Diapositiva 1

SOCSCI1~History~ChuaCortezDyHipolMillanMoral

TFG2What is history?The textbook definition. HistoryHistory is a written account of different experiences of people that involves great changes that affected the human race (Anderson, 1876).

Issues about death penaltyAnd its relation to historySource: http://pcij.org/blog/2006/04/18/a-timeline-of-death-penalty-in-the-philippinesIssues About Death Penalty- Filipinos have mixed opinions about the death penalty, with many opposing it on religious and humanitarian grounds, while advocates see it as a way of deterring crimes.

History of Death PenaltySpanish Period (1521-1898)Spanish colonizers brought with them medieval Europes penal system, including executions.Capital punishment during the early Spanish Period took various forms including burning, decapitation, drowning, flaying, garrote, hanging, shooting, stabbing and others.Between 1840-1857, recorded death sentences totaled 1,703 with 46 actual executions.American Period (1898-1934)The American colonizers, adopting most of the provisions under the Codigo Penal of 1848, retain the death penalty.The capital punishment continued to be an integral part of the pacification process of the country, to suppress any resistance to American authority.

History of Death PenaltyJapanese Occupation (1941-1945)There are no recorded or documented cases of executions through the death penalty during this period simply because extrajudicial executions were widely practiced as part of the pacification of the country.The Marcos Years (1965-1986)Deterrence became the official justification for the imposition of the death penalty. This is the same justification used for the declaration of Martial Law in 1972.Similar to the reasons for the imposition of capital punishment during the Colonial Periods, the death penalty during the Marcos Regime was imposed to quell rebellion and social unrest.

History of Death PenaltyPresident Corazon Cojuangco Aquino (1986-1992)The Death Penalty was abolished under the 1987 Constitution.The Philippines became the first Asian country to abolish the death penalty for all crimes.All death sentences were reduced to reclusion perpetual or life imprisonment.

President Fidel Valdez Ramos 1993-1998)The Ramos administration reimposed the death penalty by virtue of Republic Act No. 7659in December 1993 to address the rising criminality and incidence of heinous crimes.The Death Penalty Law lists a total of 46 crimes punishable by death; 25 of these are death mandatory while 21 are death eligible.Republic Act No. 8177 mandates that a death sentence shall be carried out through lethal injection.History of Death PenaltyPresident Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)In 1999, the bumper year for executions, the national crime volume, instead of abating, ironically increased by 15.3 percent or a total of 82,538 (from 71,527 crimes in the previous year).Estrada issued a de facto moratorium on executions in the face of church-led campaigns to abolish the death penalty and in observance of the Jubilee Year.de facto moratorium - law ending mandatory death penalty

President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-present)Due to the rise in crimes related to drugs and kidnappings that targeted the Filipino-Chinese community, she announced that she would resume executions to sow fear into the hearts of criminals.Arroyo lifted the de facto moratorium issued by Estrada on December 5, 2003Suspended on June 24, 2006the second time since 1987

YAMASHITA TREASURESources:Google Imageshttp://oli1985.blogspot.com/2009/12/chronicles-of-ferdinand-marcos-and.html

Yamashita Tomoyuki The Tiger of Malaya Japanese GeneralLast commander on duty in the Philippines (World War II)

Ben Valmores

Japan has always considered the Philippine Island to be a very important strategic location for military bases in Southeast Asia.

Ferdinand MarcosMade a law to legalize this activity during that period that brought interest for many treasure hunters and investors to start looking for this treasure in different parts of the Philippines.

May 5 ,1971 (challenged Marcos)March 1988Rogelio Roxas (filed a lawsuit for theft and human rights abuses against Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos)1961 (Baguio City)Met a son of a former soldier of the Japanese army who mapped for him the location of the legendary Yamashita TreasureSecond man, who served as the interpreter of Yamashita, told him the whereabouts of the underground chamber (gold, silver, jewelries, etc.) GOLDEN BUDDHA Judge Pio Marcos (relative of Ferdinand Marcos)Formed a group = claimed he uncovered near Baguio City (bayonets, samurai swords, radios, skeletal remains dressed in Japanese) = 3ft high GOLDEN BUDDHA (weigh= 2,000 pounds) solid, 20 carat gold = crates (stacked) approximately 6 feet x 6 feet x 35 feet = 1 box w/ 24 golden bars

Ferdinand Marcos learned of Roxas discoveryArrested, beaten, threatened, incarcerated and seized the Buddha and the remaining goldRoxes died on the eve of trial ( deposition testimony = evidence)1966 (largest judgment ever awarded in history) $22 billion (w/ interest = $40.5 billion)1988 (Hawaii Supreme Court) = no sufficient evidence to support the findings that Marcos converted the Golden BuddhaThe court reversed the damage award (speculative = no evidence of quantity or quality) and ordered a new hearing on the value of the Buddha and the 17 golden bars.Final judgment against Imelda Marcos to the extent of her interest in the Marcos estate (principal amount= $13,275,848.37), Roxas estate obtained $6 million judgment claim (human right abuse)

KINSHIP AND KINSHIP GROUPINGS AMONG PEOPLE IN RURAL LEYTE SOURCE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waray_peopleKINSHIP AND KINSHIP GROUPINGS AMONG PEOPLE IN RURAL LEYTE LEYTE an island in the Visayan part of the Philippines divided into two , Northern Leyte and Southern Leyte KINSHIP a feeling of being close or connected to other people KINSHIP GROUP a group of people related by blood or marriageWARAY the dialect which is commonly spoken in the province of Leyte the inhabitants of the island KINSHIP AND KINSHIP GROUPINGS AMONG PEOPLE IN RURAL LEYTE HISTORY OF THE WARAY PEOPLE : The Warays were among the first Filipinos converted to Christianity after the arrival of the Spanish people . They are regarded to be one of the most religious people . They are also referred to as "brave people" as popularized in the phrase, "basta ang Waray, hindi uurong sa away" . They are also characterized by their love for music.KINSHIPS OF THE WARAY PEOPLE : From the history of the Waray people , majority of them are Catholics . They engage themselves , together with their family , in prayer . Being brave people , they would not let anything hurt the ones they value . They celebrate a tradition called "Kuratsa" which is a courtship-dance drama that shows how important courting is before marriage. Suicide among Filipino OFWs in Europe

Source:https://psa.gov.ph/content/total-number-ofws-estimated-22-million-results-2012-survey-overseas-filipinoshttp://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/348132/news/pinoyabroad/over-3-000-ofws-jailed-800-others-arrived-home-dead-dfa-reportIssues are hard to determine:- Few OFWs work in Europe as of 2012- Limited deaths from Europe OFWs as of 2013

Suicide among Filipino OFWs in Europe

- Issues related to medical history of the employer or employeee.g. past records of attempted suicides, depression, family history of mental diseases

Suicide among Filipino OFWs in Europe

Visayan concept of mourningFilipino or Cebuano FuneralTraditionsIn the religious side of the tradition, a specific rosary for the dead (including some litanies and latin prayers) will be said every day for nine days. Liturgical Novena will also be held led by the Lay Ministers. The Gozos for the Dead Pahulay nga Dayon (Eternal Rest) is sung.It is always been said that Filipino traditions are shrouded with superstitions. Superstitions are contradicting to what we express as faith in our God and in His will.

Superstitions1. A black mourning pin is worn by the relatives of the dead person. All pins will be put on the coffin glass come burial time.2. A container should be prepared for the limos (literally means alms). Since dying is expensive, this is helpful for the funeral needs.3. No sweeping. It is common in Cebu that the funeral services are held at the home of the person who died. During the entire nine days or while the body lies in state, there should be no sweeping on the floor. If you would want to clean, just pick up the pieces of trash and youre done.4. (In connection to cleanliness) No taking a bath and you should not comb your hair within the vicinity of the funeral. This is for the relatives of the dead person.5. Dont let your tears drop on the coffin glass. This is for the soul to go on with his journey peacefully.Superstitions6. If a person died from a crime, a chick is put on his coffin. It is said that such act will speed up the process of attaining justice for the persons death.7. Interment Day. All relatives should wear white or black. A child will sometimes be asked to wear red so that he will not see any apparition.8. Before the coffin is brought to the funeral car, all relatives should pass under the coffin so that moving on is easier for the loved ones.9. People will walk their way to the Church for final blessing, then to the cemetery. This is called hatod which means bringing the dead to his destination.10. Food or snacks shouldve been prepared for everyone who participated in the hatod and these will be shared in the cemetery. Food are not supposed to be brought back home, so it should only be enough. Should there be anything left, it must be given to anyone in the cemetery, including those flower and candle vendors.11. Everyone should pass through the smoke from the fire at the cemetery premises or at the gates (palina). This is done to shake off the dead spirits.

Like the elaborate death practices in other cultures, it revealed how the ancient Visayans revered their dead and made sure that they would have the same comforts they enjoyed when they were alive.Before the Spaniards arrived, the Visayans buried their dead mostly along the shoreline in the belief that the soul would panaw (travel by boat) to saad, the afterlife where he or she would be met by Badadum, the god of the underworld.Wooden CasketsTo facilitate this, the corpse was placed inside an elaborately designed boat-shaped coffin.Bisayans shared something with the civilized peoples, concerning the lungun or caskets which they made out of very hard and incorruptible wood.

MourningWhen a Visayan datu died, his female relatives performed the first mourning rituals.After the intimate ceremony, herbs that served as balsam were applied on the cadaver. The body was then placed inside the casketusually hewn out of a single trunk together with a tight-fitting lid. The lid had to be precisely fitted so that no stench ever escaped, nor any air possible (sic) enter the casket. Despite this, however, corruption of the flesh still took place.Coffins in the HouseIf the datu died, his family may opt to keep the casket inside a small room in his house or they may suspend the coffins high and close to the ceiling. This practice is now considered taboo.If the coffin, however, would emit a foul odor, then they drilled a hole which would lead to the corpse. A bamboo was then cut and cleaned of its knots then they placed one end into the hole of the casket and the other into the ground. The trick sucked out the foul odour from the cadaver.Coffins in the HouseAfter a year, the bones were washed and anointed with scented oils and then placed into a smaller chest of incorruptible wood. Oftentimes, the bones were placed inside huge earthenware jars.For those coming from different castes, they were often buried under their houses, called sirum (silong). Whenever they buried someone in the sirum, they remained six or seven days and nights making fires around it.During the burial, they never took the dead out of the house through the stairway due to superstitious beliefs. Therefore, they made an opening in the front wall for this purpose and quickly block it up lest anyone who would go through, would die immediately, Alcina wrote.Grave GoodsBecause of foreign trading, the Visayans of Alcinas time already had imported bowls and plates which served as grave goods. Alcina mentioned that these bowls and plates were sometimes placed under the head of the deceased like pillows. This practice is referred to as bahandi (wealth).Aside from this large plate, if it was a woman, they placed on her breasts two bowlsthat is, one on each. Also, a larger one over the forehead which may even cover the face.Besides bowls and plates, they often included gold jewelry.Just like the existing practice of katapusan, which is held nine days after a persons death, a ritual known as pagpasaka (to ascend) was performed.

They did this by getting hold of two green bamboos together with their leaves which they call kaginking. They leaned them against the house and decorated them with garlands of palm leaves. From these also they made a kind of stairway which led from the entrance to the ground.The ceremony culminated in offering some food, such as butchered pig, chicken and linupak (a dish of cooked rice). Also part of the offerings were oil and parina (incense).A baylana (native priestess) would officiate in a ritual where the soul of the deceased was coming to accept what was an offering to it.It was believed that after performing the rites, the deceased would be contented and would not return to claim his wife, children or relatives and carry them away with him.

Grave GoodsWhy cannot history solve other topics?Why oh why? Answers revealed.History will always be a part of everything, especially for humans. This does not simply mean history is not involved, but the relevance of history is not significant that it is not mainly used as a guide or basis in acquiring more knowledge about the other topics.