2007k; Mz;L nfd;ahTf;F vjpuhf ,yq;if mzp 6 tpf;nfl;

,og;Gf;F 260 ud;fs; vLj;jpUe;jNj rh;tNjr b 20 muq;fpy; xU mzpapd; mjpfgl;r

];Nfhuhf ,Ue;jJ.

jw;NghJ me;j rhjidia M];jpNuypa mzp Kwpabj;Js;sJ.

b-20 Nghl;bfspy; Nkf;];ntypd; Kjy; rjkhfTk; mike;jJ.

Nkf;];nty; Ftpj;j 145 ud;fs; jdpegh; mjpfgl;r ud;fs; thpirapy; 2tJ kpfg;nghpa

ud;fshfTk; mike;jJ. ,e;j tifapy; Kjyplj;jpy; ,Ug;gtUk; M];jpNuypa tPuh;

jhd;.

2013y; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F vjpuhd b 20 Ml;lj;jpy; MNuhd; gpd;r; 156 ud;fs; mbj;jhh;.

ghfp];jhDf;F vjpuhf 444 ud;fs; Ftpj;J ,q;fpyhe;J cyf rhjid

ghfp];jhDf;F vjpuhd 3-tJ xUehs; Nghl;bapy; ,q;fpyhe;J mzp 444 ud;fs;

Ftpj;J cyf rhjid gilj;jJ.

tq;fNjr ge;J tPr;R gapw;rpahsh; thy;\;

Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs; mzpapd; Kd;dhs; Ntfg;ge;J tPr;rhsh; Nfhh;l;dp thy;\;> tq;f

Njr mzpapd; ge;JtPr;R gapw;rpahsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

N


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jkpo;ehL

kfhuh\;bu MSeh; tpj;ahrhfh; uht; jkpof

MSeuhf epakdk;

jkpofj;jpd; nghWg;G MSeuhf kfhuh\;bu khepy MSeh;

rp.tpj;ahrhfh; uht; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

vdNt> jkpof MSeh; nghWg;ig kfhuh\;bu khepy

MSeh; rp.tpj;ahrhfh; uht; $Ljyhf ftdpg;ghh;” vd njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

epA+l;hpNdh jpl;lj;ij Ma;T nra;a epGzh; FO

Njdp khtl;j;jpy; njhlq;fg;glTs;s epA+l;hpNdh jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf Ma;T nra;J

mwpf;if mspf;f epGzh;fs; FO mikf;fg;gLk; vd;W Njrpa gRik jPh;g;ghaj;jpy;

jkpo;ehL khR fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; njhptpj;Js;sJ.

kj;jpa muR> kpfg;nghpa mwptpay; rhh;e;j jpl;lkhd epA+l;hpNdh Ma;T ikaj;ij>

Njdp khtl;lk;> nghl;bGuk; fpuhkk; Nghb kiyg;gFjpapy; mikf;f cs;sJ. ,jw;fhd

Rw;Wr;#oy; mDkjpia> kj;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiw mikr;rfk;> fle;j

2011y; toq;fpAs;sJ.

mg;NghJ khR fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; rhh;gpy;> epA+l;hpNdh jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf Ma;T nra;a

epGzh;fs; FO mikf;f ,Uf;fpNwhk;.

mf;FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tptuq;fs; mbg;gilapy;> mj;jpl;lj;ij

mDkjpg;gjh> Ntz;lhkh vd;gJ Fwpj;J muR KbntLf;Fk; vd;W njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

epA+l;hpNdh vd;gJ mZtpd; mbg;gil Jfs;fSs; xd;whFk; mZf;fUtpy; cs;s

kpd;Ndhl;lk; mw;w gpwpnjhU Jfshd epA+l;uhd; Nghd;w epA+l;hpNdhf;fSk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

mw;wit kpd;fhe;j Gytpirahy; vjph; kpd; madp (m) Neh;kpd; madp Nghd;wit

khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfpd;wd.

Mdhy; epA+l;hpNdhf;fSf;F ve;j tpj ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gLtjpy;yiy mjdhy; kpd;Ndw;wj;ij

nfhz;LbUg;gjpy;iy.

1. Art 155- d; gb MSeh; FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

2. 7tJ murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb (1956) xU MSeh; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; gjtp tfpf;fyhk;.


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Gjpa b[pgpahf b.Nf.uhN[e;jpud; epakdk;

nrd;id ngUefu fhty; Mizauhf ,Ue;j b.Nf.uhN[e;jpud;> rl;lk; xOq;F

b[pgpahf epkpaf;fg;gl;ls;shh;.

jkpof rl;lk; - xOq;F b[pgpahf gzpahw;wp te;j uhkhD[k;> Xa;T ngw;whh;.

,ijaLj;J> Gjpa b[pgpahf mNrhf;Fkhh; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. fle;j Mz;L ,tuJ

gjtpf;fhyk; epiwtile;J Xa;T ngw;whh;.

mtUf;F Xuhz;L gzp ePl;bg;G toq;fp muR cj;jutpl;lJ. ,jdhy; mth; b[pgp

gjtpapNyNa njhlh;e;jhh;.

nrd;id khehfu fhty; Mizauhf ,Ue;j b.Nf.uhN[e;jpud;> csTj;Jiw

b[pgpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

mthplk; rl;lk; - xOq;F b[pgp gzp KO $Ljy; nghWg;ghf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

b[pgpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l uhN[e;jpud;> nrd;id khefu fhty; Mizauhf

epakpf;fg;gl;l [hh;[; ,UtUk; jq;fsJ Gjpa nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;.

tuyhw;W Mrphpah; fz;lwpe;j 1820-k; Mz;L nrg;Gg; gl;lak;

jUkGhp muR fiyf;fy;Y}hpapd; tuyhw;Wj; Jiw cjtpg; Nguhrphpah; rp.re;jpuNrfud;.

,th; ePz;l fhykhf goq;Fb kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy> tuyhWfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwhh;.

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j nkf;fhNy> ‘,e;jpah;fSf;F tuyhw;W czh;Tk;>

Mtzg;gLj;Jjy; gof;fKk; ,y;iy” vd;W $wpaijg; ngha;ahf;Fk; tifapy; jdJ

rkPgj;jpa Ma;tpy; nrg;Gg; gl;la Mjhuk; fpilj;jpUg;gjhf ,th; $Wfpwhh;.

1820-k; Mz;by; vOjg;gl;l ,e;j nrg;Gg; gl;lak; FUkd; goq;Fbapd kf;fspd;

tho;f;if gw;wpajhf cs;sJ. gl;laj;jpy; FUkd; vd;w nrhy; ,y;iy vd;whYk;

‘vf;fb” vd;Dk; nrhy; FUkd; ,dj;jpd; cl;gphpthd nfb FUkd; vd;gjd; kUtpa

tbtk; MFk;.

,e;j nrg;NgL> rpy fd;dl nrhy; fyg;Gld; Ngr;R tof;F jkpopy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

goq;Fb kf;fspd; Fynja;tk;> Ch; kzpaf;fhuh; ahh;> jpUtpohtpd; NghJ ahUf;F

vd;d chpikfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,e;jr; nrg;NgL cs;sJ.

1835-k; Mz;L nkf;fhNy> ‘,e;jpah;fsplk; tuyhw;W czh;T nghpa mstpy; ,y;iy.

mth;fs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; elf;Fk; vijAk; Mtzg;gLj;jp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

rpe;jid ,y;yhjth;fshf cs;sdh;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.


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,e;j kjpg;gPL jtW vd;gij cWjp nra;a Mtzq;fs; fpilj;Jf; nfhz;Nl

,Uf;fpd;wd.

1820-k; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j gl;laj;ijg; Nghd;W vj;jidNah tuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;

rpije;J NghAs;sd vd;whh;.

jkpof murpd; Gjpa jiyik tof;fwpQh; - Mh;. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp

jkpof murpd; Gjpa jiyik tof;fwpQuhf %j;j tof;fwpQuhd Mh;.

Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp 2016 Mf];l; 26 md;W, epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspy; gy;NtW gjtpfis tfpj;Js;s ,th; 2001 murpd;

$Ljy; jiyik tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shh;.

Vw;fdNt jkpof murpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wp te;j V.vy;. Nrhkah[p

jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;jjhy; Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp mg;gjtpia Vw;Ws;shh;.

khepy muR jiyik tof;fwpQh;

murpay; rhrdg; gphpT 165-,d; gb xt;nthU khepy muRf;Fk; xU jiyik

tof;fwpQh; ,Ug;ghh;.

rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; ,tNu khepy murpd; kpf cah;e;j rl;l

mjpfhhpahthh;.

khepy muR jiyik tof;fwpQhpd; gjtpf;fhykhdJ eph;zapf;fg;gltpy;iy.

MSeh; tpUk;Gk; tiuapNyh, kuGg;gb murhq;fk; khWk; tiuapNyh mg;gjtpia

tfpg;ghh;.

,g;gjtpf;F cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;Fj; jFjpAila xUtNu epakpf;fg;gLthh;.

khepy murpw;F vOk; rl;lk; rhh;e;j re;Njfq;fisj; jPh;g;gJld; khepy muR njhlh;ghd

midj;J tof;FfspYk; khepy murpd; rhh;gpy; M[uhthh;.

nghpahhpd; 138-tJ gpwe;j ehs;;

je;ij nghpahhpd; 138-tJ gpwe;j jpdk; 17-k; Njjp nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ

gpwg;G : 17 nrg;lk;gh; 1879.

,wg;G : 24 brk;gh; 1973

1970 - And];Nf tpUJ

njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; rhf;ub]; - nghpahh;


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Njrpa epfo;Tfs;

ngz;fis gpd;njhlUk; Fw;wq;fs; - Kjyplj;jpy; kfhuh\;buh> 2k; ,lj;jpy;

nly;yp

nly;ypapy; ,sk;ngz;fis Mz;fs; gpd;njhlh;e;J njhy;iy jUk; Fw;wr;nray;

mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. ,jw;F ngz;fs; caph;gyp MtJk; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.

ngz;fis gpd; njhlUk; Fw;wq;fspy; jiyefh; nly;yp ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij

gpbj;Js;sJ.

kfuh\;buh Kjyplj;jpYk; nly;yp 2k; ,lj;jpYk; cs;sd.

kfhuh\;buhtpy; 1>000 Mz;fSf;F 929 ngz;fs; cs;sdh;. nly;ypapy; ,e;j

tpfpjhr;rhuk; 1>000f;F 868 vd;w mstpy; cs;sJ.

kfhuh\;buhit tpl nly;ypapy; Mz;-ngz; tpfpjhr;rhuk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

Fw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

fle;j 2015y; ngz;fis gpd;njhlUk; Fw;wq;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; njYq;fhdh 3-tJ

,lj;jpYk; (766)> Me;jpuh 4-tJ ,lj;jpYk; (551)> c.gp. (519) 5-tJ ,lj;jpYk;

cs;sd.

jtpu fh;ehlfh 123> Nfush 61> jkpo;ehL 11> GJr;Nrhp 3 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy;

tof;Ffs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

ngz;fis gpd; njhlUk; Fw;wq;fs;

juthpir ,lq;fs;

1st nly;yp

2nd kfhuh\;buh

3rd njYq;fdh

4th Me;jpuh

5th cj;jpugpuNjrk;

11th jkpo;ehL

nly;ypapypUe;J Kk;igf;F 12 kzp Neuj;jpy;

nrd;wile;jJ lhy;Nfh mjptpiuT uapy;

nly;yp - Kk;ig uapy; jlj;jpy;> mjptpiuT lhy;Nfh uapypd;

Nrhjid Xl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf Kbe;jJ.

nly;yp uapy; epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;l lhy;Nfh uapy;>

Kk;ig uapy; epiyaj;ij mile;jJ.


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nly;yp - Kk;ig ,ilapyhd njhiyT> 1>400 fp.kP. ,j;jlj;jpy; jw;NghJ mjpfgl;r

Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk; uh[;jhdp vf;];gpu];> nly;ypapy; ,Ue;J Kk;igia nrd;wila> 16

kzp Neuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.

lhf;Nfh uapy;> ];ngapd; ehl;by; jahhpf;fg;gl;L> Kk;igf;F ,wf;FkjpahdJ.

kzpf;F 200 fp.kP tiu Ntfj;jpy; nry;yf;$ba ,e;j uapy;> cj;jug;gpuNjr khepyk;>

gNuyp-nkhuhjhghj; ,ilNa Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gpd;dh;> ghy;thy;-kJuh ,ilNa Nrhjid Xl;lk; ele;jJ.

lhy;Nfh uapy; 12 kzp Neuj;jpy; nrd;wile;jJ.

,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l J}uk; nry;Yk; ,uapy; ghijfs;

`pk;rhfh; ,uapy; jpg;Ufhh; (mrhk;) fd;dpahFkhp (jkpo;ehL)

et;fhh;f; fd;dpahFkhp [k;K

jpg;Ufhh; v];te;jh; ngq;f@h; jpg;Ufhh;

th[;gha; - Nkhb ,ilNaahd fbjj; njhlh;Gf;F - rpIrp Nehl;b];

F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fle;j 2002Mk; Mz;L epfo;e;j fytuj;Jf;Fg; gpwF me;j

khepyj;jpd; mg;Nghija Kjy;th; eNue;jpu Nkhbf;Fk;> mg;Nghija gpujkh;

th[gha;f;Fk; ,ilNaahd fbjj; njhlh;Gfis ntspapLkhW gpujkh;

mYtyfj;Jf;Fk;> F[uhj; khepy muRf;Fk; kj;jpa jfty; Mizak; (rpIrp) Nehl;B];

mDg;gpAs;sJ. gpujkh; mYtyfKk;> F[uhj; khepy jiyikr; nrayUk; mLj;j

tprhuizf;F gjpysfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W kj;jpa jiyikj; jfty; Mizah;

Mh;.Nf.khj;J}h; Nehl;B]; mDg;gpdhh;.

me;j kDtpy;> fle;j 2002-Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp 27 Kjy; 2002-Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;

30Mk;Njjp tiuapyhd fhyfl;lq;fspy;> F[uhj; khepy muRf;Fk;> gpujkh;

mYtyfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNaahd jfty; njhlh;Gfs; Fwpj;j jfty;fs; midj;ijAk;

ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

rp.I.rp (Central information commission)

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 2005

jfty; mwpAk; chpik rl;lj;jpd; (2005) fPo; ,j;JiwahdJ nray;gLfpwJ.

xU jiyik jfty; MizaUk; 10 jfty; MizaUk; cs;sd.

,th;fs; FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;


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,e;jpahTf;F I.eh.ghuhl;L

gUtepiy khw;wk; xg;ge;jj;ij mky;gLj;j ,e;jpah KbT nra;jpUg;gij I.eh. rig

ghuhl;bAs;sJ.

kfhj;kh fhe;jp gpwe;j ehshd mf;Nlhgh; 2k; Njjp ghhp]; gUtepiy khw;wk;

xg;ge;jj;Jf;F Kiwg;gb xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gLk;.

,JFwpj;J I.eh. nghJr; nrayhsh; ghd; fp-%d; $wpa NghJ> ghhp]; xg;ge;jj;Jf;F

,e;jpah kpf tpiuthf xg;Gjy; toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jw;fhf me;j ehl;Lf;Fg;

ghuhl;Lfisj; njhptpj;J nfhs;fpNwd;.

ehd; Xa;TngWk; NghJ ghhp]; xg;ge;jk; cyfk; KOtJk; eilKiwf;F te;JtpLk;

vd;W cWjpahf ek;GfpNwd;. G+kpiaf; fhg;gJ ekJ flik vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.

fle;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; gpuhd;]; jiyefh; ghhp]py; ele;j I.eh. khehl;by; mjpfhpj;J

tUk; G+kpapd; ntg;gepiyia 2 bfphp nry;rpa]_f;F kpfhky; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

vd;W xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Kk;igapy; fg;gy; fl;Lkhd epWtdj;Jf;F - uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; jpUTUtg;

glk; mh;g;gzpg;G

jkpofj;jpy; 1>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G Ml;rp

Ghpe;j uhN[e;jpu Nrho kd;ddpd;

jpUTUtg;glj;ij ,e;jpa fg;gy; fl;Lkhd

epWtdj;Jf;F mh;g;gzpf;Fk; tpoh Kk;igapy;

cs;s k[;fhd; lhf;]; fg;gy; fl;Lkhd epWtdj;jpy;

eilngw;wJ.

,t;tpohtpy; fg;gYld; $ba Nguurh; uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; jpUTUtg; glj;ij

kfuh\;buk; kw;Wk; jkpof khepy MSeh; tpj;ah rhfh; uht;> kfhuh\;bu Kjy;th;

NjNte;jpu gl;dhtP]; MfpNahh; jpwe;J itj;jdh;.

jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; thhpR Nguurh; uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ,e;jpa fly;

gFjpapy; typikahd fg;gy; gilia Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng mikj;j

ghhp]; xg;ge;jk; 4> etk;gh; 2016 md;W eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

144 ehLfs; ghhp]; gUtepiy khehl;bw;F xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sd.

ghhp]; gUtepiy xg;ge;jkhdJ eilKiwf;F tu Ntz;Lnkdpy; 55 ehLfshtJ ,iza

Ntz;Lk;

,e;j khehL fhpakpythAit fl;Lg;gLj;j Vw;gLj;jg;gllJ.


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ngUikf;Fhpath;> mtuJ ngUikiag; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; mtuJ jpUTUtg;glk;

kj;jpa murpd; fg;gy; fl;Lk; epWtdkhd k];fhd; lhf;]; \pg; gpy;l;h;]; epWtdj;jpw;F

mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,J ,e;jpahtpd; uhZt gyj;ijAk; Nghh; cj;jpfisAk; cyFf;Fg;

giwrhw;WtjhFk;.

‘And];Nfh gl;baypy; tpiutpy; gj;kehgGuk; muz;kid”

gj;kehgGuk; muz;kid tpiutpy; And];Nfh gl;baypy; ,lk;ngWk; vd Nfus muR

njhptpj;jJ.

gj;kehgGuk; muz;kidahdJ kuj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;l muz;kidahFk;. ,e;j

muz;kid And];Nfhtpd; cyf fyhrhu gl;baypy; ,lk; gpbf;f muR midj;J

Mtzq;fisAk; nfhLj;Js;sJ.

mth;fs; te;J Ma;T nra;jgpd; And];Nfhtpd; gl;baypy; muz;kid ,lk;ngWk;

vd;whh; mth;.

And];Nfh gl;baypy; 2016k; Mz;L Nrh;f;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs;:

,lk; Mz;L ,lk;

ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; 2016 gPfhh;

mf];jpa kiy 2016 jkpo;ehL (k) Nfush

nyhfhG+rpNad; fl;blq;fs; 2016 rz;Bfh;

fd;[d; [q;f Njrpa G+q;fh 2016 rpf;fpk;

‘nfhyP[pak;”

ePjpgjpfs; epakdf; FOthd nfhyP[pak; njhlh;ghd rh;r;irfSf;F tpiutpy; jPh;T

fhzg;gLk; vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp b.v];.jhf;Fh; njhptpj;jhh;.

cr;rePjpkd;w kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfis nfhyP[pak; epakpj;J tUfpwJ.

Ie;J Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jf; FOtpd; jiytuhf cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp

b.v];.jhf;Fh; cs;shh;.

,jd; cWg;gpdh;fshf cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; V.Mh;.jNt> N[.v];.Nf`h;> jPgf;

kp];uh> nryNk];th; MfpNahh; cs;sdh;.

Nejh[p tpkhd tpgj;jpy; caphpoe;jjhf [g;ghd; muR njhptpj;jJ

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];> fle;j 1945-Mk; Mz;L Mf];l;

18-Mk; Njjp> ijthdpy; Vw;gl;l tpkhd tpgj;jpy; caphpoe;jhh; vd;W [g;ghd; muR

ntspapl;Ls;s 60 Mz;Lfs; gioikahd ufrpa Mtzj;jpy; cs;sjhf gphpl;ld;

,izajsj;jpy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


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Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]pd; ,wg;gpy; njhlh;e;J kh;kk; ePbj;J tUtjhy;>

mJnjhlh;ghf ntspahFk;. midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; Mjhukhf Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;

Nehf;fpy; Bosefiles.info vd;w ngahpy; gphpl;ldpy; M\p]; Nu vd;gth; Xh;

,izajsj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.

‘kiwe;j Rgh\ ; re;jpuNgh]; ,wg;G njhlh;ghd tprhuiz mwpf;if” vd;w jiyg;gpy;

[g;ghd; muR 7 gf;f ufrpa Mtzj;ij ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

mjpy; ‘fle;j 1945-Mk; Mz;L> Mf];l; 18-Mk; Njjp>” ijthd; mUNf njhopy;

El;gf; NfhshW fhuzkhf tpkhd tpgj;J Neh;e;jJ: clNd jPg;gpbf;fTk; nra;jJ.

mg;NghJ> me;j tpkhdj;jpy; gazpj;j Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; jPf;fhaq;fSld;

tpkhdj;jpypUe;J fPNo tpOe;jhh;.

md;iwajpdk; gpw;gfy; 3 kzpastpy; ijthd; jiyefh; ijNgapy; cs;s uhZt

kUj;Jtkidapy; Nejh[p mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

gpwF> ,uT 7 kzpastpy; rpfpr;ir gydpd;wp mth; caphpoe;jhh;. mtuJ cly; ijNg

efhpy; cs;s ,Lfhl;by;Mf];l; 22-Mk; Njjp jfdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nejh[p ,we;jNghJ mtUf;F taJ 48.

tpkhd tpgj;J Vw;gl;lNghJ> Nejh[pAld; mthpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa eguhd `gpGh;

u`;khd; cldpUe;jhh;.

tpal;ehkpw;F flDjtp mspj;j ,e;jpah

tpal;ehKldhd ghJfhg;G xj;Jiog;ig gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> me;j ehl;bd;

ghJfhg;Gr; nryTfSf;fhf flDjtp mspf;f ,e;jpah Kd; te;Js;sJ.

15 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpag; gpujkh; xUth; tpal;ehk; nrd;wJ. ,JNt

Kjy;Kiw vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,e;jpahTf;Fk;> tpal;ehKf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Jtiu ,Ue;J te;j ghJfhg;G el;Gwit

midj;J mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa ghJfhg;Gf; $l;Lwthf Nkk;gLj;j KbT

nra;Js;sJ.

,Jkl;Lkpd;wp> ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s 12 xg;ge;jq;fs;>

gy;NtW JiwfspYk; ,U ehl;L xj;Jiog;G Nkk;gl;L tUtijg; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.

tpal;ehk; flNyhuf; fhty; gilf;fhf> fz;fhzpg;Gf; fg;gy;fis ,e;jpah

fl;bj;jUtjw;fhd xg;ge;jk;> ,Ujug;Gg; ghJfhg;G ey;Ywit NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jk;.


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,UehLfspd; $l;L Kaw;rp> gpuhe;jpag; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> tsh;;r;rpf;Fk; gq;fspg;ig

toq;Fk;. ,jdpilNa I.eh. ghJfhg;G fTd;rpypy; cs;s epue;ju cWg;G ehLfspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; ,e;jpahTk;> tpal;ehKk; typAWj;jpAs;sd.

i`jughj; tpLjiy jpdk;

gphpl;B\hhplk; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah fle;j 1947-Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 15-Mk; Njjp

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wij ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdh;.

Mdhy;> nfhLq;Nfhy; ep[hkpd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1948-Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 17-

Mk; Njjp i`juhghj; tpLtpf;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;lijf; nfhz;lhl

kf;fs; ,d;dKk; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

i`juhghj; tpLjiy jpdk; kfhu\;buk;> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; rpy

khtl;lq;fspy; mjpfhug;G+h;tkhf nrg;lk;gh; 17-Mk; Njjpad;W

nfhz;lhlg;gl;LtUfpwJ.

,e;jpahit xNu ehlhf xUq;fpizj;j ngUik kiwe;j cs;Jiw mikr;rh; rh;jhh;

ty;ygha; gNliyNa NrUk;.

‘kpd;Af ,e;jpah jpl;lj;Jf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;”

kpd;Af ,e;jpah jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> 31 khepyq;fs;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; epy

Mtzq;fs; midj;Jk; fzpdpkakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,jd;%yk; ehl;bd; ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;Jk; epyg; gphpth;j;jidfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

top cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

midj;Jf; fpuhkq;fisAk; fz;zhb ,iof; fk;gptlj;jhy; ,izf;Fk; gzpfs;

mjpNtfkhf eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.

vjphp nrhj;J mtrur; rl;lk;

vjphp nrhj;J kNrhjh njhlh;ghd mtrur; rl;lk; kW gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;ljw;F

kj;jpa mikr;ruit xg;Gjjy; mspj;jJ.

,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; NghUf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghfp];jhdpah;fspd;

nrhj;Jfs; vjphp nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;W eph;zapf;fg;gl;L vjphp nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

i`jughj; efuj;ij epWtpah; Kfk;kJ Fyp FJg;\h

MgNu\d; NghNyh vd;w eltbf;if %yk; 17 nrg;lk;gh; 1948 md;W ,e;jpa

xd;wpaj;NjhL ,iztjw;fhd Mtzj;jpy; ep[hKk; ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;.


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fle;j [dthp 7-Mk; Njjp mtrur; rl;lk; nfhz;L te;jJ.

Vg;uypy; 2-MtJ Kiwahf kW gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nk 31-y; %d;whtJ Kiwahf kW gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy; fle;j 28Mk;

Njjp 4MtJ Kiwahf kW gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

njyq;fhdhtpy; &. 500f;F xU ehs; rpiwthrk;

njyq;fhdh khepyk;> Nklf; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rpiwr; rhiy> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F

rpiwthrk; vd;why; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;w mDgtj;ijj; ju fhj;jpUf;fpwJ.

&. 500 nrYj;jpdhy;> xU ehs; KOtJk; ,q;F jq;fp rpiwthrj;ij mDgtpf;fyhk;.

fle;j 2012-,y; mUq;fhl;rpakhf khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. rq;fnul;b kj;jpar; rpiwr;

rhiyapy; jhd; ,e;j tpj;jpahrkhd trjpia me;j khepyr; rpiwj; Jiw Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhLj;Js;sJ.

rq;fnul;b kj;jpar; rpiw 220 Mz;Lfs; gioikahdjhFk;.

i`juhghj;jpy; ep[hk; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jiyik mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j KjyhtJ rhyhh;

[q; vd;gtuhy;> fle;j 1796-Mk; Mz;L> rq;fnul;bapy; ,e;j kj;jpar; rpiwr;rhiy

fl;lg;gl;lJ.

,e;epiyapy;> ‘rpiwr;rhiy mDgtj;ij czh;Nthk;” vd;w ngahpy; Gjpa Rw;Wyhj;

jpl;lj;ij njyq;fhdh khepy rpiwj;Jiw mz;ikapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

mj;Jld;> kpd;tprpwp> rhg;ghL> NjePh; cs;spl;litAk; toq;fg;gLk;.

mUzhr;ry gpuNjr MSeh; gjtp ePf;fk;

mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjr MSeh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J N[hjp gpurhj; uh[;Nfhth

ePf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyf kWj;j N[hjp gpurhj;> FbauRj; jiyth; jd;idg; gjtp ePf;fk;

nra;Ak; tiu fhj;jpUf;fg; Nghtjhff; $wpte;jhh;.

,e;epiyapy;> N[hjp gpurhj;ij MSeh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f> FbauRj; jiyth;

gpuzhg; Kfh;[p cj;jutpl;lhh;.

Art 155- d; gb MSeh; FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

77tJ murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb (1956) xU MSeh; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; gjtp tfpf;fyhk;.

vjphp nrhj;J rl;lk; 1968 y; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,r;rl;lg;gb ghfp];jhdpy; FbNawpath;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fis guhkhpf;f ,e;jpa muR rpy

Kfth;fis ghJfhtyh;fshf epakpj;jJ.


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mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; MSeh;fs; :

vz; juthpir ngah;

1 15tJ eph;ga; rh;kh

2 16tJ N[hjp gpurhj;

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xg;gpLk; NghJ> ,e;jpa fy;tp epWtdq;fs; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

Fthfnuy;yp irkz;l;]; (fpA+.v];.) vd;w epWtdk;> cyf mstpy; cs;s cah; fy;tp

epWtdq;fs;> gy;fiyfofq;fis Ma;T nra;J xl;L nkhj;j juthpirg; gl;bay;>

ntspapl;L tUfpwJ.

2MtJ Mz;lhf> mnkhpf;fhtpd; k]hr;r];l]; njhopy; El;g epWtdk; (vk;.I.b)

Kjyplk; gpbj;Js;sJ. ];lhd;Nghh;l; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2Mk; ,lKk;> `hh;thh;l;

gy;fiyf;fofk 3tJ ,lKk; gpbj;Js;sd.

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,lk;gpbj;Js;sd.

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MfpaitAk; fle;j mz;ilf; fhl;bYk; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

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fofk; (I.I.v];.rp)

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202 219 Kk;ig(IIb)

254 249 nrd;id(IIb)


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rpe;J ejpePh;g; gq;fPl;L xg;ge;jk;

rpe;J ejpePh;g; gq;fPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpy; muR vd;d KbT vLf;fpwNjh> mjw;F ehq;fs;

MjuT mspg;Nghk; vd;W [k;K-fh\;kPh; khepy Jiz Kjy;th; eph;ky; rpq; njhptpj;jhh;.

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gq;fPl;L xg;ge;jj;ij muR uj;J nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhhpf;if vOe;Js;sJ.

,jdpilNa> Nfus khepyk;> Nfhopf;Nfhl;by; nraw;FOf; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.

rpe;J ejpePh;g; gq;fPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> rPdh cs;spl;l ejpfspd; ePiug; ghrdj;Jf;Fk;>

kw;w cgNahfj;Jf;Fk; [k;K - fh\;kPh; kf;fs; KOtJkhf gad;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy.

vdNt ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jhy; [k;K-fh\;kPh; khepyj;Jf;F Nghpog;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;

,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l rpk;yh mikjp xg;ge;jj;ij ghfp];jhd;

nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.

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nfhz;lJ.

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880 rJu kPl;l gug;gusit Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ.

UNESCO tpd; jw;fhypf gl;bapypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


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cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F 25 ePjpgjpfs; tpiutpy; epakdk;

cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfs; Njh;Tf;FO (nfhyP[pak;) mspj;j ghpe;Jiufspd;

mbg;gilapy;> 6 cah; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Gjpjhf 25 ePjpgjpfs; epakpf;fg;glTs;sdh;.

myfhghj;> nfhy;fj;jh> jpy;yp> uh[];jhd;> Kk;ig cs;spl;l cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspy;

,e;j ePjpgjpfs;

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gzpaplq;fs; epug;gg;glhky; cs;sd vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk; njhptpj;jpUe;jJ.

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Rkpj;uh kfh[d; kPz;Lk; epakpj;Js;shh;.

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,f;FOtpd; jiytuhf> mj;thdp epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

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,f;FOtpd; jiytuhf mj;thdp kPz;Lk; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.

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cWg;gpdh;fshth;.

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kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> cj;jufh;zl;> cj;jug;gpuNjrk;> rpf;fpk; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s ghuk;ghpa

jyq;fisAk; jkpofj;jpy; Ie;J flNyhu gFjpfspy; cs;s ghuk;ghpa jyq;fisAk;;

2002 -2004 tiu ,e;jpahtpd;

7tJ Jiz gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth;.

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,tUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,tUila Rarhpij

‘My Country My Life’’

2015 ];tNj\; jh;\d; jpl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,j;jpl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,j;jpl;lk; Rw;Wyh mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo;

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271(b) d; gb cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.


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Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fis ,izf;Fk; ‘];tNj\; jh;\d;” jpl;lj;jpw;fhd

kj;jpa xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FO (rpv];vk;rp) xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sj.

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jpUts;Sth; rpiyia ,izf;Fk; eilNkk;ghyk; mikg;gJ> flw;fiu gFjpfspy;

trjpfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ xyp - xspf; fhl;rp cs;spl;l Kf;fpag; gzpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

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,lq;fspy; cs;s ghuk;ghpa jyq;fis Nkk;gLj;jTk; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cj;jug; gpuNjrk; cj;jufhz;l;> rpf;fpk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s ghuk;ghpa Rw;Wyh jyq;fs;

Nkk;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.

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elj;jTs;sjhYk; ,t;thz;bd; jiyikg; gjtpia ,e;jpah tfpg;gjhYk; gphpf;];

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tUfpd;wJ.

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kfsph; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; khehL eilngw;wJ.

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n[a;g;G+h; gpufldk;:

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r%fk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwtpid

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ehLfs; ,ize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

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cld;gbf;ifapd;gbahd eltbf;iffSf;F cjtp Ghpa Ntz;Lk; Nkw;fz;l

eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp nray;ghLfspy; gphpf;]; cWg;G ehLfspd; kfsph;

ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; ,ize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.


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jPdjahs; me;jpNahja Nah[dh (DAY) kj;jpa Cuf Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jhy; 2015 etk;ghpy; Jtq;fg;gl;l

,j;jpl;lkhdJ Vw;fdNt mkypypUe;j m[Ptpfh jpl;lj;jpd; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l khw;W

tbtkhFk;.

2017-Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 10 yl;rk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F jpwd; tsh; gapw;rpaspf;Fk;

,yf;Fld; Jtq;fg;gl;l ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F &. 500 Nfhb epjpAjtpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fpuhkg;Gw tWikia xopj;J tho;thjhuq;fisg; ngUf;f Ra cjtpf;FOf;fs;,

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njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; Foe;ijfs; ePjpkd;wk; Ijuhghj;jpy; Jtf;fk;:

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njYq;fhdh khepyj;jpd; Ijuhghj;jpYs;s ek; gs;sp Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w

tshfj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;.

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ePjpkd;wq;fs; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

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rl;lkpaw;wpAs;s k`huh\;buk;:

k`huh\;bu khepyj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjp nra;a k`huh\;bu khepy cs;ehl;Lg;

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Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.


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,r;rl;lk; k`huh\;bu khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiy ehl;LtJld; jPtputhj

mr;RWj;jy;, MAjf; fpsh;r;rp, rhjp, kjk; njhlh;ghd fytuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J

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toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

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xj;jpifia Nkw;nfhz;ld.

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jiyia ntspapl;lJ.

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,izaikr;rh; kNdh[; rpd;̀ h> jghy; jiyia ntspapl;lhh;.

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yhNth]; jiyefh; tpad;bahdpy; fpof;F MrpaehLfs; $l;likg;G

eilngw;wJ.


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ntspehl;L epfo;Tfs;

ghfp];jhDf;F ,e;jpaj; J}jh; mwpTiu

,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Mfpa ,U ehLfspYk; gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd.

rhh;f; khehL ghfp];jhdpy; eilngw cs;sJ. ,e;j khehl;by; gq;Nfw;f ,];yhkghj;

gazj;ij gpujkh; Nkhb vjph;Nehf;fpAs;shh;.

ghfp];jhd; - ,e;jpa vy;iyg;gilfs; ,ilNa R%f cwT ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

,e;jpahTf;F kpfTk; Ntz;lg;gl;l ehL vd;w me;j];ij ghfp];jhd; juNtz;Lk;.

,J njhlh;ghf ,UehLfSk; 2012-y; jahhpj;j th;j;jf jpl;lk; tpiutpy; ntsptuyhk;.

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cwTfis Nkk;gLj;j KbT nra;jd.

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tpsq;FfpwJ.

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Nfus khepyk; Nfhopf;NfhL fTd;rpy; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.

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cr;rp khehl;by;> ruhrhp ntg;gepiyiaf; Fiwf;f tif nra;Ak; gUtepiy khw;w

xg;ge;jk; ,Wjp nra;ag;gl;lJ>

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khyj;jPT> Neghy;> ghfp];jhd;> ,yq;if.


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,e;j xg;ge;jj;Jf;F ,e;jpah cl;gl cyf ehLfs; xg;Gjy; ju Ntz;b cs;sJ. ,jw;F

kfhj;kh fhe;jp gpwe;j jpdkhd mf;Nlhgh; 2k; Njjp ,e;jpah xg;Gjy; toq;Fk; vd;W

jPd; jahs; cghj;aha; mth;fspd; E}w;whz;L gpwe;j jpdkhd ,d;W mwptpf;fpNwd;.

fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L ntspNaw;wj;ijf; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F cjhuzkhf

kfhj;kh fhe;jp tho;f;if mike;jpUe;jJ.

vdNtjhd; mtuJ gpwe;j ehspy; ghhp]; xg;ge;jj;Jf;F xg;Gjy; ju KbT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gtp ntg;gkakhjyhy; flw;fiuNahu ehLfs;> efuq;fSf;F kpfg;nghpa ghjpg;G

Vw;gLk;.

tuyhW fhzhj kjpg;gpy; mnkhpf;f-,];Nuy; uhZt cjtp xg;ge;jk;

tuyhW fhzhj tifapy;> mnkhpf;fh - ,];Nuy; ,ilNa uhZt cjtp xg;ge;jk;

ifnaOj;jhdJ.

,];Nuypd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;Ak; tpjkhf> uhZt cjtp ngWk; tpjkhd xg;ge;jk;

ifnaOj;jhfpAs;sJ. mLj;j 10 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;j uhZt cjtp toq;fg;gLk;.

,];Nuypd; VTfizj; jpl;lq;fSf;F mnkhpf;fh cjtp mspg;gJ ,JNt Kjy; Kiw.

,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; mjpetPd vg;-15> vg;-35 ufg; Nghh; tpkhdq;fs;

cs;spl;lit ,];NuYf;F toq;fg;gLk;.

VTfizj; jhf;FjYf;F ,];Nuy; Mshfp tUk; epiyapy;> jw;fhg;Gf;fhd ‘mah;d;

Nlhk;” cs;spl;l rhjdq;fs; mspf;fg;gLk;.

tuyhW fhzhj tifapyhd uhZt cjtp xg;ge;jk; ,];Nuy;-mnkhpf;fh ,ilNa

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

mad;Nlhk;

‘nkuhd;b” Gayhy; ];jk;gpj;jJ ijthd;

‘nkuhd;b” Gay; fiuiaf; flf;fhj epiyapYk;> ,Jtiu ,y;yhj Ntfj;jpy; tPrpa

#iwf;fhw;whYk;> fdkioahYk; ehl;bd; njw;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs; ,ay;G

tho;f;if ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

uhgay; cah; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; epWtdj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l vy;yh

fhyepiyf;Fk; Vw;w nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba thd; ghJfhg;G KiwahFk;. 4 Kjy;

70 fp.kP J}uj;jpypUe;J Rlg;gl;l FWfpa J}u VTfizfis vwpghijapy;

,ilkwpf;f tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,RNuypd; tlf;F> njw;F vy;iyapypUe;J tUk;

VTfiz mr;RWj;jy;fis Kwpabf;f Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ughaypd; ];iglh;

Kiw El;gj;jpypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.


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ijthdpd; njd;Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s n`q;rd; efhpypUe;J 30 fp.kP.

njhiytpy; ‘nkuhd;b” Gay; ikak; nfhz;bUe;jjhf njhptpj;jdh;.

n`q;rd; efu thdpiyf; fz;fhzpg;G ikaj;jpy; gjpthd tptuq;fspd;gb> fle;j

120 Mz;Lfspy; ,y;yhj msTf;F kpf Ntfkhd fhw;W tPrpajhf ijthd; thdpiy

Ma;T ikak; njhptpj;jJ.

ghhP]; xg;ge;jj;jpy; xg;Gjy; mspj;jJ mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; rPdh

gUtepiy khWghL njhlh;ghd ghhP]; xg;ge;jj;ij mky;gLj;j mnkhpf;fhTk;>

rPdhTk; xg;Gjy; mspj;jd.

gpuhd;]; jiyefh; ghhP]py; I.eh.rig rhh;gpy; gUtepiy khWghL Fwpj;j khehL

eilngw;wJ.

mg;NghJ G+kpapd; ntg;g epiyia 2 bfphp nry;rpa]_f;F kpfhky; fl;Lg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd;W xg;ge;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; 200 ehLfs;

ifnaOj;jpl;ld.

xghkh - [p [pd;gpq;

xg;ge;jj;ij mky;gLj;j Fiwe;jgl;rk; 55 ehLfs; xg;Gjy; ju Ntz;Lk;. ,Jtiu 23

ehLfs; kl;LNk xg;ge;jj;Jf;F Kiwg;gb xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sd.

rPdhtpd; `hq;Nfh efhpy; [p20 khehL njhlq;FfpwJ.

cyfshtpa mstpy; fhpakpy thAf;fis mjpfk; ntspapLk; ehLfspy;

mnkhpf;fhTk; rPdhTk; Kd;dzpapy; cs;sd.

,UehLfSk; Rkhh; 40 rjtPj msTf;F fhpakpy thAit tspkz;lyj;jpy; fyf;fr;

nra;fpd;wd.

,NjNghy [p20 mikg;gpd; cWg;G ehLfs; cyfshtpa mstpy; Rkhh; 80 rjtPj

fhpakpy thAit ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd. vdNt [p20 ehLfs; midj;Jk; ghhP];

xg;ge;jj;Jf;F cldbahf xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mhpa tif kPDf;F Xghkhtpd; ngaiu #l;ba tpQ;Qhdpfs;

`tha; jPTfspd; tlNkw;F fly; gug;gpy;> fly; tho;

caphpdq;fSf;fhd ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjp cs;sJ.

gg`NdhNkhFthfp vd;w ngahpy; fly;rhh; Njrpa

epidTr; rpd;dkhf mnkhpf;fh guhkhpj;J tUk;.

,e;j rh;tNjr ghuk;ghpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j

fly;gFjpia mjpgh; xghkh mz;ikapy; tphpthf;fk; nra;jhh;.


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cyfpNyNa kpfg; nghpa fly;tho; capudq;fspd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpahf ,J

khwpAs;sJ.

FNu ml;Nlhy; fly;gFjpapy;> 300 mb moj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l ,e;j kPdpd; clypy;

fhzg;gLk; tz;z mikg;G> mjpgh; xghkhtpd; Njh;jy; gpur;rhu FwpaPL NghyNt

,Ug;gjhf tpQ;Qhdpfs; $wpdh;.

Vw;fdNt 2002-k; Mz;by; nld;dprp Mw;wpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l GJtif kPd; xd;Wf;F

xghkhtpd; ngah; #l;lg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ghuhl;L

,j;jhypapy; epyeLf;fj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; kPl;Gg; gzpapy; <Lgl;l eha;

ypNahitg; ghuhl;bf; ifFYf;fpa n[h;kdp gpujkh; VQ;ryh nkh;nfy;.

gpNurpy; mjpgh; jpy;kh &nrg; gjtp ePf;fk;

gpNurpypy; fle;j 2011-k; Mz;L ele;j mjpgh; Njh;jypy;

,lJrhhpfs; rhh;gpy; jpy;kh &nrg; (68) Nghl;bapl;L mNkhf

ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; gpujkh; vd;w ngUikAld; jpy;kh mjpgh;

gjtpNaw;whh;.

mjd;gpd; 2015-k; Mz;L Njh;jypYk; ntw;wp ngw;W mth; mjpguhdhh;.

jw;fhypf mjpguhf ikf;Nfy; nlnkh; gjtpNaw;whh;.

jkpo; khztp ftpijahy; mjph;e;j nts;is khspif

mnkhpf;f nts;is khspifapy; ele;j

epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ jha; nkhopahd jkpio

kwe;Jtpl;L Mq;fpyj;ij khw;W nkhopahf

Vw;wJ kpFe;j kdtypia jUfpwJ.

th\pq;ldpy; cs;s nts;is khspifapy;

Njrpa ftpijg; Nghl;b New;W elj;jg;gl;lJ.

,jpy; jkpofj;ij G+h;tPfkhff; nfhz;l khzt> khztpfs; ftpijfisg; ghuhl;b

xghkhtpd; kidtp kpN\y; xghkh fTutpj;jhh;.


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‘jiyKbiag; Nghy vdJ G+h ;tPfKk; cjpuj; njhlq;fptpl;lJ. mk;kh! vq;Nf vdf;F

tOf;if tpOe;Jtplg; NghfpwNjh vd mQ;RfpNwd;” vd jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kahah

<];tud; ftpij thrpj;jJk;> ghh;itahsh;fs; kj;jpapy; xUtpj gpukpg;G Vw;gl;lJ.

filrpapy;> ‘mk;kh! ehd; jkpo; Ngrp 3 Mz;lfs; cUz;Nlhbtpl ;lJ.”

mnkhpf;fhtpy; vdJ fyhr;rhuk;> njhd;ik> ghuk;ghpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

vz;zw;w ftpijfis vOjpapUf;fpNwd;.

vdJ jha;nkhopia vg;gb ,oe;Njd; vd;w mDgtj;ijj; jhd; nts;is khspifapy;

ftpijahf nkhopngah;j;Jf; $wpNdd;.

jha;nkhopia kwe;Jtpl;L> gpwnkhopia khw;whf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vd;gJ kpFe;j typ

epiwe;jJ”

,e;jpa nkf;fhdpf;fpw;F Gh;[; fypghtpy; 22 tPLfs;

cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w Gh;[; Jgha; fl;blj;jpy; ,e;jpa njhopyjpgh; xUth; Mr;rhpakspf;Fk;

tifapy; 22 tPLfis nrhe;jkhf;fpAs;shh;.

,th; Nfushit G+h;tPfkhf nfhz;lth;.

cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa fl;blkhf tpsf;Fk; Gh;[; fypghtpy; Mr;rhpakspf;Fk; tifapy;

mjpf tPLfis itj;Js;s jdpegh;fspy; xUtuhf ,lk; gpbj;Js;shh;.

Gjpa mZ ciy fl;LfpwJ <uhd;

Gjpa mZ ciyf;fhd fl;Lkhdg; gzpfis <uhd; njhlq;fpaJ.

,J njhlh;ghd nra;jpia me;ehl;L muRj; njhiyf;fhl;rp ntspapl;lJ.

JiwKf efuhd Gn\`hpy; mZ ciy fl;Lkhdg;gzp eilngWfpwJ.

[g;ghd; - rPdh gu];guk; kjpg;gspj;J elf;f Ntz;Lk;

rPdhtpy; eilngWk; [p20 khehl;by; gq;Nfw;Ws;s ,e;jpa gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb me;j

ehl;L mjpgh; [p [pd;gpq;if re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpdhh;.

rPdhtpd; `hq;Nrh efhpy; [p20 ehLfspd; 2 ehs; cr;rp khehL njhlq;fpaJ. ,jpy;

rPd mjpgh; [p [pd;gpq;> mnkhpf;f mjpgh; guhf; Xghkh> u\;a mjpgh; tpshbkph; Gjpd;>

gphpl;b\; gpujkh; njurh Nk> ,e;jpag; gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb> njd;dhg;gphpf;f mjpgh;

N[f;fg; [{kh> [g;ghd; gpujkh; \pd;Nrh mNg kw;Wk; gpNurpy;> M];jpNuypah> fdlh>


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mh;n[d;bdh> gpuhd;];> n[h;kdp> rTjp mNugpah> JUf;fp> nkf;]pNfh> INuhg;gpa

A+dpad;> ,e;NjhNdrpah> ,j;jhyp> njd;nfhhpah Mfpa 20 ehLfspd; jiyth;fs;

gq;Nfw;Ws;sdh;.

rk];fpUj nkhopapy; I.eh.rhrdk;

I.eh.mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd xg;ge;j rhrdk; rk];fpUjj;jpy; nkhop ngah;g;G

nra;ag;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; rhd;gpuhd;]p];Nfh efhpy;> ‘rh;tNjr mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

If;fpa ehLfspd; khehL” fle;j 1945-Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 24-Mk; Njjp

eilngw;wJ.

mjpy; I.eh. mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf rh;tNjr ehLfspilNa Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jk;>

rhrdkhf ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;j rhrdk; ,Jtiu I.eh.tpd; 6 mjpfhug;G+h;t nkhopfspy; nkhop

ngah;f;fg;gl;bUe;j epiyapy;> jw;NghJ rk];fpUjj;jpYk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ul;il NfhGu jhf;Fjy; epidT

mnkhpf;fhtpd; epA+ahh;f; efhpy; cs;s cyf

th;j;jf ika ,ul;il NfhGu fl;blq;fs;

fle;j 2001-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 11-k; Njjp

jPtputhjpfshy; tpkhdq;fs; nfhz;L

jfh;f;fg;gl;ld.

,e;jr; rk;gtj;jpd; 16-k; Mz;L epidT jpdk;;

mDrhpf;ffg;gl;lJ.

cyf th;j;jf ikak; epA+ahh;f;

efhpy; mike;Js;sJ.

1972 Kjy; 1973 tiu cyfpy; kpf

caukhd fl;blkhf ,Ue;jJ.

,ul;il NfhGuj;ij fl;bath;

kpNdhUarhf;fpad; ,uz;L jilt

jhf;Fjy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

1993 - Fz;Lntbg;G

2001 - my; ifjh jhf;Fjy;

I.eh.tpd; rhrdk; ntspaplg;gl;l nkhopfs;; : muhgpf;> irdP];> Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R>

u\;ad;> ];Ngdp];


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jpl;lq;fs;

jFe;j khztpfSf;fhd md;id jpNurh epidT jpUkz cjtp jpl;lk ;

jpl;lk; ngah; mdhij ngz;fs; md;id jpNurh epidT jpUkz cjtp jpl;lk;

jpl;lk; mdhij ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; jpUkz cjtp njhif

toq;fg;gLk;

ed;ik

jpl;lk; 1 : & 25>000 /- (fhNrhiy tbtpy; ) +4 fpuhk; (miu rtud; ) jq;f

ehzak; 22 fhul; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

jpl;lk; 2 : & 50>000/- (fhNrhiy tbtpy;) +4 fpuhk; jq;fk; 22 fhul; jq;f

ehzak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

ahUf;F

toq;fg;gLk;

mdhij ngz;fs;

tiuaiwfs;

fy;tpjFjp

jpl;lk; 1! :

fy;tp jFjp Njitapy;iy

jpl;lk; 2:

tof;fkhd fy;Y}hpfspy; ,Ue;J gl;lk; itj;jpUg;gth;fs; J}uk; fy;tp /

muR jpwe;jepiy gy;fiyf;fofk; jFjp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

bg;Nshkh njhopy;El;g fy;tp ,af;ffk;> jkpo;ehL muR mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fs; ,Ue;J gbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tUkhd tuk;G fhh;bad;/ mdhij Mz;L tUkhdk; &24000/ kpfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

taJ tuk;G ngz; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ 18 taJ epiwT nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ve;j

taJ tuk;G ,y;iy

gpw mbg;gil Xd;Wk; ,d;ik

tpz;zg;g

mDg;g Neu

vy;iy

jpUkzk; Njjp Kd; 40 ehl;fSf;Fs; kl;LNk tpjptpyf;fhd

#o;;epiyfspy; gad;ghLfs; jpUkzk; xU ehs; Kd; Vw;W nfhs;s KbAk;.

njhlh;G

nfhs;Sk;

mjpfhhp

khtl;l r%f ey mYtyh;

tphpthf;f mYtyh;fs; (r%f eyk;) / fpuhk ey mYtyh; (kfsph;)

nrayhf;f fhyk; tpz;zg;gk; Njjp Kjy; 15 ehl;fs;

jhkjk; jpUkzk; Njjp md;W my;yJ mjw;F gpwF ngw;w tpz;zg;gq;fis

nghONghf;F KbahJ

tpz;zg;gj;Jld;

,izf;f

Ntz;Lk;

tpz;zg;gjhh; vk;.gp/ vk;.vy;.V my;yJ je;ij kw;Wk; jhahh; ,wg;G

rhd;wpjo; ngwg;gl;l xU mdhij vd;W fhl;Lk; rhd;wpjo; efy;fs;

thp jzly; ngwg;gl;l fhh;bad; (my;yJ) tpz;g;gj;jhhpd; tUkhd

rhd;wpjo;

tpz;zg;gjhhpd; taJ rhd;wpjo; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cjtp ngw gl;lk;/

bg;sNkh rhd;wpjo;

Fiwfis

mDg;Gjy;

khepy mstpy; : r%f eyj;Jiw ,af;Feh;> nrd;id - 600005>

khtl;l mstpy; : khtl;l fnyf;lh;/ khtl;l r%f ey mYtyh;.


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fl;Liufs;

fhtphp

fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;s Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfspd; xU gFjpahd

FlF gFjpapy; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1, 276 kPl;lh; cauj;jpYs;s jiyf;fhtphp

vDkplj;jpy; fhtphp MW cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.

fhtphp rpf;fy;:

fhtphpejp ePh; gpur;rid ehaf;fkd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpNyNa Vw;gl;ljhf tuyhw;Wg;

gjpTfs; cz;L.

Mdhy; jw;Nghija gpur;ridapd; njhlf;fk; 1890-fspy;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ.

1892-,y; ,Ujug;gpw;FkpilNa xg;ge;jnkhd;W ifnaOj;jhdJ.

1956-,y; nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;l NghJ FlFg;gFjp fh;ehlfj;Jld;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpofj;jpid xg;gpLk;nghOJ fh;ehlfj;jpy; gj;Jklq;fhf ,Ue;jJ.

FWfpa fhyj;jpNyNa fh;ehlfj;jpy; fhtphp ePhpd; %yk; gad;ngWk;

tpisepyq;fspd; msT Kk;klq;fhf cah;e;jJ.

,jdhy; jkpofj;jpw;F tof;fkhff; fpilj;J te;j ePUk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

1924-,y; Nghlg;gl;l 50 Mz;Lfhy xg;ge;jk; 1974-,y; fhyhtjpahd epiyapy; kW

xg;ge;jj;jpw;F fhe;hlfk; xg;Gf;nfhs;shjjhy; gpur;ridfs; Vw;gl;L jkpofk;

cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhlh;e;jJ.

fhtphp jPh;g;ghak;:

1990 tp.gp. rpq; jiyikapyhd muR fhtphpg; gpur;ridf;Fj; jPh;T fhz fhtphp

jPh;g;ghaj;jpid mikj;jJ.

xt;nthU Mz;Lk; jkpofj;jpw;F 205 bvk;rp ePh; jpwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd

,ilf;fhyj; jPh;g;gspj;jJ.

fh;ehlfj;jpy; khngUk; fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ.

,jw;fpilNa fhtphp jPh;g;ghak; 2007 gpg;uthp 5 md;W, fhtphp Mw;W ePiug; gfph;e;J

nfhs;Sk; topKiwfslq;fpa jdJ jPh;g;gpid toq;fpaJ.

,jd;gb jiyf;fhtphpapypUe;J nfhs;splk; tiu fhtphpf;F tUk; ePhpd; msT 740

b.vk;.rp vdTk; ,jpy; jkpofj;jpw;F 419 bvk;rp fh;ehlfj;jpw;F 270 b.vk;.rp,

Nfusj;jpw;F 30 b.vk;.rp, GJitf;F 7 b.vk;.rp vd gq;fPL nra;jJ.


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,jidj; njhlh;e;J cr;rePjpkd;wk; khjthhpahfj; jkpofj;jpw;F mspf;f Ntz;ba

ePhpd; msit tiuaWj;jNjhL, kio FiwAk; tUlq;fspy; tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwg;gb

fpilf;Fk; ePiug; gphpj;Jf; nfhs;s cj;jutpl;lJ.

fhtphpAk;, jkpo;ehLk;:

fle;j fhyq;fspy; fhtphp ePuhdJ Ntshz;ikf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJNghf flypy;

Xb fye;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. njhopy;El;gk; tsu tsu rhFgbg; gug;G mjpfhpj;J

ghrd ePhpd; Njit cah;e;jNjhL my;yhky; ngq;f@U cs;spl;l efuq;fSf;Fj;

Njitahd FbePUk; fhtphpapypUe;Nj ngw Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ.

,jdhy; 100 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ig tpl jw;nghOJ fhtphp ePhpd; Njit

,Uklq;fhf cah;e;Jtpl;lJ.

mNjrkak; gUtepiy khw;wk; cs;spl;l fhuzpfshy; kioapd; msT 100

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;jijtpl jw;nghOJ 40 rjtpfpjk; tiu Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ.

NkYk; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhYk; Mq;fhq;Nf mizfs; fl;lg;gl;Ltpl;ljhYk;

fhtphp ejpf;F ePh; nfhLf;Fk; cgejpfSk;> twl;rpahf Jtq;fptpl;ld. ,jdhy;

fhtphpf;F Nru Ntz;ba ePh; KOikahf fhtphpiar; Nrh;tjpy;iy.

xUGwk; Njit gyklq;F mjpfhpj;j epiyapy;, ePuhjhuk; Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ.

,jdhy; ,Ukhepy tptrhapfSk; fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhtphpapd; fiufs;:

rh;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; gbAk; ,e;jpa ejpePh; rl;lq;fspd; gbAk; xU ejpapd; kPjhd

chpikahdJ mJ Njhd;Wk; gFjpiatpl mjd; filkilg; gFjpf;Nf mjpfk;.

INuhg;ghtpy; jhDNg vDk; ejp 10 ehLfspd; topNa XLfpd;wJ.

me;ehLfs; midj;Jk; vt;tpj gpzf;Fkpd;wp ejpePiug; gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;Sk;

nghOJ xNu ehl;by; mUfUNf cs;s ,U khepyq;fSf;fpilNa xU ejpePiu

vt;tpjg; gpzf;Fkpd;wp gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;tJk; rhj;jpak;jhd;.

KbTiu:

,e;jpa murpay; rhrdk;, rh;tNjr rl;lq;fs;, cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; topfhl;ly;, fhtphp

jPh;g;ghaj;jpd; jPh;g;G vd vjw;Fk; fl;Lg;glhky; fh;ehlfk; nray;gl;L tUtjhy;,

,e;jpa ejpePh; gq;fPl;Lr; rl;lk; 1956-,d; gb fhtphp ejpePh; gq;fPl;L tptfhuj;jpid

ftdpf;f jd;dhl;rpajpfhuk; nfhz;l fhtphp Nkyhz;ik thhpaj;jpid mikg;gJ

xd;Nw ,g;gpur;ridf;F epue;juj; jPh;tpidf; nfhLf;Fk;.

,y;iynadpy; jkpofj;jpw;F fhtphp ePh; fhdyhtijj; jtph;f;f ,ayhJ.


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nghJ mwpT

midj;J Gul;rpfspd; je;ij

,e;jpahtpd; gRik Gul;rpapd; je;ij - vk;.v];. Rthkpehjd;

gRik Gul;rpapd; je;ij - ehh;kd; Nghyf;

ePy Gul;rpapd; je;ij - `puyhy; nrsj;hp

ntz;ik Gul;rpapd; je;ij - nth;fp]; Fhpad;

Ntshz;ik Gul;rpfs; (thdtpy; Gul;rp)

fWg;G Gul;rp ngl;Nuhypa cw;gj;jp

ePy Gul;rp cw;gj;jp

gUg;G Gul;rp Njhy;

jq;f ,io Gul;rp rdy; cw;gj;jp

jq;f Gul;rp Njhl;l fiy, Njd; kw;Wk; goq;fs;

cw;gj;jp

gRik Gul;rp Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jp

rhk;gy; Gul;rp cuk;

,sQ;rptg;G Gul;rp ntq;fhak;, ,why;

rptg;G Gul;rp ,iwr;rp, jf;fhsp cw;gj;jp

tl;l Gul;rp cUisf;fpoq;F cw;gj;jp

nts;sp ,io Gul;rp gUj;jp cw;gj;jp

ntz;ik Gul;rp ghy; kw;Wk; ghy; rhh;e;j nghUl;fs;

kQ;rs; Gul;rp vz;nza; kw;Wk; vz;nza;

tpj;Jf;fs;

cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; Gy;ntspfs;

gFjp Gy;ntsp

Mg;gphpf;fh rthdh

u\;ah ];nlg;gp

tl mnkhpf;fh gpnua;hp

mh;n[d;bdh ghk;gh];

M];jpNuypah lTd;];

njd; Mg;gphpf;fh nty;L

fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk;

,e;J];jhd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk; tprhfg;gl;bdk;

fhh;ld; hPr; njhopw;rhiy nfhy;fj;jh

krfhd;lhf; Kk;ig

nfhr;rp fg;gy; fl;Lk; jsk; nfhr;rp


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1. rhh;f; khehL eilngwTs;s ,lk; vJ?

(a) Neghsk; (b) khyj;jPT (c) ghfp];jhd; (d) G+lhd;

2. [g;ghdpd; mofpahf Njh;T nra;ag;gl;l ,e;jpa ngz;kzp ahh;?

(a) mhpahdh kpahNkhlNlh (b) fP Nfhj;A+[p

(c) Afpkp kl;RNth (d) \hhpehf\hth

3. md;id njurhtpd; tuyhW gw;wpa E}ypd; ngah;?

(a) vd;Dila gazk;; (b) tre;jq;fs; kPz;Lk; tUtjpy;iy

(c) ,sik ,e;jpah (d) kpfo;r;rpaw;w ,e;jpah

4. je;ij nghpahhpd; vj;jidahtJ gpwe;jehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ?

(a) 135 (b) 134 (c) 138; (d) 139

5. ghuhypk;gpf;if mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ehL vJ?

(a) mnkhpf;fh (b) gphpl;ld; (c) u\;ah (d) irdh

6. 2016y; mnkhpf;f Xgdpy; ngz;fs; xw;iwah; gphptpy; gl;lk; ntd;wth; ahh;?

(a) nrhPdh tpy;ypak;]; (b) tPd]; tpy;ypak;];

(c) VQ;ryPdh nfh;gh; (d) fNuhyPdh g;yp];Nfhth

7. lhy;Nfh mjpNtf ,uapypd; Ntfk;

(a) 120 fp.kP. (b) 180 fp.kP. (c) 200 fp.kP. (d) 160 fp.kP.

8. md;id njurh Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Mz;L

(a) 1979 (b) 1980 (c) 1978 (d) 1977

9. 2016-y; <l;b vwpjypy; Njrpa rhjid gilj;j Kjy; ,e;jpa tPuhq;fid ahh;?

(a) md;D uhzp (b) ePu[; Nrhg;uh

(c) ghfp];jhd; (d) G+lhd;

10. 2016y; cyf tq;fp jiytuhf gjtpNaw;wth; ahh;?

(a) uhgl; rpNahypf;; (b) [pk;ahk; fpq;

(c) ghy; Ty;Nghtpr; (d) Ty;Nghd;

tpdh - tpilfs;


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11. 2016y; ijthid #iwahba Gaypd; ngah;.

(a) neg;gh;;jhf (b) nkuhd;b (c) NuhZ (d) [y;

12. GST kNrhjhtpw;F xg;Gjy; mspj;j 15tJ khepyk; vJ?

(a) gPfhh;; (b) [hh;fhz;l; (c) Nfhth (d) F[uhj;

13. mQ;ry;Jiw njhlh;ghf Gfhh;fis gjpT nra;a ve;j njhiyNgrp vz;iz muR

mwpKfk; nra;jJ?

(a) 1921 (b) 1922 (c) 1923 (d) 1924

14. i`juhghj; tpLjiy ngw;w Mz;L

(a) 1947 (b) 1948 (c) 1946 (d) 1945

15. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jPT khtl;lkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ vJ?

(a) ghujPg; (b) k[Pyp (c) tpg;gh; (d) mg;Jy; fyhk;jPT

16. I.eh.rig jd;Dila rhrdj;ij jw;nghOJ ve;j nkhopapy; ntspapl;lJ?

(a) muhgpf; (b) irdP]; (c) u\;ad; (d) rk];fpUjk;

17. cyfpNyNa kpfTk; ePskhd Gy;yl; ,uapy; ghij: -

(a) mnkhpf;fh (b) [g;ghd; (c) irdh (d) u\;ah

18. 2016y; [p20 khehL eilngw;w ,lk;?

(a) rPdh (b) ,e;jpah (c) u\;ah (d) ghfp];jhd;;

19. jw;nghOJ jkpo;ehl;bd; MSeuhf gjtpNaw;wth; ahh;?

(a) Nuhirah

(b) tpj;ahrhfu uht;

(c) rz;Kfehjd;

(d) N[hjp gpurhj;

20. ,ul;il NfhGuk; jhf;FjYf;Fl;gl;l Mz;L.

(a) 2009 (b) 2011 (c) 2010 (d) 2012

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